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The Audi shelter , or career shelter, is a prehistoric rock shelter located in Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, Dordogne. It was excavated in the early twentieth century by Denis Peyrony, who found there a transition industry between Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic. He delivered artifacts from the Châtelperronien. | Abri Audi |
The Abric Agut is a prehistoric site on the Capelló cliff in the municipality of Capellades, between the Zulueta and Sellarès caves. At first, it was attributed to a chronology belonging to the Middle Palaeolithic, but in recent investigations, it has been cataloged within the Mesolithic based on radiometric dating, anthropological studies, types of fauna remains, and the characteristics of lithic remains, typical of this period. | Abric Agut |
No detailed description available. | Abric Romani |
No detailed description available. | Abri de Cap Blanc |
No detailed description available. | Abri de Cro-Magnon |
The shelter of Fontfroide delivered a lithic industry dated to the Upper Palaeolithic Magdalenian and Solutrean. | Abri de Fontfroide |
The archaeological site Abri de la Madeleine (Magdalene Shelter) is a rock shelter under an overhanging cliff situated near Tursac, in the Dordogne département of the Aquitaine région of southwestern France. It represents the type site of the Magdalenian culture of the Upper Paleolithic. The shelter was also occupied during the Middle Ages. The medieval castle of Petit Marsac stands on the top of the cliff just above the shelter. Édouard Lartet, financed and helped by the Englishman Henry Christy, were the first systematic excavators of the site, starting in 1863, and published their findings in 1875 under the name of the Age of the Reindeer ("L'âge du renne"). Objects that were found at the la Madeleine site are distributed among a number of museums, including the Muséum de Toulouse, the Musee des Antiquites Nationales, St. Germain-en-Laye and the British Museum. The Bison Licking Insect Bite, a 20,000-year-old carving (15,000 BP according to the National Museum of Prehistory) of exceptional artistic quality, was excavated at the site. A perforated baton with low relief horse aka. Baton fragment (Palart 310), was excavated at the site. An engraved bone rod from the cave depicts, according to Timothy Taylor (1996), a lioness licking the opening of either a gigantic human penis or a vulva. | Abri de la Madeleine |
No detailed description available. | Abri de Laussel |
The Raymonden Shelter I is a rock shelter and Paleolithic archaeological site located in Chancelade, Dordogne, France. In particular, he delivered a well-preserved modern man's tomb and remains dated to the Magdalenian. | Abri de Raymonden I |
Abri des Fieux was excavated by Chauvet in 1897 who found five layers which found a lithic industry and a harpoon in polished bone, then by Boudineau the mayor of Edon in 1929. The excavations were resumed by Roche in 1951 who found in the upper layer 57 Mesolithic tools attributable to the Tardenoisien. The next layer delivered 124 tools of the Sauveterrien (so between the Tardenoisien and the Magdalenian). And the bottom layer contained 303 Magdalenian tools. The fauna found signs of a period of temperate climate with the presence of deer and beaver. | Abri des Fieux |
Ngườm is an archaeological site in Thái Nguyên Province, northern Vietnam. It is a rock shelter in a limestone cliff near the Thần Sa River that was excavated in 1981 by archaeologists from the Vietnam Institute of Archaeology. Flaked stone artefacts have been found in deposits containing shells with radiocarbon ages of 23,000 years ago. The site is important because of its unusually high proportion of retouched flakes in the stone artefact assemblage, relative to other sites in Southeast Asia. | Ngườm |
The Con Moong cave (Vietnamese: Hang Con Moong , "beast" cave) is located in the Cúc Phương National Park, just south of Mọ village, in the Thanh Hóa Province, northern Vietnam. The Department of Culture has issued a certificate that declares Con Moong prehistoric site and its surroundings as National Relics and is managed by the Cúc Phương National Park administration , along with a refuge for rare animals. Among these locations, the archaeological site of Con Moong cave is of central importance for the study of the Mesolithic Hoabinhian culture. In April and May 1976, Vietnamese archaeologists excavated the site. | Con Moong Cave |
In 2008, during a routine archaeological survey conducted as part of a stream restoration project, stone artifacts were discovered at Bear Creek, between Marymoor Park and the nearby Redmond Town Center shopping mall. In 2009–2014, more artifacts were discovered beneath a layer of peat, including stone flakes, scrapers, awls, and spear points. An announcement was made in 2015 that they were the oldest stone tools discovered in Western Washington after the peat was determined by Carbon-14 dating to have been deposited 10,000 years ago. | Redmond Town Center |
The Coats–Hines–Litchy site (formerly Coats–Hines) is a paleontological site located in Williamson County, Tennessee, in the Southeastern United States. The site was formerly believed to be archaeological, and identified as one of only a very few locations in Eastern North America containing evidence of Paleoindian hunting of late Pleistocene proboscideans. Excavations at the site have yielded portions of four mastodon skeletons, including portions of one previously described as being in direct association with Paleoindian stone tools. The results of excavations have been published in Tennessee Conservationist, and the scholarly journals Current Research in the Pleistocene, Tennessee Archaeology, and Quaternary Science Reviews. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 12, 2011. During the 1994 excavations of mastodon B, archaeologists identified 34 lithic items identified as stone tools or debitage, apparently in association with the disarticulated faunal remains. These tools included prismatic blades, scrapers, gravers, and resharpening flakes. Subsequent examination of the bones from mastodon B revealed what were identified as cut marks on a thoracic vertebra, which was recovered in direct contact with several flakes. Based on the profile and character of these marks, and their location along the thoracic spinous process, it was proposed that they resulted from butchering, and specifically, efforts to remove dorsal muscles along the backbone. Radiocarbon and Oxidizable carbon ratio samples collected in 1984 from sediments surrounding the remains of mastodon B returned dates ranging in age between 10,260+/-240 and 14,750+/-220 radiocarbon years before present (14C BP), with a maximum age of 27,050+/-200 14C BP. Radiocarbon samples from around the bone deposits collected in 2010 returned dates of 1960+/-30, 12,300+/-60, 23,250+/-110, and 29,120+/-110 14C BP. Collectively these dates suggested a possible pre-Clovis affiliation for the site but included problematic maximum and minimum age ranges. | Coats-Hines-Litchy |
L' abri des Harpons is a prehistoric rock shelter that is part of the caves of Lespugue, also called caves of the Save, located in the gorges of the Save, in the town of Lespugue, in Haute-Garonne, in Pays Comminges Pyrénées, in the administrative region of Occitanie (formerly Midi-Pyrénées), in France. It was occupied mainly during the Solutrean and the Magdalenian. It is one of the rare Solutrean stratigraphic sequences known (in 2003) in the Pyrenean foothills. He delivered several pieces of decorated furniture, including a Magdalenian Venus on a stick (not to be confused with its famous sister, the Venus of the Rideaux cave, known as the "Venus of Lespugue"), an oil lamp, and Magdalenian-eyed needles. In 1913 and 1914, Saint-Périer recognized three levels of Magdalenian filling and an upper Solutrean level. He meticulously notes the locations of the elements of the layers, which nowadays makes it possible to replace many elements despite their dispersion. According to Méroc (1959), the cave yielded Solutrean, Magdalenian and Azilian, the latter also mentioned by Lalande who also cites, on the surface, a Bronze Age deposit. But for San Juan (2003), the stratigraphy begins in the Solutrean and ends in the Magdalenian, including all levels of the Magdalenian from the Azilian to the early Magdalenian; the only comparable site for such a stratigraphic series is the cave of Troubat in the Hautes-Pyrénées. | Abri des Harpoons |
The Abri du Blot is a prehistoric rock shelter located in the commune of Cerzat, Haute-Loire, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. He delivered successive occupations dated to the Upper Paleolithic: Recent Gravettian, Final Gravettian (Proto-Magdalenian), Badegulian, and Magdalenian. The site presents a stratigraphy showing the succession of seasonal habitats of the Gravettian (around 22,000 years BP), the Proto-Magdalenian (around 20,000 years BP), Badegulian (about 18,000 years BP), and the Late Magdalenian (about 13,000 years BP) and terminal (about 11,000 years BP). According to V. Delvigne et al. (2019), it is no longer a question of "ancient Magdalenian" but of Badegoulien. | Abri du Blot |
The Abri du Bois-du-Roc , or Abri André Ragout au Bois-du-Roc, is a prehistoric rock shelter located in the commune of Vilhonneur, 30 km east of Angoulême, Charente (France). The shelter was protected by a rocky overhang that gradually collapsed. The vault at the bottom of the shelter collapsed during the Magdalenian. The upper layer includes many reindeer bones, and Bronze Age elements mixed with elements of the underlying layer dated to the Early Magdalenian. The next layer shows traces of Solutrean foci. It is separated by a silty layer from a Gravettian layer. The excavations yielded many characteristic shards of Bronze Age ceramics, hence their name Bois-du-Roc ceramics. The ceramic objects are a spindle whorl, a sherd with incised decoration, and a fragment of a bell-necked vase. Two fireplaces are present on the Magdalenian floor, which is an ancient Magdalenian with raclettes. The objects are chisels (112 found during the 1956 excavations), drills (6), scrapers (22), scrapers and blades with folded edges, and some bone objects including a pendant. The notched points present in the Solutrean layer are the same as those found in the Placard cave, less than a kilometer away. The materials used are varied: flint, quartz, and jasper. The oldest layer includes points of the Gravettian type, notched points, laurel leaf points, bladelets with fallen edges, and Noailles burins, the smallest pieces from the Upper Palaeolithic, here measuring between 18 mm and 54 mm. These Noailles burins are made of flint and jasper for 21 of them. They are of various types: 71 single on flakes, 47 double, double on flakes, bilateral on bladelets, adjacent biterminals on bladelets, opposite biterminals on bladelets, and 9 triples on bladelets. The ornaments and other objects are a pierced tooth, a shell, a needle, and incised bones. | Abri du Bois-du-Roc |
