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[ [ "Grosse Pointe billionaire Manuel Moroun through the Detroit International Bridge Company in the United States[4] and the Canadian Transit Company in Canada" ] ]

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[ "Ambassador Bridge Ambassador Bridge from the Canadian side of the Detroit River Coordinates 42 ° 18 ′ 43 '' N 83 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W  /  42.312 ° N 83.074 ° W  / 42.312 ; - 83.074 Coordinates : 42 ° 18 ′ 43 '' N 83 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W  /  42.312 ° N 83.074 ° W  / 42.312 ; - 83.074 Carries 4 undivided lanes of LECT Crosses Detroit River Locale Detroit -- Windsor Official name Ambassador International Bridge Maintained by Detroit International Bridge Company and Canadian Transit Company Characteristics Design Suspension bridge Total length 7,500 feet ( 2,300 m ) Longest span 1,850 feet ( 560 m ) Clearance below 152 feet ( 46 m ) History Constructed by McClintic Marshall Steel Company Construction start August 16 , 1927 Construction end November 6 , 1929 Opened November 11 , 1929 ( 87 years ago ) ( 1929 - 11 - 11 ) Statistics Daily traffic 10,000 + trucks per day , 4,000 + autos per day Toll US $ 5.00 / CA $ 6.25 Ambassador Bridge Location in Michigan", "Ambassador Bridge", "Ambassador Bridge from the Canadian side of the Detroit River", "Coordinates 42 ° 18 ′ 43 '' N 83 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W  /  42.312 ° N 83.074 ° W  / 42.312 ; - 83.074 Coordinates : 42 ° 18 ′ 43 '' N 83 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W  /  42.312 ° N 83.074 ° W  / 42.312 ; - 83.074", "Carries 4 undivided lanes of LECT", "Crosses Detroit River", "Locale Detroit -- Windsor", "Official name Ambassador International Bridge", "Maintained by Detroit International Bridge Company and Canadian Transit Company", "Characteristics", "Design Suspension bridge", "Total length 7,500 feet ( 2,300 m )", "Longest span 1,850 feet ( 560 m )", "Clearance below 152 feet ( 46 m )", "History", "Constructed by McClintic Marshall Steel Company", "Construction start August 16 , 1927", "Construction end November 6 , 1929", "Opened November 11 , 1929 ( 87 years ago ) ( 1929 - 11 - 11 )", "Statistics", "Daily traffic 10,000 + trucks per day , 4,000 + autos per day", "Toll US $ 5.00 / CA $ 6.25", "Ambassador Bridge Location in Michigan", "The Ambassador Bridge ( French : Pont Ambassadeur ) is a suspension bridge that connects Detroit , Michigan , United States , with Windsor , Ontario , Canada . It is the busiest international border crossing in North America in terms of trade volume : more than 25 % of all merchandise trade between the United States and Canada crosses the toll bridge . A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the region and US $ 13 billion in annual production depend on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing .", "The bridge is owned by Grosse Pointe billionaire Manuel Moroun through the Detroit International Bridge Company in the United States and the Canadian Transit Company in Canada . In 1979 , when the previous owners of the bridge put it on the New York Stock Exchange and shares were traded , Moroun was able to buy shares , eventually acquiring the bridge . The bridge carries 60 to 70 percent of commercial truck traffic in the region . Moroun also owns the Ammex Detroit Duty Free Stores at both the bridge and the tunnel .", "A new bridge , the Gordie Howe International Bridge , proposed by the Detroit River International Crossing ( DRIC ) commission , has been approved for construction by the Canadian and United States governments . The new bridge further downriver between Detroit and Windsor will be owned and operated by the Windsor - Detroit Bridge Authority , a Crown corporation owned by the Canadian federal government .", "After the American Civil War , Detroit -- Windsor was a destination stop for railroads in the area . The Michigan Central and the Great Western railroads in addition to others operated on either side of the border connecting Chicago with the Atlantic Seaboard . To cross the Detroit River , these railroads operated ferries between docks on either side . The ferries lacked the capacity to handle the shipping needs of the railroads , and frequently there were 700 -- 1,000 freight cars waiting to cross the river , with numerous passengers delayed in transit . Warehouses in Chicago were forced to store grain that could not be shipped to eastern markets and foreign goods were stored in eastern warehouses waiting shipment to the western United States . The net effect of these delays increased commodity prices in the country , and both merchants and farmers wanted a solution from the railroads .", "The Michigan Central proposed the construction of a tunnel under the river with the support of their counterparts at the Great Western Railway . Construction started in 1871 and continued until ventilating equipment failed the next year ; work was soon abandoned . Attention turned in 1873 to the alternative of building a railroad bridge over the river . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers commissioned a study of a bridge over the Detroit River . Representatives of the shipping industry on the Great Lakes opposed any bridge with piers in the river as a hazard to navigation . Discussions continued for the remainder of the decade to no avail ; a bridge over the Detroit River was not approved . The U.S. Congress requested a new study for a bridge in 1889 , but no bridge was approved . Finally , the Michigan Central built the Detroit River Tunnel in 1909 -- 10 to carry trains under the river . This tunnel benefited the Michigan Central and Great Western railroads , but the Canada Southern Railway and other lines still preferred a bridge over the river .", "Plans for a bridge were revived in 1919 to commemorate the end of World War I and to honor the `` youth of Canada and the United States who served in the Great War '' . The Ambassador Bridge opened November 15 , 1929 , its total cost of $23.5 million reportedly 1 % under the budget .", "A Canadian immigration inspector jumped to his death in April 1930 , shortly after the bridge opened . The bridge has been used by other suicide jumpers . After it opened , high divers considered it as a venue for a record ; but after measurements of the height and currents were taken into account , they were dissuaded and abandoned the attempt .", "The bridge over the Detroit River had the longest suspended central span in the world when it was completed in 1929 -- 1,850 feet ( 560 m ) . This was a record until the George Washington Bridge opened between New York and New Jersey in 1931 . The bridge 's total length is 7,500 feet ( 2,286 m ) . Construction began in 1927 and was completed in 1929 . The architect was the McClintic - Marshall Company of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .", "The bridge is made up of 21,000 short tons ( 19,000 tonnes ) of steel , and the roadway rises as high as 152 feet ( 46 m ) above the Detroit River . Only the main span over the river is supported by suspension cables ; the approaches to the main pillars are held up by steel in a cantilever truss structure .", "The bridge 's only sidewalk is located on the southwest side of the structure . After the September 11 attacks pedestrians and bicycles were formally prohibited from traveling across the bridge due to increased security measures . For years prior to September 11 , 2001 , the sidewalk was closed due to on - going maintenance projects and repainting .", "Originally painted gloss black , the bridge underwent a five - year refurbishment between 1995 and 2000 , which included stripping and repainting the bridge teal .", "Granite blocks originally used on the U.S. side were given to the Windsor Parks and Recreation Department , and now grace many of the pathways in Windsor parks .", "The four - lane bridge carries more than 10,000 commercial vehicles on a typical weekday . The Gateway Project , a major redesign of the U.S. plaza completed in July 2009 , provides direct access to Interstate 96 ( I - 96 ) and I - 75 on the American side and Highway 3 on the Canadian side . The Canadian end of the bridge connects to busy city streets in west Windsor , leading to congestion .", "The privately owned bridge carries approximately 25 % of trade between Canada and the United States .", "The Gordie Howe International Bridge to supplement the Ambassador Bridge has been proposed . Manuel `` Matty '' Moroun , private owner of the Ambassador Bridge , has spoken out against this proposal . He has sued the governments of Canada and Michigan to stop its construction , and released a proposal to build a second span of the Ambassador Bridge ( which he would own ) instead . Critics suggest that Moroun 's opposition is fueled by the prospect of lost profits from duty - free gasoline sales , which are exempt from about 60 cents per gallon in taxes even though the pump price to consumers is only a few cents lower . On May 5 , 2011 , a judge dismissed the case , citing a lack of reasoning for it to proceed . The company which owns the Ambassador Bridge contends that the new bridge would affect its proposal for a second span which would be built next to the Ambassador Bridge .", "Michigan and Canadian authorities continued to support the Gordie Howe International Bridge proposal , since it directly connects the Canadian E.C. Row Expressway and the future extension of Highway 401 ( which will run concurrently as a shared highway for 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) to the future crossing as the Windsor -- Essex Parkway after 2015 ) with I - 75 and I - 96 in Michigan , bypasses Windsor 's surface streets and reduces congestion . An agreement announced on June 15 , 2012 , ensures the new bridge could proceed , with the Canadian federal government funding bridge construction , land acquisition in Michigan and the construction of ramps from I - 75 . The Canadian contribution will be repaid from bridge tolls , although to date no study has shown toll revenue forecasts .", "The company which owns the Ambassador Bridge proposed its own twin span with six lanes to be built across the Detroit River . Cost estimates range from one to two billion U.S. dollars to build a second span . The new span would be a cable - stayed bridge and would accommodate the bulk of the cross-border traffic with the original span being used for overflow traffic . However , a twin span adjacent to the Ambassador Bridge , by itself , does not address Canadian concerns about traffic on Huron Church Road in Windsor . While many of the stop lights commonly cited will be removed by the planned expansion of the 401 which would connect to the downriver NITC bridge , the final approach to the Ambassador Bridge remains on overcrowded Windsor surface streets .", "In April 2013 , the U.S. State Department issued a Presidential permit to the state of Michigan for a new international crossing between the United States and Canada . Moroun has filed a lawsuit attempting to block the issuance of this permit , claiming that the Presidential permit process is unconstitutional .", "The private ownership of the bridge has been controversial as the bridge carries approximately 25 % of trade between Canada and the United States . Although alternate routes exist , including the nearby Detroit - Windsor Tunnel , preventing monopoly status , the route is of significant value since it passes directly through major metropolitan areas . It is the shortest possible route from Toronto to many areas in the American Midwest of Michigan , Ohio , Indiana , and Illinois . ( The aforementioned tunnel prohibits certain vehicles ) .", "In 2010 and 2011 , the Wayne County Circuit Court found the Detroit International Bridge Company in contempt for failing to directly connect bridge access roads to I - 75 and I - 96 , and making other required improvements as part of the Gateway Project . These improvements would normally be under the control of the state government ; however , the Detroit International Bridge Company withheld the improvements as part of a negotiation strategy . At one point , Matty Moroun and his chief deputy at the Detroit International Bridge Co , Dan Stamper , were jailed for non-compliance with orders to complete the on - ramps .", "After many years of legal battles , activism by local people against neighborhood truck traffic , and stalling by Matty Moroun , the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) took over the I - 75 / I - 96 on - ramp project and opened the ramps in September 2012 after a six - month construction period . One possible motive for the Gateway Project delays is Moroun 's desire to route traffic past his lucrative duty - free store and fuel pumps , one of only two border locations to sell untaxed fuel ( the other is International Falls , Minnesota ) . Critics of the duty - free fuel operation object that sixty cents from each U.S. gallon goes not to paving Michigan 's underfunded highways but instead directly to Matty Moroun .", "Operators of large trucks under the International Fuel Tax Agreement , which in theory should impose Ontario tax and partially refund Michigan tax on fuel purchased in Detroit and consumed on Ontario 's highway 401 , may be disqualified for the Michigan IFTA refund , as the tax was never paid . In a 2012 lawsuit , the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development sued Moroun 's company , Ammex , claiming it mislabeled motorcar fuels to advertise 93 octane while tests showed as little as 91.2 octane .", "The bridge from Detroit Masonic Temple Crossing the bridge into Canada The bridge , which is each city 's main trade artery with the other A lake freighter sailing under the bridge on the Detroit River The bridge viewed from the Detroit River Walk", "The bridge from Detroit Masonic Temple", "The bridge from Detroit Masonic Temple", "Crossing the bridge into Canada", "Crossing the bridge into Canada", "The bridge , which is each city 's main trade artery with the other", "The bridge , which is each city 's main trade artery with the other", "A lake freighter sailing under the bridge on the Detroit River", "A lake freighter sailing under the bridge on the Detroit River", "The bridge viewed from the Detroit River Walk", "The bridge viewed from the Detroit River Walk" ]

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[ "The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere , pedosphere , geosphere , hydrosphere , and atmosphere of the Earth . Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone . Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle , the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life . It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere , as well as long - term processes of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon sinks .", "The carbon cycle was initially discovered by Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier , and popularized by Humphry Davy .", "Carbon pools in the major reservoirs on earth . show Pool Quantity ( gigatons ) Atmosphere 720 Ocean ( total ) 38,400 Total inorganic 37,400 Total organic 1,000 Surface layer 670 Deep layer 36,730 Lithosphere Sedimentary carbonates > 60,000,000 Kerogens 15,000,000 Terrestrial biosphere ( total ) 2,000 Living biomass 600 - 1,000 Dead biomass 1,200 Aquatic biosphere 1 - 2 Fossil fuels ( total ) 4,130 Coal 3,510 Oil 230 Gas 140 Other ( peat ) 250", "Pool Quantity ( gigatons )", "Atmosphere 720", "Ocean ( total ) 38,400", "Total inorganic 37,400", "Total organic 1,000", "Surface layer 670", "Deep layer 36,730", "Lithosphere", "Sedimentary carbonates > 60,000,000", "Kerogens 15,000,000", "Terrestrial biosphere ( total ) 2,000", "Living biomass 600 - 1,000", "Dead biomass 1,200", "Aquatic biosphere 1 - 2", "Fossil fuels ( total ) 4,130", "Coal 3,510", "Oil 230", "Gas 140", "Other ( peat ) 250", "The global carbon cycle is now usually divided into the following major reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange :", "The atmosphere The terrestrial biosphere The ocean , including dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota The sediments , including fossil fuels , fresh water systems and non-living organic material . The Earth 's interior ( mantle and crust . These carbon stores interact with the other components through geological processes .", "The terrestrial biosphere", "The ocean , including dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota", "The sediments , including fossil fuels , fresh water systems and non-living organic material .", "The Earth 's interior ( mantle and crust . These carbon stores interact with the other components through geological processes .", "The carbon exchanges between reservoirs occur as the result of various chemical , physical , geological , and biological processes . The ocean contains the largest active pool of carbon near the surface of the Earth . The natural flows of carbon between the atmosphere , ocean , terrestrial ecosystems , and sediments is fairly balanced , so that carbon levels would be roughly stable without human influence .", "Carbon in the Earth 's atmosphere exists in two main forms : carbon dioxide and methane . Both of these gases absorb and retain heat in the atmosphere and are partially responsible for the greenhouse effect . Methane produces a larger greenhouse effect per volume as compared to carbon dioxide , but it exists in much lower concentrations and is more short - lived than carbon dioxide , making carbon dioxide the more important greenhouse gas of the two .", "Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres . Carbon dioxide also dissolves directly from the atmosphere into bodies of water ( ocean , lakes , etc . ) , as well as dissolving in precipitation as raindrops fall through the atmosphere . When dissolved in water , carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid , which contributes to ocean acidity . It can then be absorbed by rocks through weathering . It also can acidify other surfaces it touches or be washed into the ocean .", "Human activities over the past two centuries have significantly increased the amount of carbon in the atmosphere , mainly in the form of carbon dioxide , both by modifying ecosystems ' ability to extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by emitting it directly , e.g. , by burning fossil fuels and manufacturing concrete .", "The terrestrial biosphere includes the organic carbon in all land - living organisms , both alive and dead , as well as carbon stored in soils . About 500 gigatons of carbon are stored above ground in plants and other living organisms , while soil holds approximately 1,500 gigatons of carbon . Most carbon in the terrestrial biosphere is organic carbon , while about a third of soil carbon is stored in inorganic forms , such as calcium carbonate . Organic carbon is a major component of all organisms living on earth . Autotrophs extract it from the air in the form of carbon dioxide , converting it into organic carbon , while heterotrophs receive carbon by consuming other organisms .", "Because carbon uptake in the terrestrial biosphere is dependent on biotic factors , it follows a diurnal and seasonal cycle . In CO measurements , this feature is apparent in the Keeling curve . It is strongest in the northern hemisphere , because this hemisphere has more land mass than the southern hemisphere and thus more room for ecosystems to absorb and emit carbon .", "Carbon leaves the terrestrial biosphere in several ways and on different time scales . The combustion or respiration of organic carbon releases it rapidly into the atmosphere . It can also be exported into the ocean through rivers or remain sequestered in soils in the form of inert carbon . Carbon stored in soil can remain there for up to thousands of years before being washed into rivers by erosion or released into the atmosphere through soil respiration . Between 1989 and 2008 soil respiration increased by about 0.1 % per year . In 2008 , the global total of CO released by soil respiration was roughly 98 billion tonnes , about 10 times more carbon than humans are now putting into the atmosphere each year by burning fossil fuel ( this does not represent a net transfer of carbon from soil to atmosphere , as the respiration is largely offset by inputs to soil carbon ) . There are a few plausible explanations for this trend , but the most likely explanation is that increasing temperatures have increased rates of decomposition of soil organic matter , which has increased the flow of CO . The length of carbon sequestering in soil is dependent on local climatic conditions and thus changes in the course of climate change .", "The ocean can be conceptually divided into a surface layer within which water makes frequent ( daily to annual ) contact with the atmosphere , and a deep layer below the typical mixed layer depth of a few hundred meters or less , within which the time between consecutive contacts may be centuries . The dissolved inorganic carbon ( DIC ) in the surface layer is exchanged rapidly with the atmosphere , maintaining equilibrium . Partly because its concentration of DIC is about 15 % higher but mainly due to its larger volume , the deep ocean contains far more carbon -- it 's the largest pool of actively cycled carbon in the world , containing 50 times more than the atmosphere -- but the timescale to reach equilibrium with the atmosphere is hundreds of years : the exchange of carbon between the two layers , driven by thermohaline circulation , is slow .", "Carbon enters the ocean mainly through the dissolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide , a small fraction of which is converted into carbonate . It can also enter the ocean through rivers as dissolved organic carbon . It is converted by organisms into organic carbon through photosynthesis and can either be exchanged throughout the food chain or precipitated into the ocean 's deeper , more carbon rich layers as dead soft tissue or in shells as calcium carbonate . It circulates in this layer for long periods of time before either being deposited as sediment or , eventually , returned to the surface waters through thermohaline circulation . Oceans are basic ( ~ pH 8.2 ) , hence CO acidification shifts the pH of the ocean towards neutral .", "Oceanic absorption of CO is one of the most important forms of carbon sequestering limiting the human - caused rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . However , this process is limited by a number of factors . CO absorption makes water more acidic , which affects ocean biosystems . The projected rate of increasing oceanic acidity could slow the biological precipitation of calcium carbonates , thus decreasing the ocean 's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide .", "The geologic component of the carbon cycle operates slowly in comparison to the other parts of the global carbon cycle . It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of carbon in the atmosphere , and thus of global temperatures .", "Most of the earth 's carbon is stored inertly in the earth 's lithosphere . Much of the carbon stored in the earth 's mantle was stored there when the earth formed . Some of it was deposited in the form of organic carbon from the biosphere . Of the carbon stored in the geosphere , about 80 % is limestone and its derivatives , which form from the sedimentation of calcium carbonate stored in the shells of marine organisms . The remaining 20 % is stored as kerogens formed through the sedimentation and burial of terrestrial organisms under high heat and pressure . Organic carbon stored in the geosphere can remain there for millions of years .", "Carbon can leave the geosphere in several ways . Carbon dioxide is released during the metamorphosis of carbonate rocks when they are subducted into the earth 's mantle . This carbon dioxide can be released into the atmosphere and ocean through volcanoes and hotspots . It can also be removed by humans through the direct extraction of kerogens in the form of fossil fuels . After extraction , fossil fuels are burned to release energy , thus emitting the carbon they store into the atmosphere .", "Since the industrial revolution , human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components ' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere .", "The largest human impact on the carbon cycle is through direct emissions from burning fossil fuels , which transfers carbon from the geosphere into the atmosphere . The rest of this increase is caused mostly by changes in land - use , particularly deforestation .", "Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production , which releases CO . Clinker is an industrial precursor of cement .", "Humans also influence the carbon cycle indirectly by changing the terrestrial and oceanic biosphere . Over the past several centuries , direct and indirect human - caused land use and land cover change ( LUCC ) has led to the loss of biodiversity , which lowers ecosystems ' resilience to environmental stresses and decreases their ability to remove carbon from the atmosphere . More directly , it often leads to the release of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems into the atmosphere . Deforestation for agricultural purposes removes forests , which hold large amounts of carbon , and replaces them , generally with agricultural or urban areas . Both of these replacement land cover types store comparatively small amounts of carbon , so that the net product of the process is that more carbon stays in the atmosphere .", "Other human - caused changes to the environment change ecosystems ' productivity and their ability to remove carbon from the atmosphere . Air pollution , for example , damages plants and soils , while many agricultural and land use practices lead to higher erosion rates , washing carbon out of soils and decreasing plant productivity .", "Humans also affect the oceanic carbon cycle . Current trends in climate change lead to higher ocean temperatures , thus modifying ecosystems . Also , acid rain and polluted runoff from agriculture and industry change the ocean 's chemical composition . Such changes can have dramatic effects on highly sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs , thus limiting the ocean 's ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere on a regional scale and reducing oceanic biodiversity globally .", "Arctic methane emissions indirectly caused by anthropogenic global warming also affect the carbon cycle , and contribute to further warming in what is known as climate change feedback .", "On 12 November 2015 , NASA scientists reported that human - made carbon dioxide ( CO ) continues to increase , reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years : currently , the rate carbon dioxide release by the burning of fossil fuels is about double the net uptake by vegetation and the ocean ." ]

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[ "Mungaoli town Mungaoli Location in Madhya Pradesh , India Mungaoli Mungaoli ( India ) Show map of Madhya Pradesh Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 24 ° 25 ′ N 78 ° 06 ′ E  /  24.42 ° N 78.1 ° E  / 24.42 ; 78.1 Coordinates : 24 ° 25 ′ N 78 ° 06 ′ E  /  24.42 ° N 78.1 ° E  / 24.42 ; 78.1 Country India State Madhya Pradesh District Ashoknagar Elevation 472 m ( 1,549 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Total 27,000 Languages Official Hindi Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 473443 Telephone code 07548 ISO 3166 code IN - MP Vehicle registration MP - 67", "Mungaoli", "town", "Mungaoli Location in Madhya Pradesh , India Mungaoli Mungaoli ( India ) Show map of Madhya Pradesh Show map of India Show all", "Coordinates : 24 ° 25 ′ N 78 ° 06 ′ E  /  24.42 ° N 78.1 ° E  / 24.42 ; 78.1 Coordinates : 24 ° 25 ′ N 78 ° 06 ′ E  /  24.42 ° N 78.1 ° E  / 24.42 ; 78.1", "Country India", "State Madhya Pradesh", "District Ashoknagar", "Elevation 472 m ( 1,549 ft )", "Population ( 2011 )", "Total 27,000", "Languages", "Official Hindi", "Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 )", "PIN 473443", "Telephone code 07548", "ISO 3166 code IN - MP", "Vehicle registration MP - 67", "Mungaoli is a town and a nagar panchayat in Ashoknagar district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh . It is situated on the Bina - Kota railway line. its std code is 07548 and pin code is 473443. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Indian independence movement activist and journalist lived here for sometime . Mungaoli is also famous for open jail", "Mungaoli is located at 24 ° 25 ′ N 78 ° 06 ′ E  /  24.42 ° N 78.1 ° E  / 24.42 ; 78.1 . It has an average elevation of 472 metres ( 1549 feet ) . it is a centre of India . It is a peaceful town . Betwa River is only 5 km far from Mungaoli Mungaoli is situated near Chanderi which is a very famous for the old temples and also for Baiju Bawra 's Tomb ( or Baijnath Prasad or Baijnath Mishra ( 1542 -- 1613 ) was an Indian dhrupad singer )", "As of 2013 India census , Mungaoli had a population of 40000 . Males constitute 51 % of the population and females 49 % . Mungaoli has an average literacy rate of 69 % , higher than the national average of 58.5 % : male literacy is 74 % , and female literacy is 58 % . In Mungaoli , 20 % of the population is under 2 years of age ." ]