The Abri du Cheix is a shallow cave (or rock shelter) and prehistoric site located in the commune of Saint-Diéry, in the Puy-de-Dôme department, Auvergne, France. The site was occupied from the Epipaleolithic to the Neolithic. It is particularly known for having housed the burial of a young girl, to whom the name of the site was given. The excavation of the site has yielded a large number of flint tools, fossil remains of animals, objects of adornment, and especially the burial in excellent condition of a young woman buried in a fetal position often referred to as the "maiden of the Cheix". The site was dated to the Azilien by excavators and, again, by Jean-Pierre Daugas in 1979. It is now more generally referred to as Epipaleolithic. But there are traces of a later occupation in the Neolithic. The epipaleolithic deposit is characteristic of the small episodic occupations of the Auvergne middle mountains. | Abri du Cheix |
Abri du Facteur , is a rock shelter and a prehistoric site of the Upper Paleolithic, located in the commune of Tursac, in the valley of the Vézère, Dordogne, in Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The excavations have yielded many lithic remains dated to the Aurignacian and Gravettian. The Aurignacian lithic industry is mainly represented by scrapers and retouched blades. It is completed by a few notched and denticulated parts and a small number of chisels. The Aurignacian levels also delivered a bone industry. The Gravettian lithic industry is characterized by a very large number of chisels, many retouched pieces, including scrapers, and some backslashes. A Paleolithic Venus, called "Venus de Tursac", was discovered in the Gravettian levels in 1959. Shaped in a calcite pebble, it is 8 cm high and devoid of head, with a stylized shape typical of this period. | Abri du Facteur |
The Abri du Lagopède or Ptarmigan shelter is one of the cavities of the Arcy-sur-Cure cave site, in the French department of Yonne, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Despite the leaching due to erosion following the collapse of the porch, the shelter remains an interesting Magdalenian deposit. The shelter is one of the caves of Arcy-sur-Cure that sheltered a human occupation. The Magdalenians used the Ptarmigan shelter between about 12,600 and 11,600 years BP, and established homes there over about 400 years between about 12,100 and 11,700 years BP. The first signs of human frequentation are stone cutting in layer D, at a depth between 0.60 and 0.53 cm; The concentration of flint chips is highest between -0.76 cm and -0.53 cm. The first passage of the Magdalenians in this shelter is relatively short, and leaves vestiges only on about 25 cm²: a small pile of lithic products resulting from the cutting of a single nucleus, with the fragments left on the spot and the blades carried away. Apart from a small polisher a little out of the way, these remains are the only ones left in this layer. This layer does not include a focus. The remains of human industry of layer C cover about 6 m 2 . They include a hearth, more precisely in layer C3 which corresponds to the period just after the great steppes of the Dryas cold maximum. With the caves of the Reindeer and the Wolf, also discovered relatively recently and whose excavations have also followed a rigorous technique, the shelter of the Ptarmigan shows the organization of the space for successive occupations: flattened floors, living space regularly cleaned; Debris discharged outside forms a major landfill. The climate of the period of human occupation of the shelter is wet and cold. | Abri du Lagopède |
No detailed description available. | Abri du Poisson |
Last excavated, the Gandil shelter revealed facts that are undoubtedly valid for the entire site. The shelter is only occupied in the summer when exposure to the east becomes an asset, and more precisely from April to early November according to the analysis of reindeer teeth found in excavation; reindeer passed through Bruniquel during their spring and autumn migrations, salmon went up the Aveyron in the autumn to reproduce upstream, moreover a maximum of plant resources was available during the summer. A few characteristic facts can be highlighted. Bone needles and many reindeer antler tools were used to make clothing of skins that are supposed to be sewn with reindeer tendons or horsehair. Ornaments are pendants (made of shells, teeth, bones, etc.) worn as necklaces or sewn onto clothing. Reindeer account for up to 90% of game hunted, followed by ibex, chamois, horse, bison, aurochs, deer, and more rarely saiga, muskox, and birds such as snowy owl and willow ptarmigan; Carnivores (wolves, foxes, bears, etc.) are probably hunted for their fur. Hunting weapons include spears of various shapes and sizes, mainly spear points made of reindeer antlers or bone (often decorated with various geometric patterns such as streaks, zigzags, and others) that were fixed on wooden poles, and thrusters. Harpoons are absent at the Gandil shelter (unlike the Plantade and Montastruc shelters occupied later), the use of traps for salmon fishing is likely but has not left any remains. The flint is worked on site from blocks coming mainly from the Verdier site which is easily accessible about 20 km up the Vère to the south and east. Flint from Charente, Aquitaine, Périgord and the Basque Country are also attested but in small numbers, not at all times, and not in all shelters. Flint tools are used to work bone and reindeer antlers, cut meat, and work with perishable materials such as leather and vegetable wood that have not survived. The stratigraphy of the Gandil shelter shows an internal evolution during the Lower Magdalenian, with laminar cutting taking a more important place in relation to the production of notched tips, and questions the genesis of the Classical Middle Magdalenian. The analysis of the lithic industry and new dating around 17,000 BC led to attribute the lower sequence of the shelter to the Lower Magdalenian, characterized by the presence of micro lamellae with back and notched points and by the absence of squeegees, while the top of the stratigraphy remains attributed to the middle Magdalenian with scalene lamellae. The Lower Magdalenian is attested in Spain and France, for example in Montlleó in the commune of Prats i Sansor in Spanish Cerdanya, in Saint-Germain-la-Rivière in Gironde (without notched points) and in Fontgrasse in the Gard. The new dating of the lower sequence makes possible cohabitation of the Magdalenian and Badegulian in Quercy with typically Badegulian sites such as the Cuzoul shelter of Vers and the small Cloup Barrat in Cabrerets, hybrid sites such as the cave of Pégourié in Caniac-du-Causse and Les Peyrugues in Orniac, and the lower sequence of the Gandil shelter therefore as a reference site of the Lower Magdalenian. The Badegoulian discoveries made in 2014 on the outdoor site of Mirande, just ten kilometers downstream from Bruniquel, are part of the same debate. Although the shelter is less rich than its neighbors in objects of adornment, there are three perforated stones considered as pendants and infrequent objects such as a fossil (an ammonite) and a beaver incisor. In addition, the movable art is represented by a rare plate both painted and engraved: the engravings depict a reindeer, aurochs, a bird, and human heads, and the painting of a black deer. A flute discovered sheltered Gandil is presented as a tube with an oblique terminal mouthpiece without playing holes. Although very simple, this type of flute makes it possible to vary the pitch of the sound by the pressure of the breath or by the partial closure of the end with the finger. | Abri Gandil |
The Gay shelter is a fairly large cavity located in the Jura massif, in the town of Poncin (Ain), at an altitude of 275 m. The sedimentological and palynological study of the shelter, conducted over 10 m in height, has highlighted human occupations ranging from contemporary times to the final Magdalenian. The Gay shelter is one of the eight caves in the Jura region and the Rhône basin that have provided Azilian artifacts, in this case, eleven painted and/or engraved pebbles very similar to those discovered in the cave of Mas d'Azil in Ariège. The Gay shelter is on the list of classified natural sites of Ain. | Abri Gay |
Lagar Velho is a rock shelter in the Lapedo valley, a limestone canyon 13 km from the centre of Leiria, in the municipality of Leiria, in central Portugal. The site is known for the discovery of a 24,000-year-old Cro-Magnon child, later referred to as the Lapedo child . In archaeological terms, the site is known to integrate a stratigraphic sequence representative of much of the Upper Paleolithic human occupations of the region (between about 30,000 and 20,000 years), gathering at various levels respective traces and carved lithic remnants, associated with coeval faunal elements. The site consists of deposits within horizontal fissures, at the base of a limestone cliff, located on the south flank of the Lapedo Valley near Leiria, in the central western region of Portugal. The site was initially damaged by earth removal in 1992, which exposed an Upper Paleolithic sequence, that came within centimeters of the burial. On 28 November 1998, the site was discovered by archaeologists, who also found the left hand and forearm of a child found in a burrow. In the following weeks others confirmed the presence of Paleolithic deposits and the human burial, and excavation ensued between 12 December 1998 and 7 January (with pathological analysis beginning on 4 January 1999). The discovery of an early Upper Paleolithic human burial site in the valley provided evidence of early modern humans in southern Iberia. The remains, the largely complete skeleton of an approximately 4-year-old child, was buried with a pierced shell and red ochre (dated to circa 24,500 years B.P.). The cranium, mandible, dentition, and postcrania appear to present a mosaic of European early modern human and Neanderthal features, although this interpretation is disputed. If the child was indeed a hybrid of anatomically modern humans and Homo neanderthalensis, there could be significant implications regarding the Neanderthal interaction with Cro-Magnons and the taxonomical classification of these (possibly sub-) species. In addition to the burial context, recent archaeological campaigns have uncovered various levels of a Gravettian habitat, identifying an excellent state of preservation and original spatial organization. It is anticipated that an archaeological museum, to be constructed in the Convent of Santo Agostinho (Portuguese: Convento de Santo Agostinho), in the city of Leiria, will house the skeletal remains. | Abrigo do Lagar Velho |
Excavated in the nineteenth century by Victor Brun, the Lafaye shelter also delivered at least one musical instrument: a scraper-type percussion instrument. The "lady of Bruniquel" discovered by Victor Brun in May 1864 at the Lafaye shelter would be the most complete skeleton of the Magdalenian, She lived about 13,500 years ago. The second burial of the Lafaye shelter is that of a child between three and five years old whose remains have been less well preserved. Also from the Lafaye shelter: a slab of schist decorated with two human silhouettes with round heads which appear to be dressed in furs, a reindeer antler object decorated with a geometric pattern that could represent a fish trap, a thruster decorated with a horse's head, in the round characteristic of the Middle Magdalenian. Victor Brun himself divided the objects of adornment discovered at the Lafaye shelter into several lots, the most important of which are kept at the Victor Brun Museum of Natural History in Montauban and the Museum of Aquitaine in Bordeaux (about forty objects each) to which are added some pieces found at the Museum of Nérac and in other collections. These are fragments of shells, many teeth perforated or in the process of perforation, and several pendants made of limestone, antler, and soapstone. | Abri Lafaye |
The best-known object found in the Bruniquel shelters is a reindeer antler propeller depicting a leaping horse, or jumping horse propeller, preserved in the National Archaeology Museum and dated around 12,000 BC. This sculpture showing a horse jumping the obstacle, made in the round on reindeer antlers and found in the Montastruc shelter in the nineteenth century, is considered a masterpiece of Paleolithic furniture art. Also from the Montastruc shelter: the "girl" engraved on an animal rib, kept at the National Archaeology Museum; the thruster decorated with a mammoth, carved reindeer wood in the round, characteristic of the Middle Magdalenian, preserved in the British Museum; the "swimming reindeer", a sculpture around the tip of a mammoth tusk, preserved in the British Museum; this non-utilitarian object is considered a masterpiece on par with the bouncing horse thruster of the National Archaeology Museum; It is the position of the heads and legs that suggests that the two reindeer are swimming; about 80 plates engraved on limestone or shale, of all sizes and various patterns; harpoons made of bone or reindeer antlers, witnesses of an occupation at the end of the Magdalenian In the middle of the 20th century, Bernard Bétirac made a few additional discoveries at the Montastruc shelter, the most notable of which was an object of adornment: a perforated bone washer, decorated with an ibex head turned to the left, published by André Leroi-Gourhan in 1965. This discovery is in addition to the few decorative objects discovered in the 19th century in the same shelter. These are in particular: a bone roundel 15 decorated with chevrons forming a central barbed sign, which was presented to the Toulouse public in 1884 during an exhibition and published by Émile Cartailhac in 1885 before the transfer to the British Museum; at least two other bone rounds with radiant decorations; three perforated reindeer teeth; a small decorated and perforated pebble and a pebble whose perforation has disappeared, which are probably pendants. The portable art of the Montastruc shelter is part of long-distance cultural exchanges. We find, for example, the technique of eyes encrusted with black from the propellant to the mammoth on the scale of an area going from the north of Spain to Périgord. The notched rim that surrounds the ibex head washer has approximately the same distribution area. The horse's head cut out of a flat bone seems to echo a known motif cut out of the hyoid bone; its symbolic meaning, which we guess is linked to the resemblance between the hyoid bone and the head of a horse, would have disappeared between its Pyrenean origin and its arrival in the Aveyron valley. At the end of a long period of cultural exchanges on both sides of the Pyrenees, the area of diffusion of the horse's head thruster no longer reached Spain and on the contrary extended towards the east with a copy in Kesslerloch in Switzerland. Locally, the choice of a realistic decoration on the disc with the head of an ibex, an unusual choice compared to the usual geometric decorations, is found in the Aveyron valley at the Fontalès shelter ( with the bovid -cattle-fish association). ) as well as the Courbet cave (with deer). On the other hand, the presence of perforated reindeer teeth among the decorative objects differentiates the shelter from the Courbet - Fontalès group and brings it closer to the Plantade, Lafaye, and Gandil shelters on-site at Bruniquel. | Abri Montastruc |
No detailed description available. | Abri Pataud |
Excavated in the 19th century at the same time as Abri Lafaye, Abri Plantade yielded around a hundred objects of adornment kept at the Victor Brun Natural History Museum in Montauban. We note a reindeer antler pin is probably intended to fix a piece of clothing (not to be confused with a needle) but the most numerous objects are pierced shells, perforated and sometimes engraved teeth, beads and bone washers, ivory beads, etc. The number of preserved objects lends itself to a statistical analysis compared to the objects of adornment coming from the Fontalès shelter in Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val, from the Courbet cave in Penne, and the Lafaye, Gandil, and Montastruc shelters on site in Bruniquel. Different types of adornment characterize each place and may have played a role as symbols of identity or simply reflect chronological differences, the shelters probably not having been occupied simultaneously. Ocher is found on a Turritella shell from the Plantade shelter as well as a scallop used as an ocher bucket. The presence of harpoons and hooks made of bone or reindeer antlers testifies to the occupation of the Plantade shelter at the end of the Magdalenian. | Abri Plantade |
The Abri Villepin is an Upper Palaeolithic site in the commune of Tursac in the Dordogne department in northeastern France. It contains finds from the Magdalenian and Azilian periods. Absolute age dates for the Abri Villepin are not available, but the finds clearly come from the Magdalenian VI and the Azilian, therefore corresponding approximately to the time interval 12,500 to 10,000 years BP. | Abri Villepin |
The Acacus Mountains or Tadrart Akakus (Arabic: تدرارت أكاكوس / ALA-LC: Tadrārt Akākūs ) form a mountain range in the desert of the Ghat District in western Libya, part of the Sahara. They are situated east of the city of Ghat, Libya, and stretch north from the border with Algeria, about 100 kilometres (62 mi). The area has a particularly rich array of prehistoric rock art. The area is known for its rock art and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 because of the importance of these paintings and carvings. The paintings date from 12,000 BCE to 100 CE and reflect cultural and natural changes in the area. There are paintings and carvings of animals such as giraffes, elephants, ostriches, and camels, but also of humans and horses. People are depicted in various daily life situations, for example, while making music and dancing. | Acacus Mountains |
The Adams County Paleo-Indian District is an archaeological site near Sandy Springs in Green Township, Adams County, Ohio, United States. Approximately 10,000 years BP, the site was repeatedly occupied by groups of Paleo-Indians, who took advantage of its location near salt springs to hunt local wildlife. Artifacts found at the site are concentrated in multiple small middens that are believed to represent individual campsites. Among these artifacts are gravers, scrapers, and projectile points. Within a few years of the site's discovery, a 1982 report noted that it had yielded more than seventy fluted points (elsewhere identified as Clovis points), which the report's authors declared made it an example of "unusual size and complexity". Other researchers have designated them as Gainey Points. Such large sites as Adams County, or "Sandy Springs" as it is also known, are rare among Paleo-Indian sites; most discoveries related to the people are isolated finds, although a comparable archaeological district known as the Welling site has been discovered in Coshocton County, Ohio. It appears that southern Adams County was highly significant for such primitive peoples because of its geology one of Ohio's few regions with combined shale and limestone bedrock, the Sandy Springs area is geologically similar to the Kentucky Bluegrass, making it a natural migration route for herds of animals roaming the Bluegrass. As a result, Paleo-Indian hunters learned to use the area to watch for and ambush large herds of animals, which would have been traveling slowly due to the large river. | Adams County Paleo-Indian District |
Adiala or Adyala (Urdu: اڈیالہ) is a town of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°27'30N 72°59'48E with an altitude of 379 metres (1246 ft), and lies south of the district capital, Rawalpindi. The Central Jail Rawalpindi, also known as Adiala Jail, is located about 4 km away from the Town. Adiala is one of the locations where pre-historic artifacts of the Soanian era (ca. 500,000 to 125,000 BP) have been discovered. In Khasala about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Rawalpindi, on the bend of the River Soan, hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. At Chauntra hand axes and cleavers were found. | Adiala |
No detailed description available. | Aetokremnos |
Afontova Gora I is situated on the western bank of the Enisei River and has yielded the remains from horse, mammoth, reindeer, steppe bison, and large canids. A canid tibia has been dated 16,900 years old and the skull has been taxonomically described as being that of a dog, but it is now lost. Its description falls outside of the range of Pleistocene or modern northern wolves. | Afontova Gora I |
No detailed description available. | Afontova Gora II |
The Akhshtyrskaya cave ( Big Kazachebrodskaya ) is a notable archeological site in the Western Caucasus. It is located on the right side of Akhshtyrskaya gorge of the Mzymta River near the Adlersky City District of Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia. It was discovered in September 1903 by Edouard Martel and Gabriel Revinko, a resident of the nearby village of Kazachy Brod. The cave is named after the local village of Akhshtyr and the alternative name is after the village of Kazachy Brod. The Akhshtyrskaya Cave was discovered in September 1903 by Édouard-Alfred Martel and Gabriel Revinko, a resident of the nearby village of Kazachy Brod. In 1936, archaeologist Sergei Nikolayevich Zamyatin excavated the first prehistoric human remains. From 1961 to 1965 excavations resumed by archaeologists MZ Panichkina and EA Vekilova. The stratigraphic sequence is about 5 meters thick and ranges from the Middle Paleolithic era to the Early Middle Ages. More recent excavations occurred from 1999 until 2008. In total, more than 6,000 bones were found - 92% of which belonged to the cave bear. In addition, there are the remains of deer, bison, goats, wolves, foxes and other animals. Humans - Neanderthals settled in the cave about 70,000 years ago. After a break of about 20,000 years the cave was populated by Cro-Magnon humans between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago. | Akhshtyrskaya Cave |
The Alepotrypa Cave is an archaeological site in the Mani region of the Peloponnese peninsula. In addition to being inhabited by early farmers, this site was used for burial and cult purposes. Archaeological evidence has revealed that this is one of the largest Neolithic burial sites ever found in Europe. Two adult human skeletons were found at the site from a burial dating to the 4th millennium BC, as well as remains from at least 170 separate persons. Archaeologists are uncertain about the significance of a Mycenaen ossuary, which has been dated to the 2nd millennium BC and appears to have been reburied at Alepotrypa. While there is no direct evidence, it is possible that the ossuary may link Alepotrypa to Tainaron, which was regarded as the entrance to Hades in classical mythology. | Alepotrypa Cave |