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[ "The Arabic phrase ʿalayhi as - salām ( عليه السلام ) , which translates as `` peace be upon him '' is a conventionally complimentary phrase or durood attached to the names of the prophets in Islam . The English phrase is also given the abbreviation pbuh in writing . An extended variant of the phrase reads ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa - ala ālihi wa - sallam ( Arabic : صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم ‎ ‎ ) ( lit . ) `` blessings of God be upon him and his family and peace '' , and it is often abbreviated SAWS in writing in an English - language context . The Arabic phrase is given the name ṣalawāt . The phrase is encoded as a ligature at Unicode codepoint U + FDFA صلى الله عليه وسلم ARABIC LIGATURE SALLALLAHOU ALAYHE WASALLAM", "Some Islamic scholars have voiced disagreement with the practice of abbreviating these phrases , arguing that it demonstrates laziness and a lack of respect .", "`` Peace be upon him '' : ( Arabic : عليه السلام ‎ ‎ ʿalayhi al - salām - A.S. ) - this expression follows after naming any prophets , Imams ( Shia exclusively ) , or one of the archangels ( e.g. Jibreel ( AS ) , Mikaeel ( AS ) , etc . ) . `` May God honor him and grant him peace . '' : ( صلى الله عليه وسلم ṣallā llāhu ʿalay - hi wa - sallam - S.A.W. , SAAW , or SAAS ) - this expression follows specifically after uttering the name of Muhammad , although `` peace be upon him '' may be used instead `` May God grant peace and honor on him and his family . '' : ( Arabic : صلى الله عليه وآله ‎ ‎ ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa - ʾālih - S.A.W.W. ) - this expression follows specifically after saying the name of Muhammad `` Peace be upon her '' : ( Arabic : سلام الله علیها ‎ ‎ salaam Allāh ʿalayha - S.A.A ) - this expression follows specifically after the name of historical Islamic women , e.g. Fatima , daughter of the Prophet , Asiya , wife of the Pharaoh and Mary , the mother of Jesus .", "`` Peace be upon him '' : ( Arabic : عليه السلام ‎ ‎ ʿalayhi al - salām - A.S. ) - this expression follows after naming any prophets , Imams ( Shia exclusively ) , or one of the archangels ( e.g. Jibreel ( AS ) , Mikaeel ( AS ) , etc . ) .", "`` May God honor him and grant him peace . '' : ( صلى الله عليه وسلم ṣallā llāhu ʿalay - hi wa - sallam - S.A.W. , SAAW , or SAAS ) - this expression follows specifically after uttering the name of Muhammad , although `` peace be upon him '' may be used instead", "`` May God grant peace and honor on him and his family . '' : ( Arabic : صلى الله عليه وآله ‎ ‎ ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa - ʾālih - S.A.W.W. ) - this expression follows specifically after saying the name of Muhammad", "`` Peace be upon her '' : ( Arabic : سلام الله علیها ‎ ‎ salaam Allāh ʿalayha - S.A.A ) - this expression follows specifically after the name of historical Islamic women , e.g. Fatima , daughter of the Prophet , Asiya , wife of the Pharaoh and Mary , the mother of Jesus .", "When mentioning the Sahabah ( the companions , disciples , scribes and family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad ) , raḍiya llāhu ʿan - hu ( for males ) and raḍiya ' llāhu ʿan - ha ( for women ) are used by Sunnis ; they mean , `` May God be pleased with him or her , '' respectively . The phrase is sometimes also used after mentioning other names , including those of Jesus and Moses , but the term عليه سلام ʿalayhi salām , `` On him be peace , '' is more common .", "Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamah ( Shia doctrine ) Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( show ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal", "Part of a series on", "Islam", "Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection", "Oneness of God", "Oneness of God", "Prophets Revealed books", "Angels Predestination", "Day of Resurrection", "Day of Resurrection", "Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage", "Profession of faith Prayer", "Profession of faith", "Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage", "Alms - giving", "Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic )", "Quran Sunnah Hadith", "Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence )", "Sharia ( law )", "Fiqh ( jurisprudence )", "Kalam ( dialectic )", "Kalam ( dialectic )", "History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamah ( Shia doctrine ) Caliphate Spread of Islam", "Timeline Muhammad", "Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah", "Ahl al - Bayt", "Rashidun Imamah ( Shia doctrine )", "Imamah ( Shia doctrine )", "Caliphate Spread of Islam", "Spread of Islam", "Culture and society ( show ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare", "Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare", "Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary", "Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions", "Criticism of Islam", "Islam and other religions", "Islamism Islamophobia", "Glossary", "Islam portal", "Islam portal", "", "", "In the translation of the meanings of the Qur'an in Surah ( chapter ) 33 entitled Al - Ahzab ( The Confederates ) , ayah ( verse ) 56 :", "Surely Allah and His angels bless the Prophet ; O you who believe ! call for ( Divine ) blessings on him and salute him with a ( becoming ) salutation .", "The Islamic scholar , ibn Kathir , titled the section in his tafsir ( i.e. , explanation of the Qur'an ) , the Tafsir ibn Kathir , regarding this verse , The Command to say Salah upon the Prophet ( Muhammad ) .", "This point is further founded in the saying by Muhammad that ,", "The miser is the one in whose presence I am mentioned , then he does not send the Salam upon me .", "This was recorded by Ahmad ibn Hanbal in his Musnad .", "The evidence for sending salat on Muhammad is not limited to the Qur'an . It is also found in hadith about Muhammad . Examples include :", "Al - Tirmidhi recorded that Abu Hurairah said :", "The Messenger of Allah said , `` May he be humiliated , the man in whose presence I am mentioned and he does not send Salah upon me ; may he be humiliated , the man who sees the month of Ramadan come and go , and he is not forgiven ; may he be humiliated , the man whose parents live to old age and they do not cause him to be granted admittance to Paradise . ''", "Al - Tirmidhi said that this hadith was , `` Hasan gharib '' ( `` Good but only reported once '' ) .", "In Sahih Muslim , Sunan Abi Dawood , Sunan al - Tirmidhi , and Al - Sunan al - Sughra ( Sunan al - Nasa'i ) , four of the six major Sunni hadith collections , recorded that Abu Hurairah said ,", "The Messenger of Allah said : `` Whoever sends one Salah upon me , Allah will send ten upon him . ''", "Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal reported in his Musnad that the companion of Muhammad , Abu Talha ibn Thabit said :", "One morning the Messenger of Allah was in a cheerful mood and looked happy . They said , `` O Messenger of Allah , this morning you are in a cheerful mood and look happy . '' He said , `` Of course , just now someone ( an angel ) came to me from my Lord ( Allah ) and said , ' Whoever among your Ummah sends Salah upon you , Allah will record for him ten good deeds and will erase for him ten evil deeds , and will raise his status by ten degrees , and will return his greeting with something similar to it . ' ''", "The isnad ( chain of narrators ) of this hadith is good .", "Ahmad Bayhaqi reports that Abu Hurairah said that Muhammad said :", "Send the Salat on Allah 's messengers and prophets for Allah sent them as He sent me .", "Many Islamic scholars have instructed Muslims not to abbreviate sending the salat on Muhammad . Abd al - Aziz ibn Baz , the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia said regarding the issue :", "As it is prescribed to send prayers upon the Prophet ( peace and prayers of Allah be upon him ) in prayer when saying the tashahhud , and it is prescribed when giving khutbahs , saying Du'a and praying for forgiveness , and after the Adhan , and when entering and exiting the mosque , and when mentioning him in other circumstances , so it is more important to do so when writing his name in a book , letter , article and so on . So it is prescribed to write the prayers in full so as to fulfil the command that Allah has given to Muslims , and so that the reader will remember to say the prayers when he reads it . So one should not write the prayers on the Prophet ( peace and prayers of Allah be upon him ) in short form such as writing ( S ) or ( SAWS ) etc , or other forms that some writers use , because that is going against the command of Allah in His Book , where He says ( interpretation of the meaning ) :", "`` Send your Salaah on ( ask Allah to bless ) him ( Muhammad ) , and ( you should ) greet ( salute ) him with the Islamic way of greeting ( salutation , i.e. As ‐ Salaamu ' Alaykum ) '' ( Quran 33 : 56 )", "And that ( writing it in abbreviated form ) does not serve that purpose and is devoid of the virtue of writing `` salla Allaahu ' alayhi wa salaam ( May Allah send prayers and peace upon him ) '' in full . Moreover the reader may not take notice of it and may not understand what is meant by it . It should also be noted that the symbol used for it is regarded as disapproved by the scholars , who warned against it ." ]

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[ "`` It Was a Good Day '' Single by Ice Cube from the album The Predator Released February 23 , 1993 Format CD 12 '' Recorded Genre West Coast hip hop gangsta rap Length 4 : 22 Label Priority Songwriter ( s ) Ice Cube , Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley , Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , Chris Jasper Producer ( s ) DJ Pooh Ice Cube singles chronology `` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 ) `` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help", "`` It Was a Good Day ''", "Single by Ice Cube", "from the album The Predator", "Released February 23 , 1993", "Format CD 12 ''", "CD 12 ''", "Recorded", "Genre West Coast hip hop gangsta rap", "West Coast hip hop gangsta rap", "West Coast hip hop", "Length 4 : 22", "Label Priority", "Songwriter ( s ) Ice Cube , Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley , Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , Chris Jasper", "Producer ( s ) DJ Pooh", "Ice Cube singles chronology", "`` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 )", "`` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 )", "`` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 )", "`` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 )", "`` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 )", "`` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 )", "Audio sample", "file help", "file help", "`` It Was a Good Day '' ( aka `` Today Was a Good Day '' ) is a song by American gangsta rapper Ice Cube . It was released in February 1993 as the second single from his third solo album , The Predator . The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart and on the UK Charts at number 27 . It was ranked as the 81st - greatest rap song of all time by About.com and number 77 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s . In 2008 , it was ranked number 28 on VH1 's 100 greatest songs of hip hop .", "Ice Cube originally recorded a demo of the track in his home studio and went on to record the album version in Los Angeles at Echo Sound Studios during 1992 , and it was one of the first ideas for the album sessions . Ice Cube commented on the concept behind the song stating ,", "The inspiration was my life at the time ... I was at the top of the rap game . It was the summer of ' 92 and I was in a hotel room , really in a state of euphoria . I had all the money I had dreamed of . I was in a good frame of mind . And I remember thinking , ' Okay , there 's been the riots , people know I will deal with that . That 's a given . But I rap all this gangsta stuff -- what about all the good days I had ? '", "Ice Cube initially went into the studio with a sample of the Isley Brothers ' `` Footsteps in the Dark '' and DJ Pooh enhanced the production with bass and vocals . The song has been re-released multiple times , including on Ice Cube 's Greatest Hits album . A remixed version , sampling `` Let 's Do It Again '' by The Staple Singers , appeared on his Bootlegs & B - Sides as well as The N.W.A Legacy , Vol. 1 : 1988 -- 1998 .", "The song ( and the music video ) tell the story of how Ice Cube has a good day in South Central Los Angeles . Throughout the song he enjoys playing basketball , having sex , smoking marijuana ( whether coincidentally or on purpose , the song is 4 : 20 in length ) , getting drunk , going to his friend Short Dog 's house to watch Yo ! MTV Raps and later win at craps and bones , eating fast food at 2 AM , and cruising the streets of South Central undisturbed , free from having `` to use ( his ) AK . '' He even sees the lights on the Goodyear blimp , which Ice Cube says reads `` Ice Cube 's a Pimp '' . The song samples multiple songs , including the Isley Brothers ' `` Footsteps in the Dark '' and `` Sexy Mama '' by The Moments .", "The song received generally very positive reviews from critics . Blender magazine writer , Michael Odel , stated it contained a `` chilled - out , feel - good vibe '' . AllMusic 's Jason Birchmeier noted that even though it was The Predator 's `` most laid - back moment , ( It ) emits a quiet sense of violent anxiety . '' and went on to say `` It 's a truly beautiful moment , a career highlight for sure . '' Entertainment Weekly mentioned that he rapped over a `` partly melancholy , partly swaggering beat ( and ) glories in good luck , South Central style '' . Vibe magazine described DJ Pooh 's beat as a `` smoothed - out production '' . It reached number 77 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90 's . It was included in About.com 's Top 100 Rap Songs , at number 81 . In 2008 , it was ranked number 8 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop .", "In contrast to the success and popularity of `` It Was a Good Day '' , the sampled song which contributed to its fame did not receive such popularity . `` Footsteps in the Dark '' was released as the B - side to `` Groove with You '' , which did not chart on either the pop or the R&B singles charts .", "The song appears in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas on the fictional radio station Radio Los Santos .", "Stand - up comedian Donovan Strain has deduced the day Ice Cube had a ' Good Day ' using clues within the lyrics of the song . Strain claims that , `` The only day where : Yo ! MTV Raps was on air , it was a clear and smogless day in Los Angeles , beepers or pagers were commercially sold , Lakers beat the SuperSonics , and Ice Cube had no filming commitments was January 20 , 1992 . '' Deadspin followed up with some fact checking corroborating the claim .", "However , bloggers have noted several errors in Strain 's reasoning . For example , `` it is unlikely that Ice Cube got ' a beep from Kim ' for a booty call since the likely Kim , Ice Cube 's fiancée by 1992 , was eight - months pregnant at the time '' .", "Due to these errors , an alternative date has been calculated by one blogger to have been November 30 , 1988 .", "Ice Cube , however , has stated that the day described in the song is purely fictional .", "`` It 's a fictional song , '' Cube explained during an interview with Moviefone about 21 Jump Street . `` It 's basically my interpretation of what a great day would be . Do you know what I 'm saying ? So , you know , it 's a little of this and a little of that . I do n't think you can pinpoint the day . ''", "In 2014 , Ice Cube agreed to support a crowdfunding campaign started by `` hip - hop loving friends '' who said they wanted to raise and donate $25,000 for the South Central charity `` A Place Called Home '' if the Goodyear Blimp would display the lyrics from the song . After Ice Cube spoke about the campaign on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , Goodyear quickly agreed .", "Due to the nature of the fundraiser and the organization , the original song lyrics `` Ice Cube 's a pimp '' were altered to display `` It 's a good day '' on the Goodyear Blimp .", "The music video was directed by F. Gary Gray and was first aired during March 1993 .", "At the end of the video , police are depicted surrounding Ice Cube 's house in order to arrest him . It then states `` To Be Continued '' and actually continues in the `` Check Yo Self '' music video .", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Hot R&B Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Hot R&B Singles 49 US Hot Rap Songs 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Hot R&B Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Hot R&B Singles 49 US Hot Rap Songs 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Hot R&B Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27", "US Billboard Hot 100 15", "US Hot R&B Singles ( Billboard ) 7", "US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 1993 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Hot R&B Singles 49 US Hot Rap Songs 25", "Chart ( 1993 ) Position", "US Billboard Hot 100 78", "US Hot R&B Singles 49", "US Hot Rap Songs 25", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone" ]

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[ "Ring - necked snake Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Squamata Suborder : Serpentes Family : Dipsadidae Genus : Diadophis Baird & Girard , 1853 Species : D. punctatus Binomial name Diadophis punctatus ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) Synonyms Coluber punctatus Linnaeus , 1766 Calamaria punctata -- Schlegel , 1837 Diadophis amabilis Baird & Girard , 1853 Ablabes punctatus -- A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron , 1854 Coronella punctata -- Boulenger , 1894 Diadophis punctatus -- Cope , 1898", "Ring - necked snake", "Conservation status", "Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 )", "Scientific classification", "Kingdom : Animalia", "Phylum : Chordata", "Class : Reptilia", "Order : Squamata", "Suborder : Serpentes", "Family : Dipsadidae", "Genus : Diadophis Baird & Girard , 1853", "Species : D. punctatus", "Binomial name", "Diadophis punctatus ( Linnaeus , 1766 )", "Synonyms", "Coluber punctatus Linnaeus , 1766 Calamaria punctata -- Schlegel , 1837 Diadophis amabilis Baird & Girard , 1853 Ablabes punctatus -- A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron , 1854 Coronella punctata -- Boulenger , 1894 Diadophis punctatus -- Cope , 1898", "Coluber punctatus Linnaeus , 1766 Calamaria punctata -- Schlegel , 1837 Diadophis amabilis Baird & Girard , 1853 Ablabes punctatus -- A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron , 1854 Coronella punctata -- Boulenger , 1894 Diadophis punctatus -- Cope , 1898", "Coluber punctatus Linnaeus , 1766", "Calamaria punctata -- Schlegel , 1837", "Diadophis amabilis Baird & Girard , 1853", "Ablabes punctatus -- A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron , 1854", "Coronella punctata -- Boulenger , 1894", "Diadophis punctatus -- Cope , 1898", "Diadophis punctatus , commonly known as the ring - necked snake or ringneck snake , is a harmless species of colubrid snake found throughout much of the United States , central Mexico , and southeastern Canada . Ring - necked snakes are secretive , nocturnal snakes , so are rarely seen during the day time . They are slightly venomous , but their nonaggressive nature and small , rear - facing fangs pose little threat to humans who wish to handle them . They are best known for their unique defense posture of curling up their tails , exposing their bright red - orange posterior , ventral surface when threatened . Ring - necked snakes are believed to be fairly abundant throughout most of their range , though no scientific evaluation supports this hypothesis . Scientific research is lacking for the ring - necked snake , and more in - depth investigations are greatly needed . It is the only species within the genus Diadophis , and currently 14 subspecies are identified , but many herpetologists question the morphologically based classifications .", "Ring - necked snakes are fairly similar in morphology throughout much of their distribution .", "Its dorsal coloration is solid olive , brown , bluish - gray to black , broken only by a distinct yellow , red , or yellow - orange neck band . A few populations in New Mexico , Utah , and other distinct locations do not have the distinctive neck band . Additionally , individuals may have reduced or partially colored neck bands that are hard to distinguish ; coloration may also be more of a cream color rather than bright orange or red . Head coloration tends to be slightly darker than the rest of the body , with tendencies to be blacker than grey or olive . Ventrally , the snakes exhibit a yellow - orange to red coloration broken by crescent - shaped black spots along the margins . Some individuals lack the distinct ventral coloration , but typically retain the black spotting . Rarely , do individuals lack both the ventral and neck band coloration ; so the use of those two characteristics is the simplest way to distinguish the species .", "Size also varies across the species ' distribution . Typically , adults measure 25 -- 38 cm ( 10 -- 15 in ) in length , except for D. p. regalis , which measures 38 -- 46 cm ( 15 -- 18 in ) . First - year juvenile snakes are typically about 20 cm ( 8 in ) and grow about 2 -- 5 cm ( 1 -- 2 in ) a year depending on the developmental stage or resource availability .", "Ring - necked snakes have smooth scales with 15 -- 17 scale rows at midbody . Males typically have small tubercles on their scales just anterior to the vent , which are usually absent in females .", "Ring - necked snakes are fairly common throughout much of the United States extending into southeastern Canada and central Mexico . Eastern populations cover the entire Eastern Seaboard from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence continuous through the Gulf Coast of Texas . Distribution moves inland into northern Minnesota , continuing diagonally through the US to include all of Iowa , eastern Nebraska , and most of Kansas . In the western US , the distribution is significantly less continuous , with spotty , distinct population segments through most of the Pacific Northwest . Populations extend from south - central Washington continuing along the extreme West Coast into Mexico . Population segments extend inland into western Idaho , through southern Nevada , into central Utah , and continuing south through Arizona and central Mexico .", "Ring - necked snakes occur in a wide variety of habitats . Preference seems to be determined by areas with abundant cover and denning locations . Northern and western subspecies are found within open woodlands near rocky hillsides , or in wetter environments with abundant cover or woody debris . Southern subspecies exist primarily within riparian and wet environments , especially in more arid habitats . Stebbins ( 2003 ) identified the species as a snake of moist habitats , with moist soil conditions the preferred substrate . Ring - necked snakes are also not found above an elevation of 2,200 m ( 7,200 ft ) . In northern regions , dens are also important in identifying suitable ring - necked snake habitat . Dens are usually shared communally , and are identifiable by an existent subsurface crevasse or hole deep enough to prevent freezing temperatures . Since it is a woodland reptile , it can also commonly be found under wood or scraps . Because of hot weather , they tend to make holes and burrows , or they hide under rocks or any suitable material . They are normally found in flatland forests .", "The diet of the ring - necked snake consists primarily of smaller salamanders , earthworms , and slugs , but they also sometimes eat lizards , frogs , and some juvenile snakes of other species . The frequency at which prey species are chosen is dependent on their availability within the habitat . Ring - necked snakes use a combination of constriction and envenomation to secure their prey . The snakes do not have a true venom gland , but they do have an analogous structure called the Duvernoy 's gland derived from the same tissue . Most subspecies are rear - fanged with the last maxillary teeth on both sides of the upper jaw being longer and channeled ; the notable exception is D. p. edwardsii , which is fangless . The venom is produced in the Duvernoy 's gland located directly behind the eye . It then drains out of an opening at the rear of the maxillary tooth . Ring - necked snakes first strike and then secure the prey using constriction . Next , they maneuver their mouths forward , ensuring the last maxillary tooth punctures the skin and allowing the venom to enter the prey 's tissue . Ring - necked snakes are rarely aggressive to larger predators , suggesting their venom evolved as a feeding strategy rather than a defense strategy . Rather than trying to bite a predator , the snake winds up its tail into a corkscrew , exposing its brightly colored belly .", "Ring - necked snakes are primarily nocturnal or highly crepuscular , though some diurnal activity has been observed . Individuals are sometimes found during the day , especially on cloudy days , sunning themselves to gain heat . Yet , most individuals lie directly under surface objects warmed in the sun and use conduction with that object to gain heat . Though ring - necked snakes are highly secretive , they do display some social structure , but the exact social hierarchies have never been evaluated . Many populations have been identified to have large colonies of more than 100 individuals , and some reports indicate some smaller colonies occupy the same microhabitats .", "Ring - necked snakes usually mate in the spring . In some subspecies , though , mating occurs in the fall , and delayed implantation occurs . Females attract males by secreting pheromones from their skin . Once the male finds a female , he starts by moving his closed mouth along the female 's body . Then , the male bites the female around her neck ring , maneuvering to align their bodies so sperm can be inserted into the female 's vent . Females lay their eggs in loose , aerated soils under a rock or in a rotted log . Three to ten eggs are deposited in early summer and hatch in August or September . The egg is elongated with a white color contrasted by yellow ends . When hatched , juveniles are precocial and fend for themselves without parental care .", "The following 14 subspecies are recognized .", "Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diadophus punctatus .", "Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diadophus punctatus .", "Wikispecies has information related to : Ring - necked snake", "Wikispecies has information related to : Ring - necked snake", "D. p. acricus Paulson , 1966 -- Key ring - necked snake D. p. amabilis Baird & Girard , 1853 -- Pacific ring - necked snake D. p. anthonyi Van Denburgh & Slevin , 1942 -- Todos Santos Island ring - necked snake D. p. arnyi Kennicott , 1859 -- prairie ring - necked snake D. p. dugesii Villada , 1875 -- Dugès ' ring - necked snake D. p. edwardsii ( Merrem , 1820 ) -- northern ring - necked snake D. p. modestus Bocourt , 1866 -- San Bernardino ring - necked snake D. p. occidentalis Blanchard , 1923 -- northwestern ring - necked snake D. p. pulchellus Baird & Girard , 1853 -- coralbelly ring - necked snake D. p. punctatus ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) -- southern ring - necked snake D. p. regalis Baird & Girard , 1853 -- regal ring - necked snake D. p. similis Blanchard , 1923 -- San Diego ring - necked snake D. p. stictogenys Cope , 1860 -- Mississippi ring - necked snake D. p. vandenburgii Blanchard , 1923 -- Monterey ring - necked snake", "D. p. acricus Paulson , 1966 -- Key ring - necked snake", "D. p. amabilis Baird & Girard , 1853 -- Pacific ring - necked snake", "D. p. anthonyi Van Denburgh & Slevin , 1942 -- Todos Santos Island ring - necked snake", "D. p. arnyi Kennicott , 1859 -- prairie ring - necked snake", "D. p. dugesii Villada , 1875 -- Dugès ' ring - necked snake", "D. p. edwardsii ( Merrem , 1820 ) -- northern ring - necked snake", "D. p. modestus Bocourt , 1866 -- San Bernardino ring - necked snake", "D. p. occidentalis Blanchard , 1923 -- northwestern ring - necked snake", "D. p. pulchellus Baird & Girard , 1853 -- coralbelly ring - necked snake", "D. p. punctatus ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) -- southern ring - necked snake", "D. p. regalis Baird & Girard , 1853 -- regal ring - necked snake", "D. p. similis Blanchard , 1923 -- San Diego ring - necked snake", "D. p. stictogenys Cope , 1860 -- Mississippi ring - necked snake", "D. p. vandenburgii Blanchard , 1923 -- Monterey ring - necked snake" ]