No detailed description available. | Alkerdi 1 |
In 2014, the General Directorate of Culture of the Government of Navarre launched a major research project to evaluate the archaeological potential of Alkerdi-Berroberri. This new research project was entrusted to the Aranzadi Science Association, and the Urdazubi City Council also supported it. Thus, in 2016 Alkerdi 2 was discovered as well as new expressions of Paleolithic rock art and an important extension of a previously unknown gallery. In July 2020, Satorra discovered another gallery decorated by the speleology team in Alkerdi 2 cave. The works of art found in 2016 are divided into four sectors. Two of them (A and B), with the most representations, are next to each other, at the end of the cave, and the other two (C and D) are in separate side galleries. There are three engravings of animals (a bison, a horse, and an unspecified quadruped), complex geometric signs painted in black (triangle, cluster of dots) and red (rectangle with parallel strokes inside), isolated etched lines, and dots and spots painted in red. To these must be added those encountered in 2020: bison, aurochs, horses, and in particular, four vulvas. Along with them, there are at least five series of double lines drawn in red paint. They are images from the Gravettian period, around 28,000 to 20,000 years ago, and they have similarities with some graphic conventions of continental Europe. That is, there are hardly any similar examples of that time in the Iberian Peninsula and this is precisely the most important characteristic of these images. On the other hand, as mentioned by the members of the research team, the technological analysis of the lines engraved on the stone shows that the person who made them did not have the skills inherent in artists. It seems that the author was inexperienced because he was not able to create continuous and secure lines. | Alkerdi 2 |
No detailed description available. | Allia Bay |
The Cave of Altamira ( AL-tə-MEER-ə ; Spanish: Cueva de Altamira [ˈkweβa ðe altaˈmiɾa]) is a cave complex, located near the historic town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain. It is renowned for prehistoric cave art featuring charcoal drawings and polychrome paintings of contemporary local fauna and human hands. The earliest paintings were applied during the Upper Paleolithic, around 36,000 years ago. The site was discovered in 1868 by Modesto Cubillas and subsequently studied by Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola. Aside from the striking quality of its polychromatic art, Altamira's fame stems from the fact that its paintings were the first European cave paintings for which a prehistoric origin was suggested and promoted. Sautuola published his research with the support of Juan de Vilanova y Piera in 1880, to initial public acclaim. However, the publication of Sanz de Sautuola's research quickly led to a bitter public controversy among experts, some of whom rejected the prehistoric origin of the paintings on the grounds that prehistoric human beings lacked sufficient ability for abstract thought. The controversy continued until 1902, by which time reports of similar findings of prehistoric paintings in the Franco-Cantabrian region had accumulated and the evidence could no longer be rejected. Altamira is located in the Franco-Cantabrian region and in 1985 was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as a key location of the Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain. The cave can no longer be visited, for conservation reasons, but there are replicas of a section at the site and elsewhere. | Altamira Cave |
No detailed description available. | Amud |
No detailed description available. | Antoliñako Koba |
No detailed description available. | Anzick |
The Apidima Cave (Greek: Σπήλαιο Απήδημα, Spilaio Apidima ) is a complex of five caves four small caves located on the western shore of Mani Peninsula in Southern Greece. A systematic investigation of the cave has yielded Neanderthal and Homo sapiens fossils from the Palaeolithic era. One skull fossil, given the name Apidima 1, shows a mixture of modern human and primitive features and has been dated to be more than 210,000 years old, older than a Neanderthal skull ("Apidima 2") found at the cave, which per some interpretations makes Apidima 1 the oldest proof of Homo sapiens living outside Africa, the second oldest being the maxilla from Misliya cave, Mount Carmel, Israel, with a maximum age of about 190,000 years ago. Apidima 1 is more than 150,000 years older than previous H. sapiens finds in Europe. | Apidima Cave |
The Apollo 11 Cave is an archeological site in the ǁKaras Region of southwestern Namibia, approximately 250 km (160 mi) southwest of Keetmanshoop. The name given to the surrounding area and presumably, the cave by the Nama people was "Goachanas". However, the cave was given its name by German archaeologist Wolfgang Erich Wendt in reference to Apollo 11's then-recent return to Earth. The cave contained some of the oldest pieces of mobile art ever discovered in southern Africa, associated with charcoal that was radiocarbon dated from 27,500 to 25,500 BP. The art slabs found in this cave are referred to as the Apollo 11 Stones. In total, seven grey-brown quartzite slabs were excavated from the cave. Besides the slabs, the cave contained several white and red paintings. The subject of paintings ranged from simple geometric patterns to bees, which are still a nuisance to the unwary traveler. Art was also found near the cave in the form of engravings on the banks of a riverbed and a large limestone boulder located 150 m (490 ft) from the cave. The engravings consisted of depictions of animals as well as simple geometric patterns. It is hard to pinpoint the dates of the engravings and paintings, but the paintings may belong to a period as far back as 10,400 BP and the engravings may come from early settlers in the first millennium AD. These dates come from Wendt's stratigraphic record of the site as well as evidence from other sites in the surrounding area. More recent finds include two rib pieces (one with 26 notches; the other with 12 notches) dated to 80,000 BP. | Apollo 11 Cave |
Arago cave is a prehistoric site in the community of Tautavel, in the department of Pyrénées-Orientales. It is a large cavity overlooking a perennial stream called the Verdouble. Human remains attributed to the Tautavel Man and the lithic remnants of the Lower Paleolithic were discovered in the cave. The Arago cave has more than fifteen meters of sediment, rocks, and debris accumulated over a period of about 100,000 to 700,000 years. By their quantity (the period of excavations from 1967 to 1994 yielded about 260,000 objects including bones and lithic remains) and their diversity, these vestiges give much information on prehistoric human groups that lived there, but also on animals, plants, and climates that followed in the region during these 600,000 years. On July 27, 2015, the Museum of Prehistory of Tautavel announced the discovery by young volunteer excavators of a tooth dating back 550,000 years on the site. This fossil tooth is 100,000 years older than the skull of the Man of Tautavel. | Arago Cave |
No detailed description available. | Aramis (Middle Awash Complex) |
No detailed description available. | Arbreda |
No detailed description available. | Arlington Springs |
No detailed description available. | Arrillor |
No detailed description available. | Asprochaliko |
No detailed description available. | Atapuerca |
Attirampakkam or Athirampakkam is a village located 60 kilometers away from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The oldest known stone tools in India were discovered near the village, which became the type site for the Madrasian culture. Robert Bruce Foote and his colleague William King of the East India Company's Geological Survey found the first primitive stone tools at Attirampakkam in the early 1863. Later, more stone tools were recovered from Attirampakkam over a 20-year period by archaeologists from the Sharma Centre for Heritage Education in India and other Indian institutions. Due to the paucity of any hominine fossils or bones recovered yet from the site or from South Asia as a whole, it is currently not possible to conclude which hominin species had created these tools. By performing a luminescence dating method called post-Infrared-Stimulated Luminescence (pIR-IRSL) on about 7,200 artifacts found at Attirampakkam, researchers have made a chronology of Attirampakkam stone tool technology with a span of about 200,000 years. Latest studies indicate that the Levallois technology used at Attirampakkam emerged at about 385,000 (± 64,000) years ago, at a time period when processes signifying the end of the Acheulian culture occurred and a Middle Palaeolithic culture had emerged. | Attirampakkam |
The Aven de Marillac is a prehistoric site located in the commune of Marillac-le-Franc, Charente. Archaeological excavations have uncovered a Middle Paleolithic site containing Neanderthal fossils and Mousterian lithic remains. The stratigraphy, presented by Bernard Vandermeersch in 1987, consists of 12 layers. The aven was filled in 32,000 years ago and the occupation of the site then ceased. A human mandible was found during the first excavation by Pierre David. Bernard Vandermeersch discovered in 1987 teeth, a fragment of parietal bone, and part of a skull cap belonging to an adult Neanderthal. The occipital bone has scratching incisions that can be attached to secondary burial practices. Bruno Maureille and Alan Mann have unearthed other fragmentary remains that have been studied at the anthropology laboratory of the University of Bordeaux I. | Aven de Marillac |
No detailed description available. | Axlor |
Azykh Cave (Azerbaijani: Azıx mağarası ), also referred to as Azokh Cave (Armenian: Ազոխի քարանձավ, romanized: Azoxi k’aranjav ) is a six-cave complex in Azerbaijan, known as a habitation site of prehistoric humans. It is situated near the village of Azykh in the Khojavend District. The cave is an important prehistoric site, which has been occupied by different human groups for a long time. The ancient layers of the Middle Paleolithic have yielded Neanderthal fossil remains that may date from around 300,000 years ago. | Azykh Cave |
No detailed description available. | Bacho Kiro |
Badanj Cave (Bosnian: Pećina Badanj ) is located in Borojevići village near the town of Stolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. This rather small cave has come to public attention after the 1976 discovery of its cave engravings, that date to between 12,000 and 16,000 BC. Thanks to local natural benefits and preferable composition, topography, climate, hydrography and vegetation and rich hunting grounds have long attracted prehistoric settlers: the region has been settled since antiquity. The site is rock shelter or overhang recessed beneath a cliff that descends to the right bank of the river Bregava. Two chronologically distinct strata of Palaeolithic occupation were identified beneath the surface layer. Of particular significance was the discovery of a particular carving of the Badanj site, as it ranks among the oldest works of art in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The carving is cut into the diagonal surface of a large polished block of stone, and probably represents a horse seen from the offside flank that has been hit by arrows. Only the rear half of the body survives, with flanks typical for a horse and part of the body; the rest of the drawing has been partly damaged. The Badanj carvings include depictions of animals and symbols, as is typical of Mediterranean prehistoric art. The site was dated to the late Upper Palaeolithic. The cave is part of The Natural and Architectural Ensemble of Stolac , submitted by the Stolac municipality, and the Herzegovina-Neretva county to be recognized a UNESCO heritage site in 2007 and inducted into UNESCO's tentative list. It has also been designated as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2003. | Badanj Cave |
No detailed description available. | Baishiya Karst Cave |
No detailed description available. | Bajondillo |
Balma Margineda is a rock shelter located in the Andorran municipality of Aixovall in which stratigraphy is found that covers from the Azilian to historical times, passing through the Neolithic. Andorra is located in the middle of the Pyrenees, which during the last ice age were covered by large glaciers that prevented their habitation by European human groups. It has a first phase of occupation that covers the interval 14,000-11,650 BP (early Azilian, understood as a time of Paleolithic continuity), then there are almost sterile strata that allow the findings to be clearly separated. Then intermittent occupations around the dates 13,800, 13,400 and 12,700 BP. During these periods, elements of the lithic industry are left that suggest influences from the north side of the Pyrenees and, still, with a very cold climate and large glaciers.The beginning of the Mesolithic, already with developed cultures without direct influence of the Paleolithic, it is registered in the levels dated in the intervals 13,050-11,970 BP and 10,400-9,680 BP, already without glaciers. In the following 1,300 years, remains of the full Mesolithic are found, which give way to the Neolithic, where ceramic pieces can be found, as well as other elements of the period. | Balma Margineda |
Barda Balka is an archeological site near the Little Zab and Chamchamal in the north of modern-day Iraq. The site was discovered on a hilltop in 1949 by Sayid Fuad Safar and Naji al-Asil from the Directorate General of Antiquities, Iraq. It was later excavated by Bruce Howe and Herbert E. Wright in 1951. Stone tools were found amongst a particular layer of Pleistocene gravels that dated to the late Acheulean period. The tools included pebble tools, bifaces and lithic flakes that were suggested to be amongst the oldest evidence of human occupation in Iraq. They were found comparable with tools known to have been made around eighty thousand years ago. Similar material was found in other locations around the Chemchemal valley. A Neolithic megalith is also located at the center of the site around which the tools were found. Barada Balka is where hominids hunted wild cattle, sheep, goats, and equids and ate shells and turtles some 100-150,000 years ago. This site is of special note in that it provides the only evidence in Mesopotamian prehistory for the hunting or scavenging of Indian elephants and rhinoceros. | Barda Balka |
Batadombalena is an archaeological site with evidence of habitation from 8,000 years BCE, Balangoda Man, located 85 km (52.8 mi) from Colombo in Sri Lanka, a two-hour drive from Colombo. The Batadombalena archaeological site contains evidence of habitation from as early as 8,000 years BCE and is one of the sites whose discoveries support the "Out of Africa" hypothesis, according to Professor Paul Mellars, a Cambridge University archaeologist. Among the evidence of Balangoda Man he unearthed at the site were stone tools that are interpreted as arrow - or spearheads and carefully shaped and perforated beads made from ostrich eggshell fragments. One particular piece of an ostrich eggshell, incised with a distinctive criss-cross motif, has also been discovered. Batadombalena Cave has a size of roughly 50 ft × 60 ft × 80 ft (15 m × 18 m × 24 m). | Batadombalena |
The site of Bau de l'Aubesier was excavated in 1901. After a period of latency between 1964 and 1987, archaeologists, as part of a Franco-Canadian and international project, resumed their excavations under the direction of Serge Lebel of the Université du Québec à Montréal. The last campaign in 2006 highlighted the presence of Neanderthals and pre-Neanderthals. Successive excavations have yielded remains of the Mousterian lithic industry and numerous remains of herbivores dominated by aurochs (43-53%) and horses (31-35%). It is the highest European concentration of the latter, moreover, the presence of reindeer, still rare east of the Rhône, "indicate that Provence constituted a particular biogeographical entity during the Middle Pleistocene". Forest species ranged from pine, still dominant, to fir and juniper, followed by deciduous trees: beech, alder, hazel, linden. As for the oak its presence was constant. The use of fire in the cave has been highlighted (heated flint, vegetable coals, ash residues, burned bone and dental matter). The excavations yielded 2,869 bones and teeth as well as three pre-Neanderthal fossils. This is a major discovery that showed that they "possessed much more advanced social behaviors and technological skills than those known until today." | Bau de l'Aubesier |
La balme des Peyrards is a prehistoric site located on the territory of the commune of Buoux, in the Vaucluse (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, France). It is a vast shelter dug in the molasse at the foot of a slightly overhanging wall, about forty meters long and four to five meters deep. Its exposure to the southeast and its location at the bottom of a steep valley on the right bank of the Aigue Brun made it a refuge of choice for the Neanderthals, who used it on several occasions as a hunting stop and then as a permanent housing. Baume des Peyrards was occupied during the Middle Palaeolithic, from about −130,000 to −50,000 years ago. The habitat was to consist, according to Henry de Lumley, of a hut 11.5 m long by 7 m deep, leaning against the wall and whose location was delimited by a line of large blocks. Several hearths were installed inside. The Mousterian material includes flint tools which reveal, for a large number, the use of the Levallois method intended to obtain flakes with predetermined shapes. The remains of fauna include the Ibex, the Horse, the Aurochs, the Deer, the Roe deer, the Marmot, the Rabbit, the Boar, the Brown Bear and the Wolf, in varying proportions according to the stratigraphic units. Combined with the contributions of sedimentology, they make it possible to follow the evolution of the climate over a period ranging from the end of the Riss glaciation to the end of the ancient Würm. La Baume des Peyrards also yielded some Neanderthal human remains, four teeth from three young adults and a ten-year-old child. | Baume des Peyrards |
The Baume d'Oullins or Baume d'Oulen is a prehistoric decorated cave, discovered in 1896 by Dr. Paul Raymond. It is located on the left bank of the gorges of the Ardèche in the communes of Labastide-de-Virac (Ardèche) and Le Garn (Gard). The cavity which opens facing north by a vast porch (50 m wide by 15 m high) at 220 m altitude is composed of an entrance room with wall engravings and a deeper room discovered after unblocking which includes engravings and cave paintings. The cave is included in the perimeter of the national nature reserve of the Gorges de l'Ardèche and dominates the river by about 160 m. La Baume d'Oullins was occupied from the Middle Paleolithic to the Neolithic. This is the most important stratigraphy concerning the Upper Paleolithic of the Rhone Valley with the Salpêtrière cave. The different Paleolithic levels recognized are: the final Mousterian the Gravettian the Solutrean The Magdalenian Level 10 of Jean Combier's excavations, posterior to the Upper Solutrean, yielded an industry that the researcher named "Rhodanian." In the absence of any other level to confirm the individualization of this horizon, the term remains pending for the moment. More recent excavations conducted by Frédéric Bazile of the CNRS have made it possible to date different levels, including the Upper Solutrean between 21,000 and 20,000 years BP. | Baume d'Oullins |
The Baume Latrone (balm in French, or balma in Occitan, means cave) is a prehistoric site located in the commune of Sainte-Anastasie, in the Gard. The cave contains, among other things, drawings of mammoths and a feline dating from the Upper Paleolithic. The stylistic study suggested a very ancient age. Carbon-14 dating gave a calibrated age of 37,464 years before the present. The representations of the cave are thus among the oldest currently known in Europe, alongside those of the Chauvet cave. In 2012, a charcoal harvested at the foot of the drawings was dated to 37,464 years before the present in calibrated age. This very old dating provides an additional argument for attributing this set to the Aurignacian, like the works of the Chauvet cave. The Latrone balm would therefore constitute one of the oldest sites of prehistoric art in Europe. | Baume Latrone |
Belilena is a cave in Sri Lanka, located 8 km (5.0 mi) from the town of Kitulgala. Evidence of prehistoric human presence as early as 32,000 years ago was recorded at the site. The skeletal remains of ten individuals were discovered by Paul E. P. Deraniyagala, who attributed them to Balangoda Man ( Homo sapiens balangodensis ). Balangoda Man is assumed to have lived as early as 32,000 years ago and occupied high altitude territories of up to 2,000 ft (609.6 m) above sea level. | Belilena |
The Belvédère quarry was a loess quarry in the municipality of Maastricht where the oldest dated archaeological remains in the Netherlands have been excavated. During excavations in the 80s of the 20th century, remains from different periods of the Stone Age have been found. Here was also a brick factory and pebble operation (1897-1982). From the earliest phase, around 250,000 years ago, traces of human habitation in temporary encampments have been unearthed. The finds consist of stone tools of Homo heidelbergensis and remains of animal bones. One of the more spectacular finds is that of a flint knife, which has been examined by scientists at Leiden University for microscopic traces of use. This showed that the knife had been used to slaughter a woolly rhinoceros, of which bone remains had also been found on the spot. From a later phase, around 80,000 years ago, remains of an encampment of Neanderthals have been found. Also in the Belvédère quarry, as in other places around Maastricht, villages of the first peasant culture that occurred in the Netherlands, the bandceramic culture, have been found. | Belvédère Quarry |