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[ "Serial Presentation Hosted by Sarah Koenig Genre Investigative journalism Serialized audio narrative Language English Updates Thursday morning Season one : weekly Season two : Episode 1 -- 3 : weekly Episode 4 -- 11 : every other week Production Production Sarah Koenig Julie Snyder Dana Chivvis Emily Condon Audio format Podcast ( via streaming or downloadable MP3 ) No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 Publication Original release October 3 , 2014 -- present Cited for 2015 Peabody Award Cited as `` an audio game - changer '' Provider WBEZ Website serialpodcast.org", "Serial", "Presentation", "Hosted by Sarah Koenig", "Genre Investigative journalism Serialized audio narrative", "Investigative journalism Serialized audio narrative", "Serialized audio narrative", "Language English", "Updates Thursday morning Season one : weekly Season two : Episode 1 -- 3 : weekly Episode 4 -- 11 : every other week", "Thursday morning Season one : weekly Season two : Episode 1 -- 3 : weekly Episode 4 -- 11 : every other week", "Season one : weekly", "Season two :", "Episode 1 -- 3 : weekly", "Episode 4 -- 11 : every other week", "Production", "Production Sarah Koenig Julie Snyder Dana Chivvis Emily Condon", "Sarah Koenig Julie Snyder Dana Chivvis Emily Condon", "Audio format Podcast ( via streaming or downloadable MP3 )", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 23", "Publication", "Original release October 3 , 2014 -- present", "Cited for 2015 Peabody Award", "Cited as `` an audio game - changer ''", "Provider WBEZ", "Website serialpodcast.org", "Serial is an investigative journalism podcast hosted by Sarah Koenig , narrating a nonfiction story over multiple episodes . The series was co-created and is co-produced by Koenig and Julie Snyder and developed by This American Life . New episodes were originally available weekly when a season was active , but partway through the second season the schedule was revised to every other week . Serial ranked number one on iTunes even before its debut and remained there for several weeks . Serial won a Peabody Award in April 2015 for its innovative telling of a long - form nonfiction story . As of 10 June 2017 , the podcast 's episodes were downloaded a total of 175 million times , establishing an ongoing world record .", "The last episode of season two of Serial was released March 31 , 2016 . The producers of Serial launched the podcast S - Town on March 28 , 2017 . Season three 's release date is planned to be sometime in 2018 .", "The series is being adapted for television by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller .", "Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) 11 December 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 10 ) March 31 , 2016", "Season Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "12 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 )", "11 December 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 10 ) March 31 , 2016", "Koenig has said that Serial is `` about the basics : love and death and justice and truth . All these big , big things . '' She also has noted , `` this is not an original idea . Maybe in podcast form it is , and trying to do it as a documentary story is really , really hard . But trying to do it as a serial , this is as old as Dickens . ''", "New York Magazine reported that Phil Lord and Chris Miller , directors of The Lego Movie and the film 21 Jump Street , would be producing a television program about the podcast that will take a `` behind - the - scenes approach that details how Koenig went from virtual anonymity to creating one of 2014 's biggest cultural phenomenons '' .", "Season 1 investigated the 1999 murder of Hae Min Lee ( Hangul : 이해민 ) , an 18 - year - old student at Woodlawn High School in Baltimore , Maryland , U.S. She was last seen at about 3 p.m. on January 13 , 1999 . Her corpse was discovered on February 9 in Leakin Park and identified two days later . The case was immediately treated as a homicide. Lee 's ex-boyfriend , Adnan Masud Syed , was arrested on February 28 at 6 a.m. and charged with first - degree murder , which led to `` some closure and some peace '' for Lee 's family . A memorial service for Lee was held on March 11 at Woodlawn High School . Syed 's first trial ended in a mistrial , but after a six - week second trial , Syed was found guilty of Lee 's murder on February 25 , 2000 , and given a life sentence , despite pleading his innocence . Syed did not speak in front of the jury .", "In February 2015 , three weeks after the end of Season 1 , the Maryland Court of Special Appeals filed a decision allowing Syed to appeal his conviction on grounds his attorney , Cristina Gutierrez , had provided ineffective counsel for failing to seek a plea bargain during his trial . The Court also announced that another three - judge panel would address the question of whether new evidence from Asia McClain , providing an alibi for Syed , would be admitted .", "On June 30 , 2016 , Judge Martin P. Welch granted Syed 's motion for post-conviction relief , setting aside the original conviction and calling for a new trial , agreeing that it demonstrated ineffective assistance of counsel that Syed 's lawyers did not question the interpretation of cellphone tower evidence during the original trial .", "On March 29 , 2018 the Maryland Appellate Court upheld the lower court ruling for a new trial in a 2 - 1 decision . The Court held that Syed 's counsel was ineffective for failing to present alibi evidence and failing to question cellphone tower evidence .", "On February 9 , 2015 , Scott Pelley of CBS News reported Serial 's season one episodes had been downloaded more than 68 million times . By February 2016 , the episodes had been downloaded over 80 million times .", "Hae Min Lee -- murder victim , 18 - year - old high school student and athlete Adnan Syed -- former boyfriend of Lee who was convicted of killing her Jay Wilds -- key witness at Syed 's trial and professed accomplice of Syed Stephanie McPherson -- Jay 's girlfriend and close friend of Syed and Lee Don -- Lee 's boyfriend at the time of the murder Aisha Pittman -- Lee 's best friend Jennifer ( Jen ) Pusateri -- Jay 's friend Debbie -- Lee 's friend who said Lee told her she was meeting Don after school Krista Myers -- Classmate who recalled Syed asked Lee for a ride after school the day she disappeared Becky -- Classmate who remembered Lee and Syed had talked about a ride , who also said she saw Syed after school `` Cathy '' -- A friend of Jen and Jay Chris -- Jay 's friend Saad Chaudry -- Syed 's best friend Asia McClain -- student at Woodlawn High School and acquaintance of Syed and Lee , said she saw Syed in the library at the time of the murder Laura Estrada -- Classmate who did not believe Syed was guilty , but who did not think Jay would lie about something serious Nisha -- Student from Silver Spring , Maryland and friend of Syed 's , who was called from Syed 's phone at 3 : 32pm , a time during which Syed claimed Jay ( who did not know Nisha ) had his phone Yaser -- Syed 's friend from the mosque Rabia Chaudry -- friend of Syed 's family , older sister of Saad Chaudry , and an attorney , who has been fighting for years to prove Adnan 's innocence . `` Mr. S '' -- discoverer of Lee 's body in Leakin Park Kevin Urick and Kathleen `` KC '' Murphy -- state prosecutors M. Cristina Gutierrez -- Syed 's defense attorney Detectives Ritz and MacGillivary -- lead homicide investigators", "Hae Min Lee -- murder victim , 18 - year - old high school student and athlete", "Adnan Syed -- former boyfriend of Lee who was convicted of killing her", "Jay Wilds -- key witness at Syed 's trial and professed accomplice of Syed", "Stephanie McPherson -- Jay 's girlfriend and close friend of Syed and Lee", "Don -- Lee 's boyfriend at the time of the murder", "Aisha Pittman -- Lee 's best friend", "Jennifer ( Jen ) Pusateri -- Jay 's friend", "Debbie -- Lee 's friend who said Lee told her she was meeting Don after school", "Krista Myers -- Classmate who recalled Syed asked Lee for a ride after school the day she disappeared", "Becky -- Classmate who remembered Lee and Syed had talked about a ride , who also said she saw Syed after school", "`` Cathy '' -- A friend of Jen and Jay", "Chris -- Jay 's friend", "Saad Chaudry -- Syed 's best friend", "Asia McClain -- student at Woodlawn High School and acquaintance of Syed and Lee , said she saw Syed in the library at the time of the murder", "Laura Estrada -- Classmate who did not believe Syed was guilty , but who did not think Jay would lie about something serious", "Nisha -- Student from Silver Spring , Maryland and friend of Syed 's , who was called from Syed 's phone at 3 : 32pm , a time during which Syed claimed Jay ( who did not know Nisha ) had his phone", "Yaser -- Syed 's friend from the mosque", "Rabia Chaudry -- friend of Syed 's family , older sister of Saad Chaudry , and an attorney , who has been fighting for years to prove Adnan 's innocence .", "`` Mr. S '' -- discoverer of Lee 's body in Leakin Park", "Kevin Urick and Kathleen `` KC '' Murphy -- state prosecutors", "M. Cristina Gutierrez -- Syed 's defense attorney", "Detectives Ritz and MacGillivary -- lead homicide investigators", "In September 2015 , The New York Times reported the second season would focus on Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl , an American Army soldier who was held for five years by the Taliban , and then charged with desertion . A spokesperson for Serial only said , `` Over the last few months they 've been reporting on a variety of stories for both Seasons 2 and 3 of Serial , along with other podcast projects . '' The first episode of the season was released , without any previous release date announcement , on December 10 , 2015 .", "For Season 2 , Koenig teamed up with Mark Boal , the Academy Award winning screenwriter of The Hurt Locker and Zero Dark Thirty , and his production company , Page 1 . Boal had conducted a series of interviews with Bergdahl as part of a film production he was working on , and both Boal and Bergdahl gave Koenig permission to use those excerpts of those recorded interviews in episodes of Serial . As Koenig stated in Season 2 's first episode : `` They 'd come to us saying ' hey , we 've been doing all this reporting on the story , and we 've also got this tape . Do you think you might want to listen ? ' And yes , we did , and we were kind of blown away , and so we began working with them . They shared their research with us , and also put us in touch with many of their sources ... We do n't have anything to do with their movie , but Mark and Page 1 are our partners for Season 2 . ''", "On December 14 , General Robert B. Abrams , head of United States Army Forces Command at Fort Bragg , North Carolina ordered that Bergdahl face a court - martial on charges of desertion .", "Sarah Koenig announced on January 12 , 2016 , that the podcast schedule would be changed to every other week to allow for deeper reporting , and to add more information than initially planned , with Season 2 Episode 5 released on January 21 , 2016 . Internet radio service Pandora Radio streamed the second season of Serial .", "On November 3 , 2017 , military judge Col. Jeffery R. Nance rendered a verdict dishonorably discharging Bergdahl from the Army , reducing his rank to private , requiring forfeit of some of his pay for ten months and no prison time . The verdict is subject to review by Gen. Robert B. Abrams , and may also be appealed to the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals . After the sentencing , Serial announced to be working on a `` coda '' for the season .", "In June 2017 , the Radio Television Digital News Association announced Season 2 of Serial has won the 2017 National Edward R. Murrow Award for a news series and for its website . Murrow Awards are presented in October in New York .", "Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl -- held for five years by the Taliban , then released in May 2014 in exchange for Taliban prisoners held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . He was court - martialed on charges of desertion and misbehavior before the enemy in December 2015 . Lieutenant John Billings -- Bergdahl 's platoon leader Mark Boal -- the Academy Award winning screenwriter of The Hurt Locker with whom Bergdahl held most of his interviews Shane Cross -- a friend from the same platoon as Bergdahl Ben Evans -- soldier who had described OP Mest , where Bergdahl operated out of Darrel Hanson -- in the same company as Bergdahl Kayla Harrison -- a friend , and Kim Harrison 's daughter Kim Harrison -- a friend Bergdahl identified as his emergency contact Josh Korder -- in the same company as Bergdahl , recorded message for Bergdahl over radio Austin Landford - soldier whom Bergdahl was supposed to relieve at the end of his shift . It was Landford 's noticing Bergdahl 's non-presence that notifies the Army that he has gone missing Mark McQuarry -- in the same company as Bergdahl Mujahet Raman ( not his real name ) -- Taliban who speaks about Bergdahl 's capture Jon Thurman -- in the same company as Bergdahl", "Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl -- held for five years by the Taliban , then released in May 2014 in exchange for Taliban prisoners held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . He was court - martialed on charges of desertion and misbehavior before the enemy in December 2015 .", "Lieutenant John Billings -- Bergdahl 's platoon leader", "Mark Boal -- the Academy Award winning screenwriter of The Hurt Locker with whom Bergdahl held most of his interviews", "Shane Cross -- a friend from the same platoon as Bergdahl", "Ben Evans -- soldier who had described OP Mest , where Bergdahl operated out of", "Darrel Hanson -- in the same company as Bergdahl", "Kayla Harrison -- a friend , and Kim Harrison 's daughter", "Kim Harrison -- a friend Bergdahl identified as his emergency contact", "Josh Korder -- in the same company as Bergdahl , recorded message for Bergdahl over radio", "Austin Landford - soldier whom Bergdahl was supposed to relieve at the end of his shift . It was Landford 's noticing Bergdahl 's non-presence that notifies the Army that he has gone missing", "Mark McQuarry -- in the same company as Bergdahl", "Mujahet Raman ( not his real name ) -- Taliban who speaks about Bergdahl 's capture", "Jon Thurman -- in the same company as Bergdahl", "# Title Length ( minutes : seconds ) Original release date `` The Alibi '' 53 : 28 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) This episode explores the story of Adnan Syed , who may have been wrongly convicted in 1999 of killing Hae Min Lee , Syed 's ex-girlfriend who was a senior at Baltimore County 's Woodlawn High School . She disappeared in January 1999 . Serial 's investigative team `` follows up on long - dormant leads , rechecks alibis , and questions assumptions . '' Host Sarah Koenig reveals that the story is in process and that she does n't know how it will end . `` The Breakup '' 36 : 28 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) Adnan Syed and Hae Min Lee had a storybook romance , which was kept secret from their disapproving parents . When Lee broke it off , their friends had conflicting interpretations of Syed 's behavior : he was either cool with it and sad , or in a rage and hatching a sinister plot to kill her . Syed consistently proclaims his innocence , but there are puzzling inconsistencies in the set of facts he tells . `` Leakin Park '' 27 : 34 October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) Lee had been missing for three weeks when a man on his lunch break , referred to as `` Mr. S '' , discovered her body . His account of how he found her body seems suspicious to detectives MacGillivary and Ritz , who questioned him , and his background check reveals some bizarre behaviors , including a series of streaking episodes . `` Inconsistencies '' 33 : 44 October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) An anonymous caller leads detectives to subpoena Adnan Syed 's cell phone records . As a result , the detectives discover calls to Jen , who is a friend of one of Adnan 's acquaintances , a weed dealer named Jay . Detectives interview Jen and then Jay , who says Syed told him he killed Lee , and then forced him to help bury her body . Details of Jay 's story shifted in some significant ways over four interviews , but the detectives said they were able to corroborate his story using cell phone records . 5 `` Route Talk '' 43 : 10 October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) Producers Koenig and Chivvis test drive the prosecution 's route and timeline of Lee 's murder between 2 : 15 , when school let out at the high school , and 2 : 36 , when Jay said Syed called him for pick up in the Best Buy parking lot and then showed Jay Lee 's body in the trunk of her car . While that timeline seems possible , though just barely , evidence from the call logs and records of cell tower pings do not quite align with Jay 's testimony about the rest of the afternoon . 6 `` The Case Against Adnan Syed '' 43 : 37 October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) In addition to Jay 's testimony , evidence against Adnan Syed included a palm print on a map that could not be dated , and cell phone records . Did Syed ask Lee for a ride after school to get into her car ? Koenig goes through all the evidence , including the prosecution 's timeline and `` some stray things '' that do n't add up , including a neighbor 's story , the testimony of Jay 's friend Jen , and the sequence of cell phone calls after Lee disappeared . 7 `` The Opposite of the Prosecution '' 32 : 30 November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) Deirdre Enright , Director of Investigation for the Innocence Project at the University of Virginia School of Law , and a team of law students analyze the case against Adnan Syed . Deirdre thinks the evidence against him was `` thin '' . She advises Koenig to keep revisiting all the evidence , allowing uncertainties to remain until there is a tipping point when her questions are resolved . They start with a presumption of Syed 's innocence , and ask whether they can discover who really did kill Lee . They find some undeveloped forensic evidence , but Koenig is still uncertain . 8 `` The Deal with Jay '' 43 : 56 November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) How credible was Jay 's story ? Koenig interviews a jury member , who said Jay seemed like a nice young man and believable . A professional detective says the investigation of Lee 's murder was better than average , and Jay had handed the police the case on a platter . Koenig and Snyder visit Jay , who declines an interview . Jay 's friend Chris recalls what Jay told him about the murder , a story not consistent with Jay 's courtroom version . Why did Jay agree to help Syed ? Did Syed coerce Jay and threaten to hurt Jay 's girlfriend Stephanie ? His friends said Jay had a reputation for lying , but not about important things . Jay 's friend Jen says she could understand why Jay might lie about some details , but she believed his story . Back to the question : what was the jury thinking ? 9 `` To Be Suspected '' 47 : 40 November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) Koenig reveals she has new information about the call at 2 : 36 . First , Laura claims there were never any pay phones in front of the Best Buy , but Jay 's drawing shows a phone booth in front of the Best Buy , and he claimed Syed was standing by that phone booth with red gloves on . Second , Lee 's friend Summer says that Lee could not have been dead by 2 : 36 , because she had a conversation with Lee between 2 : 30 and 2 : 45 . Others also saw Lee after school that day . Third , Asia saw Syed at the library in that same time frame . Sarah Koenig explores Syed 's perspective as he was questioned , arrested , tried , and sentenced , as well as his letters to friends about life in prison . She mentions that she has reasonable doubt , not in the legal sense , but in the `` normal person '' sense . 10 `` The Best Defense is a Good Defense '' 53 : 55 December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) Did anti-Muslim sentiment affect the prosecution ? The prosecution argued that Syed 's community would help him flee to Pakistan if bail were granted , using stereotypes to make the case that Syed murdered Lee as an honor killing . Defense attorney Cristina Gutierrez argued that someone else did it , and police did not look beyond Syed . His first trial ended in a mistrial , and in the second trial she cast suspicion on Mr. S and Jay as involved in the crime , but she did not present a clear outline of these arguments or scrutinize discrepancies in the call log timeline . Gutierrez discovered the prosecutor had secured an attorney for Jay -- arguably a `` benefit '' worth money -- in connection with his pleading guilty as an accessory and agreeing to testify , but the judge did not agree that this tainted Jay 's testimony . Koenig does not believe Cristina Gutierrez intentionally bungled his defense , but within a year after Syed 's trial , Gutierrez became very ill , her career collapsed , and she was disbarred . Syed has a petition before a higher court which requires a response by January 14 , 2015 , on the narrow issue of inadequate defense of counsel based on Gutierrez not seeking a plea bargain , which Syed claims he had asked her to do . Because Syed has maintained his innocence , however , and therefore shows no remorse , he is unlikely to be paroled . 11 `` Rumors '' 41 : 25 December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) Koenig investigates negative rumors about Syed , though the rumors do not directly connect him to Lee 's murder , and the most troubling rumors can not be substantiated . People from his mosque were scared when he was arrested , some describing his story as a cautionary tale . Some believe Syed was duplicitous , capable of committing the crime . One rumor , that he stole money from the mosque , was partially confirmed by four people . Syed admitted taking some money when he was in eighth grade , but his mother found out , and he felt ashamed . Syed had a reputation as a peacemaker , `` a good guy '' , helpful and caring . People who knew him in high school can not believe he planned Lee 's murder . Did Syed `` lose it '' , and nurse feelings of rejection ? Could Syed have committed murder in a dissociative state , not knowing he did it ? Koenig explores whether Syed has true empathy or anti-social characteristics , and consults with psychologist Charles Ewing , who has interviewed many young murderers . Why does Syed not sound more angry about Jay or other people connected to his case ? In an 18 - page letter to Koenig , Syed reveals his concern about being perceived as manipulative , and says it does n't matter how the podcast portrays him . 12 `` What We Know '' 55 : 37 December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) After spending over a year researching the case , Koenig still is uncertain what happened the day that Lee disappeared . She reveals new information that happened as a result of people hearing about the podcast : she has spoken with Don , Lee 's boyfriend of 13 days at the time of her disappearance , and with Jay 's former co-worker , Josh . Koenig reviews the phone records again with her production team and determines that neither Jay 's nor Syed 's story of that day aligns with the evidence . Unresolved discrepancies also include Jen and Jay 's stories about how they disposed of Jay 's clothes and boots . Reviewing possible motives for the murder , Koenig and her producers reason that logically , if Syed is innocent , he had extraordinarily bad luck because of circumstantial evidence involving him . Lawyers from the Innocence Project announce they will seek court approval to test the DNA found on Lee 's body and a bottle found nearby , possibly pointing to another man , and Syed 's petition in the court of appeals is still alive . Koenig expresses her desire to avoid unsubstantiated speculation and to focus on only the facts . She concludes that from a legal perspective , she would have voted to acquit Syed , although she still nurses doubts .", "# Title Length ( minutes : seconds ) Original release date", "`` The Alibi '' 53 : 28 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 )", "This episode explores the story of Adnan Syed , who may have been wrongly convicted in 1999 of killing Hae Min Lee , Syed 's ex-girlfriend who was a senior at Baltimore County 's Woodlawn High School . She disappeared in January 1999 . Serial 's investigative team `` follows up on long - dormant leads , rechecks alibis , and questions assumptions . '' Host Sarah Koenig reveals that the story is in process and that she does n't know how it will end .", "`` The Breakup '' 36 : 28 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 )", "Adnan Syed and Hae Min Lee had a storybook romance , which was kept secret from their disapproving parents . When Lee broke it off , their friends had conflicting interpretations of Syed 's behavior : he was either cool with it and sad , or in a rage and hatching a sinister plot to kill her . Syed consistently proclaims his innocence , but there are puzzling inconsistencies in the set of facts he tells .", "`` Leakin Park '' 27 : 34 October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 )", "Lee had been missing for three weeks when a man on his lunch break , referred to as `` Mr. S '' , discovered her body . His account of how he found her body seems suspicious to detectives MacGillivary and Ritz , who questioned him , and his background check reveals some bizarre behaviors , including a series of streaking episodes .", "`` Inconsistencies '' 33 : 44 October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 )", "An anonymous caller leads detectives to subpoena Adnan Syed 's cell phone records . As a result , the detectives discover calls to Jen , who is a friend of one of Adnan 's acquaintances , a weed dealer named Jay . Detectives interview Jen and then Jay , who says Syed told him he killed Lee , and then forced him to help bury her body . Details of Jay 's story shifted in some significant ways over four interviews , but the detectives said they were able to corroborate his story using cell phone records .", "5 `` Route Talk '' 43 : 10 October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 )", "Producers Koenig and Chivvis test drive the prosecution 's route and timeline of Lee 's murder between 2 : 15 , when school let out at the high school , and 2 : 36 , when Jay said Syed called him for pick up in the Best Buy parking lot and then showed Jay Lee 's body in the trunk of her car . While that timeline seems possible , though just barely , evidence from the call logs and records of cell tower pings do not quite align with Jay 's testimony about the rest of the afternoon .", "6 `` The Case Against Adnan Syed '' 43 : 37 October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 )", "In addition to Jay 's testimony , evidence against Adnan Syed included a palm print on a map that could not be dated , and cell phone records . Did Syed ask Lee for a ride after school to get into her car ? Koenig goes through all the evidence , including the prosecution 's timeline and `` some stray things '' that do n't add up , including a neighbor 's story , the testimony of Jay 's friend Jen , and the sequence of cell phone calls after Lee disappeared .", "7 `` The Opposite of the Prosecution '' 32 : 30 November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 )", "Deirdre Enright , Director of Investigation for the Innocence Project at the University of Virginia School of Law , and a team of law students analyze the case against Adnan Syed . Deirdre thinks the evidence against him was `` thin '' . She advises Koenig to keep revisiting all the evidence , allowing uncertainties to remain until there is a tipping point when her questions are resolved . They start with a presumption of Syed 's innocence , and ask whether they can discover who really did kill Lee . They find some undeveloped forensic evidence , but Koenig is still uncertain .", "8 `` The Deal with Jay '' 43 : 56 November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 )", "How credible was Jay 's story ? Koenig interviews a jury member , who said Jay seemed like a nice young man and believable . A professional detective says the investigation of Lee 's murder was better than average , and Jay had handed the police the case on a platter . Koenig and Snyder visit Jay , who declines an interview . Jay 's friend Chris recalls what Jay told him about the murder , a story not consistent with Jay 's courtroom version . Why did Jay agree to help Syed ? Did Syed coerce Jay and threaten to hurt Jay 's girlfriend Stephanie ? His friends said Jay had a reputation for lying , but not about important things . Jay 's friend Jen says she could understand why Jay might lie about some details , but she believed his story . Back to the question : what was the jury thinking ?", "9 `` To Be Suspected '' 47 : 40 November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 )", "Koenig reveals she has new information about the call at 2 : 36 . First , Laura claims there were never any pay phones in front of the Best Buy , but Jay 's drawing shows a phone booth in front of the Best Buy , and he claimed Syed was standing by that phone booth with red gloves on . Second , Lee 's friend Summer says that Lee could not have been dead by 2 : 36 , because she had a conversation with Lee between 2 : 30 and 2 : 45 . Others also saw Lee after school that day . Third , Asia saw Syed at the library in that same time frame . Sarah Koenig explores Syed 's perspective as he was questioned , arrested , tried , and sentenced , as well as his letters to friends about life in prison . She mentions that she has reasonable doubt , not in the legal sense , but in the `` normal person '' sense .", "10 `` The Best Defense is a Good Defense '' 53 : 55 December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 )", "Did anti-Muslim sentiment affect the prosecution ? The prosecution argued that Syed 's community would help him flee to Pakistan if bail were granted , using stereotypes to make the case that Syed murdered Lee as an honor killing . Defense attorney Cristina Gutierrez argued that someone else did it , and police did not look beyond Syed . His first trial ended in a mistrial , and in the second trial she cast suspicion on Mr. S and Jay as involved in the crime , but she did not present a clear outline of these arguments or scrutinize discrepancies in the call log timeline . Gutierrez discovered the prosecutor had secured an attorney for Jay -- arguably a `` benefit '' worth money -- in connection with his pleading guilty as an accessory and agreeing to testify , but the judge did not agree that this tainted Jay 's testimony . Koenig does not believe Cristina Gutierrez intentionally bungled his defense , but within a year after Syed 's trial , Gutierrez became very ill , her career collapsed , and she was disbarred . Syed has a petition before a higher court which requires a response by January 14 , 2015 , on the narrow issue of inadequate defense of counsel based on Gutierrez not seeking a plea bargain , which Syed claims he had asked her to do . Because Syed has maintained his innocence , however , and therefore shows no remorse , he is unlikely to be paroled .", "11 `` Rumors '' 41 : 25 December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 )", "Koenig investigates negative rumors about Syed , though the rumors do not directly connect him to Lee 's murder , and the most troubling rumors can not be substantiated . People from his mosque were scared when he was arrested , some describing his story as a cautionary tale . Some believe Syed was duplicitous , capable of committing the crime . One rumor , that he stole money from the mosque , was partially confirmed by four people . Syed admitted taking some money when he was in eighth grade , but his mother found out , and he felt ashamed . Syed had a reputation as a peacemaker , `` a good guy '' , helpful and caring . People who knew him in high school can not believe he planned Lee 's murder . Did Syed `` lose it '' , and nurse feelings of rejection ? Could Syed have committed murder in a dissociative state , not knowing he did it ? Koenig explores whether Syed has true empathy or anti-social characteristics , and consults with psychologist Charles Ewing , who has interviewed many young murderers . Why does Syed not sound more angry about Jay or other people connected to his case ? In an 18 - page letter to Koenig , Syed reveals his concern about being perceived as manipulative , and says it does n't matter how the podcast portrays him .", "12 `` What We Know '' 55 : 37 December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 )", "After spending over a year researching the case , Koenig still is uncertain what happened the day that Lee disappeared . She reveals new information that happened as a result of people hearing about the podcast : she has spoken with Don , Lee 's boyfriend of 13 days at the time of her disappearance , and with Jay 's former co-worker , Josh . Koenig reviews the phone records again with her production team and determines that neither Jay 's nor Syed 's story of that day aligns with the evidence . Unresolved discrepancies also include Jen and Jay 's stories about how they disposed of Jay 's clothes and boots . Reviewing possible motives for the murder , Koenig and her producers reason that logically , if Syed is innocent , he had extraordinarily bad luck because of circumstantial evidence involving him . Lawyers from the Innocence Project announce they will seek court approval to test the DNA found on Lee 's body and a bottle found nearby , possibly pointing to another man , and Syed 's petition in the court of appeals is still alive . Koenig expresses her desire to avoid unsubstantiated speculation and to focus on only the facts . She concludes that from a legal perspective , she would have voted to acquit Syed , although she still nurses doubts .", "# Title Length ( minutes : seconds ) Original release date `` DUSTWUN '' 44 : 24 December 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 10 ) Private Bowe Bergdahl left his U.S. Army post in Afghanistan in 2009 , intending to hike about 20 miles to a larger command center and triggers a `` DUSTWUN '' manhunt . In telephone conversations with Mark Boal , an academy award winning filmmaker , Bergdahl said he wanted to report poor leadership at his post and air grievances , but enemy fighters captured him within hours of his disappearance . Sarah Koenig will be using more of the 25 hours of recorded conversations between Bergdahl and Boal to tell his story . `` The Golden Chicken '' 59 : 12 December 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 17 ) The capture of Bowe Bergdahl is recounted by Taliban members present that day and the weeks following . Other Army soldiers discuss the initial recovery efforts and their feelings about Bergdahl following his disappearance . `` Escaping '' 54 : 18 December 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 24 ) Bergdahl said he tried to escape after he was captured , but his first attempt only resulted in about 15 minutes of freedom . He was chained spread - eagle to a bed and blindfolded for about three months . His next escape lasted only eight days , during which he was injured falling off a cliff in the dark . He remained in captivity until Special Forces picked him up in 2014 . `` The Captors '' 45 : 01 January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) What was going on with the captors ? Bergdahl 's description of his captors is confusing , largely because his perspective was from inside a cage , inside a locked room . Koenig interviews David Rohde , another American held captive by the Haqqani network for about seven months , who had been abducted with two Afghan colleagues who could interpret what his captors were saying and doing . 