The Bend Road archaeological site is an open site in Melbourne, Australia. It was discovered during survey and archaeological testing for the proposed Scoresby Freeway, which became the EastLink Freeway. The site is located in two separate areas on either side of Bend Road, Dandenong South (Bend Road 1 to the north, Bend Road 2 to the south) where the freeway now intersects the former road, and originally covered about 12 hectares. Extensive excavations by La Trobe University led by Jim Allen in 2006, determined that while bioturbation and large-scale aeolian deflation had caused disturbance to the site, the remains of thousands of stone artefacts could still reveal significant archaeological information. The site was formed on a sand sheet on a tongue of land beside Dandenong Creek and at the northern edge of Carrum Carrum Swamp and so would have provided a dry area adjacent to rich hunting grounds, with birds, fish, and aquatic plants and animals in abundance. The excavation showed that the late Holocene period was represented by backed artefacts revealing hundreds of asymmetric points and geometric microlith forms, while an earlier sequence extends back to 30–35,000 BP, suggesting that Bend Road is amongst the oldest known Aboriginal archaeological sites in Victoria. However, some of these results have been disputed. | Bend Road |
The Big Eddy Site (23CE426) is an archaeological site located in Cedar County, Missouri, which was first excavated in 1997 and is now threatened due to erosion by the Sac River. Investigations at the Big Eddy site are quite recent, having been first excavated in 1997, and this area of the state has seen very little previous investigation. The only other extensive study of the region took place in the 1960s and 1970s in the neighboring lower Pomme de Terre Valley (Missouri State University's Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) 2006; Lopinot et al. 1998:39; Ray et al. 1998:73-74). These studies provided a geologic history for the region reaching back some 100,000 years. A long sequence of human occupation was also found, but no evidence of Paleoindian sites. In the 1970s, with the construction of the Stockton hydroelectric dam, the Sac River, which had for so long preserved the site, began to erode the bank (CAR 2006). This exposed the alluvial layers and began to wash out artifacts from the nearly 14,000 year occupation. Local collectors recovered some of these artifacts, which drew the attention of professional archaeologists. In 1986, the site was finally discovered by professional archaeologists surveying the Sac River valley when they spotted artifacts eroding out of the river bank (Bush 2006; Chandler 2001a; Joiner 2001). No formal investigation of Big Eddy was conducted until 1997. At this time, the Kansas City District US Army Corps of Engineers came to realize that this site was in imminent danger of destruction by the water releases from the Stockton dam. The Corps hired the Missouri State University's Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) to excavate the site, funding three years of work at the site (Bush 2006; CAR 2006; Joiner 2001). The CAR team, led by Ray and Lopinot, came to the site with modest expectations. Excavations began with the use of a road grader to remove the plow zone from the site. This material was screened and flotation was used to look for cultural remains (Chandler 2001a). Two test trenches were then dug to a depth of four meters, and four blocks were excavated in 5–10 cm layers to a depth of 2.5 meters. Eighteen deep, continuous sedimentary cores were also taken around the site (Chandler 2001a; Ray et al. 1998:74). This work revealed a much more valuable site than had first been expected and tedious hand excavation techniques were used to investigate the lower levels to maintain contextual information (Chandler 2001a). The 1997 excavations terminated near the base of the Paleoindian deposits at about 3.5 meters below the original surface. Exploratory tests, though, revealed even deeper artifacts, manuports (natural objects moved by human action), and charcoal down to depths of four meters. Dating of these finds were between 12,700 and 13,000 years BP (Ray et al. 2000:68). After a hiatus during which they examined the previous years' findings, work at the site resumed in the summer of 1999. Hand excavations were made an additional 1.3 meters into the pre-Clovis deposits, finally reaching a paleo-gravel bar (Ray et al. 2000:68-69). It was during these excavations that some of the most exciting discoveries were made, possible pre-Clovis artifacts. If confirmed, these finds could be the oldest in North America. Work ended in 2007. In total, the US Army Corps of Engineers has now funded five years of excavations, and CAR has returned to the site through the summer of 2006. The team hopes to continue their work through private funding before the river consumes the site. | Big Eddy |
The Bilzingsleben site is an extraordinary archaeological and paleoanthropological site in northern Thuringia. The finds were dated to 400,000 years old and attributed to Homo erectus. They are among the earliest traces of the genus Homo in Central Europe. The site is located about 1.5 km south of the village of Bilzingsleben on the edge of the Wipper Valley. The surface of the former quarry "Steinrinne" is about 35 m above today's floodplain and at 175 m above sea level. The small spur-like elevation is framed by the Wipper in the east and the Wirbelbach in the south. By 2003, Bilzingsleben had provided 38 fossils of the genus Homo. These include 28 skull parts – including remnants of the occipital bone, parietal bone and frontal bone – a toothless branch of a lower jaw and nine individual teeth[2]. The remnants belong to at least four individuals, with one juvenile individual among them. The fossils examined by Prague researcher Emanuel Vlček (1925–2006) were attributed by him to Homo erectus and in 1978 designated as its subspecies Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis . According to his analyses, there are similarities in particular to the Homo erectus fossil OH 9 from the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania to the Peking Man (Sinanthropus III) and to the Java Man (Pithecanthropus VII). A reconstruction of the skull shows that it has an elongated shape with a typical "erectoid" tent-like cross-section and a strong constriction behind the eyes (postorbital). The occipital bone is angled and has a powerful transverse bulge, while the over-eye bulge above the nose is not interrupted. The lower jaw also shows strong similarities to the Peking man. Internationally, European finds of fossils of the genus Homo from this epoch are often assigned to the chronospecies Homo heidelbergensis , from which the Neanderthals emerged; however, the transitions from Homo erectus to Homo heidelbergensis to early Neanderthals are fluid, which is why different temporal boundaries are represented in the literature. | Bilzingsleben |
No detailed description available. | Bisitun Cave |
In the Blanchard shelter were found about 20 engraved and probably painted rocks, mainly with vulva motives. Here as well beads were found, some made from shells that came from the Mediterranean area, over 100 kilometers (62 mi) away. | Blanchard |
Blombos Cave is an archaeological site located in Blombos Private Nature Reserve, about 300 km east of Cape Town on the Southern Cape coastline, South Africa. The cave contains Middle Stone Age (MSA) deposits currently dated at between c. 100,000 and 70,000 years Before Present (BP), and a Late Stone Age sequence dated at between 2000 and 300 years BP. The cave site was first excavated in 1991 and field work has been conducted there on a regular basis since 1997, and is ongoing. The excavations at Blombos Cave have yielded important new information on the behavioural evolution of anatomically modern humans. The archaeological record from this cave site has been central in the ongoing debate on the cognitive and cultural origin of early humans and to the current understanding of when and where key behavioural innovations emerged among Homo sapiens in southern Africa during the Late Pleistocene. Archaeological material and faunal remains recovered from the Middle Stone Age phase in Blombos Cave – dated to ca. 100,000–70,000 years BP – are considered to represent greater ecological niche adaptation, a more diverse set of subsistence and procurements strategies, adoption of multi-step technology and manufacture of composite tools, stylistic elaboration, increased economic and social organisation and occurrence of symbolically mediated behaviour. The most informative archaeological material from Blombos Cave includes engraved ochre, engraved bone ochre processing kits, marine shell beads, refined bone and stone tools and a broad range of terrestrial and marine faunal remains, including shellfish, birds, tortoise and ostrich egg shell, and mammals of various sizes. These findings, together with subsequent re-analysis and excavation of other Middle Stone Age sites in southern Africa, have resulted in a paradigm shift with regard to the understanding of the timing and location of the development of modern human behaviour. On 29 May 2015 Heritage Western Cape formally protected the site as a provincial heritage site. Cross-hatching done in ochre on a stone fragment found at Blombos Cave is believed to be the earliest known drawing done by a human in the world. | Blombos Cave |
No detailed description available. | Bluefish Caves |
The Bockstein Cave , German: Bocksteinhöhle is part of the Bockstein complex – a White Jurassic limestone rock massif. The 15 by 20 m (49 by 66 ft) rock shelter, among small peripheral caves is situated around 12 m (39 ft) above the Lone River valley bottom, north of the towns of Rammingen and Öllingen, Heidenheim district in the central Swabian Jura, southern Germany. Several small openings, that are the actual entrances to the site, lead to various cave sections. The large frontal opening is of modern origin, created during the first excavation works in the late 19th century. Among Mesolithic and Neolithic stone tools and artefacts numerous bone fossils, that date back 50,000 to 70,000 years were found, making the location the oldest known settlement complex of Neanderthals in southern Germany. Moreover, the ca. 8,000 year old and relatively well preserved skeletons of a woman and an infant were discovered. Because of its historical and cultural significance and its testimony to the development of Paleolithic culture, the cave was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura site in 2017. | Bockstein Cave |
Bolt's Farm is a palaeontological site in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, Gauteng province, South Africa. With more than 30 fossil deposits dating back 4.5 Ma, it is one of the oldest sites currently discovered in the Cradle of Humankind. It consists of multiple cavities, pits, and quarries, where caves have eroded away, exposing their fossiliferous interiors. Although this site has not yet yielded the hominid fossils for which the Cradle of Humankind is known, Bolt's Farm is still an important source of fossils from various species of Early Pliocene and Plio-Pleistocene fauna, including primates and big cats. | Bolt's Farm |
The Bontnewydd palaeolithic site (Welsh: [bɔntˈnɛuɨ̯ð]), also known in its unmutated form as Pontnewydd (Welsh language: 'New bridge'), is an archaeological site near St Asaph, Denbighshire, Wales. It is one of only three sites in Britain to have produced fossils of ancient species of humans (together with Boxgrove and Swanscombe) and the only one with fossils of a classic Neanderthal. It is located a few yards east of the River Elwy, near the hamlet of Bontnewydd, near Cefn Meiriadog, Denbighshire. | Bontnewydd Palaeolithic Site |
Boomplaas Cave is located in the Cango Valley in the foothills of the Swartberg mountain range, north of Oudtshoorn, Eden District Municipality in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. It has a 5 m (16 ft) deep stratified archaeological sequence of human presence, occupation and hunter-gatherer/herder acculturation that might date back as far as 80,000 years. The site's documentation contributed to the reconstruction of palaeo-environments in the context of changes in climate within periods of the Late Pleistocene (11,700 - 129,000 years BP) and the Holocene (since 12,000 years BP). The cave has served multiple functions during its occupation, such as a kraal (enclosure) for animals, a place for the storage of oil rich fruits and as a hunting camp. Circular stone hearths and calcified dung remains of domesticated sheep as well as stone adzes and pottery art (painted stones) were excavated indicating that humans lived at the site and kept animals. | Boomplaas Cave |
The Borax Lake Site , also known as the Borax Lake—Hodges Archaeological Site and designated by the Smithsonian trinomial CA-LAK-36 , is a prehistoric archaeological site near Clearlake, California. The site, a deeply stratified former lakeshore, contains evidence of the earliest known period of human habitation in what is now California, dating back 12,000 years. A portion of the site, designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006, is owned and preserved by the Archaeological Conservancy. | Borax Lake Site |
Border Cave is an archaeological site located in the western Lebombo Mountains in Kwazulu-Natal. The rock shelter has one of the longest archaeological records in southern Africa, which spans from the Middle Stone Age to the Iron Age. The west-facing cave is located about 100 m below the crest of the Lebombo mountain range. The variable rates of weathering of the Lebombo's Jurassic rocks led to the cave's formation. Researchers have excavated at Border Cave since 1934. In chronological order, excavations occurred in 1934 (Raymond Dart), 1940 (W.E. Horton, non-scientific), 1941–1942 (Cooke, Malan and Wells), 1970–1975, and 1987 (Peter Beaumont). Lucinda Backwell and colleagues reopened the site in 2015, and are currently excavating and analyzing more archaeological materials. Researchers have used a combination of carbon-14 dating, amino acid racemisation, luminescence, and electron spin resonance to date the site's oldest deposits to ~250,000 years before present. Border Cave's remains include human remains, lithics, bone tools, botanical remains (i.e. grass bedding) and animal bones. Border Cave's long occupational sequence makes the site an important location for studying prehistoric hunter-gatherer behavior and the causes and timing of the Middle to Later Stone Age transition. The site's human remains have led to debates on the timing of modern human origins in southern Africa. Some of the cave's other artifacts (i.e. bone points) have also played into researchers' debates on the origins of hunter-gatherer cultural adaptations and the appropriateness of ethnographic analogy in interpreting the archaeological record. Researchers have used electron spin resonance and radiocarbon dating to date Border Cave's oldest deposits to 227,000 +/- 11,000 years BP and the youngest deposits to 41,100–24,000 years BP. Luminescence dates extend the oldest age of the site to ~250,000 years BP, though the rest of these luminescence dates roughly align with the electron spin resonance and radiocarbon dates. | Border Cave |
No detailed description available. | Borosteni |
The Bose Basin (百色盆地高岭坡遗址) is in the western part of Guangxi province in southern China, around the city of Baise (Bose), and is the site of the oldest known cutting tools of the Acheulean archaeological industry in China. It is about 800 square kilometres (300 sq mi) in area. The first discovery was in 1973, when petroleum geologists accidentally ran across a dozen stone artifacts. Paleolithic stone tools, notably hand axes have since been found at 114 sites in the basin. They were found in a tektite layer dated to 800,000 years ago. Fossils in some of the caves may be 2 million years old. | Bose Basin |
The Box Gully archaeological site is an Aboriginal archaeological site on the shore of saline Lake Tyrrell, in the Mallee region of northern Victoria, Australia. The site consists of the remains of a small hunting camp, which has produced radiocarbon dates of between 26,600 and 32,000 years BP, making Box Gully one of the earliest known occupied sites of the region and the first documentation of pre-30,000 cal BP Aboriginal occupation of the extensive area between the Murray River and the Tasmanian highlands. Located on the north western tip of the Lake Tyrrell lunette along an eroded water channel, the site has revealed hearth features, stone chipping debris, and butchered faunal remains of a variety of animals, including bettong, hare-wallaby, shingle-backed lizard, emu, and freshwater mussel. The site was probably a short term, late autumn-winter camp site, occupied seasonally over multiple occupations. Lake Tyrrell is the largest playa in the Murray Basin of southeast Australia. Optical dating of sediments within the transverse dune (lunette) sediments demonstrate aspects of the lakes history into the interglacial period, and show the highest lake level around 131,000 ± 10,000 yr ago, forming Lake Chillingollah, a megalake filled by increased winter rainfall, that persisted until around 77,000 ± 4000 yr ago. The remains of repeated small scale camping episodes were uncovered during excavation in the clay lunette. Five new radiocarbon dates on charcoal were obtained from the layers containing cultural material, and ranged between ca. 32,000 cal BP near the bottom and ca. 26,600 cal BP near the top of the deposit. These dates were supported by both conventional radiocarbon and Optically Stimulated Luminescence dates, which were obtained independently during geomorphic investigations of Box Gully. Evidence of climatic conditions and human activity at the site suggests that people at Box Gully were adapting to severe climatic stress leading up to the Last Glacial Maximum. As conditions deteriorated further after ca. 27,000 cal BP, areas such as the Willandra Lakes, Lake Tandou and the Lower Darling were much less heavily frequented than previously, and at Lake Tyrrell, the site was completely abandoned. Around the same time it appears that more sustained occupation was occurring in the Murray River valley while rockshelters in the highlands of southern Victoria were becoming frequented for the first time. | Box Gully |
The Brillenhöhle (German: Brillenhöhle , literally spectacles cave ) is a cave ruin, located 16 km (9.94 mi) west of Ulm on the Swabian Alb in south-western Germany, where archaeological excavations have documented human habitation since as early as 30,000 years ago. Excavated by Gustav Riek from 1955 to 1963, the cave's Upper Paleolithic layers contain a sequence of Aurignacian, Gravettian, and Magdalenian artifacts. In 1956 the first human fossils were discovered within a fireplace in the center of the cave, a discovery which made important contributions to the foundational understanding of the Magdalenian culture of central Europe. The remains of at least four distinct individuals, all associated with the Magdalenian, were discovered at Brillenhöhle. In 2016, researchers successfully extracted the DNA from the parietal bone of one of the individuals. The bone fragment was directly dated to around 15,120-14,440 BP. The individual in question was found to belong to mtDNA Haplogroup U8a. The Brillenhöhle individual was found to be genetically closest to other ancient samples from the Magdalenian, showing closest genetic affinity for other samples taken from the Swabian Jura, such as Hohle Fels, while also showing a genetic affinity for another Magdalenian sample, taken from the Red Lady of El Mirón, as well as a sample from the Aurignacian, GoyetQ116-1 , taken from Goyet Caves. | Brillenhöhle |
No detailed description available. | Broion |
No detailed description available. | Broken Mammoth |
No detailed description available. | Bruniquel Cave |
Bukit Jawa ("Hill of the Javanese" in Malay) is a prehistoric site located in the village of Gelok, about 7 km north of the city of Lenggong, in the state of Perak, Malaysia. In 1990, Sains University Malaysia launched a search campaign for new archaeological sites in the Lenggong Valley and identified Bukit Jawa among others. Excavations only began in July 1996, when the site was threatened by road construction. The excavation team carried out 23 boreholes up to the underlying rock in two areas (BJ1 and BJ2). The site is presented as a lithic tool-cutting workshop located on an island surrounded by an ancient lake now disappeared. Bukit Jawa, dated in 1997 to about 200,000 years ago, is among the oldest Paleolithic sites in Malaysia, along with Temelong (1 km south of Bukit Jawa) and Lawin, of comparable age. | Bukit Jawa |
No detailed description available. | Buran Kaya |
No detailed description available. | Buttermilk Creek |
Buur Heybe, which translates to "The Hill of the Potter's Sand", is a late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological complex located in the largest granite inselberg in the inter-riverine region of the southern Bay province of Somalia approximately 180 km northwest of the capital Mogadishu. Buur Heybe has a longstanding history of archaeological research dating back to the 1930s when Paolo Graziosi carried out the first professional archaeological excavation in Somalia in the rock shelter site of Gogoshiis Qabe in Buur Heybe. Further excavations by J. Desmond Clark in the 1950s and later by the Buur Ecological and Archaeological Project (BEAP) led by Steven Brandt in the 1980s have made Buur Heybe one of the best-dated and closely studied archaeological sites in Somalia. BEAP's 1983 and 1985 field seasons uncovered the skeletal remains of fourteen human individuals. Eleven virtually complete and articulated primary burials, one secondary burial, and two individuals represented solely by partial dentitions. These human remains represent the first Stone Age human remains from Somalia found in a primary context and the earliest evidence of mortuary practices in the Horn of Africa. Within the human burials, BEAP found grave goods in the form of thirteen complete pairs of lesser kudu horn cores, and six complete single lesser kudu horn cores were also present. These grave goods represent the earliest chronometrically dated evidence from eastern Africa (and one of the earliest in Africa overall) for the intentional positioning of grave goods within a burial. A recent study of sixteen new and seven recently published radiocarbon dates of faunal remains (ostrich eggshell) from the Guli Waabayo rock shelter in Buur Heybe has provided evidence of the continuous use of the site for over a ~30,000-year period that covers most of the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 (~29-14.5ka) and the MIS 1 African Humid Period ~14.5-6 ka.) Using Bayesian analysis to determine the separate phases of occupation at the rock shelter site, researchers were able to discover two major periods of site occupation that align with the lithic evidence and human remains. These results are important because they provide a new chronological model for Guli Waabayo regarding the continuous occupation of the site. This evidence challenges previously help assumptions about the responses of hunter-gatherer groups to decreased rainfall and semi-arid climates during periods of major environmental changes. | Buur Heybe |