5 `` Meanwhile , in Tampa '' 53 : 26 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) In 2009 , the search for Bergdahl was in hands of two low - level personnel recovery intel analysts for Afghanistan , at CENTCOM in Tampa , not a division in - theater . Hostage recovery was not at the top of list of priorities for the CIA , NSA , or other intelligence agencies , and resources were consequently not available . Because Bergdahl was held in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan , there were also complicated diplomatic issues . In 2013 , General John Campbell made it a top priority to recover Bergdahl , and Colonel Jason Amerine audited everything done in Bergdahl 's case and in other hostage cases . Agencies such as CENTCOM , SOCOM , DOD , and the State Department seemed to hand off responsibility for recovering not just Bergdahl , but other American hostages as well , making a dysfunctional hostage recovery policy . Koenig observes that frustration was the central theme expressed by those she interviewed , who were struggling against competing interests and limits on what the U.S. is willing risk to get hostages back . 6 `` 5 O'Clock Shadow '' 59 : 57 February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl gave a 380 - page statement to General Kenneth Dahl , telling the story of his deployment and what happened when he walked away from his post . Bergdahl had been a good infantry soldier up until that point , who even volunteered for extra duty , a `` squared away '' soldier . He had become disillusioned at his first post in Alaska after basic training and found Army leadership to be lacking . The mission in Afghanistan was counterinsurgency and nation - building , but many soldiers expressed confusion over doing `` humanitarian things , '' rather than seeking and destroying the Taliban enemy . Bergdahl wanted adventure and action , and was disappointed in his platoon 's work . The platoon was assigned a rescue mission , but they were attacked on their return , in a firefight through a ravine , eventually limping back to the post with no losses , but they were upbraided for not shaving for six days . Bergdahl was angry about the battalion commander 's misplaced priorities . Bergdahl wanted to `` kill the bad guys '' , and do better at engaging the regular Afghans , but he felt the Army was not fulfilling its counter-insurgency mission . When the battalion was assigned to dig trenches near Moest in 110 - degree heat of summer , the battalion commander aggressively berated them for being out of uniform , as a breakdown in discipline . Bergdahl was offended by the punishment , feeling the commander was incompetent , and out of control . He felt he had to cause a DUSTWUN to correct the situation . So was he selfish , or selfless ? 7 `` Hindsight , Part 1 '' 37 : 58 February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) Has Bergdahl been telling the truth about his reasons for walking off base in Afghanistan , or just the version he could live with ? Bergdahl says he left because Army leaders were dangerously bad . Dahl concluded Bergdahl 's comments were truthful , that his motive was well - meaning , but based on incorrect assumptions . Mark Boal said Bergdahl 's conclusions would make sense only to himself . Kayla Harrison described him as an unusual , smart , creative teenager , who forged his own strict , uncompromising moral code , who believed if you know something to be wrong in the world , you must take actions to correct it , and he was `` impossibly unrealistic '' . He had romantic expectations , a rigid code of conduct , and a judgmental perspective . He joined the Coast Guard in January 2006 , at age 19 . Overwhelmed , he had been hospitalized after a panic attack , and a psychologist had assessed his `` mental state significant for situational anxiety '' , recommending discharge with `` diagnosis : adjustment disorder with depression '' . Bergdahl felt he was being judged by his family as a failure , a black sheep who would not do the right thing . In May 2008 , to get a waiver to join the Army , he submitted a medical discharge statement that left out his panic attack , hospitalization , and the doctor 's note that before re-enlisting in the military , he needed clearance by a psychiatrist . He did n't tell anyone at home he was joining the Army . He just turned up one day in uniform . Kim Harrison said it was the worst idea ever . Koenig asks , `` Should the Army have let Bowe in ? '' 8 `` Hindsight , Part 2 '' 36 : 56 February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) Did the Army screw up by accepting Bergdahl after his breakdown in Coast Guard basic training two years earlier ? Dr. Elspeth Cameron Ritchie thought the Army waiver was not uncommon because information - sharing among different military branches is incomplete . Dr. Michael Valdevenos thought the Army recruiter should have scrutinized Bergdahl 's record more thoroughly . Dahl concluded the recruiter had followed all procedures , but should have included review of his separation action . Mark Boal observed Bergdahl experienced the disillusion of someone who believes in the Army , who just wanted to talk to higher - ranking people in the military about improving command leadership . Bergdahl wanted to be the ideal soldier who fights for a cause he is committed to , who rallies behind trusted military leaders , with a code of honor , loyalty , and self - sacrifice . Bergdahl knew his expectations were unrealistic , but he still defended his vision of the way things should be . Bergdahl 's June 27 broadcast e-mail to friends , `` Who is John Gault ? '' referred to the industrialist in Atlas Shrugged , who shut down the world 's economy in order to fix it . Dr. Christopher Lang diagnosed Bergdahl as having Schizotypal personality disorder . Valdevenos concurs that this diagnosis is accurate , describing people who are loners , lack close friends , with perceptual alterations and persistent social anxiety . Bergdahl 's paranoia was worse under stress -- he believed his commander might send them into a suicide operation . Koenig says this diagnosis makes his story more credible . His judgments about the commander may even be true , that American lives were put at risk to retrieve equipment . For Bergdahl , walking off base was not an absolute boundary , but it was not a rational thing to do . Maj . Margaret Kurtz , the court martial prosecutor , said at the time of his alleged misconduct , Bergdahl was able to appreciate the nature and quality and wrongfulness of his conduct . In other words , mental illness or no , he should be held responsible for his actions . Some soldiers thought Bergdahl 's good intentions led to a bad `` God - like '' decision . Some thought he was lying ; some thought he had good intentions , but they still could not forgive his actions . Others did n't perceive there was danger in the reprimands , like Bergdahl did . His platoon was deeply hurt by his actions . Platoon members would die for each other , and because of that , they had become family together . Bergdahl 's actions made them feel their whole deployment lost its meaning . Almost all the soldiers he served with thought he should go to court martial . 9 `` Trade Secrets '' 48 : 46 March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) The U.S. State Department engaged in secret peace negotiations in Munich in 2010 with the Taliban that included a `` confidence building '' condition : trade Bergdahl for two prisoners at Guantanamo . But negotiator Richard Holbrooke died before political reconciliation could be achieved . There was a brief hopeful moment with new negotiator Mark Grossman , but then there was stagnation for months , and no progress seemed possible . In May 2011 , the Taliban walked away from the talks . Then their demands escalated to include release of five GItmo prisoners , including Mullah Faisal . Setbacks included leaks , bad timing , and `` old fashioned screw - ups '' , including the 2011 assassination of former Afghan president Rabbani . In June 2013 a new Taliban office opened with the flag of the Islamic Emirate , in violation of the agreement with Karzai and U.S. representative James Dobbins . The word `` emirate '' was also on the wall of the building , which infuriated Karzai . The Taliban withdrew from peace talks , and Bergdahl stayed in captivity for another year . The Pakistan Army was gearing up to bomb Pakistani Taliban in Waziristan , and the U.S. had begun withdrawing troops , so prospects for Bergdahl 's release were diminishing . Bergdahl 's physical condition was deteriorating . U.S. officials , including Chuck Hagel , negotiated through Qatar , finally negotiating a deal for Bergdahl 's release in exchange for the five Taliban prisoners at Guantanamo . On Saturday , May 31 , 2014 , word finally came that Bergdahl was safe and the trade could proceed . It was a transaction , not part of a larger peace negotiation . The Bergdahls had been assured that their son would not face charges , that his time with the Taliban was punishment enough , so they thought it was over , mission accomplished . Not quite . 10 `` Thorny Politics '' 51 : 36 March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) When Koenig questions people about what bothers them about Bergdahl 's case , most say that it has become so political . Was it inevitable that it became so combative ? Susan Rice characterized his service with `` honor and distinction '' , which angered the military . Soldiers in his platoon said he walked away , and some from his unit started a `` He 's not a hero '' Facebook page . Fox News interviewed soldiers from Bergdahl 's platoon and the story became a juggernaut , with bogus intel from a discredited source even saying Bergdahl had become a Muslim and wanted to be a warrior for Islam . The political right was using the story and the platoon for political purposes , trying to bait President Barack Obama because they had been offended by the Rose Garden ceremony , which they characterized as `` a tone - deaf move '' on the part of the White House . The President did not recognize the irregularities of Bergdahl 's story of or questions about his disappearance , and there was no attempt to get to the bottom of the story . Why did the White House make such a mistake , instead of using an earlier plan to have a quiet event ? In retrospect , it was important for the President to own the decision and explain the policy behind it . By law , Congress must be given 30 - day notice before Guantanamo detainees are released , but the Department of Defense had taken the lead on the trade , and had not told Congress anything . Leaks could have derailed the fragile deal , jeopardizing Bergdahl 's life . Congressional staffers felt they could no longer believe anything from DOD : first , where there had been a collegial relationship before , there was now `` unprecedented , profound concern about national security risk ... '' Second , who signed off on the trade of five Taliban ? Third , were they safe to release from Gitmo ? The public anger at Bergdahl is personal , wrapped in larger questions about negotiating with terrorists . As a result of this anger , the Republican congress changed the legal wording on Gitmo foreign transfer language , creating a stricter standard as a direct result of the Bergdahl trade , and the administration not telling Congress the truth . Bergdahl also had a lengthy stay in Germany , where `` SERE '' experts ( Survival , evasion , resistance , escape ) from the military community planned Bergdahl 's reintegration , and debriefs took weeks . Bergdahl was unaware he had become a subject of national interest . One important question has not been addressed : there has been no official report or investigation of whether people died or were injured in the search for Bergdahl . 11 `` Present for Duty '' 65 : 05 March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) Questions remain about Bergdahl 's case . First , people with him during Coast Guard boot camp did not understand how could have enlisted in the Army , given their graphic recollections of his breakdown , which was not a `` garden variety panic attack '' . General Kenneth Dahl wrote that Bergdahl 's Coast Guard separation should have been examined more closely . Koenig summarizes : the Army messed up , Bergdahl messed up walking off base , and then there were five years with the Taliban . But that leaves out the reckoning desired by the military . They want an accounting . What was Bergdahl 's fault , and what was not ? General Michael Flynn , formerly head of the Defense Intelligence Agency , says authoritatively people died on missions to find Bergdahl . But the evidence is not so clear , in spite of the six names from the 501st battalion on missions to find DUSTWUN that have been cited in the media . Other soldiers in his unit were convinced that finding Bergdahl was part of all their missions following his disappearance , so the six deaths were connected to Bergdahl . Some cited resources dedicated to finding him that were not then available to other operations . Sergeant Major Ken Wolfe , however , advised looking `` at a map and a timeframe '' , meaning after 45 + days , Bergdahl was in Pakistan . No infantry unit would be deployed to look for Bergdahl , as it would have required special forces . But what about second - and third - order consequences of his desertion ? Wolfe dispels these arguments as `` speculation and hypothetical '' . Perhaps the mission to find Bergdahl was the top cover to justify other unrelated missions the Army units needed to accomplish , as an excuse to gain assets and permission to `` get outside the wire '' . Flynn points out they did not have bullet - proof intelligence on where Bergdahl was . But resources were diverted and people were injured and suffered because of looking for Bergdahl . Who is to blame for variables causing the deaths and injuries in wars ? The country signed up for all the things attending war , including disillusioned youth and failing Army recruiting systems . Mark Boal 's remaining question : what is an appropriate punishment for Bergdahl , who did not intend to cause harm ? The Army treats most deserters who walk away from a base as headcases because it is so dangerous . Ambivalence about Bergdahl reflects societal confusion about the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan , as well as the war on terror . Bergdahl is still a soldier , now classified as `` present for duty '' . He has an office job at a base in San Antonio , waiting for the Army to decide his fate , just waiting -- which he knows how to do .", "# Title Length ( minutes : seconds ) Original release date", "`` DUSTWUN '' 44 : 24 December 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 10 )", "Private Bowe Bergdahl left his U.S. Army post in Afghanistan in 2009 , intending to hike about 20 miles to a larger command center and triggers a `` DUSTWUN '' manhunt . In telephone conversations with Mark Boal , an academy award winning filmmaker , Bergdahl said he wanted to report poor leadership at his post and air grievances , but enemy fighters captured him within hours of his disappearance . Sarah Koenig will be using more of the 25 hours of recorded conversations between Bergdahl and Boal to tell his story .", "`` The Golden Chicken '' 59 : 12 December 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 17 )", "The capture of Bowe Bergdahl is recounted by Taliban members present that day and the weeks following . Other Army soldiers discuss the initial recovery efforts and their feelings about Bergdahl following his disappearance .", "`` Escaping '' 54 : 18 December 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 24 )", "Bergdahl said he tried to escape after he was captured , but his first attempt only resulted in about 15 minutes of freedom . He was chained spread - eagle to a bed and blindfolded for about three months . His next escape lasted only eight days , during which he was injured falling off a cliff in the dark . He remained in captivity until Special Forces picked him up in 2014 .", "`` The Captors '' 45 : 01 January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 )", "What was going on with the captors ? Bergdahl 's description of his captors is confusing , largely because his perspective was from inside a cage , inside a locked room . Koenig interviews David Rohde , another American held captive by the Haqqani network for about seven months , who had been abducted with two Afghan colleagues who could interpret what his captors were saying and doing .", "5 `` Meanwhile , in Tampa '' 53 : 26 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 )", "In 2009 , the search for Bergdahl was in hands of two low - level personnel recovery intel analysts for Afghanistan , at CENTCOM in Tampa , not a division in - theater . Hostage recovery was not at the top of list of priorities for the CIA , NSA , or other intelligence agencies , and resources were consequently not available . Because Bergdahl was held in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan , there were also complicated diplomatic issues . In 2013 , General John Campbell made it a top priority to recover Bergdahl , and Colonel Jason Amerine audited everything done in Bergdahl 's case and in other hostage cases . Agencies such as CENTCOM , SOCOM , DOD , and the State Department seemed to hand off responsibility for recovering not just Bergdahl , but other American hostages as well , making a dysfunctional hostage recovery policy . Koenig observes that frustration was the central theme expressed by those she interviewed , who were struggling against competing interests and limits on what the U.S. is willing risk to get hostages back .", "6 `` 5 O'Clock Shadow '' 59 : 57 February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 )", "Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl gave a 380 - page statement to General Kenneth Dahl , telling the story of his deployment and what happened when he walked away from his post . Bergdahl had been a good infantry soldier up until that point , who even volunteered for extra duty , a `` squared away '' soldier . He had become disillusioned at his first post in Alaska after basic training and found Army leadership to be lacking . The mission in Afghanistan was counterinsurgency and nation - building , but many soldiers expressed confusion over doing `` humanitarian things , '' rather than seeking and destroying the Taliban enemy . Bergdahl wanted adventure and action , and was disappointed in his platoon 's work . The platoon was assigned a rescue mission , but they were attacked on their return , in a firefight through a ravine , eventually limping back to the post with no losses , but they were upbraided for not shaving for six days . Bergdahl was angry about the battalion commander 's misplaced priorities . Bergdahl wanted to `` kill the bad guys '' , and do better at engaging the regular Afghans , but he felt the Army was not fulfilling its counter-insurgency mission . When the battalion was assigned to dig trenches near Moest in 110 - degree heat of summer , the battalion commander aggressively berated them for being out of uniform , as a breakdown in discipline . Bergdahl was offended by the punishment , feeling the commander was incompetent , and out of control . He felt he had to cause a DUSTWUN to correct the situation . So was he selfish , or selfless ?", "7 `` Hindsight , Part 1 '' 37 : 58 February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 )", "Has Bergdahl been telling the truth about his reasons for walking off base in Afghanistan , or just the version he could live with ? Bergdahl says he left because Army leaders were dangerously bad . Dahl concluded Bergdahl 's comments were truthful , that his motive was well - meaning , but based on incorrect assumptions . Mark Boal said Bergdahl 's conclusions would make sense only to himself . Kayla Harrison described him as an unusual , smart , creative teenager , who forged his own strict , uncompromising moral code , who believed if you know something to be wrong in the world , you must take actions to correct it , and he was `` impossibly unrealistic '' . He had romantic expectations , a rigid code of conduct , and a judgmental perspective . He joined the Coast Guard in January 2006 , at age 19 . Overwhelmed , he had been hospitalized after a panic attack , and a psychologist had assessed his `` mental state significant for situational anxiety '' , recommending discharge with `` diagnosis : adjustment disorder with depression '' . Bergdahl felt he was being judged by his family as a failure , a black sheep who would not do the right thing . In May 2008 , to get a waiver to join the Army , he submitted a medical discharge statement that left out his panic attack , hospitalization , and the doctor 's note that before re-enlisting in the military , he needed clearance by a psychiatrist . He did n't tell anyone at home he was joining the Army . He just turned up one day in uniform . Kim Harrison said it was the worst idea ever . Koenig asks , `` Should the Army have let Bowe in ? ''", "8 `` Hindsight , Part 2 '' 36 : 56 February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 )", "Did the Army screw up by accepting Bergdahl after his breakdown in Coast Guard basic training two years earlier ? Dr. Elspeth Cameron Ritchie thought the Army waiver was not uncommon because information - sharing among different military branches is incomplete . Dr. Michael Valdevenos thought the Army recruiter should have scrutinized Bergdahl 's record more thoroughly . Dahl concluded the recruiter had followed all procedures , but should have included review of his separation action . Mark Boal observed Bergdahl experienced the disillusion of someone who believes in the Army , who just wanted to talk to higher - ranking people in the military about improving command leadership . Bergdahl wanted to be the ideal soldier who fights for a cause he is committed to , who rallies behind trusted military leaders , with a code of honor , loyalty , and self - sacrifice . Bergdahl knew his expectations were unrealistic , but he still defended his vision of the way things should be . Bergdahl 's June 27 broadcast e-mail to friends , `` Who is John Gault ? '' referred to the industrialist in Atlas Shrugged , who shut down the world 's economy in order to fix it . Dr. Christopher Lang diagnosed Bergdahl as having Schizotypal personality disorder . Valdevenos concurs that this diagnosis is accurate , describing people who are loners , lack close friends , with perceptual alterations and persistent social anxiety . Bergdahl 's paranoia was worse under stress -- he believed his commander might send them into a suicide operation . Koenig says this diagnosis makes his story more credible . His judgments about the commander may even be true , that American lives were put at risk to retrieve equipment . For Bergdahl , walking off base was not an absolute boundary , but it was not a rational thing to do . Maj . Margaret Kurtz , the court martial prosecutor , said at the time of his alleged misconduct , Bergdahl was able to appreciate the nature and quality and wrongfulness of his conduct . In other words , mental illness or no , he should be held responsible for his actions . Some soldiers thought Bergdahl 's good intentions led to a bad `` God - like '' decision . Some thought he was lying ; some thought he had good intentions , but they still could not forgive his actions . Others did n't perceive there was danger in the reprimands , like Bergdahl did . His platoon was deeply hurt by his actions . Platoon members would die for each other , and because of that , they had become family together . Bergdahl 's actions made them feel their whole deployment lost its meaning . Almost all the soldiers he served with thought he should go to court martial .", "9 `` Trade Secrets '' 48 : 46 March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 )", "The U.S. State Department engaged in secret peace negotiations in Munich in 2010 with the Taliban that included a `` confidence building '' condition : trade Bergdahl for two prisoners at Guantanamo . But negotiator Richard Holbrooke died before political reconciliation could be achieved . There was a brief hopeful moment with new negotiator Mark Grossman , but then there was stagnation for months , and no progress seemed possible . In May 2011 , the Taliban walked away from the talks . Then their demands escalated to include release of five GItmo prisoners , including Mullah Faisal . Setbacks included leaks , bad timing , and `` old fashioned screw - ups '' , including the 2011 assassination of former Afghan president Rabbani . In June 2013 a new Taliban office opened with the flag of the Islamic Emirate , in violation of the agreement with Karzai and U.S. representative James Dobbins . The word `` emirate '' was also on the wall of the building , which infuriated Karzai . The Taliban withdrew from peace talks , and Bergdahl stayed in captivity for another year . The Pakistan Army was gearing up to bomb Pakistani Taliban in Waziristan , and the U.S. had begun withdrawing troops , so prospects for Bergdahl 's release were diminishing . Bergdahl 's physical condition was deteriorating . U.S. officials , including Chuck Hagel , negotiated through Qatar , finally negotiating a deal for Bergdahl 's release in exchange for the five Taliban prisoners at Guantanamo . On Saturday , May 31 , 2014 , word finally came that Bergdahl was safe and the trade could proceed . It was a transaction , not part of a larger peace negotiation . The Bergdahls had been assured that their son would not face charges , that his time with the Taliban was punishment enough , so they thought it was over , mission accomplished . Not quite .", "10 `` Thorny Politics '' 51 : 36 March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 )", "When Koenig questions people about what bothers them about Bergdahl 's case , most say that it has become so political . Was it inevitable that it became so combative ? Susan Rice characterized his service with `` honor and distinction '' , which angered the military . Soldiers in his platoon said he walked away , and some from his unit started a `` He 's not a hero '' Facebook page . Fox News interviewed soldiers from Bergdahl 's platoon and the story became a juggernaut , with bogus intel from a discredited source even saying Bergdahl had become a Muslim and wanted to be a warrior for Islam . The political right was using the story and the platoon for political purposes , trying to bait President Barack Obama because they had been offended by the Rose Garden ceremony , which they characterized as `` a tone - deaf move '' on the part of the White House . The President did not recognize the irregularities of Bergdahl 's story of or questions about his disappearance , and there was no attempt to get to the bottom of the story . Why did the White House make such a mistake , instead of using an earlier plan to have a quiet event ? In retrospect , it was important for the President to own the decision and explain the policy behind it . By law , Congress must be given 30 - day notice before Guantanamo detainees are released , but the Department of Defense had taken the lead on the trade , and had not told Congress anything . Leaks could have derailed the fragile deal , jeopardizing Bergdahl 's life . Congressional staffers felt they could no longer believe anything from DOD : first , where there had been a collegial relationship before , there was now `` unprecedented , profound concern about national security risk ... '' Second , who signed off on the trade of five Taliban ? Third , were they safe to release from Gitmo ? The public anger at Bergdahl is personal , wrapped in larger questions about negotiating with terrorists . As a result of this anger , the Republican congress changed the legal wording on Gitmo foreign transfer language , creating a stricter standard as a direct result of the Bergdahl trade , and the administration not telling Congress the truth . Bergdahl also had a lengthy stay in Germany , where `` SERE '' experts ( Survival , evasion , resistance , escape ) from the military community planned Bergdahl 's reintegration , and debriefs took weeks . Bergdahl was unaware he had become a subject of national interest . One important question has not been addressed : there has been no official report or investigation of whether people died or were injured in the search for Bergdahl .", "11 `` Present for Duty '' 65 : 05 March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 )", "Questions remain about Bergdahl 's case . First , people with him during Coast Guard boot camp did not understand how could have enlisted in the Army , given their graphic recollections of his breakdown , which was not a `` garden variety