Býčí skála Cave (in Czech Býčí skála, in German Stierfelsen, in English The Bull Rock Cave) is part of the second longest cave system in Moravia, Czech Republic. It is also famous for archaeological discoveries. Except for the entrance, the cave is not accessible to the public, although occasionally it is opened for visitors. The cave is in the central part of the Moravian Karst, in the Josefovské Valley (Josefovské údolí) between the town of Adamov and the village of Křtiny. Together with the cave system Rudické propadání Býčí skála forms the second longest cave system in the country, after the Amatérská Cave. Its known length is over 13 km. The entrance to the cave was always known locally, with the first written mention coming from 1669. The cave was visited by two European monarchs: on 7.9.1804 the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and on another occasion Alois I, Prince of Liechtenstein. During 1867-1873, the part named Předsíně was explored by the archaeologist Jindřich Wankel, who discovered a Palaeolithic settlement from around 100,000 - 10,000 BCE. Later, a statuette of a bronze bull was found, and starting in 1872 a large Hallstatt culture site had been excavated. The site contained animal and material offerings, crops, textiles, ceramic and sheet-metal vessels, jewelry, glass and amber beads. | Býčí skála Cave |
The site of Byzovaya is a prehistoric site that is located in the Komi Republic, northern Russia, near the Arctic Circle. He delivered carved stone tools typical of the Mousterian, as well as the remains of butchered animals (Brown Bear, Mammoth, Reindeer and Woolly Rhinoceros). The site has been dated to 34,000 to 31,000 BC. | Byzovaya |
Ca' Belvedere is an archaeological site in the Province of Forlì-Cesena discovered in 1983 and located in the foothills in the direction of Castrocaro. The archaeological site is of international importance because it constitutes a deposit of finds dating back to 800-900,000 years ago, providing one of the oldest attestations of human presence in Europe. It was discovered following specific research programs on local Paleolithic industries. The excavations, begun in 1983, ended in 1986. | Ca' Belvedere |
No detailed description available. | Cactus Hill |
No detailed description available. | Calico Early Man Site |
The cave has been intermittently occupied since the Neolithic period up to the Late Pleistocene. It is known for the discovery of the Homo luzonensis a small-bodied hominin that lived on Luzon island from 50,000 to 67,000 years ago [1] [2] . Specimens Age Min Age Max CCH1 (Callao Cave Hominin) Metatarsal 65670 67700 1 of 1 3D Models, Videos and Images Why is the discovery of Homo luzonensis such a big deal? | NXT Source: Why is the discovery of Homo luzonensis such a big deal New human species found in the Philippines Source: New human species found in the Philippines New Species Related to Us Discovered in the Philippines Source: New Species Related to Us Discovered in the Philippines Homo luzonensis not an ancestor Source: Homo luzonensis not an ancestor 1440px-Callao_Cave.jpg Source: Callao Cave Wikipedia Callao Cave - rays of second skylight Source: Callao Cave - rays of second skylight Callao Cave Penablanca Source: Callao Cave Penablanca Armand Salvador Mijares Source: Armand Salvador Mijares More media Description Named after a village in the area, Callao Cave is one of 300 limestone caves located in the municipality of Peñablanca, 24 kilometers northeast of Tuguegarao City, the capital of Cagayan province in the Philippines. The Callao Limestone formation is part of the Peñablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape along the western foothills of the Northern Sierra Madre Mountains [3] [4] [5] [6] . Callao Cave is the largest and longest cave in the area, with seven chambers. There were previously nine reported chambers in the system, but two were sealed off by an earthquake in the 1980s. The length of the cave is 366 meters from the mouth to the innermost chamber, and the passages are 14 to 35 meters wide, with a ceiling height ranging from 10 to 45 meters [7] [4] [3] . Callao Cave was first excavated in 1979 and 1981 by the National Museum of the Philippines. During excavations, the team, led by Cuevas, recognized two cultural horizons: the upper horizon and the pre-ceramic horizon [7] [8] . Archaeological excavations in the cave were resumed by a team led by Mijares from 2002 to 2020, producing finds from Late Pleistocene layers [9] [5] [10] [11] [1] [12] . The Callao record revealed three periods of human occupation. The most recent is a Neolithic occupation from around 3,600 BP. Ceramics, flake tools, a spindle whorl, faunal remains, and human burials were found in this layer. Below this is a layer of volcanic sediment that marks a break in archaeological materials, which is followed by a second phase of occupation at 28,980 - 27,420 cal. BP. This layer contained hearths, charcoal and burnt sediments, and associated chert flake tools. The earliest occupational layer dates from 50,000 to 67,000 BP. It produced animal bones and remains of small-bodied hominins later classified as Homo luzonensis . The periods of human occupation were preceded and succeeded by long periods of human inactivity, implying that humans used the cave intermittently [10] [6] [1] . Homo luzonensis CCH1 (Callao Cave Hominin 1) is a hominin third metatarsal (MT3) discovered in Layer 14 of Callao Cave in 2007. Directly dated to 66.7±1 ka, this small-sized foot bone with unusual morphology is the oldest known human fossil in the Philippines [11] . In 2019, the Callao team announced that CCH1 and additional hominin fossils from subsequent excavations on the site belong to a new species Homo luzonensis , named after the Philippine island of Luzon [1] . Homo luzonensis is described based on dental and postcranial remains (dated to at least 50-67 ka) from Callao Cave. This includes the metatarsal CCH1 and the 12 additional fossils that represent at least three individuals that were found in the same stratigraphic layer: the right P 3 -M 3 belonging to a single individual ( CCH6-a to CCH6-e , which serves as the holotype of H. luzonensis ), the right P 4 ( CCH8 ), the right M 3 ( CCH9 ), two adult manual phalanges ( CCH2 and CCH5 ), two adult pedal phalanges ( CCH3 and CCH4 ), and a juvenile femoral shaft ( CCH7 ) [1] [13] . The relatively small size and features of the H. luzonensis dental remains are similar to those of the Homo floresiensis , another small-bodied hominin found in Liang Bua Cave on the island of Flores in Indonesia. The H. floresiensis remains are penecontemporaneous to those of H. luzonensis [14] [15] [16] [1] [13] . According to a 2012 study [13] both H. luzonensis and H. floresiensis likely evolved from Homo erectus groups that dispersed in the various islands of the region and became isolated. Both species present anatomical traits that are either rare or absent elsewhere in the genus Homo but have commonalities with those of Australopithecus [1] . The curves and grooves of the Homo luzonensis fossils reveal an unexpected mix of both ancient and more advanced traits. For instance, the small size and relatively simple shapes of the teeth indicate a more ‘modern’ individual, whereas one upper premolar has three roots, a characteristic present in fewer than 3 percent of modern humans. On the other hand, one foot bone resembles those of the more ancient australopithecines [2] . Sources Cited References 1 . A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines Nature 568(7751) 2 . New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines National Geographic 3 . Callao Cave Wikipedia Wikipedia 4 . Penablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape Wikipedia Wikipedia 5 . Unearthing prehistory - the archaeology of Northeastern Luzon, Philippine Islands. In BAR International Series 1613 John and Erica Hedges, Ltd. 6 . Archaeological recognition of mortuary behavior in Callao Cave, northern Luzon, Philippines through taphonomic analysis of isolated human remains Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9(6) 7 . Preliminary report on the archaeological excavation conducted at Callao Caves. Manuscript of the National Museum, Manila 8 . Progress report on the archaeological activities conducted at Callao Cave (November 1980-August 1982). Manuscript of the National Museum, Manila 9 . The archaeological excavation of Eme, Callao and Dalan Serkot Caves, Northern Luzon, Philippines Journal of Austronesian Studies 1 10 . Understanding the Callao Cave Depositional History. In New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory ANU Press 11 . New evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines Journal of Human Evolution 59(1) 12 . The 2020 Re-Excavation of Callao Cave, Northeastern Luzon, the Philippines. Ang Muling Pagsusuring Archaeological sa Callao Cave, Hilagang-Silangang Luzon, Pilipinas sa 2020 SPAFA Journal 4 13 . Further analyses of the structural organization of Homo luzonensis teeth. Evolutionary implications Journal of Human Evolution 163 14 . A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia Nature 431(7012) 15 . Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia Nature 437(7061) 16 . Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia Nature 532 (7599) Related References 17 . Callao Cave - rays of second skylight 18 . Callao Cave Penablanca 19 . Armand Salvador Mijares 20 . Why is the discovery of Homo luzonensis such a big deal 21 . New human species found in the Philippines 22 . New Species Related to Us Discovered in the Philippines 23 . Homo luzonensis not an ancestor 24 . Homo luzonensis Wikipedia This page was last edited on January 5, 2023 at 08:15:55 UTC Help Q&A Privacy Policy Contact hello@gignos.com Subscribe to our newsletter Submit | Callao Cave Site type: Cave Site function: Habitation site Lat/Long: 17.7, 121.82 Country: Philippines Date range max: 67,000 Bp Date range min: 3,600 Bp Site identifier: II-77-J3 Classifications: Homo luzonensis Time periods: Pleistocene , Tarantian Hide Callao Cave Penablanca Source: Callao Cave Penablanca Callao Cave is a limestone cave located in the municipality of Peñablanca in the Philippines |
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