panic attack '' . General Kenneth Dahl wrote that Bergdahl 's Coast Guard separation should have been examined more closely . Koenig summarizes : the Army messed up , Bergdahl messed up walking off base , and then there were five years with the Taliban . But that leaves out the reckoning desired by the military . They want an accounting . What was Bergdahl 's fault , and what was not ? General Michael Flynn , formerly head of the Defense Intelligence Agency , says authoritatively people died on missions to find Bergdahl . But the evidence is not so clear , in spite of the six names from the 501st battalion on missions to find DUSTWUN that have been cited in the media . Other soldiers in his unit were convinced that finding Bergdahl was part of all their missions following his disappearance , so the six deaths were connected to Bergdahl . Some cited resources dedicated to finding him that were not then available to other operations . Sergeant Major Ken Wolfe , however , advised looking `` at a map and a timeframe '' , meaning after 45 + days , Bergdahl was in Pakistan . No infantry unit would be deployed to look for Bergdahl , as it would have required special forces . But what about second - and third - order consequences of his desertion ? Wolfe dispels these arguments as `` speculation and hypothetical '' . Perhaps the mission to find Bergdahl was the top cover to justify other unrelated missions the Army units needed to accomplish , as an excuse to gain assets and permission to `` get outside the wire '' . Flynn points out they did not have bullet - proof intelligence on where Bergdahl was . But resources were diverted and people were injured and suffered because of looking for Bergdahl . Who is to blame for variables causing the deaths and injuries in wars ? The country signed up for all the things attending war , including disillusioned youth and failing Army recruiting systems . Mark Boal 's remaining question : what is an appropriate punishment for Bergdahl , who did not intend to cause harm ? The Army treats most deserters who walk away from a base as headcases because it is so dangerous . Ambivalence about Bergdahl reflects societal confusion about the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan , as well as the war on terror . Bergdahl is still a soldier , now classified as `` present for duty '' . He has an office job at a base in San Antonio , waiting for the Army to decide his fate , just waiting -- which he knows how to do .", "The concept for Serial originated with an experiment in Koenig 's basement . Koenig and Snyder had pitched a different idea at a staff meeting for a weekly program on events during the previous seven days , which staff members received without enthusiasm . When Ira Glass asked Koenig if she had any other ideas , she mentioned podcasting a story that unfolded over time , a serialized narrative . In an interview with Mother Jones , she explained that each episode would return to the same story , telling the next chapter of a long , true narrative .", "Episode one of the series was released on October 3 , 2014 , with additional episodes released weekly online . Glass introduced it as a spinoff of his popular radio program , This American Life , and aired episode one on his show . He explained , `` We want to give you the same experience you get from a great HBO or Netflix series , where you get caught up with the characters and the thing unfolds week after week , but with a true story , and no pictures . Like House of Cards , but you can enjoy it while you 're driving . ''", "Nicholas Thorburn released the soundtrack for Serial on October 17 , 2014 . It includes fifteen tracks , all short instrumentals , and is available at the Bandcamp site or streamed from several reviewing sites .", "Mark Henry Phillips , who mixes the show , has also provided original scores .", "Musical credits for Season 2 include Thorburn and Phillips , as well as Fritz Myers and staff music editor Kate Bilinski .", "Serial 's launch was sponsored by MailChimp , a frequent podcast advertiser , and salaried staff positions were initially funded by WBEZ . Admitting the podcast was funded from This American Life 's budget during the launch , producer Koenig noted that Serial would eventually need to generate its own funding . She said , `` Everyone 's saying ' It 's podcasting ! It 's internet ! Of course there 'll be money somewhere . ' We 're not exactly sure yet . '' Dana Chivvis , another producer , observed that , since the industry is still in its infancy , a business model for podcasting has yet to be established .", "Towards the end of the first season , producers asked for public donations to fund a second season . Within a week , the staff of Serial posted an announcement that a second season has been made possible by donations and sponsorship .", "The first season of Serial was both culturally popular and critically well received . Serial was ranked at No. 1 on iTunes even before it débuted , leading iTunes rankings for over three months , well after the first season ended . It also broke records as the fastest podcast ever to reach 5 million downloads at Apple 's iTunes store . David Carr in The New York Times called Serial `` Podcasting 's first breakout hit . '' The Guardian characterized it as a `` new genre of audio storytelling '' .", "Introducing a PBS NewsHour segment about Serial , Judy Woodruff noted that it is `` an unexpected phenomenon '' , and Hari Sreenivasan mentioned it has `` five million downloads on iTunes , far more than any other podcast in history '' .", "Calling the characters `` rich and intriguing '' , The Daily Californian noted similarities to the film The Thin Blue Line ( 1988 ) , and described the podcast as `` gripping '' and the story as `` thrilling '' , while applauding the series for giving `` listeners a unique opportunity to humanize the players '' .", "Slate 's reviewer pointed out that Serial is not escapist and went on to note : `` Someone in the show is not telling the truth about something very sinister . That 's the narrative tension that makes Serial not only compelling but also unlike anything I can remember watching or reading before . '' The Baltimore Sun commented on the inherently riveting subject matter and noted that the top - notch reporting and podcast format yield `` a novel twist on the investigative long - form piece '' .", "A critique from the journalism community was more qualified . First noting that some people believe there is a `` podcast renaissance '' , the reviewer from Harvard 's Nieman Journalism Lab observed that even though podcasts are not new , they are not yet mainstream .", "Not all critiques of the podcasting format have been as equivocal . PopMatters observed that podcasting is a new distribution model , very different from television as a distribution model because it gives users access to media and the freedom to listen to episodes of a long - form story while doing other things . The reviewer applauded the focus on long - form journalism and added , `` Suddenly you feel like the full promise of podcasting has just been unleashed . That long - form narrative nonfiction is really the way to best leverage the potential of podcasting as a distribution model . '' A Wall Street Journal critic observed : `` podcasts have slipped marketers ' minds . ZenithOptimedia , for example , put out a forecast predicting 0 % growth for the medium after years of positive momentum . '' Discussing the economics of podcast advertising , New York Magazine noted that the personal nature of the podcast format allows higher advertising rates : `` CPM ( the cost to an advertiser per thousand impressions , a standard ad - industry unit ) was between $20 and $45 . Compare that to a typical radio CPM ( roughly $1 to $18 ) or network TV ( $5 to $20 ) or even a regular old web ad ( $1 to $20 ) , and the podcast wins . ''", "Multiple reviews have commented on the addictive nature of Serial . A review in New York Magazine linked fans ' feelings about the possibility of an ambiguous ending with their psychological need for closure . Reddit hosts a Serial subreddit site . Slate is also `` following the story closely '' and presents a podcast discussion of Serial every week following the latest release .", "Several reviews have criticised the ethics of Serial , notably the decision to start broadcasting without the reporting having been finished . Critics said the `` live investigation '' format invited listeners to do their own sleuthing , which quickly led to exposure online of the full names and even addresses of people who were questioned by the police . Another point of debate was whether it was legitimate to use the murder of Hae Min Lee as a subject for entertainment .", "Sarah Koenig 's reporting has also been criticized as being biased in favor of Adnan 's innocence , and Katy Waldman 's Slate blog noted that some felt Serial undercut Adnan 's detractors . An Atlantic roundtable discussion noted that the podcast forces the listener to consider Koenig 's `` verification bias '' , the tendency to seek answers that support her own biased assumptions , and that `` even a well - meaning narrator is n't always credible '' .", "One critic asserted that Koenig presented the story of a murder involving two minority teenagers and their cultures through a lens of white privilege , `` a white interpreter ' stomping through communities that she does not understand ' `` . A rejoinder in The Atlantic pointed out , `` Serial is a reflection on a murder case and the criminal - justice system reported over ' just ' a year , which is to say , it is researched with more effort and depth than 99 percent of journalism produced on any beat in America ... Most of all , the response to mistakes should never be to discourage white reporters from telling important stories . ''", "Serial was honored with a Peabody award in April 2015 , noting `` Serial rocketed podcasting into the cultural mainstream '' , and that it was an `` experiment in long - form , non-fiction audio storytelling '' . It was cited for `` its innovations of form and its compelling , drilling account of how guilt , truth , and reality are decided '' . Dr. Jeffrey P. Jones , Director of the Peabody Awards , commented the podcast showed `` how new avenues and approaches to storytelling can have a major impact on how we understand truth , reality , and events '' .", "In an interview with Jon Ronson for The Guardian , Syed 's mother Shamim and younger brother Yusuf both said they listened to the podcast and that people sent transcripts to Syed in prison . Yusuf said the podcast had indirectly reconnected the family to his estranged brother Tanveer for the first time in the 15 years since the murder .", "The much - anticipated second season of Serial was released in December 2015 . The subject of Season 2 was met with widespread skepticism . Vastly different from the popular murder - mystery story that Season 1 investigated , Season 2 's focus on the story behind the U.S. soldier Bowe Bergdahl , who disappeared from his post in Afghanistan in 2009 before being captured by the Taliban and subsequently released in 2014 , was contentious due in part to the controversial views of the soldier 's departure from his post and also because of the high - profile court martial proceeding for his alleged desertion .", "The Guardian summarized the season by saying Koenig and her team managed to add to the conversation : `` Not only did they let Bergdahl speak for himself , via a series of interviews with the film - maker Mark Boal , but they also asked and answered a question that no one -- including the military or the US government -- had seemingly bothered to investigate . '' Season 2 of Serial was less about solving a mystery and more about long - term investigative reporting and storytelling . Zach Baron of GQ Magazine reported that he liked the season overall and thought it gave an invaluable document of what it is like to serve in modern wars , but said it was also `` something of a cultural disappointment , at least compared to last season . ''", "Similar to Season 1 's critical response , some felt that the lack of answers was `` infuriating . ''", "Switching to a bi-weekly schedule mid-season caused some to believe the series was losing momentum . Though in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Sarah Koenig and executive producer Julie Snyder said the download numbers for Season 2 were 50 million , higher than the numbers were by the time Season 1 ended .", "The popularity of Serial and the intrigue of the case it covered has spawned several companion podcasts , such as Crime Writers on Serial , The Serial Serial , and Undisclosed : The State vs. Adnan Syed , the latter produced by Rabia Chaudry . S - Town , a 2017 collaboration between the teams of `` This American Life '' and `` Serial '' , has also received widespread acclaim .", "Parodies of Serial have targeted the show 's style , its fans ' obsessive tendencies , Koenig 's curiosity and uncertainties , the charts and graphics posted on the show 's website , and the podcast 's sponsor MailChimp ( especially the meme `` MailKimp '' ) .", "The New Yorker ran a cartoon based on Serial . When Koenig appeared on The Colbert Report , Colbert noted that the finale of Serial would be released in competition with Colbert 's last episode . Saturday Night Live spoofed Serial with a sketch investigating Kris Kringle , who for years has allegedly been leaving presents in people 's homes . As part of the promotion for the video game Halo 5 : Guardians , developer 343 Industries is putting out a multi-part , in - universe podcast called Hunt the Truth , investigating the history of the series protagonist , the Master Chief , John - 117 . Narrated by comedian Keegan - Michael Key as fictional reporter Benjamin Giraud , it is delivered in the style of the Serial podcast , including the narration delivery style of Sarah Koenig and audio style of her in - person and over-the - phone interviews . Funny or Die released a short video starring Michaela Watkins as a frantic Koenig -- unsure of how she will end the series -- recording the final episode of Serial . The video mimics Serial 's style , including asides to the audience demarcated by the Serial theme music . The `` Mail Kimp '' and `` Crab Crib '' memes are referenced in the popular video , which had over 880,000 views as of October 2015 , placing it in the website 's `` Immortal : Best of the Best '' video category . In the summer of 2015 , Under the Gun Theater developed an improvised show format entitled One Story Told Week by Week which satirized Serial . According to Chicago Tribune writer , Nina Metz , the host parodied Koenig 's `` distinctively intimate and inquisitive vocal delivery , '' as well as contained moments that satirized the podcast 's `` attempt at amateur sleuthing . '' Sarah Koenig made a cameo appearance in a Season 2 episode of the animated comedy BoJack Horseman as a ringtone , parodying her introduction to episodes of the podcast . In November and December 2016 Secrets , Crimes and Audiotape , a radio drama anthology podcast series by Wondery , had a five - episode story arc in the form of a musical satire of Serial 's Season 1 , called Wait , Wait , Do n't Kill Me . In this so - called `` first - ever serialized podcast musical '' , young struggling reporter Sarah Koenig is possibly involved in Hae Min Lee 's murder and her covering the story boosts her career and leads to her cooperation with Ira Glass . The story among other things also makes extended use of the MailKimp meme . The 2017 Netflix series American Vandal is a mockumentary that parodies the true crime genre in general , and Serial specifically ; the characters in American Vandal even acknowledge the similarities to Serial in the fourth episode of the show .", "The New Yorker ran a cartoon based on Serial .", "When Koenig appeared on The Colbert Report , Colbert noted that the finale of Serial would be released in competition with Colbert 's last episode .", "Saturday Night Live spoofed Serial with a sketch investigating Kris Kringle , who for years has allegedly been leaving presents in people 's homes .", "As part of the promotion for the video game Halo 5 : Guardians , developer 343 Industries is putting out a multi-part , in - universe podcast called Hunt the Truth , investigating the history of the series protagonist , the Master Chief , John - 117 . Narrated by comedian Keegan - Michael Key as fictional reporter Benjamin Giraud , it is delivered in the style of the Serial podcast , including the narration delivery style of Sarah Koenig and audio style of her in - person and over-the - phone interviews .", "Funny or Die released a short video starring Michaela Watkins as a frantic Koenig -- unsure of how she will end the series -- recording the final episode of Serial . The video mimics Serial 's style , including asides to the audience demarcated by the Serial theme music . The `` Mail Kimp '' and `` Crab Crib '' memes are referenced in the popular video , which had over 880,000 views as of October 2015 , placing it in the website 's `` Immortal : Best of the Best '' video category .", "In the summer of 2015 , Under the Gun Theater developed an improvised show format entitled One Story Told Week by Week which satirized Serial . According to Chicago Tribune writer , Nina Metz , the host parodied Koenig 's `` distinctively intimate and inquisitive vocal delivery , '' as well as contained moments that satirized the podcast 's `` attempt at amateur sleuthing . ''", "Sarah Koenig made a cameo appearance in a Season 2 episode of the animated comedy BoJack Horseman as a ringtone , parodying her introduction to episodes of the podcast .", "In November and December 2016 Secrets , Crimes and Audiotape , a radio drama anthology podcast series by Wondery , had a five - episode story arc in the form of a musical satire of Serial 's Season 1 , called Wait , Wait , Do n't Kill Me . In this so - called `` first - ever serialized podcast musical '' , young struggling reporter Sarah Koenig is possibly involved in Hae Min Lee 's murder and her covering the story boosts her career and leads to her cooperation with Ira Glass . The story among other things also makes extended use of the MailKimp meme .", "The 2017 Netflix series American Vandal is a mockumentary that parodies the true crime genre in general , and Serial specifically ; the characters in American Vandal even acknowledge the similarities to Serial in the fourth episode of the show ." ]

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[ "This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Throughout its run spanning four decades and multiple media , The Howard Stern Show has been home to a number of staff members and contributors .", "These staffers currently work for and appear on the show on a regular , if not hourly basis .", "These people currently sit in the studio throughout the entire broadcast .", "Howard Stern is the host of the show , which essentially is a discussion of topics that include world affairs , celebrity gossip , self - deprecation , bodily functions , conflicts among his staff , his own personal family matters , and the antics of the show 's Wack Pack . Self - proclaimed `` King of All Media '' .", "Robin Ophelia Quivers is a native of Baltimore , Maryland , and first met Stern after being assigned as his newswoman at WWDC in March 1981 . She has been his co-host and news reader ever since . She is a former nurse and Captain in the United States Air Force . Quivers briefly left the show towards the end of her time at WWDC when Stern made a deal at WNBC in 1982 , and did not realize WNBC initially refused to hire her . Quivers returned to the show at WNBC a month after Stern .", "Stern once said that Quivers is the only person on the show that he allowed to talk freely during the broadcast , although comedian Artie Lange was allowed this privilege as well during his years on the show .", "Of the show 's staff , Stern met Norris first , in 1979 , when the two worked as disc jockeys at WCCC in Hartford , Connecticut . Norris worked the overnight slot , after which Stern hosted the morning slot . Although Stern left shortly afterwards , Norris stayed at WCCC until joining Stern and Quivers at Washington , D.C. 's WWDC in 1981 . The `` Earth Dog Fred '' nickname originated in Washington , as Norris replaced an engineer nicknamed `` Earth Dog Brent . ''", "Norris is married to Allison ( née Furman ) and they have one daughter , Tess .", "Norris ' current role on the show is to provide sound effects , organize and direct commercials and live reads , and occasionally perform writing duties . Norris also provides impersonations of show regulars , celebrities and others .", "George Takei occasionally serves as the show 's announcer . Before joining the show , Takei became popular among the cast after soundbites of his audiobook about his career on Star Trek were played on the show . The clips stood out due to his deep baritone voice and pitch perfect enunciation , and , thus , were frequently played on the show . In 2006 , when the show moved to Sirius , Stern announced that Takei was the show 's official announcer .", "These are the behind - the - scenes personnel , although in the Stern world , many of these staff members appear on air .", "Brandano , previously known as `` Steve The Intern , '' answers Stern 's phones , is a contributor on The Wrap - Up Show , and was formerly the host of the Thursday night intern show .", "Benjy Bronk ( born Sept. 4 , 1967 ) began working on The Howard Stern Show as an intern in 1998 . Bronk eventually earned a paid position conducting pre-interviews of show guests and gathering articles for Robin Quivers ' news . In 2000 , Benjy was given an in - studio seat next to writers Jackie Martling and Fred Norris , writing on - the - spot jokes for Stern as the show transpired .", "After Martling left the show in early 2001 , Bronk continued as an in - studio joke writer with Norris . When the Howard Stern Show moved to Sirius satellite radio in January 2006 , Bronk continued in his role as an in - studio joke writer . In October 2016 , he was banished from the studio indefinitely after arriving late for work , the last in a long history of tardiness .", "While working as an electrician in Florida and playing as a drummer in a number of heavy metal bands including Iced Earth and Death , Christy began calling into the show from October 1999 , initially sending voice mails to the show 's assistant producer K.C. Armstrong , which were played on - air . From 2001 to 2003 , Christy sent song parodies and bits about Armstrong and show co-host Robin Quivers including some like `` It 's K.C. 's Sausage Party '' ( a parody of `` It 's My Party '' ) and `` Gay Photograph '' ( a parody of the Def Leppard song `` Photograph '' ) that continue to be played on the show to this day . Christy made his first visit to the show on April 24 , 2003 , where he played a round of blackjack to win a date with a porn star .", "In July 2004 , when the show was holding a `` Win John 's Job '' contest following the departure of Stuttering John from the show , Christy won the position as voted by fans . Since joining the show , Christy has become known for his prank calls , song parodies , unique personality , and `` show stunts '' he 's performed with his writing partner Sal the Stockbroker .", "Christy is currently the drummer in the heavy - metal band Charred Walls of the Damned .", "Gary Dell'Abate , aka Baba Booey , serves as the show 's head producer . Hired right after graduating from Adelphi University in 1984 and briefly anglicizing his name to Gary Dell , he has worked for the show ever since . Dell'Abate is mocked on the Stern Show for his appearance , gullibility ( he once booked a mentally challenged woman who claimed to be Madonna 's sister ) , and frequent mispronunciations ( for example , insisting that actor Nick Nolte 's last name was pronounced `` Nolt '' ) . He earned the nickname `` Baba Booey '' after insisting it to be the correct name of the cartoon character Baba Looey .", "Salvatore `` Sal '' Governale , sometimes referred to as Sal the Stockbroker , was originally a frequent caller who worked as a stockbroker . Stern took notice after numerous calls mocking Gary Dell'Abate . Although he came in second in the `` Win John 's Job '' contest to his future writing partner , Richard Christy , Sal was eventually hired as a prank caller / writer for the show , and is now credited as a producer .", "Born in December 1979 in Fairborn , Ohio , Jamie Daniel `` J.D. '' Harmeyer is Stern 's head media producer . He records television shows , pulls clips from the internet and edits together highlights from recent happenings in movies and TV . He attended Full Sail University in Winter Park , Florida .", "Jon Hein has made guest appearances on the show since May 3 , 2001 , discussing television shows that have `` jumped the shark '' , a term he uses to describe when a show has passed its prime ( based on an episode of the show , Happy Days , where a previously popular and well - done show clearly and memorably began to go downhill ) . In late 2005 , while experimental programming was broadcast on Howard 100 and Howard 101 , Hein presented the first edition of Superfan Roundtable . His success in on - air hosting led him to become the co-host of The Wrap - Up Show when the show moved to Sirius XM in January 2006 .", "Hein is also a cohost on the weekly Thursday show , `` Jon Hein 's TV Show '' with J.D. Harmeyer , Steve Brandano , and Jenny Hutt , as well as the weekly Friday show `` Geek Time '' with Jason Kaplan and Ralph Cirella . The show has since been cancelled .", "Jason Kaplan is a senior producer for the show . He has many duties , including writing the daily show rundown that appears on the show 's website , and taking photos that appear alongside the daily rundown . In September 2007 , Jason and HowardTV director Scott DePace engaged in an intense feud stemming from their political differences .", "Jason was married to his girlfriend , Janis on November 8 , 2008 . Notable guests at the ceremony included Howard Stern , Robin Quivers , Gary Dell'Abate , as well as the majority of Stern 's staff . The reception featured speeches from fellow staff members , Ronnie Mund and J.D. Harmeyer . Kaplan hosts `` Page 69 '' along with Will Murray . On the wrap - up show on August 19 , Kaplan stated that he grew up in Stanhope , NJ and attended Rutgers University .", "Kaplan hosted a monthly show called The Fat Guy Show , . Kaplan is also a producer of the monthly show Geek Time that airs on every Friday with Jon Hein and Ralph Cirella .", "Ronald Mund , commonly referred to as Ronnie the Limo Driver , is Stern 's limousine driver and bodyguard , and the head of security for the Stern show complex at Sirius Radio . After a career in the Air Force , Mund started a limo business . He started driving for Stern in 1986 , and quickly became a character on the radio show . In 2011 , Ronnie began touring the US with other talent from The Howard Stern Show on the Ronnie Mund Block Party . In March 2013 , Ronnie hosted a 4 - day event in Jamaica called the Ronnie Mund Jamaican Getaway .", "Will Murray is the show 's researcher and segment producer . He preinterviews all guests , and compiles pages of notes of research for Howard to use during interviews . He and fellow producer Jason Kaplan host the Howard 100 News segment `` Page 69 . ''", "On September 5 , 2008 , Will married his long - time girlfriend . A Philadelphia area native , he is a huge Philadelphia sports fan , and is a graduate of Syracuse University .", "Scott the Engineer is the show 's long - time engineer , having joined on February 10 , 1986 . Having previously worked at WABC ( AM ) and WPLJ in New York City , Salem received a voice mail from Jimmy Fink , then the morning personality at WXRK informing him of his new position .", "In 1996 , the Austin American - Statesman wrote that Scott is `` always threatening to quit or on the verge of being fired , he 's the show 's whipping boy for technical problems '' . In 2007 , Salem made a onetime appearance on tour with the Killers of Comedy , performing stand - up followed by a Q&A session with the audience . Salem is an avid bowler and has competed in and appeared at several PBA tour events .", "Ron Tarrant joined the Howard Stern Channels in 2016 from Canada as the Head Imaging / Sound Designer & new voice of the Howard Stern Show / Channels .", "Mike Trainor joined the show in 2014 as writer and producer .", "Marci Turk is chief operating officer of Stern 's channels . A former employee of author David Allen , she is a prominent advocator of his Getting Things Done method of time management .", "The Howard 100 News team reports on events that relate to the Howard Stern Universe .", "Shuli Egar is a comedian who first appeared on the show in June 2003 . When Stern announced his planned move to Sirius and created Howard 100 News in 2005 , Egar was an early hire . He was quickly promoted to The Wack Pack beat and also filled in for Lisa G and Steve Langford when they were out . As of 2016 , he is the only original member of the Howard 100 News team that remains on staff .", "Jon Leiberman is an in - studio and remote correspondent for Howard 100 News who was hired in July 2011 .", "The Tapes Team produces specials out of the archives of the Howard Stern Show , such as `` Howard Stern : The Peacock Years '' , `` The Gayest Week Ever '' , `` The History of Howard Stern '' , as well as the daily and weekend editions of Sternthology . Members of this team do not appear on the air .", "Jeremy Lipkin : Director of Creative Channel Development Rich Gibbons : Senior Producer Paul Grassini : Senior Producer David LeClaire : Senior Producer Ben Barto : Coordinating Producer Brent Hatley : Senior Producer Al Ragone : Producer Ryan Rasmason : Producer Ryan Pienciak : News Director Sean Hanahue : Producer Rahsaan Rogers : Associate Producer Mark Nowak : Associate Producer Mike Fox : Associate Producer Greg Giordano : Production Assistant", "Jeremy Lipkin : Director of Creative Channel Development", "Rich Gibbons : Senior Producer", "Paul Grassini : Senior Producer", "David LeClaire : Senior Producer", "Ben Barto : Coordinating Producer", "Brent Hatley : Senior Producer", "Al Ragone : Producer", "Ryan Rasmason : Producer", "Ryan Pienciak : News Director", "Sean Hanahue : Producer", "Rahsaan Rogers : Associate Producer", "Mark Nowak : Associate Producer", "Mike Fox : Associate Producer", "Greg Giordano : Production Assistant", "Greg Fitzsimmons is the host of The Greg Fitzsimmons Show on Howard 101 .", "The following people all saw significant air - time when they worked with Stern . Some were either show staffers who went on to bigger and better things , interns , Stern 's bosses , and station support staff who for a time were all integral to the show .", "Kyle Casey `` K.C. '' Armstrong ( born July 17 , 1975 ) , who grew up in nearby Suffolk County , New York , began working on the show as an intern in 1997 and later became associate producer from 1998 to 2004 . In a 2005 interview , Armstrong revealed that he had been fired from the show by WXRK general manager Tom Chiusano for lapsing back into drug use after spending time in rehab .", "Armstrong eventually moved to California , where he tried to start a career in acting . He released a comedy DVD called Die Laughing . He has acted in three movies -- Death4Told , Grace and the Storm and Secret War and appears on the comedy DVD series Meet the Creeps .", "`` Boy '' Lee Davis was the original Stern show producer at WNBC before Gary Dell'Abate . He left to become the producer of the Soupy Sales show .", "Steve `` the Engineer '' Freid first worked with Ben Stern and later worked with Howard when he arrived at K - Rock . He gained notoriety performing as the character Wood Yi , a parody of actor / director Woody Allen . Billy West came up with the idea for the character in the early 1990s , and Steve was chosen to play the part due to having a similar - sounding voice . When performing as Wood Yi , Steve read lines supplied to him by the shows ' staff , reciting them in a deadpan manner .", "Gary Garver was a West Coast - based correspondent for The Howard Stern Show who first started working for the show in 1991 when he was an operator at KLSX , the show 's Los Angeles affiliate . He was sent to awards shows , movie premieres and television conventions to ask `` Stuttering John '' - type questions to celebrities and has - beens .", "Former Stern Show intern and associate producer at WXRK , known as `` Gorilla '' . Howard dedicated his second book Miss America to Steve . Grillo conducted movie reviews for Howard 100 News in 2006 . As homage to his former duties as an Stern show intern , he rated films by awarding them a certain number of potatoes .", "Lange 's first appearance on the show was as a guest alongside fellow comedian Norm Macdonald on January 8 , 1998 , following a bit involving Scott the Engineer and his challenge to perform 17 complete push - ups . Although appearing with Macdonald to promote the film Dirty Work , Lange had been a fan of Stern since the 1980s when he used to listen with his father . In fact , after Lange 's father was paralyzed in 1987 , show producer Gary Dell'Abate sent Lange an autographed jacket which Lange auctioned off for $2,000 to help support his family .", "Following the departure of the show 's writer and comedian Jackie `` The Jokeman '' Martling in 2001 , several comedians `` auditioned '' for Martling 's seat by sitting in for a couple of shows . Lange 's first appearance in what became known as `` The Jackie Chair '' occurred for 2 days , on May 7 and 8 , 2001 . The temporary appearance consisted of being Stern 's sidekick along with Quivers , and Lange frequently told personal stories , usually regarding alcohol , drugs , food and prostitutes . On October 29 , 2001 , Lange joined the show full - time and was voted favorite by Howard 's fans in 2009 .", "Lange left the show in December 2009 . At first the leave was thought to be temporary , but in early 2010 he attempted suicide at his apartment in Hoboken , New Jersey . The incident has not been discussed in great detail on the show and for much of 2010 , Stern mentioned that Lange would return when he was healthy . However , in 2011 the show and the Howard 100 News began to reference Lange as a `` former '' staffer . On October 3 , 2011 , Lange began co-hosting The Nick & Artie Show with comedian Nick DiPaolo . This show aired on Directv . In April 2014 , Artie was informed before the show that Directv had cancelled his show . He went on air that night for the last time as a part of the Directv team . He currently is the host of a podcast called `` The Artie Lange Uncensored Podcast . ''", "In 1988 , Stuttering John was attending New York University 's film school , and belonged to a band called `` Rock Slide '' . His college roommate , Mitch Fatel , was on the verge of quitting his internship with The Howard Stern Show , when Melendez begged him for a recommendation for an internship on the show . Producer Gary Dell'Abate interviewed Melendez and mentioned his stuttering problem to Stern , who decided to hire him as a field reporter .", "On Stern 's show , Melendez conducted outrageous street interviews and appeared at press conferences , asking off - the - wall questions to various celebrities , including Gennifer Flowers , Ringo Starr , Burt Reynolds , Tommy Lasorda , Larry King and the Dalai Lama . He also provided comic relief on the show itself with his misadventures , poor grammar , and sloppy pronunciation . Melendez left the show after being offered a half - million dollar contract as the announcer for The Tonight Show with Jay Leno .", "Al Rosenberg was a writer / performer for Howard on WNBC . He did numerous voice impressions including Sue Simmons and Dr. Ruth Westheimer . In The History of Howard Stern , Howard stated that he hired Al after Imus fired him so that he ( Imus ) could hire his girlfriend to replace Rosenberg . He stayed on at WNBC after Howard was fired because he was still under contract to the station . Al also worked on WNEW - AM radio as one half of the morning team with Bob Fitzsimmons . He also worked with Ted Brown . He later worked again for Howard on the `` Channel 9 Show '' as a writer . Al called into Stern 's show in 2007 ( during a Paul Mooney interview ) to discuss Imus ' racism . He also appeared on Howard 101 's defunct `` Miserable Men '' program .", "He currently works doing speaking engagements and voice - over work . He also serves on the board of Rise , a non-profit organization and currently serves as Deputy Mayor for East Windsor Township , New Jersey .", "Billy West provided the show with comedy impersonations , part - time , beginning on November 7 , 1988 . He was known for his impressions of Marge Schott and show comedian Jackie Martling . West 's final appearance was on November 1 , 1995 , before he left the show over contract and salary disputes . On February 19 and 20 , 2007 , a special two - part retrospective of West 's work on the show was broadcast on Howard 100 and Howard 101 , covering over 11 hours .", "West was an occasional contributor to The Adam Carolla Show , a syndicated morning radio show that replaced Stern in cities along the West Coast .", "Bubba the Love Sponge is both the title of , and name of the host of , a radio show airing on Howard 101 from 2005 to the end of 2010 . Bubba ( actual legal name Bubba The Love Sponge Clem , born Todd Clem ) had previously been `` exiled '' from radio after a great deal of controversy over his terrestrial radio show , based in Tampa , Florida . Stern brought Bubba 's show aboard and in so doing relaunched Bubba 's career and show . Bubba credits Stern for reviving his career .", "The show left Sirius XM at the end of 2010 and moved to RadioIO Internet Radio and syndicated terrestrial radio .", "Donna Fiducia was an on - air reporter on WNBC radio during Stern 's tenure there . They had frequent by - play while she was on the air .", "`` Reverend '' Bob Levy is a standup comedian who was a frequent on and off air contributor to the Sirius XM radio show from the show 's debut until around 2009 . He hosted the Miserable Men show and created a series of roasts for Stern show personalities such as Gary Dell'Abate , Artie Lange , and Wack Packers such as Daniel Carver . The placement , frequency and number of plugs given during the Stern show for Levy 's off - air efforts was a constant source of tension , especially after the availability of plugs was severely restricted . After Artie 's departure , Levy complained on air that some details of the situation were being `` covered up '' and blamed Howard Stern for the suicide attempt . Levy 's departure from the Stern channels soon followed and he is almost never mentioned on the air .", "Scott Ferrall was the host of The Scott Ferrall Show heard weekdays at 8 pm EST on Howard 101 . It aired from 2006 to 2012 .", "Abe Kanan is host of The Abe Kanan Show , which aired on Howard 101 weekends and late nights . Kanan 's show originates in Chicago . It began as a series of podcasts and was picked up by the Stern channels in February 2011 and lasted until December 2013 . He now hosts his own podcast titled `` Abe Kanan On Hold '' .", "Riley Martin ( May 9 , 1946 -- December 2015 ) was a self - described alien contactee , author , and host of The Riley Martin Show heard Tuesdays at Midnight EST on Howard 101 .", "Jackie Martling is the former head writer and in - studio laugh track of The Howard Stern Show . He was the host of Jackie 's Joke Hunt . The show , co-hosted by fellow Friar Ian Karr , premiered on October 3 , 2006 at 7 pm EST . It continues to air , live , every Tuesday at 7 pm EST on Sirius Howard 101 , with reruns scheduled for Thursday mornings at 12 am EST and Saturday afternoons at 2 pm EST . Jackie 's Joke Hunt has since been canceled along with many other shows that have been cut during 2014 -- 2015 .", "Mutt is the founder of the Stern Fan Network message board and host of The Super Fan Roundtable heard Wednesday 's at 7 pm EST on Howard 101 .", "Red Peters is the host of The Red Peters Music Comedy Hour which airs periodically on Howard 101 . Peters ( real name Douglas Stevens ) is a Boston - based songwriter / comedian who specializes in a musical form best described as `` lounge smut '' and the show presents a compilation of songs packed with scat jokes and double - entendres .", "Jeff Probst is best known for his role as the host of the U.S. version of the reality show Survivor and Natalie Maines is best known as the lead singer of The Dixie Chicks . Together after each season of Survivor has wrapped - up they host a two - hour Celebrity Superfan Roundtable on Howard 101 , where they bring in big name Hollywood stars such as actor David Arquette , LA weatherbabe Jillian Reynolds , producer Damon Lindelof , singer Mark McGrath , actor Jerry O'Connell , actor Ryan Phillippe , comedian Sarah Silverman , and actor Steven Weber to discuss their favorite moments on the Stern show .", "Jay Thomas was the host of The Jay Thomas Show on Howard 101 from 2005 until his 2017 death .", "Chuck Zito is an actor , amateur boxer , martial artist , celebrity bodyguard , stuntman , former boxing trainer and former president of the New York City chapter of the Hells Angels , and is host of the periodic Chuck Zito 's View on Howard 101 .", "Brad Driver is the News Director at Howard 100 News and is responsible for managing the news team . He has held the position since December 2006 .", "A former co-host with Doctor Dré and Ed Lover on New York hip - hop radio station WQHT - FM , known as Hot 97 , Lisa Glasberg , known informally as Lisa G , was an on - air reporter for Howard 100 until February 2015 , updating live news headlines each morning and filing reports for hourly Howard 100 news updates . Glasberg is a native of Woodmere , New York .", "Ralph Howard was the anchor who read the Howard 100 News every afternoon . In September 2010 , he underwent lung transplant surgery . He retired from the show on May 30 , 2013 after 53 years of news broadcasting . Howard is married to Broadway actress and longtime Charles Busch collaborator , Julie Halston .", "Michael `` High Pitch Mike '' Morales was Howard 100 News producer , reporter , and on - air regular . Publicly came out as gay on the show . Mike has an unusual , squeaky voice , leading to his nickname .", "Ralph Cirella was paid by Howard TV to be Howard Stern 's personal stylist , a job he previously held for Stern 's E ! show . Cirella was first hired to construct a `` talking penis '' , for a broadcast at the Felt Forum on New Year 's Eve 1986 . He has been a listener since Stern 's time at WNBC from 1982 to 1985 . Cirella did not make on - screen appearances until 1990 , when he worked on costumes , special effects and make up on The Howard Stern Show on WWOR - TV . In his book , Miss America , Howard Stern calls Ralph the most universally hated member of his staff . Throughout 2006 , Cirella briefly co-hosted the now defunct The Friday Show with Gary Dell'Abate and Jon Hein , on Howard 100 and Howard 101 . He was also the host of `` Geek Time '' which aired on Howard 101 .", "Scott DePace was the television director for the daily broadcast of The Howard Stern Show for Howard TV . His wife , Pamela , won an Emmy for her work on The Daily Show .", "Scott Einziger is a former Producer of Stern 's syndicated Saturday night TV show and E ! show . Left the show in November 2001 to become a producer on The Amazing Race . He has since worked on other reality shows such as Kid Nation , Big Brother , and Are You Hot ? . Stern sued Einziger and his production company for ripping off his `` The Evaluators '' which Are You Hot ? mirrored .", "Mike Gange started at the show as an intern , and , after years of toil , worked his way up to cameraman / interviewer for the former Stern TV show on E ! Gange then became supervising producer for Howard TV .", "Doug Z . Goodstein was Stern 's E ! show producer and executive producer for Howard TV On Demand .", "Robin Radzinski is a former E ! network executive and former Producer of Stern 's E ! show who has also worked for G4 , HBO , and TBS .", "Randy Bongarten is a radio executive and former Vice-President and General Manager at WNBC who was later promoted to be President of the entire NBC Radio Network . Robin Quivers said that Randy 's tenure at WNBC were the `` good years '' at the station because Randy `` understood the show , and was interested in letting the talent do the things that would let the talent be successful . ''", "Tom Chiusano was the general manager at WXRK , the frequent target of Stern show jokes , and in the later years of the show the master of the `` dump button '' to prevent content he deemed inappropriate from reaching the airwaves . Chiusano remained at WXRK when Stern and company moved to Sirius , and after several format changes at his station , he eventually announced his retirement in January 2008 .", "John Hayes is a radio executive , famously named `` The Incubus '' by Howard during his days as Vice-President and General Manager at WNBC replacing Randy Bongarten . He and Kevin Metheny were portrayed by Paul Giamatti as a composite character under the name Kenny `` Pig Vomit '' Rushton in the 1997 movie , Private Parts . It was Hayes who actually fired Stern from WNBC - AM in 1985 on the orders of NBC network executives . In 2002 , Hayes once again pulled Stern 's show from CILQ - FM in Toronto . Hayes proudly calls himself `` the man who fired Howard Stern twice . ''", "Kevin Metheny ( June 6 , 1954 -- October 3 , 2014 ) was a radio executive , famously named `` Pig Virus '' by Howard during his days as Program Director at WNBC . He and his replacement John Hayes were portrayed by Paul Giamatti as a composite character under the name Kenny `` Pig Vomit '' Rushton in the 1997 movie , Private Parts .", "Tim Sabean was the Senior Vice President of the Howard Stern Channels for Howard 100 & 101 . He managed the channels and their personnel for Howard . Before coming to Sirius he was the program director at Stern 's Philadelphia affiliate WYSP - FM . Sabean 's departure from the show was never formally announced , but he is no longer listed as a staff or front office member on the Stern show website . The last entry on his official Twitter feed was on 1 August 2013 and his last on - air appearance was around that time .", "On September 9 , 2013 it was announced by Sirius / XM that he 'd been promoted to Senior Vice President of all the Entertainment and Comedy channels ." ]

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[ "The Australian penny was a coin of the Australian pound used in the Commonwealth of Australia prior to decimalisation in 1966 . It was worth one - twelfth of an Australian shilling and 1 / 240 of an Australian pound . The coin was equivalent in its dimensions , composition and value to the British penny , as the two currencies were fixed at par .", "The coin was first introduced in 1911 , and stopped being minted in 1965 , with the introduction of decimalisation . When decimalisation happened on 14 February 1966 , the coin value was equal to 0.8333 ¢ .", "The obverse of the coin featured the reigning Australian monarch . Three were featured : George V , George VI and Elizabeth II . All of the pennies featuring George VI and Elizabeth II had a kangaroo on the reverse except for the 1965 penny it featured a Roman . The kangaroo image was on the Australian half - penny and has since been included on the dollar coin and the bullion silver kangaroo .", "During the George VI era , coins minted at Melbourne had a dot at the end of the word `` PENNY '' , while coins from Perth did not have a dot . This continued through the end of the coin 's lifetime .", "Image Years Technical parameters Description / Legend / Designer Obverse Reverse From To Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 1911 1936 30.8 mm 9.45 g Bronze : Cu 97.5 % , Zn 2.0 % , Sn 0.5 % Plain George V GEORGIVS V D.G. BRITT : OMN : REX F.D. IND : IMP : by Bertram Mackennal ONE PENNY COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA by W.H.J. Blakemore 1938 1948 George VI GEORGIVS VI D : G : BR : OMN : REX : F : D : IND : IMP . by Thomas Hugh Paget Kangaroo / Commonwealth Star AUSTRALIA PENNY by George Kruger Gray 1949 1952 George VI GEORGIVS VI D : G : BR : OMN : REX FIDEI DEF . by Thomas Hugh Paget 1953 1955 Elizabeth II + ELIZABETH. II. DEI. GRATIA. REGINA by Mary Gillick 1959 1964 Elizabeth II + ELIZABETH. II. DEI. GRATIA. REGINA. F : D : by Mary Gillick Picture yet to be added Picture yet to be added 1965 Elizabeth II + ELIZABETH. II. DEI. GRATIA. REGINA. F : D :", "Image Years Technical parameters Description / Legend / Designer", "Obverse Reverse From To Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse", "1911 1936 30.8 mm 9.45 g Bronze : Cu 97.5 % , Zn 2.0 % , Sn 0.5 % Plain George V GEORGIVS V D.G. BRITT : OMN : REX F.D. IND : IMP : by Bertram Mackennal ONE PENNY COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA by W.H.J. Blakemore", "1938 1948 George VI GEORGIVS VI D : G : BR : OMN : REX : F : D : IND : IMP . by Thomas Hugh Paget Kangaroo / Commonwealth Star AUSTRALIA PENNY by George Kruger Gray", "1949 1952 George VI GEORGIVS VI D : G : BR : OMN : REX FIDEI DEF . by Thomas Hugh Paget", "1953 1955 Elizabeth II + ELIZABETH. II. DEI. GRATIA. REGINA by Mary Gillick", "1959 1964 Elizabeth II + ELIZABETH. II. DEI. GRATIA. REGINA. F : D : by Mary Gillick", "Picture yet to be added Picture yet to be added 1965 Elizabeth II + ELIZABETH. II. DEI. GRATIA. REGINA. F : D :", "The 1930 penny is one of the rarest Australian coins , due to a very small number being minted . It is highly sought after by coin collectors , and a 1930 penny in very fine condition can be worth A $45,000 or more .", "Other `` hard to get '' years include 1925 , 1946 and 1965 .", "The numbers below include specimens and proof issues , where mintage for them is known . Counting these , a total of 814,788,088 ( 815 million ) coins of the denomination were minted during its existence .", "1911 : 3,768,000 1912 : 3,600,000 1913 : 2,520,000 1914 : 720,000 1915 : 2,280,000 1916 : 3,324,000 1917 : 6,240,000 1918 : 1,200,000 1919 : 5,810,160 1920 : 9,041,600 1921 : 7,438,320 1922 : 12,697,440 1923 : 5,654,400 1924 : 4,665,840 1925 : 1,639,200 1926 : 1,860,000 1927 : 4,922,450 1928 : 3,038,400 1929 : 2,599,200 1930 : unknown ( usually estimated around 1200 ) 1931 : 494,400 1932 : 2,116,800 1933 : 5,817,600 1934 : 5,808,100 1935 : 3,724,900 1936 : 9,890,400 1937 : 12 ( unreleased pattern ) 1938 : 5,552,650 1939 : 6,240,000 1940 : 5,188,800 1941 : 14,382,800 1942 : 21,244,800 1943 : 53,198,400 1944 : 29,942,000 1945 : 15,172,806 1946 : 240,000 1947 : 11,174,400 1948 : 28,150,000 1949 : 27,064,800 1950 : 57,846,800 1951 : 52,128,000 1952 : 57,922,000 1953 : 13,138,816 1955 : 17,447,101 1956 : 25,994,917 1957 : 15,979,112 1958 : 24,443,334 1959 : 16,048,136 1960 : 20,516,230 1961 : 30,608,240 1962 : 34,852,664 1963 : 10,259,660 1964 : 109,180,401 1965 : unknown , mostly retracted", "1911 : 3,768,000", "1912 : 3,600,000", "1913 : 2,520,000", "1914 : 720,000", "1915 : 2,280,000", "1916 : 3,324,000", "1917 : 6,240,000", "1918 : 1,200,000", "1919 : 5,810,160", "1920 : 9,041,600", "1921 : 7,438,320", "1922 : 12,697,440", "1923 : 5,654,400", "1924 : 4,665,840", "1925 : 1,639,200", "1926 : 1,860,000", "1927 : 4,922,450", "1928 : 3,038,400", "1929 : 2,599,200", "1930 : unknown ( usually estimated around 1200 )", "1931 : 494,400", "1932 : 2,116,800", "1933 : 5,817,600", "1934 : 5,808,100", "1935 : 3,724,900", "1936 : 9,890,400", "1937 : 12 ( unreleased pattern )", "1938 : 5,552,650", "1939 : 6,240,000", "1940 : 5,188,800", "1941 : 14,382,800", "1942 : 21,244,800", "1943 : 53,198,400", "1944 : 29,942,000", "1945 : 15,172,806", "1946 : 240,000", "1947 : 11,174,400", "1948 : 28,150,000", "1949 : 27,064,800", "1950 : 57,846,800", "1951 : 52,128,000", "1952 : 57,922,000", "1953 : 13,138,816", "1955 : 17,447,101", "1956 : 25,994,917", "1957 : 15,979,112", "1958 : 24,443,334", "1959 : 16,048,136", "1960 : 20,516,230", "1961 : 30,608,240", "1962 : 34,852,664", "1963 : 10,259,660", "1964 : 109,180,401", "1965 : unknown , mostly retracted" ]

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[ "The following tables list the cardinal number names and symbols for the numbers 0 through 10 in various languages and scripts of the world . Where possible , each language 's native writing system is used , along with transliterations in Latin script and other important writing systems where applicable . In some languages , numbers will be illustrated through to 20 .", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proto - Berber language yn sn krad okkoz fuss fuss d yn fuss d sn fuss d krad addaw meraw meraw Eastern Berber languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ghadamès yú : n s n ka : r d aqquz s mm s suz sa : ta : m tesu : maraw Guanche languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Guanche ( Grand Canaria ) nait smetti amelotti acodetti simusetti sesetti satti tamatti alda - marava marava Tenerife ben lini amiat arba cansa sumus sàt set acot marago Northern Berber languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kabyle yiwen / wahed sin / ju , j tlata rebea xemsa setta sebea tmanya tesea eecr. a Zenati languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Riffian language yijjen / wahid tnayen / sin trata / krad ab'a / kuz xemsa / semmus setta / sdis seb'a / sa tmanya / tam ts'a / tza ' ecra / mraw Atlas languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shilha ( Tachelhit ) yan sin krad kkuz s mmus sdis sa ttam ttza mraw Southwestern Berber languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Zenaga iun shinan karat akoz shammush shodush ishsha ittem tuza mêrêg Tuareg languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tamahaq ( Ahaggar ) iyen essîn kerad okkoz semmus sedis essa ettâm tezza meraw Tamasheq iyan sshin k râd kkoz s mmos sædis ssa ttam t za m raw", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Proto - Berber language yn sn krad okkoz fuss fuss d yn fuss d sn fuss d krad addaw meraw meraw", "Eastern Berber languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Ghadamès yú : n s n ka : r d aqquz s mm s suz sa : ta : m tesu : maraw", "Guanche languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Guanche ( Grand Canaria ) nait smetti amelotti acodetti simusetti sesetti satti tamatti alda - marava marava", "Tenerife ben lini amiat arba cansa sumus sàt set acot marago", "Northern Berber languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Kabyle yiwen / wahed sin / ju , j tlata rebea xemsa setta sebea tmanya tesea eecr. a", "Zenati languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Riffian language yijjen / wahid tnayen / sin trata / krad ab'a / kuz xemsa / semmus setta / sdis seb'a / sa tmanya / tam ts'a / tza ' ecra / mraw", "Atlas languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Shilha ( Tachelhit ) yan sin krad kkuz s mmus sdis sa ttam ttza mraw", "Southwestern Berber languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Zenaga iun shinan karat akoz shammush shodush ishsha ittem tuza mêrêg", "Tuareg languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Tamahaq ( Ahaggar ) iyen essîn kerad okkoz semmus sedis essa ettâm tezza meraw", "Tamasheq iyan sshin k râd kkoz s mmos sædis ssa ttam t za m raw", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Hausa sifili d'aya biyu uku hud'u biyar shida bakwai takwas tara goma goma sha d'aya goma sha biyu goma sha uku goma sha hud'u goma sha biyar goma sha shida goma sha bakwai goma sha takwas goma sha tara ashirin", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Hausa sifili d'aya biyu uku hud'u biyar shida bakwai takwas tara goma goma sha d'aya goma sha biyu goma sha uku goma sha hud'u goma sha biyar goma sha shida goma sha bakwai goma sha takwas goma sha tara ashirin", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Oromo tokko lama sadii afur shan ja'a torba saddet sagal kudhan Somali eber kow laba saddex afar shan lix toddoba siddeed sagaal toban", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Oromo tokko lama sadii afur shan ja'a torba saddet sagal kudhan", "Somali eber kow laba saddex afar shan lix toddoba siddeed sagaal toban", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Egyptian , Middle wˁ ( yw ) śnw ( y ) ḫmt ( w ) fdw dỉw śrśw / śỉśw śfḫ ( w ) ḫmn ( w ) pśḏ ( w ) mḏ ( w ) Egyptian , Late wéʕe snéwe xámthe ftáw tíw sáw sáfxe xmáne phsíte múte Coptic , Sahidic ⲟⲩⲁ oua ⲥⲛⲁⲩ snau ϣⲟⲙⲛⲧ šomnt ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ftoou ⲧⲓⲟⲩ tiou ⲥⲟⲟⲩ soou ϣⲁϣϥ šašf ϣⲙⲟⲩn šmoun ⲫⲓⲧ psit ⲙⲏⲧ mēt", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Egyptian , Middle wˁ ( yw ) śnw ( y ) ḫmt ( w ) fdw dỉw śrśw / śỉśw śfḫ ( w ) ḫmn ( w ) pśḏ ( w ) mḏ ( w )", "Egyptian , Late wéʕe snéwe xámthe ftáw tíw sáw sáfxe xmáne phsíte múte", "Coptic , Sahidic ⲟⲩⲁ oua ⲥⲛⲁⲩ snau ϣⲟⲙⲛⲧ šomnt ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ftoou ⲧⲓⲟⲩ tiou ⲥⲟⲟⲩ soou ϣⲁϣϥ šašf ϣⲙⲟⲩn šmoun ⲫⲓⲧ psit ⲙⲏⲧ mēt", "North Omotic ( Nomotic ) languages / Non-Aroid 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dizoid languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dizi k'òy tà : gn kàdú kùbm'jii úxcú yàkú tù : sú zyéd sàgIl támú Nao ( Nayi ) isin tagen kaddu kubm uchum yakko tessen zyad sagn tamu Sheko koy t'agen kaddu kub 'm uchu yaku tubsu zyed sagen tam Gonga -- Gimojan languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gengo / Kefoid languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Anfillo ikko gutto keg ^ g ^ o auddo amitto shirto shabattó shimittó yiringo ashiró Boro ( Shinasha ) íkka gittá ke : zá áwddá u : sá sheríta shawáta shimíta je : riyá tása Kafa ( Khaficho ) ikka : gutta : kaja : gwda ú : ja : sirita : sabá : ta shiminta : yitiya : àjera : Shekkacho ( Mocha ) ? íkko gútto kä. g ^ g ^ o awúddo u. chcho shirítto shabá. tto shimítto yí. tiyo á. shiro Gimojan languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ometo -- Gimira languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bencho ( Gimira ) mat ' nam kaz od uch , sa pm na pm nyar tn irs tn tam Chara issa : nanta : keza : obda : uchcha sa : fun la : pun nandirse biza : tantsa : Walamo ( Ometo ) ista naa ? a hezza oydda iccaca usuppuna laappuna hoospuna uddupunaa tamma Yemsa ( Janjero ) isa hep keez acheech uuch issun naafun naangrin izgin asir Mao languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hozo onna dombo siyazi bets'i k'witsi ken : i ? ò : ta ? ò : tá ? ò : t ( I ) p'ó : shi Seze ishile noombe siize beets'e uwiise t'ján : é : ` dòmbò sjà : zé bes'é þó : shè South Omotic ( Somotic ) languages / Aroid ( Aari ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Aari wóllaq qaskén makkán ? oydí dónq láa tabzá qaskén - tamars wolqán - tamars tammá Dime wokkil k'asten mikkim uddu shinne lah tossum k'ashnash bokolash tamme Hamer ; Banna kalo ; kulu lama ; lema : makan ; makan oydi ; ? o idi don ; dung lah ; lux tobba ; tub ` a lankay ; lungka sal ; s l t ppi ; t b ` i", "North Omotic ( Nomotic ) languages / Non-Aroid 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Dizoid languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Dizi k'òy tà : gn kàdú kùbm'jii úxcú yàkú tù : sú zyéd sàgIl támú", "Nao ( Nayi ) isin tagen kaddu kubm uchum yakko tessen zyad sagn tamu", "Sheko koy t'agen kaddu kub 'm uchu yaku tubsu zyed sagen tam", "Gonga -- Gimojan languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Gengo / Kefoid languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Anfillo ikko gutto keg ^ g ^ o auddo amitto shirto shabattó shimittó yiringo ashiró", "Boro ( Shinasha ) íkka gittá ke : zá áwddá u : sá sheríta shawáta shimíta je : riyá tása", "Kafa ( Khaficho ) ikka : gutta : kaja : gwda ú : ja : sirita : sabá : ta shiminta : yitiya : àjera :", "Shekkacho ( Mocha ) ? íkko gútto kä. g ^ g ^ o awúddo u. chcho shirítto shabá. tto shimítto yí. tiyo á. shiro", "Gimojan languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Ometo -- Gimira languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Bencho ( Gimira ) mat ' nam kaz od uch , sa pm na pm nyar tn irs tn tam", "Chara issa : nanta : keza : obda : uchcha sa : fun la : pun nandirse biza : tantsa :", "Walamo ( Ometo ) ista naa ? a hezza oydda iccaca usuppuna laappuna hoospuna uddupunaa tamma", "Yemsa ( Janjero ) isa hep keez acheech uuch issun naafun naangrin izgin asir", "Mao languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Hozo onna dombo siyazi bets'i k'witsi ken : i ? ò : ta ? ò : tá ? ò : t ( I ) p'ó : shi", "Seze ishile noombe siize beets'e uwiise t'ján : é : ` dòmbò sjà : zé bes'é þó : shè", "South Omotic ( Somotic ) languages / Aroid ( Aari ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Aari wóllaq qaskén makkán ? oydí dónq láa tabzá qaskén - tamars wolqán - tamars tammá", "Dime wokkil k'asten mikkim uddu shinne lah tossum k'ashnash bokolash tamme", "Hamer ; Banna kalo ; kulu lama ; lema : makan ; makan oydi ; ? o idi don ; dung lah ; lux tobba ; tub ` a lankay ; lungka sal ; s l t ppi ; t b ` i", "Arabic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Arabic , Literary and Abjad numerals ٠ صِفْر ṣifr ١ واحِد wāḥid ٢ اِثنان ʼiṯnān ٣ ثَلاثة ṯalāṯä ٤ أرْبَعَة ʼarbaʿä ٥ خَمْسة ḫamsä ٦ سِتَّة sittä ٧ سَبْعَة sabʿä ٨ ثَمانِية ṯamāniyä ٩ تِسْعة tisʿä ١٠ عَشَرة ʿašarä Arabic , Algerian واحد wāḥed زوج zūǧ ثلاثة ṯlāṯä ربعة rabʿä خمسة ḫamsä ستّة sittä سبعة sebʿä ثمانية ṯmānyä تسعة tisʿä عشرة ʿašrä Arabic , Cypriot Maronite آخن ʼēḫen خنين ḫnayn تلاخة tlāḫë أربع ʼarbaʿ خمسة ḫamsï سيتّة sīttë سابع sābaʿ خمانية ḫmēnyë تيسعة tīsʿä عاشرة ʿāšrä Arabic , Egyptian صفر ‎ / زيرو ṣifr / zīro ~ zīru واحد wāḥid إتنين itnēn تلاتة talātä أربعة arabaʿä خمسة ḫamsä ستّة sittä سبعة sabʿä تمانية tamanyä تسعة tesʿä عشرة ʿašrä Arabic , Hejazi واحد wāḥid إتنين itnēn تلاتة talāta أربعة ʼarbaʿa خمسة ḫamsa ستّة sitta سبعة sabʿa تمنية tamanya تسعة tisʿa عشرة ʿašara Arabic , Lebanese واحد wāḥad تنين tnēn تلاتة tlētï أربعة ʼarbʿä خمسة ḫamsï ستّة settï سبعة sabʿä تمانة tmēnï تسعة tesʿä عشرة ʿašrä Arabic , Iraqi واحد wāḥid ثناين ṯinayn ثلاثة ṯilāṯä أربعة ʼarbʿä خمسة ḫamsä ستّة sittä سبعة sabʿä ثمانية ṯimānyä تسعة tisʿä عشرة ʿašrä Arabic , Moroccan واحد wāḥed جوج ǧūǧ تلاتة tlātä ربعة rebʿä خمسة ḫemsä ستّة settä سبعة sebʿä تمنية tmenyä تسعود tesʿūd عشرة ʿašarä Arabic , Najdi واحد wāḥid إثنين ʼiṯnēn ثلاثة ṯalāṯä أربعة ʼarbaʿä خمسة ḫamsä ستّة sittä سبعة sabʿä ثمنية ṯamanyä تسعة tisʿä عشرة ʿašarä Arabic , Syrian واحد wāḥed تنين tnēn تلاتة tlātë ربعة ʼarbʿä خمسة ḫamsë ستّة səttë سبعة sabʿä تمانة tmānë تسعة tesʿä عشرة ʿašarä Arabic , Yemeni واحد wāḥid إثنين ʼiṯnayn ثلاثة ṯalāṯë أربعة ʼarbaʿä خمسة ḫamsë ستّح sitteḥ سبعة sabʿä ثمانية ṯamāniyë تسعة tisʿä عشرة ʿašarä Maltese xejn wieħed tnejn tlieta erbgħa ħamsa sitta sebgħa tmienja disgħa għaxra Aramaic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Biblical Aramaic חַד ḥaḏ תְּרֵין təren תְּלָתָה təlāṯā אַרְבְּעָה ʾarbʿā חַמְשָׁה ḥamšā שִׁתָּה šittā שַׁבְעָה šaḇʿā תְּמָנְיָא təmānyā תִּשְׁעָה tišʿā עַסְרָה ʿasrā Aramaic , Modern âhad itr tlo : ta : árpa ` hámsha : shé : ' tta : shub ` a : tmó : nya : tésh ` a : ` ásra : Syriac ܣܺܝܦܳܪ sīpār ܚܰܕ ḥaḏ ܬܪ̈ܶܝܢ tərēn ܬܠܳܬܳܐ tlāṯā ܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ ʾarbʿā ܚܰܡܫܳܐ ḥamšā ܫܬܳܐ ، ܐܶܫܬܳܐ šəṯā , ʾēštā ܫܰܒܥܳܐ šaḇʿā ܬܡܳܢܝܳܐ təmānyā ܬܶܫܥܳܐ tēšʿā ܥܶܣܪܳܐ ʿēsrā Canaanite languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Phoenician 𐤀𐤇𐤃 ‬ ʼḥd 𐤔𐤍𐤌 ‬ šnm 𐤔𐤋𐤔 ‬ šlš 𐤀𐤓𐤁 ‬ ʼrb 𐤇𐤌𐤔 ‬ ḥmš 𐤔𐤔 ‬ šš 𐤔𐤁𐤏 ‬ šbʻ 𐤔𐤌𐤍 ‬ šmn 𐤕𐤔𐤏 ‬ tšʻ 𐤏𐤔𐤓 ‬ ʻšr Hebrew , Biblical אֶפֶס efes ‬ אַחַת achat אֶחָד echad ‬ שְׁתַּיִם shtayim שְׁנַיִם shnayim ‬ שָׁלֹושׁ shalosh שְׁלֹושָׁה shlosha ‬ אַרְבַּע arbaʻ אַרְבָּעָה arbaʻa ‬ חָמֵשׁ chamesh חֲמִשָּׁה chamisha ‬ שֵׁשׁ shesh שִׁשָּׁה shisha ‬ שֶׁבַע shevaʻ שִׁבְעָה shivʻa ‬ שְׁמֹונֶה shmone שְׁמֹונָה shmona ‬ תֵּשַׁע teshaʻ תִּשְׁעָה tishʻa ‬ עֶשֶׂר ʻeser עֲשָׂרָה ʻassara ‬ Hebrew ( Gematria ) א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י Hebrew אפס אחת אחד שתיים שניים שלוש שלושה ארבע ארבעה חמש חמישה שש שישה שבע שבעה שמונה שמונה תשע תשעה עשר עשרה Hebrew , Tiberian ʼẹṗes ʼạḥạṯ ʼẹḥāḏ eštạyim ešnạyim šālōš šəlōšā ʼarbạʻ ʼarbāʻā ḥāmēš ḥamiššā šēš šiššā šẹḇaʻ šiḇʻā šəmōnẹ šəmōnā tēšaʻ tišʻā ʻẹśer ʻaśārā Hebrew , Yemenite ʼāfas ʼāḥāṯ ʼāḥōḏ štāyim šnāyim šōlȫš šalȫšō ʼarbāʻ ʼarbōʻō ḥōmēš ḥamiššō šēš šiššō šāvaʻ šivʻō šamȫnā šamȫnō tēšaʻ tišʻō ʻāśar ʻaśōrō Hebrew , Ashkenazi ( liturgical ) éfes achas echod shtáyim shnáyim sholoish shloisho arba arbo o chomeish chamisho sheish shisho shéva shiv o shmoine shmoino téisha tish o éser asoro Hebrew Academy ( 1953 ) éfes aẖat eẖad shtáyim shnáyim shalosh shelosha arbaʻ arbaʻa ẖamesh ẖamisha shesh shisha shévaʻ shivʻa shemone shemona téshaʻ tishʻa ʻéser ʻasara Hebrew Academy ( 2006 ) éfes aẖat eẖad shtáyim shnáyim shalosh shlosha arba arba'a ẖamesh ẖamisha shesh shisha shéva shiv'a shmone shmona tésha tish'a éser asara East Semitic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Akkadian 𒁹 ištēn 𒈫 šena 𒐈 šalaš 𒐼 erbe 𒐊 ḥamiš 𒐋 šiššu 𒑂 sebe 𒑄 samāne 𒑆 tiše 𒌋 ešer Ethiopic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Amharic ባዶ bado አንድ and ሁለት hulät ሦስት sost አራት arat አምስት amməst ስድስት səddəst ሰባት säbat ስምንት səmmənt ዘጠኝ zäṭäñ አሥር asər Ge'ez አሐዱ ʾäḥädu ክልኤቱ kəlʾetu ሠለስቱ śälästu አርባዕቱ ʾärbaʿtu ኀምስቱ ḫämstu ስድስቱ sədstu ሰብዐቱ säbʿätu ሰማንቱ sämantu ተስዐቱ täsʿätu ዐሠርቱ ʿäśärtu Harari aḥad ko'ot ši'išti ḥarät ḥammisti səddisti sa'atti su'ut zaḥṭäñ assər Tigrinya bado hade kilte seleste arba'ete hamushte shidishte shob'ate shomonte tishi'ate aserte Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ugaritic 𐎀𐎈𐎄 ʾaḥadu 𐎘𐎐 ( 𐎎 ) ṯinā ( mi ) 𐎘𐎍𐎘 ṯalāṯu 𐎀𐎗𐎁𐎓 ʾarbaʿu 𐎃𐎎𐎌 ḫamišu 𐎘𐎘 ṯiṯṯu 𐎌𐎁𐎓 šabʿu 𐎘𐎎𐎐 ṯamānī 𐎚𐎌𐎓 tišʿu 𐎓𐎌𐎗 ʿašaru", "Arabic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Arabic , Literary and Abjad numerals ٠ صِفْر ṣifr ١ واحِد wāḥid ٢ اِثنان ʼiṯnān ٣ ثَلاثة ṯalāṯä ٤ أرْبَعَة ʼarbaʿä ٥ خَمْسة ḫamsä ٦ سِتَّة sittä ٧ سَبْعَة sabʿä ٨ ثَمانِية ṯamāniyä ٩ تِسْعة tisʿä ١٠ عَشَرة ʿašarä", "Arabic , Algerian واحد wāḥed زوج zūǧ ثلاثة ṯlāṯä ربعة rabʿä خمسة ḫamsä ستّة sittä سبعة sebʿä ثمانية ṯmānyä تسعة tisʿä عشرة ʿašrä", "Arabic , Cypriot Maronite آخن ʼēḫen خنين ḫnayn تلاخة tlāḫë أربع ʼarbaʿ خمسة ḫamsï سيتّة sīttë سابع sābaʿ خمانية ḫmēnyë تيسعة tīsʿä عاشرة ʿāšrä", "Arabic , Egyptian صفر ‎ / زيرو ṣifr / zīro ~ zīru واحد wāḥid إتنين itnēn تلاتة talātä أربعة arabaʿä خمسة ḫamsä ستّة sittä سبعة sabʿä تمانية tamanyä تسعة tesʿä عشرة ʿašrä", "Arabic , Hejazi واحد wāḥid إتنين itnēn تلاتة talāta أربعة ʼarbaʿa خمسة ḫamsa ستّة sitta سبعة sabʿa تمنية tamanya تسعة tisʿa عشرة ʿašara", "Arabic , Lebanese واحد wāḥad تنين tnēn تلاتة tlētï أربعة ʼarbʿä خمسة ḫamsï ستّة settï سبعة sabʿä تمانة tmēnï تسعة tesʿä عشرة ʿašrä", "Arabic , Iraqi واحد wāḥid ثناين ṯinayn ثلاثة ṯilāṯä أربعة ʼarbʿä خمسة ḫamsä ستّة sittä سبعة sabʿä ثمانية ṯimānyä تسعة tisʿä عشرة ʿašrä", "Arabic , Moroccan واحد wāḥed جوج ǧūǧ تلاتة tlātä ربعة rebʿä خمسة ḫemsä ستّة settä سبعة sebʿä تمنية tmenyä تسعود tesʿūd عشرة ʿašarä", "Arabic , Najdi واحد wāḥid إثنين ʼiṯnēn ثلاثة ṯalāṯä أربعة ʼarbaʿä خمسة ḫamsä ستّة sittä سبعة sabʿä ثمنية ṯamanyä تسعة tisʿä عشرة ʿašarä", "Arabic , Syrian واحد wāḥed تنين tnēn تلاتة tlātë ربعة ʼarbʿä خمسة ḫamsë ستّة səttë سبعة sabʿä تمانة tmānë تسعة tesʿä عشرة ʿašarä", "Arabic , Yemeni واحد wāḥid إثنين ʼiṯnayn ثلاثة ṯalāṯë أربعة ʼarbaʿä خمسة ḫamsë ستّح sitteḥ سبعة sabʿä ثمانية ṯamāniyë تسعة tisʿä عشرة ʿašarä", "Maltese xejn wieħed tnejn tlieta erbgħa ħamsa sitta sebgħa tmienja disgħa għaxra", "Aramaic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Biblical Aramaic חַד ḥaḏ תְּרֵין təren תְּלָתָה təlāṯā אַרְבְּעָה ʾarbʿā חַמְשָׁה ḥamšā שִׁתָּה šittā שַׁבְעָה šaḇʿā תְּמָנְיָא təmānyā תִּשְׁעָה tišʿā עַסְרָה ʿasrā", "Aramaic , Modern âhad itr tlo : ta : árpa ` hámsha : shé : ' tta : shub ` a : tmó : nya : tésh ` a : ` ásra :", "Syriac ܣܺܝܦܳܪ sīpār ܚܰܕ ḥaḏ ܬܪ̈ܶܝܢ tərēn ܬܠܳܬܳܐ tlāṯā ܐܰܪܒܥܳܐ ʾarbʿā ܚܰܡܫܳܐ ḥamšā ܫܬܳܐ ، ܐܶܫܬܳܐ šəṯā , ʾēštā ܫܰܒܥܳܐ šaḇʿā ܬܡܳܢܝܳܐ təmānyā ܬܶܫܥܳܐ tēšʿā ܥܶܣܪܳܐ ʿēsrā", "Canaanite languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Phoenician 𐤀𐤇𐤃 ‬ ʼḥd 𐤔𐤍𐤌 ‬ šnm 𐤔𐤋𐤔 ‬ šlš 𐤀𐤓𐤁 ‬ ʼrb 𐤇𐤌𐤔 ‬ ḥmš 𐤔𐤔 ‬ šš 𐤔𐤁𐤏 ‬ šbʻ 𐤔𐤌𐤍 ‬ šmn 𐤕𐤔𐤏 ‬ tšʻ 𐤏𐤔𐤓 ‬ ʻšr", "Hebrew , Biblical אֶפֶס efes ‬ אַחַת achat אֶחָד echad ‬ שְׁתַּיִם shtayim שְׁנַיִם shnayim ‬ שָׁלֹושׁ shalosh שְׁלֹושָׁה shlosha ‬ אַרְבַּע arbaʻ אַרְבָּעָה arbaʻa ‬ חָמֵשׁ chamesh חֲמִשָּׁה chamisha ‬ שֵׁשׁ shesh שִׁשָּׁה shisha ‬ שֶׁבַע shevaʻ שִׁבְעָה shivʻa ‬ שְׁמֹונֶה shmone שְׁמֹונָה shmona ‬ תֵּשַׁע teshaʻ תִּשְׁעָה tishʻa ‬ עֶשֶׂר ʻeser עֲשָׂרָה ʻassara ‬", "Hebrew ( Gematria ) א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י", "Hebrew אפס אחת אחד שתיים שניים שלוש שלושה ארבע ארבעה חמש חמישה שש שישה שבע שבעה שמונה שמונה תשע תשעה עשר עשרה", "Hebrew , Tiberian ʼẹṗes ʼạḥạṯ ʼẹḥāḏ eštạyim ešnạyim šālōš šəlōšā ʼarbạʻ ʼarbāʻā ḥāmēš ḥamiššā šēš šiššā šẹḇaʻ šiḇʻā šəmōnẹ šəmōnā tēšaʻ tišʻā ʻẹśer ʻaśārā", "Hebrew , Yemenite ʼāfas ʼāḥāṯ ʼāḥōḏ štāyim šnāyim šōlȫš šalȫšō ʼarbāʻ ʼarbōʻō ḥōmēš ḥamiššō šēš šiššō šāvaʻ šivʻō šamȫnā šamȫnō tēšaʻ tišʻō ʻāśar ʻaśōrō", "Hebrew , Ashkenazi ( liturgical ) éfes achas echod shtáyim shnáyim sholoish shloisho arba arbo o chomeish chamisho sheish shisho shéva shiv o shmoine shmoino téisha tish o éser asoro", "Hebrew Academy ( 1953 ) éfes aẖat eẖad shtáyim shnáyim shalosh shelosha arbaʻ arbaʻa ẖamesh ẖamisha shesh shisha shévaʻ shivʻa shemone shemona téshaʻ tishʻa ʻéser ʻasara", "Hebrew Academy ( 2006 ) éfes aẖat eẖad shtáyim shnáyim shalosh shlosha arba arba'a ẖamesh ẖamisha shesh shisha shéva shiv'a shmone shmona tésha tish'a éser asara", "East Semitic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Akkadian 𒁹 ištēn 𒈫 šena 𒐈 šalaš 𒐼 erbe 𒐊 ḥamiš 𒐋 šiššu 𒑂 sebe 𒑄 samāne 𒑆 tiše 𒌋 ešer", "Ethiopic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Amharic ባዶ bado አንድ and ሁለት hulät ሦስት sost አራት arat አምስት amməst ስድስት səddəst ሰባት säbat ስምንት səmmənt ዘጠኝ zäṭäñ አሥር asər", "Ge'ez አሐዱ ʾäḥädu ክልኤቱ kəlʾetu ሠለስቱ śälästu አርባዕቱ ʾärbaʿtu ኀምስቱ ḫämstu ስድስቱ sədstu ሰብዐቱ säbʿätu ሰማንቱ sämantu ተስዐቱ täsʿätu ዐሠርቱ ʿäśärtu", "Harari aḥad ko'ot ši'išti ḥarät ḥammisti səddisti sa'atti su'ut zaḥṭäñ assər", "Tigrinya bado hade kilte seleste arba'ete hamushte shidishte shob'ate shomonte tishi'ate aserte", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Ugaritic 𐎀𐎈𐎄 ʾaḥadu 𐎘𐎐 ( 𐎎 ) ṯinā ( mi ) 𐎘𐎍𐎘 ṯalāṯu 𐎀𐎗𐎁𐎓 ʾarbaʿu 𐎃𐎎𐎌 ḫamišu 𐎘𐎘 ṯiṯṯu 𐎌𐎁𐎓 šabʿu 𐎘𐎎𐎐 ṯamānī 𐎚𐎌𐎓 tišʿu 𐎓𐎌𐎗 ʿašaru", "Notes ^ # The numerals used in English and other languages using Latin alphabets are known as Arabic numerals ( or , more precisely , Western Arabic numerals ) . They came to Europe from India by way of Islamic mathematicians in the Middle Ages , and came to be adopted by civilizations around the world with their use in printed books . The numerals listed for the Arabic language in the table above are Eastern Arabic numerals , which are used in conjunction with the Arabic script in Middle East . In Arabic multidigit numbers are written right - to - left , in increasing powers of ten . Thus , just as in the west , the units are in the rightmost position and greater powers of ten are to the left , as can be seen in the Arabic entry for 10 in the table . For modern Indian numerals , see the table for Indo - European languages below .", "^ # The numerals used in English and other languages using Latin alphabets are known as Arabic numerals ( or , more precisely , Western Arabic numerals ) . They came to Europe from India by way of Islamic mathematicians in the Middle Ages , and came to be adopted by civilizations around the world with their use in printed books . The numerals listed for the Arabic language in the table above are Eastern Arabic numerals , which are used in conjunction with the Arabic script in Middle East . In Arabic multidigit numbers are written right - to - left , in increasing powers of ten . Thus , just as in the west , the units are in the rightmost position and greater powers of ten are to the left , as can be seen in the Arabic entry for 10 in the table . For modern Indian numerals , see the table for Indo - European languages below .", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Aka - Bo lĭdĭgĭ wāsi ēde lūla kumugyĭ gĭlmugeri djūmāsi ungertōsi ūnākēla cārāli Jarawa ( Jarwa ) o : ya na : ya ikkandʼ deyilo maːla kut̩t̩u otti d̩aboː čaːre poːt̩t̩e maːre Ongan - i - uaiya - i - naɡa - i - rejidda", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Aka - Bo lĭdĭgĭ wāsi ēde lūla kumugyĭ gĭlmugeri djūmāsi ungertōsi ūnākēla cārāli", "Jarawa ( Jarwa ) o : ya na : ya ikkandʼ deyilo maːla kut̩t̩u otti d̩aboː čaːre poːt̩t̩e maːre", "Ongan - i - uaiya - i - naɡa - i - rejidda", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Khasi wei ar lai saw san hynriew hynñiew phra khyndai shiphew khat - wei khat - ar khat - lai khat - saw khat - san khat - hynriew khat - hynñiew khat - phra khat - khyndai arphew Khmer ០ សូន្យ soun ១ មួយ muəj ២ ពីរ piː ( pɨl ) ៣ បី ɓəj ៤ បួន ɓuən ៥ ប្រាំ pram ៦ ប្រាំមួយ pram muəj ៧ ប្រាំពីរ pram piː ( pram pɨl ) ៨ ប្រាំបី pram ɓəj ៩ ប្រាំបួន pram ɓuən ១០ ដប់ ɗɑp Mon ၀ ၁ မွဲ ( mòa ) ၂ ၜါ ( ba ) ၃ ပိ ( pɔeˀ ) ၄ ပန် ( pɔn ) ၅ မသုန် ( məsɔn ) ၆ တရဴ ( kərao ) ၇ ထပှ် ( thəpɔh ) ၈ ဒတံ ( həcam ) ၉ ဒစိတ် ( həcit ) ၁၀ စှ် ( cɔh ) Mundari mid मिसा missa ( once ) baria बरसा birsa ( twice ) apia अपिसा apisa ( thrice ) upuɲia उपनुसा upnisa ( four times ) moɲrea मोंड़ेसा mondesa ( five times ) turuia तुरिसा turisa ( six times ) eya ए'सा eh sa ( seven times ) irilia इरलसा erklsa ( eight times ) area अरे - सा are sa ( nine times ) gelea गेलसा gelsa ( ten times ) Nicobarese ; Car heng ' ( héŋ ) ; kahóˑk ( kaˈhoːk ) ne : t ; nɛ́ˑt ( nɛːt ) lu : i ; lúˑy ( luːj ) fe : n ; fɛ́ˑn ( fɛːn ) tanwi ; tanɨ́y ( taˈnɨj ) tafu : l ; tafúˑl ( taˈfuːl ) sat ; sát ( sat ) hewh re ; hɛ́vhər̃ɛ ( ˈhɛwhəɾɛ ) macuht re ; macúhtər̃ɛ ( maˈcuhtəɾɛ ) sam ; síˑn ( siːn ) / sɨ́m kahóˑk síˑn nɛ́ˑt síˑn lúˑy síˑn fɛ́ˑn síˑn tanɨ́y síˑn tafúˑl síˑn sát síˑn hɛ́vhər̃ɛ síˑn macúhtər̃ɛ síˑn nɛ́ˑt ʔanáˑy ( ˈnɛːtʔaˈnaːj ) Palaung u : r u-a : i p'o : n p'an to : r pu : r ta : t'i : m kö : r Semai nanek nar nik empat lima enam tujuh lapan sembilan sepuluh Semelai muy na : r hmpe hmpon mesong pru tempoh kitwit kantim kumay Semoq Beri ( Semaq Bri ) muy hma hmpe ? hmpon mesong pru ? tempoh gênting gêntik mogênor Sino - Vietnamese 零 linh , lênh 一 nhất 二 / 兩 nhị / liǎng , lưỡng 三 tam 四 tứ 五 ngũ 六 lục 七 thất 八 bát 九 cửu 十 thập 十 一 thập nhất 十 二 thập nhị 十 三 thập tam 十 四 thập tứ 十 五 thập ngũ 十 六 thập lục 十 七 thập thất 十 八 thập bát 十 九 thập cửu 廿 nhập Vietnamese không 𠬠 một 𠄩 hai 𠀧 ba 𦊚 bốn 𠄼 năm 𦒹 sáu 𦉱 bảy 𠔭 tám 𠃩 chín 𨒒 mười ( * chuc = tenth ) 𨒒 𠬠 mười một 𨒒 𠄩 mười hai 𨒒 𠀧 mười ba 𨒒 𦊚 mười bốn 𨒒 𠄼 mười lăm 𨒒 𦒹 mười sáu 𨒒 𦉱 mười bảy 𨒒 𠔭 mười tám 𨒒 𠃩 mười chín 𠄩 𨒒 hai mươi Wa tä ra : loi bun puån lich a : lich sìtä ' sha : tim kau / kao", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Khasi wei ar lai saw san hynriew hynñiew phra khyndai shiphew khat - wei khat - ar khat - lai khat - saw khat - san khat - hynriew khat - hynñiew khat - phra khat - khyndai arphew", "Khmer ០ សូន្យ soun ១ មួយ muəj ២ ពីរ piː ( pɨl ) ៣ បី ɓəj ៤ បួន ɓuən ៥ ប្រាំ pram ៦ ប្រាំមួយ pram muəj ៧ ប្រាំពីរ pram piː ( pram pɨl ) ៨ ប្រាំបី pram ɓəj ៩ ប្រាំបួន pram ɓuən ១០ ដប់ ɗɑp", "Mon ၀ ၁ မွဲ ( mòa ) ၂ ၜါ ( ba ) ၃ ပိ ( pɔeˀ ) ၄ ပန် ( pɔn ) ၅ မသုန် ( məsɔn ) ၆ တရဴ ( kərao ) ၇ ထပှ် ( thəpɔh ) ၈ ဒတံ ( həcam ) ၉ ဒစိတ် ( həcit ) ၁၀ စှ် ( cɔh )", "Mundari mid मिसा missa ( once ) baria बरसा birsa ( twice ) apia अपिसा apisa ( thrice ) upuɲia उपनुसा upnisa ( four times ) moɲrea मोंड़ेसा mondesa ( five times ) turuia तुरिसा turisa ( six times ) eya ए'सा eh sa ( seven times ) irilia इरलसा erklsa ( eight times ) area अरे - सा are sa ( nine times ) gelea गेलसा gelsa ( ten times )", "Nicobarese ; Car heng ' ( héŋ ) ; kahóˑk ( kaˈhoːk ) ne : t ; nɛ́ˑt ( nɛːt ) lu : i ; lúˑy ( luːj ) fe : n ; fɛ́ˑn ( fɛːn ) tanwi ; tanɨ́y ( taˈnɨj ) tafu : l ; tafúˑl ( taˈfuːl ) sat ; sát ( sat ) hewh re ; hɛ́vhər̃ɛ ( ˈhɛwhəɾɛ ) macuht re ; macúhtər̃ɛ ( maˈcuhtəɾɛ ) sam ; síˑn ( siːn ) / sɨ́m kahóˑk síˑn nɛ́ˑt síˑn lúˑy síˑn fɛ́ˑn síˑn tanɨ́y síˑn tafúˑl síˑn sát síˑn hɛ́vhər̃ɛ síˑn macúhtər̃ɛ síˑn nɛ́ˑt ʔanáˑy ( ˈnɛːtʔaˈnaːj )", "Palaung u : r u-a : i p'o : n p'an to : r pu : r ta : t'i : m kö : r", "Semai nanek nar nik empat lima enam tujuh lapan sembilan sepuluh", "Semelai muy na : r hmpe hmpon mesong pru tempoh kitwit kantim kumay", "Semoq Beri ( Semaq Bri ) muy hma hmpe ? hmpon mesong pru ? tempoh gênting gêntik mogênor", "Sino - Vietnamese 零 linh , lênh 一 nhất 二 / 兩 nhị / liǎng , lưỡng 三 tam 四 tứ 五 ngũ 六 lục 七 thất 八 bát 九 cửu 十 thập 十 一 thập nhất 十 二 thập nhị 十 三 thập tam 十 四 thập tứ 十 五 thập ngũ 十 六 thập lục 十 七 thập thất 十 八 thập bát 十 九 thập cửu 廿 nhập", "Vietnamese không 𠬠 một 𠄩 hai 𠀧 ba 𦊚 bốn 𠄼 năm 𦒹 sáu 𦉱 bảy 𠔭 tám 𠃩 chín 𨒒 mười ( * chuc = tenth ) 𨒒 𠬠 mười một 𨒒 𠄩 mười hai 𨒒 𠀧 mười ba 𨒒 𦊚 mười bốn 𨒒 𠄼 mười lăm 𨒒 𦒹 mười sáu 𨒒 𦉱 mười bảy 𨒒 𠔭 mười tám 𨒒 𠃩 mười chín 𠄩 𨒒 hai mươi", "Wa tä ra : loi bun puån lich a : lich sìtä ' sha : tim kau / kao", "Notes ^ * Car is the most widely spoken of the Nicobarese languages spoken in the Nicobar Islands of India . Although related distantly to Vietnamese and Khmer , it is typologically much more akin to nearby Austronesian languages such as Nias and Acehnese , with which it forms a linguistic area . ^ * Semai numerals have been heavily influenced by Malay . Only numerals from one to three are native words , the rest are Malay . ^ * Like Japanese and Korean , Vietnamese uses two numbering systems , one based on native vocabulary and one based on a Sino - Xenic numbering system ( Sino - Vietnamese ) . In modern Vietnamese the native readings are more commonly used .", "^ * Car is the most widely spoken of the Nicobarese languages spoken in the Nicobar Islands of India . Although related distantly to Vietnamese and Khmer , it is typologically much more akin to nearby Austronesian languages such as Nias and Acehnese , with which it forms a linguistic area .", "^ * Semai numerals have been heavily influenced by Malay . Only numerals from one to three are native words , the rest are Malay .", "^ * Like Japanese and Korean , Vietnamese uses two numbering systems , one based on native vocabulary and one based on a Sino - Xenic numbering system ( Sino - Vietnamese ) . In modern Vietnamese the native readings are more commonly used .", "0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Proto - Austronesian * əsa * isa * duSa * təlu * Səpat * lima * ənəm * pito * walu * Siwa * ( sa - ) puluq Formosan languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Amis cecay tosa tolo spet lima enem pito falo siwa mo ^ tep Atayal qutux sazing cyugal payat magal mtzyu mpitu mspat mqeru mopuw Paiwan ita drusa tjelu sepatj lima enem pitju alu siva tapuluq Bunun tasʔa dusa tau paat hima nuum pitu vau siva masʔan Puyuma isa zuwa telu pat lima unem pitu walu iwa pulu ' Rukai itha drusa tulru supate lrima eneme pitu valru bangate pulruku Tsou coni yuso tuyu sʉptʉ eimo nomʉ pitu voyu sio maskʉ Saisiyat ' aeihae ' roSa ' to : lo ' Sopat haseb SayboSi : SayboSi : ' aeihae ' maykaSpat hae'hae ' lampez Yami asa dora atlo apat lima anem pito wao siyam poo Thao taha tusha turu shpat tarima katuru pitu kashpat tanathu makthin Kavalan usiq uzusa utulu uspat ulima unem upitu uwalu usiwa rabtin Truku kingal dha tru spat rima mataru empitu maspat mngari maxal Sakizaya cacay tosa tolo sepat lima enem pito walo siwa cacay a bataan Seediq kingal daha teru sepac rima mmteru mpitu mmsepac mngari maxal Malayo - Polynesian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Proto - Malayo - Polynesian * əsa * isa * duha * təlu * əpat * lima * ənəm * pito * walu * hiwa * puluq Nuclear Malayo - Polynesian ( MP ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sunda -- Sulawesi languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Acehnese صيفر sifar سوه soh سا sa دوا duwa لهيي lhee ڤويت peuet ليموڠ limong نم nam توجوە tujoh لاڤن lapan سيكوريوڠ sikureueng سيڤلوه siploh سيبلايه siblaih دوابلايه duablaih لهيي بلايه lheeblaih ڤويت بلايه peuetblaih ليموڠ بلايه limongblaih نم بلايه namblaih توجوە بلايه tujohblaih لاڤن بلايه lapanblaih سيكوريوڠ بلايه sikureuengblaih دوا ڤلوه dua ploh Balinese ᭐ ᬦᬸᬮ᭄ nul ᭑ ᬩᭂᬲᬶᬓ᭄ besik ᬲᬶᬓᬶ siki ᭒ ᬤᬸᬯ dua ᭓ ᬢᭂᬮᬸ telu ᭔ ᬧᬧᬢ᭄ papat ᭕ ᬮᬶᬫᬾ lime ᭖ ᬦᭂᬦᭂᬫ᭄ nenem ᭗ ᬧᬶᬢᬸ pitu ᭘ ᬓᬸᬢᬸᬲ᭄ kutus ᭙ ᬲᬶᬬ sia ᭑᭐ ᬤᬲ dasa ᭑᭑ ᬲᭀᬮᬲ᭄ solas ᭑᭒ ᬭᭀᬭᬲ᭄ roras ᭑᭓ ᬢᭂᬮᬸᬮᬲ᭄ telu - las ᭑᭔ ᬧᬢ᭄ᬩᭂᬮᬲ᭄ pat - belas ᭑᭕ ᬮᬶᬫᭀᬮᬲ᭄ limolas ᭑᭖ ᬦᭂᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬮᬲ᭄ nem - belas ᭑᭗ ᬧᬶᬢᬸᬮᬲ᭄ pitu - las ᭑᭘ ᬧᭂᬍᬓᬸᬢᬸᬲ᭄ pelekutus ᭑᭙ ᬲᬗᬮᬲ᭄ sanga - las ᭒᭐ ᬤ᭄ᬯᬂᬤᬲ dwang dasa ᬓᬮᬶᬄᬤᬲ kalih dasa Banjar اسا asa دوا dua تالو talu امڤت ampat ليم lima انم anam ڤيتو pitu والو walu ساڠ sanga ساڤولوه sapuluh ساوالس sawalas Batak , Toba sada dua tolu opat lima onom pitu ualu sia sampulu sampulu sada sampulu dua sampulu tolu sampulu opat sampulu lima sampulu onom sampulu pitu sampulu ualu sampulu sia duapulu Buginese ᨔᨙᨉᨗ ceddi ᨉᨘᨓ dua ᨈᨛᨒᨘ tellu ᨕᨛᨄ empa ᨒᨗᨆ lima ᨕᨛᨊᨛ enneng ᨄᨗᨈᨘ pitu ᨕᨑᨘᨓ arua ᨕᨙᨔᨑ asera ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚ seppulo ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨔᨙᨉᨗ seppuloceddi ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨉᨘᨓ seppulodua ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨈᨛᨒᨘ seppulotellu ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨕᨛᨄ seppuloempa ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨒᨗᨆ seppulolima ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨕᨛᨊᨛ seppuloenneng ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨄᨗᨈᨘ seppulopitu ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨕᨑᨘᨓ seppuloarua ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨕᨙᨔᨑ seppuloasera ᨉᨘᨓᨄᨘᨒᨚ duapulo Cia - Cia 디세 dise ise 루아 rua ghua 똘루 tolu 빠아 pa'a 을 리마 lima 노오 no'o 삐쭈 picu 활루 walu oalu 시우 아 siua 옴 뿔루 ompulu Cham sa dua klau pak lima nam tujuh dalapan salapan sapluh Indonesian kosong nol satu suatu dua tiga empat lima enam tujuh delapan sembilan sepuluh sebelas dua belas tiga belas empat belas lima belas enam belas tujuh belas delapan belas sembilan belas dua puluh Javanese ꧐ ꧑ ꧒ ꧓ ꧔ ꧕ ꧖ ꧗ ꧘ ꧙ ꧑꧐ ꧑꧑ ꧑꧒ ꧑꧓ ꧑꧔ ꧑꧕ ꧑꧖ ꧑꧗ ꧑꧘ ꧑꧙ ꧒꧐ Javanese ( Kawi ) sunya eka dwi tri catur panca sad sapta asta nawa dasa ekadasa dwidasa tridasa caturdasa pancadasa sadasa saptadasa astadasa nawadasa wingsati Javanese ( Kuna ) das sa rwa tĕlu pāt lima nĕm pitu walu sanga sapuluh sawĕlas rwawĕlas tĕluwĕlas pātwĕlas limawĕlas nĕmwĕlas pituwĕlas waluwĕlas sangawĕlas rwangpuluh Javanese ( Krama ) ꦤꦺꦴꦭ꧀ nol ꦱꦼꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ setunggal ꦏꦭꦶꦃ kalih ꦠꦶꦒ tiga ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀ sekawan ꦒꦁꦱꦭ꧀ gangsal ꦲꦼꦤꦼꦩ꧀ enem ꦥꦶꦠꦸ pitu ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸ wolu ꦱꦔ sanga ꦱꦼꦢꦱ sedasa ꦱꦼꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ setunggal welas ꦏꦭꦶꦃꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ kalih welas ꦠꦶꦒꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ tiga welas ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ sekawan welas ꦒꦁꦱꦭ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ gangsal welas ꦲꦼꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ enem welas ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ pitu welas ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ wolu welas ꦱꦔꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ sanga welas ꦏꦭꦶꦃꦢꦱ kalih dasa Javanese ( Ngoko ) ꦤꦺꦴꦭ꧀ nol ꦱꦶꦗꦶ siji ꦭꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴ loro ꦠꦼꦭꦸ telu ꦥꦥꦠ꧀ papat ꦭꦶꦩ lima ꦲꦼꦤꦼꦩ꧀ enem ꦥꦶꦠꦸ pitu ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸ wolu ꦱꦔ sanga ꦱꦼꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ sepuluh ꦱꦼꦮꦼꦭꦱ sewelas ꦫꦺꦴꦭꦱ꧀ rolas ꦠꦼꦭꦸꦭꦱ꧀ telulas ꦥꦠ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦱ꧀ patbelas ꦭꦶꦩꦭꦱ꧀ limalas ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦱ꧀ nembelas ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦭꦱ꧀ pitulas ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦭꦱ꧀ wolulas ꦱꦔꦭꦱ꧀ sangalas ꦫꦺꦴꦁꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ rong puluh Kelantan - Pattani kosong so duwo tigo pak limo ne tujoh lape smile spuloh sbelah duwo belah tigo belah pak belah limo belah ne belah tujoh belah lape belah smile belah duwo puloh Madurese nol settong dhuwa ' tello ' empa ' lema ' ennem petto ' ballu ' sanga ' sapolo sabellas dhubellas tello bellas pa ' bellas lema bellas nem bellas pettong bellas ballung bellas sangang bellas dhupolo Makassarese ᨒᨚᨅ lobbang ᨊᨚᨒᨚ nolo ' ᨔᨙᨑ se 're ᨑᨘᨕ rua ᨈᨒᨘ tallu ᨕᨄ appa ' ᨒᨗᨆ lima ᨕᨊ annang ᨈᨘᨍ tuju ᨔᨂᨈᨘᨍ sangantuju ᨔᨒᨄ salapang ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚ sampulo sampulos se 're sampulong rua sampulong tallu sampulong ngappa ' sampulong lima sampulong ngannang sampulong tuju sampulong sangantuju sampulong salapang ruampulo Malay کوسوڠ kosong صيفر sifar ساتو سواتو satu suatu دوا dua تيݢ tiga امڤت empat ليم lima انم enam توجوە tujuh لاڤن lapan سمبيلن sembilan سڤولوه sepuluh سبلس sebelas دوا بلس dua belas تيݢ بلس tiga belas امڤت بلس empat belas ليم بلس lima belas انم بلس enam belas توجوە بلس tujuh belas لاڤن بلس lapan belas سمبيلن بلس sembilan belas دوا ڤولوه dua puluh Minangkabau چيك ciek دوا duo تيڬو tigo امڤيق ampek ليمو limo انم anam توجوە tujuah سالڤن salapan سمبيلن sambilan ساڤولواه sapuluah سابليه sabaleh دوا بليه duo baleh تيڬو بليه tigo baleh امڤيق بليه ampek baleh ليمو بليه limo baleh انم بليه anam baleh توجوە بليه tujuah baleh سالڤن بليه salapan baleh سمبيلن بليه sambilan baleh دوا ڤولوه duo puluah Moken c a : t uwa : teloj ( təlɔy ) pa : t lema : nam luɟuːk waloj ( walɔy ) chewaj ( chɛwaːy / sɛwaːy ) c poh pɔh cɛːʔ pɔh thuwaːʔ pɔh təlɔy pɔh paːt pɔh lɛmaːʔ pɔh nam pɔh luɟuːk pɔh walɔy pɔh chɛwaːy thuwaːʔ pɔh Sasak sekek due telo empat lime enam pituk baluk siwak sepulu solas dua olas telo olas empat olas lime olas enam olas pituk olas baluk olas siwak olas due pulu Sundanese ᮰ ᮔᮧᮜ᮪ nol ᮱ ᮠᮤᮏᮤ hiji ᮲ ᮓᮥᮃ dua ᮳ ᮒᮤᮜᮥ tilu ᮴ ᮇᮕᮒ᮪ opat ᮵ ᮜᮤᮙ lima ᮶ ᮌᮨᮔᮨᮕ᮪ genep ᮷ ᮒᮥᮏᮥᮂ tujuh ᮸ ᮓᮜᮕᮔ᮪ dalapan ᮹ ᮞᮜᮕᮔ᮪ salapan ᮱᮰ ᮞᮕᮥᮜᮥᮂ sapuluh ᮱᮱ ᮞᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ sabelas ᮞᮝᮦᮜᮞ᮪ sawelas ᮱᮲ ᮓᮥᮃ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ dua belas ᮱᮳ ᮒᮤᮜᮥ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ tilu belas ᮱᮴ ᮇᮕᮒ᮪ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ opat belas ᮱᮵ ᮜᮤᮙ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ lima belas ᮱᮶ ᮌᮨᮔᮨᮕ᮪ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ genep belas ᮱᮷ ᮒᮥᮏᮥᮂ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ tujuh belas ᮱᮸ ᮓᮜᮕᮔ᮪ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ dalapan belas ᮱᮹ ᮞᮜᮕᮔ᮪ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ salapan belas ᮲᮰ ᮓᮥᮃ ᮕᮥᮜᮥᮂ dua puluh Terengganu Malay kosong se duwe tige pak lime nang tujoh lapang smilang spuloh sbelah duwe belah tige belah pak belah lime belah nang belah tujoh belah lapang belah smilang belah duwe puloh Tetun zero nol ida rua tolu hat lima nen hitu ualu sia sanulu sanulu - resin - ida sanulu - resin - rua sanulu - resin - tolu sanulu - resin - hat sanulu - resin - lima sanulu - resin - nen sanulu - resin - hitu sanulu - resin - ualu sanulu - resin - sia ruanulu Tsat ( HuiHui ) sa33 , ta11 thua11 kiə33 pa24 ma33 naːn32 su55 paːn32 thu1 paːn32 piu55 piu55 sa33 piu55 thua11 piu55 kiə33 piu55 pa24 piu55 ma33 piu55 naːn32 piu55 su55 piu55 paːn32 piu55 thu1 paːn32 thua11 piu55 There are two forms for numbers ' one ' in Tsat ( Hui Hui ; Hainan Cham ) : ^ * The word sa33 is used for serial counting . ^ * * The word ta11 is used with hundreds and thousands and before qualifiers . Borneo -- Philippine languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Benuaq ( Dayak Benuaq ) eray duaq toluu opaat limaq jawatn turu walo sie sepuluh Cebuano wala sero usa duha tulo upat lima unom pito walo siyam napulo pulo napulog usa napulog duha napulog tulo napulog upat napulog lima napulog unom napulog pito napulog walo napulog siyam kawhaan Dusun aiso iso duo tolu apat limo onom turu walu siam hopod hopod om iso hopod om duo hopod om tolu hopod om apat hopod om limo hopod om onom hopod om turu hopod om walu hopod om siam duo no hopod Hiligaynon wala sero isa duha tatlo apat lima anum pitó walo siam napulo napulo'gsisa napulo'gsduha napulo'gstatlo napulo'gsapat napulo'gslima napulo'gsanum napulo'gspitó napulo'gswalo napulo'gssiam duhaska pulo Ilokano ibbong awan sero maysa dua tallo uppat lima innem pito walo siam sangapulo sangapulo ket maysa sangapulo ket dua sangapulo ket tallo sangapulo ket uppat sangapulo ket lima sangapulo ket innem sangapulo ket pito sangapulo ket walo sangapulo ket siam duapulo Kapampangan metung isa adua atlu apat lima anam pitu walu siyam apulu labing metung labing adua labing atlu labing apat labing lima labing anam labing pitu labing walu labing siyam adwang pulu Karay - a wara ( i ) sara darwa tatlo apat lima anəm pito walo siyam napulo Malagasy aotra isa iray roa telo efatra dimy enina fito valo sivy folo iray ambinifolo roa ambinifolo telo ambinifolo efatra ambinifolo dimy ambinifolo enina ambinifolo fito ambinifolo valo ambinifolo sivy ambinifolo roapolo Maranao isa dowa t'lo phat taw walay aso lalan gawi'e bago tano tonaa apoy Pangasinan sakey dua , duara talo , talora apat , apatira too abong aso dalan ageo balo sikatayo anto pool Sangirese ( Sangir - Minahasan ) sembau darua tatelu epa lima eneng pitu walu sio mapulo Tagalog wala sero isá dalawá tatló apat limá anim pitó waló siyám sampû labingisá labindalawá labintatló labingapat labinlimá labinganim labimpitó labingwaló labinsiyám dalawampû Tausug isa duwa tū upat lima unum pitu walu siyam hangpu ' Tombulu ( Minahasan ) language esa zua rua telu epat lima enem pitu walu siou mapulu ' mapulu ' wo esa mapulu ' wo zua mapulu ' wo rua mapulu ' wo telu mapulu ' wo epat mapulu ' wo lima mapulu ' wo enem mapulu ' wo pitu mapulu ' wo walu mapulu ' wo siou zua na pulu ' rua na pulu ' Waray waray sero usá duhá tuló upat limá unóm pitó waló siyám napúlò napúlòkag - isá napúlòkag - duhá napúlòkag - tuló napúlòkag - upat napúlòkag - limá napúlòkag - unóm napúlòkag - pitó napúlòkag - waló napúlòkag - siyám kaduhaán Oceanic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Fijian saiva dua rua tolu vaa lima ono vitu walu ciwa tini tinikadua tinikarua tinikatolu tinikavaa tinikalima tinikaono tinikavitu tinikavalu tinikaciwa ruasagavulu Hawaiian ' ole ' e-kahi ' e-lua ' e-kolu ' e-hā ' e-lima ' e-ono ' e-hiku ' e-walu ' e-iwa ' umi ' umikūmākahi ' umikūmālua ' umikūmākolu ' umikūmāhā ' umikūmālima ' umikūmāono ' umikūmāhiku ' umikūmāwalu ' umikūmāiwa iwakālua Kiribati akea teuana uoua tenua aua nimaua onoua itua wanua ruaiwa tebwina tebwi ma teuana tebwi ma uoua tebwi ma tenua tebwi ma aua tebwi ma nimaua tebwi ma onoua tebwi ma itua tebwi ma wanua tebwi ma teuana uabwi Māori tahi rua toru whā rima ono whitu waru iwa tekau ngahuru tekau mā tahi ngahuru mā tahi tekau mā rua ngahuru mā rua tekau mā toru ngahuru mā toru tekau mā whā ngahuru mā whā tekau mā rima ngahuru mā rima tekau mā ono ngahuru mā ono tekau mā whitu ngahuru mā whitu tekau mā waru ngahuru mā waru tekau mā iwa ngahuru mā iwa rua tekau Marshallese o̧o juon ruo jilu emān ļalem jiljino jimjuon ralitōk ratimjuon jon̄oul jon̄oul juon jon̄oul ruo jon̄oul jilu jon̄oul emān jon̄oul ļalem jon̄oul jiljino jon̄oul jimjuon jon̄oul ralitōk jon̄oul ratimjuon ron̄oul Motu ta rua toi hani ima tauratoi hitu taurahani taurahani - ta gwauta gwauta ta gwauta rua gwauta toi gwauta hani gwauta ima gwauta tauratoi gwauta hitu gwauta taurahani gwauta taurahani - ta ruahui Niuean nakai taha ua tolu fa lima ono fitu valu hiva hogofulu hogofulu ma taha hogofulu ma ua hogofulu ma tolu hogofulu ma fa hogofulu ma lima hogofulu ma ono hogofulu ma fitu hogofulu ma valu hogofulu ma hiva uafulu Rapanui tahi rua toru hā rima ono hitu va'u iva angahuru hō'ē ' ahuru ma hō'e hō'ē ' ahuru ma piti hō'ē ' ahuru ma toru hō'ē ' ahuru ma maha hō'ē ' ahuru ma pae hō'ē ' ahuru ma ōno hō'ē ' ahuru ma hitu hō'ē ' ahuru ma va'u hō'ē ' ahuru ma iva piti ' ahuru Rarotongan Māori kare ta'i rua toru ' ā rima ono ' itu varu iva nga'uru nga'uru - ma - ta'i nga'uru - ma - rua nga'uru - ma - toru nga'uru - ma - ' ā nga'uru - ma - rima nga'uru - ma - ono nga'uru - ma - ' itu nga'uru - ma - varu nga'uru - ma - iva rua nga'uru Rotuman ta rua folu hake lima ono hifu vạlu siva saghulu Sāmoan o tasi lua tolu fa lima ono fitu valu iva sefulu sefulu tasi sefulu lua sefulu tolu sefulu fa sefulu lima sefulu ono sefulu fitu sefulu valu sefulu iva lua sefulu Sāmoan ( K - type ) o kasi lua kolu fa lima ogo fiku valu iva sefulu sefulu kasi sefulu lua sefulu kolu sefulu fa sefulu lima sefulu ogo sefulu fiku sefulu valu sefulu iva lua sefulu Tahitian hō'ē tahi piti toru maha pae ōno hitu va'u iva hō'ē ' ahuru hō'ē ' ahuru ma hō'e hō'ē ' ahuru ma piti hō'ē ' ahuru ma toru hō'ē ' ahuru ma maha hō'ē ' ahuru ma pae hō'ē ' ahuru ma ōno hō'ē ' ahuru ma hitu hō'ē ' ahuru ma va'u hō'ē ' ahuru ma iva piti ' ahuru Tongan noa taha ua tolu fa nima ono fitu valu hiva hongofulu taha noa taha taha taha ua taha tolu taha fa taha nima taha ono taha fitu taha valu taha hiva ua noa Trukese eet érúúw één fáán niim woon fúús waan ttiw engoon Tuvaluan tahi tasi lua tolu fa lima ono fitu valu iva sefulu sefulu tasi sefulu lua sefulu tolu sefulu fa sefulu lima sefulu ono sefulu fitu sefulu valu sefulu iva lua sefulu Trans -- New Guinea languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Fataluku ukane ece utue ufate lime neme fitu kafa siva tane ta'ane tane ita ukane tane ita ece tane ita utue tane ita ufate tane ita lime tane ita neme tane ita fitu tane ita kafa tane ita siva tane ece ta'ane ece West Papuan languages ( Halmahera ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ternate rimói romdidi raange ( raːaŋe ) raha romtoha rara tomdí tufkange ( tufkaŋe ) sio nyagimói ( ŋaɡimoi ) ɲaɡimoi si rimói ɲaɡimoi si romdidi ɲaɡimoi si raːaŋe ɲaɡimoi si raha ɲaɡimoi si romotoha ɲaɡimoi si rara ɲaɡimoi si tomdí ɲaɡimoi si tufkaŋe ɲaɡimoi si sio ɲaɡiromdidi Tidore rimoi malofo raŋe raha romtoa rora tomdiː tofkaŋe sio ɲaɡimoi ɲaɡimoi se rimoi ɲaɡimoi se malofo ɲaɡimoi se raŋe ɲaɡimoi se raha ɲaɡimoi se romtoa ɲaɡimoi se rora ɲaɡimoi se tomdiː ɲaɡimoi se tofkaŋe ɲaɡimoi se sio ɲaɡimalofo", "0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Proto - Austronesian * əsa * isa * duSa * təlu * Səpat * lima * ənəm * pito * walu * Siwa * ( sa - ) puluq", "Formosan languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Amis cecay tosa tolo spet lima enem pito falo siwa mo ^ tep", "Atayal qutux sazing cyugal payat magal mtzyu mpitu mspat mqeru mopuw", "Paiwan ita drusa tjelu sepatj lima enem pitju alu siva tapuluq", "Bunun tasʔa dusa tau paat hima nuum pitu vau siva masʔan", "Puyuma isa zuwa telu pat lima unem pitu walu iwa pulu '", "Rukai itha drusa tulru supate lrima eneme pitu valru bangate pulruku", "Tsou coni yuso tuyu sʉptʉ eimo nomʉ pitu voyu sio maskʉ", "Saisiyat ' aeihae ' roSa ' to : lo ' Sopat haseb SayboSi : SayboSi : ' aeihae ' maykaSpat hae'hae ' lampez", "Yami asa dora atlo apat lima anem pito wao siyam poo", "Thao taha tusha turu shpat tarima katuru pitu kashpat tanathu makthin", "Kavalan usiq uzusa utulu uspat ulima unem upitu uwalu usiwa rabtin", "Truku kingal dha tru spat rima mataru empitu maspat mngari maxal", "Sakizaya cacay tosa tolo sepat lima enem pito walo siwa cacay a bataan", "Seediq kingal daha teru sepac rima mmteru mpitu mmsepac mngari maxal", "Malayo - Polynesian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Proto - Malayo - Polynesian * əsa * isa * duha * təlu * əpat * lima * ənəm * pito * walu * hiwa * puluq", "Nuclear Malayo - Polynesian ( MP ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Sunda -- Sulawesi languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Acehnese صيفر sifar سوه soh سا sa دوا duwa لهيي lhee ڤويت peuet ليموڠ limong نم nam توجوە tujoh لاڤن lapan سيكوريوڠ sikureueng سيڤلوه siploh سيبلايه siblaih دوابلايه duablaih لهيي بلايه lheeblaih ڤويت بلايه peuetblaih ليموڠ بلايه limongblaih نم بلايه namblaih توجوە بلايه tujohblaih لاڤن بلايه lapanblaih سيكوريوڠ بلايه sikureuengblaih دوا ڤلوه dua ploh", "Balinese ᭐ ᬦᬸᬮ᭄ nul ᭑ ᬩᭂᬲᬶᬓ᭄ besik ᬲᬶᬓᬶ siki ᭒ ᬤᬸᬯ dua ᭓ ᬢᭂᬮᬸ telu ᭔ ᬧᬧᬢ᭄ papat ᭕ ᬮᬶᬫᬾ lime ᭖ ᬦᭂᬦᭂᬫ᭄ nenem ᭗ ᬧᬶᬢᬸ pitu ᭘ ᬓᬸᬢᬸᬲ᭄ kutus ᭙ ᬲᬶᬬ sia ᭑᭐ ᬤᬲ dasa ᭑᭑ ᬲᭀᬮᬲ᭄ solas ᭑᭒ ᬭᭀᬭᬲ᭄ roras ᭑᭓ ᬢᭂᬮᬸᬮᬲ᭄ telu - las ᭑᭔ ᬧᬢ᭄ᬩᭂᬮᬲ᭄ pat - belas ᭑᭕ ᬮᬶᬫᭀᬮᬲ᭄ limolas ᭑᭖ ᬦᭂᬫ᭄ᬩᭂᬮᬲ᭄ nem - belas ᭑᭗ ᬧᬶᬢᬸᬮᬲ᭄ pitu - las ᭑᭘ ᬧᭂᬍᬓᬸᬢᬸᬲ᭄ pelekutus ᭑᭙ ᬲᬗᬮᬲ᭄ sanga - las ᭒᭐ ᬤ᭄ᬯᬂᬤᬲ dwang dasa ᬓᬮᬶᬄᬤᬲ kalih dasa", "Banjar اسا asa دوا dua تالو talu امڤت ampat ليم lima انم anam ڤيتو pitu والو walu ساڠ sanga ساڤولوه sapuluh ساوالس sawalas", "Batak , Toba sada dua tolu opat lima onom pitu ualu sia sampulu sampulu sada sampulu dua sampulu tolu sampulu opat sampulu lima sampulu onom sampulu pitu sampulu ualu sampulu sia duapulu", "Buginese ᨔᨙᨉᨗ ceddi ᨉᨘᨓ dua ᨈᨛᨒᨘ tellu ᨕᨛᨄ empa ᨒᨗᨆ lima ᨕᨛᨊᨛ enneng ᨄᨗᨈᨘ pitu ᨕᨑᨘᨓ arua ᨕᨙᨔᨑ asera ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚ seppulo ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨔᨙᨉᨗ seppuloceddi ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨉᨘᨓ seppulodua ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨈᨛᨒᨘ seppulotellu ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨕᨛᨄ seppuloempa ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨒᨗᨆ seppulolima ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨕᨛᨊᨛ seppuloenneng ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨄᨗᨈᨘ seppulopitu ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨕᨑᨘᨓ seppuloarua ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚᨕᨙᨔᨑ seppuloasera ᨉᨘᨓᨄᨘᨒᨚ duapulo", "Cia - Cia 디세 dise ise 루아 rua ghua 똘루 tolu 빠아 pa'a 을 리마 lima 노오 no'o 삐쭈 picu 활루 walu oalu 시우 아 siua 옴 뿔루 ompulu", "Cham sa dua klau pak lima nam tujuh dalapan salapan sapluh", "Indonesian kosong nol satu suatu dua tiga empat lima enam tujuh delapan sembilan sepuluh sebelas dua belas tiga belas empat belas lima belas enam belas tujuh belas delapan belas sembilan belas dua puluh", "Javanese ꧐ ꧑ ꧒ ꧓ ꧔ ꧕ ꧖ ꧗ ꧘ ꧙ ꧑꧐ ꧑꧑ ꧑꧒ ꧑꧓ ꧑꧔ ꧑꧕ ꧑꧖ ꧑꧗ ꧑꧘ ꧑꧙ ꧒꧐", "Javanese ( Kawi ) sunya eka dwi tri catur panca sad sapta asta nawa dasa ekadasa dwidasa tridasa caturdasa pancadasa sadasa saptadasa astadasa nawadasa wingsati", "Javanese ( Kuna ) das sa rwa tĕlu pāt lima nĕm pitu walu sanga sapuluh sawĕlas rwawĕlas tĕluwĕlas pātwĕlas limawĕlas nĕmwĕlas pituwĕlas waluwĕlas sangawĕlas rwangpuluh", "Javanese ( Krama ) ꦤꦺꦴꦭ꧀ nol ꦱꦼꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ setunggal ꦏꦭꦶꦃ kalih ꦠꦶꦒ tiga ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀ sekawan ꦒꦁꦱꦭ꧀ gangsal ꦲꦼꦤꦼꦩ꧀ enem ꦥꦶꦠꦸ pitu ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸ wolu ꦱꦔ sanga ꦱꦼꦢꦱ sedasa ꦱꦼꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ setunggal welas ꦏꦭꦶꦃꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ kalih welas ꦠꦶꦒꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ tiga welas ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ sekawan welas ꦒꦁꦱꦭ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ gangsal welas ꦲꦼꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ enem welas ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ pitu welas ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ wolu welas ꦱꦔꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ sanga welas ꦏꦭꦶꦃꦢꦱ kalih dasa", "Javanese ( Ngoko ) ꦤꦺꦴꦭ꧀ nol ꦱꦶꦗꦶ siji ꦭꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴ loro ꦠꦼꦭꦸ telu ꦥꦥꦠ꧀ papat ꦭꦶꦩ lima ꦲꦼꦤꦼꦩ꧀ enem ꦥꦶꦠꦸ pitu ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸ wolu ꦱꦔ sanga ꦱꦼꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ sepuluh ꦱꦼꦮꦼꦭꦱ sewelas ꦫꦺꦴꦭꦱ꧀ rolas ꦠꦼꦭꦸꦭꦱ꧀ telulas ꦥꦠ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦱ꧀ patbelas ꦭꦶꦩꦭꦱ꧀ limalas ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦱ꧀ nembelas ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦭꦱ꧀ pitulas ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦭꦱ꧀ wolulas ꦱꦔꦭꦱ꧀ sangalas ꦫꦺꦴꦁꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ rong puluh", "Kelantan - Pattani kosong so duwo tigo pak limo ne tujoh lape smile spuloh sbelah duwo belah tigo belah pak belah limo belah ne belah tujoh belah lape belah smile belah duwo puloh", "Madurese nol settong dhuwa ' tello ' empa ' lema ' ennem petto ' ballu ' sanga ' sapolo sabellas dhubellas tello bellas pa ' bellas lema bellas nem bellas pettong bellas ballung bellas sangang bellas dhupolo", "Makassarese ᨒᨚᨅ lobbang ᨊᨚᨒᨚ nolo ' ᨔᨙᨑ se 're ᨑᨘᨕ rua ᨈᨒᨘ tallu ᨕᨄ appa ' ᨒᨗᨆ lima ᨕᨊ annang ᨈᨘᨍ tuju ᨔᨂᨈᨘᨍ sangantuju ᨔᨒᨄ salapang ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚ sampulo sampulos se 're sampulong rua sampulong tallu sampulong ngappa ' sampulong lima sampulong ngannang sampulong tuju sampulong sangantuju sampulong salapang ruampulo", "Malay کوسوڠ kosong صيفر sifar ساتو سواتو satu suatu دوا dua تيݢ tiga امڤت empat ليم lima انم enam توجوە tujuh لاڤن lapan سمبيلن sembilan سڤولوه sepuluh سبلس sebelas دوا بلس dua belas تيݢ بلس tiga belas امڤت بلس empat belas ليم بلس lima belas انم بلس enam belas توجوە بلس tujuh belas لاڤن بلس lapan belas سمبيلن بلس sembilan belas دوا ڤولوه dua puluh", "Minangkabau چيك ciek دوا duo تيڬو tigo امڤيق ampek ليمو limo انم anam توجوە tujuah سالڤن salapan سمبيلن sambilan ساڤولواه sapuluah سابليه sabaleh دوا بليه duo baleh تيڬو بليه tigo baleh امڤيق بليه ampek baleh ليمو بليه limo baleh انم بليه anam baleh توجوە بليه tujuah baleh سالڤن بليه salapan baleh سمبيلن بليه sambilan baleh دوا ڤولوه duo puluah", "Moken c a : t uwa : teloj ( təlɔy ) pa : t lema : nam luɟuːk waloj ( walɔy ) chewaj ( chɛwaːy / sɛwaːy ) c poh pɔh cɛːʔ pɔh thuwaːʔ pɔh təlɔy pɔh paːt pɔh lɛmaːʔ pɔh nam pɔh luɟuːk pɔh walɔy pɔh chɛwaːy thuwaːʔ pɔh", "Sasak sekek due telo empat lime enam pituk baluk siwak sepulu solas dua olas telo olas empat olas lime olas enam olas pituk olas baluk olas siwak olas due pulu", "Sundanese ᮰ ᮔᮧᮜ᮪ nol ᮱ ᮠᮤᮏᮤ hiji ᮲ ᮓᮥᮃ dua ᮳ ᮒᮤᮜᮥ tilu ᮴ ᮇᮕᮒ᮪ opat ᮵ ᮜᮤᮙ lima ᮶ ᮌᮨᮔᮨᮕ᮪ genep ᮷ ᮒᮥᮏᮥᮂ tujuh ᮸ ᮓᮜᮕᮔ᮪ dalapan ᮹ ᮞᮜᮕᮔ᮪ salapan ᮱᮰ ᮞᮕᮥᮜᮥᮂ sapuluh ᮱᮱ ᮞᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ sabelas ᮞᮝᮦᮜᮞ᮪ sawelas ᮱᮲ ᮓᮥᮃ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ dua belas ᮱᮳ ᮒᮤᮜᮥ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ tilu belas ᮱᮴ ᮇᮕᮒ᮪ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ opat belas ᮱᮵ ᮜᮤᮙ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ lima belas ᮱᮶ ᮌᮨᮔᮨᮕ᮪ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ genep belas ᮱᮷ ᮒᮥᮏᮥᮂ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ tujuh belas ᮱᮸ ᮓᮜᮕᮔ᮪ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ dalapan belas ᮱᮹ ᮞᮜᮕᮔ᮪ ᮘᮦᮜᮞ᮪ salapan belas ᮲᮰ ᮓᮥᮃ ᮕᮥᮜᮥᮂ dua puluh", "Terengganu Malay kosong se duwe tige pak lime nang tujoh lapang smilang spuloh sbelah duwe belah tige belah pak belah lime belah nang belah tujoh belah lapang belah smilang belah duwe puloh", "Tetun zero nol ida rua tolu hat lima nen hitu ualu sia sanulu sanulu - resin - ida sanulu - resin - rua sanulu - resin - tolu sanulu - resin - hat sanulu - resin - lima sanulu - resin - nen sanulu - resin - hitu sanulu - resin - ualu sanulu - resin - sia ruanulu", "Tsat ( HuiHui ) sa33 , ta11 thua11 kiə33 pa24 ma33 naːn32 su55 paːn32 thu1 paːn32 piu55 piu55 sa33 piu55 thua11 piu55 kiə33 piu55 pa24 piu55 ma33 piu55 naːn32 piu55 su55 piu55 paːn32 piu55 thu1 paːn32 thua11 piu55", "There are two forms for numbers ' one ' in Tsat ( Hui Hui ; Hainan Cham ) : ^ * The word sa33 is used for serial counting . ^ * * The word ta11 is used with hundreds and thousands and before qualifiers .", "There are two forms for numbers ' one ' in Tsat ( Hui Hui ; Hainan Cham ) : ^ * The word sa33 is used for serial counting . ^ * * The word ta11 is used with hundreds and thousands and before qualifiers .", "There are two forms for numbers ' one ' in Tsat ( Hui Hui ; Hainan Cham ) :", "^ * The word sa33 is used for serial counting .", "^ * * The word ta11 is used with hundreds and thousands and before qualifiers .", "Borneo -- Philippine languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Benuaq ( Dayak Benuaq ) eray duaq toluu opaat limaq jawatn turu walo sie sepuluh", "Cebuano wala sero usa duha tulo upat lima unom pito walo siyam napulo pulo napulog usa napulog duha napulog tulo napulog upat napulog lima napulog unom napulog pito napulog walo napulog siyam kawhaan", "Dusun aiso iso duo tolu apat limo onom turu walu siam hopod hopod om iso hopod om duo hopod om tolu hopod om apat hopod om limo hopod om onom hopod om turu hopod om walu hopod om siam duo no hopod", "Hiligaynon wala sero isa duha tatlo apat lima anum pitó walo siam napulo napulo'gsisa napulo'gsduha napulo'gstatlo napulo'gsapat napulo'gslima napulo'gsanum napulo'gspitó napulo'gswalo napulo'gssiam duhaska pulo", "Ilokano ibbong awan sero maysa dua tallo uppat lima innem pito walo siam sangapulo sangapulo ket maysa sangapulo ket dua sangapulo ket tallo sangapulo ket uppat sangapulo ket lima sangapulo ket innem sangapulo ket pito sangapulo ket walo sangapulo ket siam duapulo", "Kapampangan metung isa adua atlu apat lima anam pitu walu siyam apulu labing metung labing adua labing atlu labing apat labing lima labing anam labing pitu labing walu labing siyam adwang pulu", "Karay - a wara ( i ) sara darwa tatlo apat lima anəm pito walo siyam napulo", "Malagasy aotra isa iray roa telo efatra dimy enina fito valo sivy folo iray ambinifolo roa ambinifolo telo ambinifolo efatra ambinifolo dimy ambinifolo enina ambinifolo fito ambinifolo valo ambinifolo sivy ambinifolo roapolo", "Maranao isa dowa t'lo phat taw walay aso lalan gawi'e bago tano tonaa apoy", "Pangasinan sakey dua , duara talo , talora apat , apatira too abong aso dalan ageo balo sikatayo anto pool", "Sangirese ( Sangir - Minahasan ) sembau darua tatelu epa lima eneng pitu walu sio mapulo", "Tagalog wala sero isá dalawá tatló apat limá anim pitó waló siyám sampû labingisá labindalawá labintatló labingapat labinlimá labinganim labimpitó labingwaló labinsiyám dalawampû", "Tausug isa duwa tū upat lima unum pitu walu siyam hangpu '", "Tombulu ( Minahasan ) language esa zua rua telu epat lima enem pitu walu siou mapulu ' mapulu ' wo esa mapulu ' wo zua mapulu ' wo rua mapulu ' wo telu mapulu ' wo epat mapulu ' wo lima mapulu ' wo enem mapulu ' wo pitu mapulu ' wo walu mapulu ' wo siou zua na pulu ' rua na pulu '", "Waray waray sero usá duhá tuló upat limá unóm pitó waló siyám napúlò napúlòkag - isá napúlòkag - duhá napúlòkag - tuló napúlòkag - upat napúlòkag - limá napúlòkag - unóm napúlòkag - pitó napúlòkag - waló napúlòkag - siyám kaduhaán", "Oceanic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Fijian saiva dua rua tolu vaa lima ono vitu walu ciwa tini tinikadua tinikarua tinikatolu tinikavaa tinikalima tinikaono tinikavitu tinikavalu tinikaciwa ruasagavulu", "Hawaiian ' ole ' e-kahi ' e-lua ' e-kolu ' e-hā ' e-lima ' e-ono ' e-hiku ' e-walu ' e-iwa ' umi ' umikūmākahi ' umikūmālua ' umikūmākolu ' umikūmāhā ' umikūmālima ' umikūmāono ' umikūmāhiku ' umikūmāwalu ' umikūmāiwa iwakālua", "Kiribati akea teuana uoua tenua aua nimaua onoua itua wanua ruaiwa tebwina tebwi ma teuana tebwi ma uoua tebwi ma tenua tebwi ma aua tebwi ma nimaua tebwi ma onoua tebwi ma itua tebwi ma wanua tebwi ma teuana uabwi", "Māori tahi rua toru whā rima ono whitu waru iwa tekau ngahuru tekau mā tahi ngahuru mā tahi tekau mā rua ngahuru mā rua tekau mā toru ngahuru mā toru tekau mā whā ngahuru mā whā tekau mā rima ngahuru mā rima tekau mā ono ngahuru mā ono tekau mā whitu ngahuru mā whitu tekau mā waru ngahuru mā waru tekau mā iwa ngahuru mā iwa rua tekau", "Marshallese o̧o juon ruo jilu emān ļalem jiljino jimjuon ralitōk ratimjuon jon̄oul jon̄oul juon jon̄oul ruo jon̄oul jilu jon̄oul emān jon̄oul ļalem jon̄oul jiljino jon̄oul jimjuon jon̄oul ralitōk jon̄oul ratimjuon ron̄oul", "Motu ta rua toi hani ima tauratoi hitu taurahani taurahani - ta gwauta gwauta ta gwauta rua gwauta toi gwauta hani gwauta ima gwauta tauratoi gwauta hitu gwauta taurahani gwauta taurahani - ta ruahui", "Niuean nakai taha ua tolu fa lima ono fitu valu hiva hogofulu hogofulu ma taha hogofulu ma ua hogofulu ma tolu hogofulu ma fa hogofulu ma lima hogofulu ma ono hogofulu ma fitu hogofulu ma valu hogofulu ma hiva uafulu", "Rapanui tahi rua toru hā rima ono hitu va'u iva angahuru hō'ē ' ahuru ma hō'e hō'ē ' ahuru ma piti hō'ē ' ahuru ma toru hō'ē ' ahuru ma maha hō'ē ' ahuru ma pae hō'ē ' ahuru ma ōno hō'ē ' ahuru ma hitu hō'ē ' ahuru ma va'u hō'ē ' ahuru ma iva piti ' ahuru", "Rarotongan Māori kare ta'i rua toru ' ā rima ono ' itu varu iva nga'uru nga'uru - ma - ta'i nga'uru - ma - rua nga'uru - ma - toru nga'uru - ma - ' ā nga'uru - ma - rima nga'uru - ma - ono nga'uru - ma - ' itu nga'uru - ma - varu nga'uru - ma - iva rua nga'uru", "Rotuman ta rua folu hake lima ono hifu vạlu siva saghulu", "Sāmoan o tasi lua tolu fa lima ono fitu valu iva sefulu sefulu tasi sefulu lua sefulu tolu sefulu fa sefulu lima sefulu ono sefulu fitu sefulu valu sefulu iva lua sefulu", "Sāmoan ( K - type ) o kasi lua kolu fa lima ogo fiku valu iva sefulu sefulu kasi sefulu lua sefulu kolu sefulu fa sefulu lima sefulu ogo sefulu fiku sefulu valu sefulu iva lua sefulu", "Tahitian hō'ē tahi piti toru maha pae ōno hitu va'u iva hō'ē ' ahuru hō'ē ' ahuru ma hō'e hō'ē ' ahuru ma piti hō'ē ' ahuru ma toru hō'ē ' ahuru ma maha hō'ē ' ahuru ma pae hō'ē ' ahuru ma ōno hō'ē ' ahuru ma hitu hō'ē ' ahuru ma va'u hō'ē ' ahuru ma iva piti ' ahuru", "Tongan noa taha ua tolu fa nima ono fitu valu hiva hongofulu taha noa taha taha taha ua taha tolu taha fa taha nima taha ono taha fitu taha valu taha hiva ua noa", "Trukese eet érúúw één fáán niim woon fúús waan ttiw engoon", "Tuvaluan tahi tasi lua tolu fa lima ono fitu valu iva sefulu sefulu tasi sefulu lua sefulu tolu sefulu fa sefulu lima sefulu ono sefulu fitu sefulu valu sefulu iva lua sefulu", "Trans -- New Guinea languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Fataluku ukane ece utue ufate lime neme fitu kafa siva tane ta'ane tane ita ukane tane ita ece tane ita utue tane ita ufate tane ita lime tane ita neme tane ita fitu tane ita kafa tane ita siva tane ece ta'ane ece", "West Papuan languages ( Halmahera ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Ternate rimói romdidi raange ( raːaŋe ) raha romtoha rara tomdí tufkange ( tufkaŋe ) sio nyagimói ( ŋaɡimoi ) ɲaɡimoi si rimói ɲaɡimoi si romdidi ɲaɡimoi si raːaŋe ɲaɡimoi si raha ɲaɡimoi si romotoha ɲaɡimoi si rara ɲaɡimoi si tomdí ɲaɡimoi si tufkaŋe ɲaɡimoi si sio ɲaɡiromdidi", "Tidore rimoi malofo raŋe raha romtoa rora tomdiː tofkaŋe sio ɲaɡimoi ɲaɡimoi se rimoi ɲaɡimoi se malofo ɲaɡimoi se raŋe ɲaɡimoi se raha ɲaɡimoi se romtoa ɲaɡimoi se rora ɲaɡimoi se tomdiː ɲaɡimoi se tofkaŋe ɲaɡimoi se sio ɲaɡimalofo", "^ a See main article , Balinese numerals . ^ b See main article , Javanese numerals . ^ c Unusually for an Austronesian language , Tsat has developed into a solidly tonal language , probably as a result of areal linguistic effects and contact with the diverse tonal languages spoken on Hainan including varieties of Chinese such as Hainanese and Standard Chinese , Tai -- Kadai languages such as the Hlai languages , and Hmong -- Mien languages such as Kim Mun . The ancestors of Huihui people immigrated to Hainan Island from central Vietnam about eight hundreds years ago . Under the strong influences from neighboring tonal Chinese dialects , Huihui has developed tones and eventually became a `` monosyllabic '' and tonal Austronesian language .", "^ d Rapa Nui and Tahitian largely share the same numerals . Numbers higher than ten are expressed in Tahitian . ^ e Hiri Motu , one of Papua New Guinean official languages . ^ f Trans -- New Guinea languages are a separate family of languages from the Austronesian languages , but tend to be strongly influenced by Austronesian languages , especially in words for numbers . ^ g The Papuan languages are those languages of the western Pacific island of New Guinea , and neighbouring islands , that are neither Austronesian nor Australian . See main article , Indo - Pacific languages .", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Georgian ერთი erti ორი ori სამი sami ოთხი otxi ხუთი xuti ექვსი ekvsi შვიდი švidi რვა rva ცხრა cxra ათი ati Georgian , Old ႤႰႧႨ erti ႭႰႨ ori ႱႠႫႨ sami ႭႧႾႨ otxi ႾႳႧႨ xuti ႤႵႥႱႨ ekwsi ႸႥႨႣႨ šwidi ႰႥႠჂ rvaj ႺႾႰႠჂ cxraj ႠႧႨ ati Laz არ ar ჟურ / ჯურ žur / ǯur სუმ sum ოთხ otx ხუთ xut ანსი / აში ansi / aši შქ ( ვ ) ით šk ( v ) it ოვრო ovro ცხო ( ვ ) რო cxo ( v ) ro ვით vit Mingrelian ართი / აკა arti / akʼa ჟირი žiri სუმი sumi ოთხი / ანთხი otxi / antxi ხუთი xuti ამშვი amšvi შქვითი škviti ( ბ ) რუო ( b ) ruo ჩხორო čxoro ვითი viti Svan ეშხუ ešxu ჲორი / ჲერუ / ჲერბი jori / jeru / jerbi სემი sami ( ვ ) ოშთხვ ( w ) oštxw ვოხვიშდ / ვოხუშდ woxwišd / woxušd უსგვა / უსკვა usgwa / uskʼwa იშგვიდ / იშკვიდ išgwid / iškʼwid არა ara ჩხარა čxara ჲეშდ ješd", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Georgian ერთი erti ორი ori სამი sami ოთხი otxi ხუთი xuti ექვსი ekvsi შვიდი švidi რვა rva ცხრა cxra ათი ati", "Georgian , Old ႤႰႧႨ erti ႭႰႨ ori ႱႠႫႨ sami ႭႧႾႨ otxi ႾႳႧႨ xuti ႤႵႥႱႨ ekwsi ႸႥႨႣႨ šwidi ႰႥႠჂ rvaj ႺႾႰႠჂ cxraj ႠႧႨ ati", "Laz არ ar ჟურ / ჯურ žur / ǯur სუმ sum ოთხ otx ხუთ xut ანსი / აში ansi / aši შქ ( ვ ) ით šk ( v ) it ოვრო ovro ცხო ( ვ ) რო cxo ( v ) ro ვით vit", "Mingrelian ართი / აკა arti / akʼa ჟირი žiri სუმი sumi ოთხი / ანთხი otxi / antxi ხუთი xuti ამშვი amšvi შქვითი škviti ( ბ ) რუო ( b ) ruo ჩხორო čxoro ვითი viti", "Svan ეშხუ ešxu ჲორი / ჲერუ / ჲერბი jori / jeru / jerbi სემი sami ( ვ ) ოშთხვ ( w ) oštxw ვოხვიშდ / ვოხუშდ woxwišd / woxušd უსგვა / უსკვა usgwa / uskʼwa იშგვიდ / იშკვიდ išgwid / iškʼwid არა ara ჩხარა čxara ჲეშდ ješd", "Dagestanian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Avar ноль nol ' цо co кIиго kʼigo лъабго łabgo ункъо unqʼo щуго ššugo анлъго anłgo анкьго anƛʼgo микьго miƛʼgo ичIго ičʼgo анцIго ancʼgo Bezhta нол nol гьо с hõs къона qʼona лъана łana оь къоьнаь ö̃qʼönä лъина łina илъна iłna алIна aƛna белIна beƛna аьчIена äčʼena ацIона acʼona Dargin ( Gubden ) секІал агар , нол sek'al agar , nol ца ca кІел k'el хІябал ħaʕbal авъал awʔal шуел šuyel урегал uregal ерхІел yerħel гехІел geħel урчІемал urč'emal ецІал yec'al Dargin ( Mekegi ) нул nul ца ca кІвел k'wel хІябал ħaʕbal авъал awʔal швел šwel урегал uregal йерхІел yerħel гахІел gaħel урчІемал urč'emal йецІал yec'al Dargin ( Usisha ) нуль nulj ца ca кІел k'el гІябал ʕaʕbal агъал aɣal хьал x̌al уреккал urek̄al йарал yaral ккехІел k̄eħel урчІемал urč'emal йецІал yec'al Hunzib гьы с hə̃s къану qʼanu лъана łana окъен oqʼen лъино łino илъно iłno алIно aƛno белIно beƛno учIин učʼin ацIын acʼən Tsez сис sis къаIно qʼˁano лъоIно łˁono уйно uyno лъено łeno илъно iłno оIлIно ˁoƛno билIно biƛno очIчIино očʼčʼino оцIцIино ocʼcʼino Nakh languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bats цхьа cħa ши ši кхо qo дIивъ dʕiv ' пхи pxi етх yetx ворлъ vorł барлъ barł исс iss итIтI itt Chechen нул nul цхьаъ cẋaj шиъ şij кхоъ qoj диъ dij пхиъ pxij ялхI yalx ворхI vorh бархI barh исс iss итт itt", "Dagestanian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Avar ноль nol ' цо co кIиго kʼigo лъабго łabgo ункъо unqʼo щуго ššugo анлъго anłgo анкьго anƛʼgo микьго miƛʼgo ичIго ičʼgo анцIго ancʼgo", "Bezhta нол nol гьо с hõs къона qʼona лъана łana оь къоьнаь ö̃qʼönä лъина łina илъна iłna алIна aƛna белIна beƛna аьчIена äčʼena ацIона acʼona", "Dargin ( Gubden ) секІал агар , нол sek'al agar , nol ца ca кІел k'el хІябал ħaʕbal авъал awʔal шуел šuyel урегал uregal ерхІел yerħel гехІел geħel урчІемал urč'emal ецІал yec'al", "Dargin ( Mekegi ) нул nul ца ca кІвел k'wel хІябал ħaʕbal авъал awʔal швел šwel урегал uregal йерхІел yerħel гахІел gaħel урчІемал urč'emal йецІал yec'al", "Dargin ( Usisha ) нуль nulj ца ca кІел k'el гІябал ʕaʕbal агъал aɣal хьал x̌al уреккал urek̄al йарал yaral ккехІел k̄eħel урчІемал urč'emal йецІал yec'al", "Hunzib гьы с hə̃s къану qʼanu лъана łana окъен oqʼen лъино łino илъно iłno алIно aƛno белIно beƛno учIин učʼin ацIын acʼən", "Tsez сис sis къаIно qʼˁano лъоIно łˁono уйно uyno лъено łeno илъно iłno оIлIно ˁoƛno билIно biƛno очIчIино očʼčʼino оцIцIино ocʼcʼino", "Nakh languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Bats цхьа cħa ши ši кхо qo дIивъ dʕiv ' пхи pxi етх yetx ворлъ vorł барлъ barł исс iss итIтI itt", "Chechen нул nul цхьаъ cẋaj шиъ şij кхоъ qoj диъ dij пхиъ pxij ялхI yalx ворхI vorh бархI barh исс iss итт itt", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Abkhaz акы akʼə ҩба ɥəba хҧа χpa ҧшьба pʃba хуба χwba фба fba бжьба bʒba ааба aːba жәба ʒwba жәаба ʒwaba Abaza закIы zakʼə гIвба ʕwəbɑ хпа χpɑ пщба pʃbɑ хвба χwbɑ цба t͡sbɑ бжьба bʒbɑ агIба aʕba жвба ʒwba жваба ʒwaba Western Circassian ( Adyghe ) зиI zjəʔ зы zə тIу twʼə щы ʃə плIы pɬʼə тфы tfwə хы xə блы bɮə и jə бгъу bʁwə пшIы pɕʼə Eastern Circassian ( Kabardian ) зыри zərjə зы zə тIу tʼəw щы ɕə плIы pɬʼə тху txwə хы xə блы bɮə и jə бгъу bʁwə пщIы pɕʼə Ubykh за za тIқва tʼqwʼa ща ɕa плIы pʼɬʼə шхы ʃxə фы fə блы blə Ғва ʁwa бҒьы bʁjə жвы ʒwə", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Abkhaz акы akʼə ҩба ɥəba хҧа χpa ҧшьба pʃba хуба χwba фба fba бжьба bʒba ааба aːba жәба ʒwba жәаба ʒwaba", "Abaza закIы zakʼə гIвба ʕwəbɑ хпа χpɑ пщба pʃbɑ хвба χwbɑ цба t͡sbɑ бжьба bʒbɑ агIба aʕba жвба ʒwba жваба ʒwaba", "Western Circassian ( Adyghe ) зиI zjəʔ зы zə тIу twʼə щы ʃə плIы pɬʼə тфы tfwə хы xə блы bɮə и jə бгъу bʁwə пшIы pɕʼə", "Eastern Circassian ( Kabardian ) зыри zərjə зы zə тIу tʼəw щы ɕə плIы pɬʼə тху txwə хы xə блы bɮə и jə бгъу bʁwə пщIы pɕʼə", "Ubykh за za тIқва tʼqwʼa ща ɕa плIы pʼɬʼə шхы ʃxə фы fə блы blə Ғва ʁwa бҒьы bʁjə жвы ʒwə", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alutor hennan ngita - q ngerù - qqe ngerà - qqe , mellengina hennanmet - legen ngeyamet - legen amngeyoot - kin qonacgen - kin menget - kina Chukchi ynnen ñireq ñyroq ñyraq mytlyñyn ynnanmytlyñyn ñer'amytlyñyn amñyrootken qonacgynken myngytken Koryak ennen ngicce - q ngeyo - q ngeya - q mellengena ennenmet - lengen ngey'amet - lengen amngeyoot - ken qonacgen - ken menget - kena Palan hennen ngeta - q ngrù - qqa ngrà - qqa , mellengena hennenmet - legen ngeyamet - legen amngeyoot - ken qonacgen - ken menget - kena Itelmen 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Itelmen ° ӄниӈ ° qniŋ ( qwnwʏŋw ) касӽ kasχ ( kɑɕχ ) чʼоӄ çʼoq ( t͡ʃʼɔq ) чʼаӄ çʼaq ( t͡ʃʼɑq ) кувумнук kuwumnuk ( ˈkwuβumnwuk ) кэлвук kelwuk ( ˈkɛlβuk ) этуктунук etuktunuk ( ˈɛtwuktwunwuk ) чоʼоктунук çoʼoktunuk ( ˈt͡ʃɔʔɔktwunwuk ) ча'актанак ça'aktanak ( ˈt͡ʃɑʔɑktanɑk ) товасса towassa ( ˈtwoβasːa ) West Itelmen knɨn kasx choŭ - k cha - k kugum - nuk keĺkug ' et - utk - tunuk cho - ' ok - tunuk cha - ' ak - tanak žužad South Itelmen dizk kaz / ka'as chak cha'ak ko'om - nak kilko̯ak ' ita - ' a-tuk chu - ku - tuk cha - ' ak - tak kumx - tuka", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Alutor hennan ngita - q ngerù - qqe ngerà - qqe , mellengina hennanmet - legen ngeyamet - legen amngeyoot - kin qonacgen - kin menget - kina", "Chukchi ynnen ñireq ñyroq ñyraq mytlyñyn ynnanmytlyñyn ñer'amytlyñyn amñyrootken qonacgynken myngytken", "Koryak ennen ngicce - q ngeyo - q ngeya - q mellengena ennenmet - lengen ngey'amet - lengen amngeyoot - ken qonacgen - ken menget - kena", "Palan hennen ngeta - q ngrù - qqa ngrà - qqa , mellengena hennenmet - legen ngeyamet - legen amngeyoot - ken qonacgen - ken menget - kena", "Itelmen 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Itelmen ° ӄниӈ ° qniŋ ( qwnwʏŋw ) касӽ kasχ ( kɑɕχ ) чʼоӄ çʼoq ( t͡ʃʼɔq ) чʼаӄ çʼaq ( t͡ʃʼɑq ) кувумнук kuwumnuk ( ˈkwuβumnwuk ) кэлвук kelwuk ( ˈkɛlβuk ) этуктунук etuktunuk ( ˈɛtwuktwunwuk ) чоʼоктунук çoʼoktunuk ( ˈt͡ʃɔʔɔktwunwuk ) ча'актанак ça'aktanak ( ˈt͡ʃɑʔɑktanɑk ) товасса towassa ( ˈtwoβasːa )", "West Itelmen knɨn kasx choŭ - k cha - k kugum - nuk keĺkug ' et - utk - tunuk cho - ' ok - tunuk cha - ' ak - tanak žužad", "South Itelmen dizk kaz / ka'as chak cha'ak ko'om - nak kilko̯ak ' ita - ' a-tuk chu - ku - tuk cha - ' ak - tak kumx - tuka", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proto - Dravidian + * oru * iru * muC * nān * cayN * caru * ēlu * eṭṭu * toḷ * pat ( tu ) Kannada ೦ ಸೊನ್ನೆ sonne ೧ ಒಂದು ondu ೨ ಎರಡು eraḍu ೩ ಮೂರು mūru ೪ ನಾಲ್ಕು nālku ೫ ಐದು aidu ೬ ಆರು āru ೭ ಏಳು ēḷu ೮ ಎಂಟು eṇṭu ೯ ಒಂಭತ್ತು ombhattu ೧೦ ಹತ್ತು hattu Malayalam ൦ പൂജ്യം poojyam ൧ ഒന്നു onnu ൨ രണ്ടു raṇdu ൩ മൂന്നു moonnu ൪ നാലു naalu ൫ അഞ്ചു anchu ൬ ആറു aaṟu ൭ ഏഴു ezhu ൮ എട്ടു ettu ൯ ഒന്പതു onpathu ൰ / ൧൦ പത്തു pathu Tamil ௦ சுழியம் cuḻiyam ௧ ஒன்று oṉdṟu ௨ இரண்டு irandu ௩ மூன்று mūṉdṟu ௪ நான்கு nāṉgu ௫ ஐந்து aindhu ௬ ஆறு āṟu ௭ ஏழு ēḻu ௮ எட்டு eṯṯu ௯ ஒன்பது oṉbadhu ௰ பத்து paththu Telugu ౦ సున్న sunna ౧ ఒకటి okati ౨ రెండు rendu ౩ మూడు mūḏu ౪ నాలుగు nālugu ౫ ఐదు aidu ౬ ఆరు āru ౭ ఏడు ēdu ౮ ఎనిమిది enimidi ౯ తొమ్మిది tommidi ౧౦ పది padi Brahui asi irā musi čār panč šaš haft haš nō dah", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Proto - Dravidian + * oru * iru * muC * nān * cayN * caru * ēlu * eṭṭu * toḷ * pat ( tu )", "Kannada ೦ ಸೊನ್ನೆ sonne ೧ ಒಂದು ondu ೨ ಎರಡು eraḍu ೩ ಮೂರು mūru ೪ ನಾಲ್ಕು nālku ೫ ಐದು aidu ೬ ಆರು āru ೭ ಏಳು ēḷu ೮ ಎಂಟು eṇṭu ೯ ಒಂಭತ್ತು ombhattu ೧೦ ಹತ್ತು hattu", "Malayalam ൦ പൂജ്യം poojyam ൧ ഒന്നു onnu ൨ രണ്ടു raṇdu ൩ മൂന്നു moonnu ൪ നാലു naalu ൫ അഞ്ചു anchu ൬ ആറു aaṟu ൭ ഏഴു ezhu ൮ എട്ടു ettu ൯ ഒന്പതു onpathu ൰ / ൧൦ പത്തു pathu", "Tamil ௦ சுழியம் cuḻiyam ௧ ஒன்று oṉdṟu ௨ இரண்டு irandu ௩ மூன்று mūṉdṟu ௪ நான்கு nāṉgu ௫ ஐந்து aindhu ௬ ஆறு āṟu ௭ ஏழு ēḻu ௮ எட்டு eṯṯu ௯ ஒன்பது oṉbadhu ௰ பத்து paththu", "Telugu ౦ సున్న sunna ౧ ఒకటి okati ౨ రెండు rendu ౩ మూడు mūḏu ౪ నాలుగు nālugu ౫ ఐదు aidu ౬ ఆరు āru ౭ ఏడు ēdu ౮ ఎనిమిది enimidi ౯ తొమ్మిది tommidi ౧౦ పది padi", "Brahui asi irā musi čār panč šaš haft haš nō dah", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proto - Hmong -- Mien language + * ʔɨ * ʔu̯i * pjɔu * plei * prja * kruk * dzjuŋH * jat * N - ɟuə * gju̯əp Hmongic languages ( edit ) Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bahengic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pa - Hng / Baheng ( Gundong ) ji ˩ wa ˧ ˥ po ˧ ˥ ti ˧ ˥ tja ˧ ˥ tɕu ˥ tɕaŋ ˦ ji ˦ ˨ ko ˧ ku ˦ ˨ Wunai ( Longhui ) i ˧ ˥ ua ˧ ˥ po ˧ ˥ tsi ˧ ˥ pia ˧ ˥ tju ˥ tɕa ˨ ˩ ɕi ˧ ˩ ko ˧ khu ˧ ˩ Younuo je ˨ u ˧ pje ˧ pwɔ ˧ pi ˧ tjo ˧ ˥ sɔŋ ˧ ˩ ja ˨ ˩ kiu ˩ ˧ kwə ˨ ˩ Bunu languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nao Klao ( Nandan ) i ˦ ˨ uɔ ˦ ˨ pei ˦ ˨ tlja ˦ ˨ ptsiu ˧ tɕau ˧ ˨ sɒ ˧ ˩ jou ˥ ˦ tɕau ˨ ˦ tɕau ˥ ˦ Nu Mhou ( Libo ) tɕy ˧ yi ˧ pa ˧ tləu ˧ pja ˧ tjɤ ˦ ɕoŋ ˧ ˩ ja ˧ ˨ tɕɤ ˥ tɕɤ ˧ ˨ Nunu ( Linyun ) i ˥ ˧ əu ˥ ˧ pe ˥ ˧ tɕa ˥ ˧ pɤ ˥ ˧ tɕu ˨ ˧ ʂɔŋ ˨ jo ˨ tɕu ˧ ˨ tɕu ˨ Pu No ( Du'an ) i ˦ ˥ ˦ aːɤ ˦ ˥ ˦ pe ˦ ˥ ˦ pla ˦ ˥ ˦ pu ˦ ˥ ˦ tɕu ˦ ˨ ˧ saŋ ˨ ˩ ˨ jo ˦ ˨ tɕu ˨ tɕu ˦ ˨ Tung Nu ( Qibainong ) i ˥ au ˧ pe ˧ tɬa ˧ pjo ˧ ʈu ˦ ˩ sɔŋ ˨ ˩ ʑo ˨ ˩ tɕu ˩ ˧ tɕu ˨ ˩ Hmuic ( Qiandong Miao ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Northern Qiandong Miao ( Yanghao ) i ˧ o ˧ pi ˧ l̥u ˧ tsa ˧ tju ˦ ɕoŋ ˩ ˧ ʑa ˧ ˩ tɕə ˥ tɕu ˧ ˩ Raojia i ˦ ɔ ˦ poi ˦ ɬɔ ˦ pja ˦ tju ˧ ɕuŋ ˨ ʑa ˥ ˧ tɕa ˥ tɕu ˥ ˧ Southern Qiandong Miao ( Yaogao ) tiŋ ˨ ˦ v ˩ ˧ pai ˩ ˧ tl̥ɔ ˩ ˧ tɕi ˩ ˧ tju ˦ tsam ˨ ʑi ˨ ˦ tɕu ˧ ˩ tɕu ˨ ˦ Qo Xiong languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Eastern Xiangxi Miao ( Xiaozhang ) a ˧ u ˥ ˧ pu ˥ ˧ ɬei ˥ ˧ pja ˥ ˧ to ˧ zaŋ ˩ ˧ ʑi ˧ ˥ gɯ ˧ ˨ gu ˧ ˥ Western Xiangxi Miao ( Layiping ) ɑ ˦ ɯ ˧ ˥ pu ˧ ˥ pʐei ˧ ˥ pʐɑ ˧ ˥ ʈɔ ˥ ˧ tɕoŋ ˦ ˨ ʑi ˧ tɕo ˧ ˩ ku ˧ She -- Jiongnai languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jiong Nai ( Kiong Nai ) ii ʔi ˥ ˧ u u ˦ pa pa ˦ ple ple ˦ pui pui ˦ choh tʃɔ ˧ ˥ zengng ʃaŋ ˨ jeq ʑe ˧ ˨ dzhu tʃu ˧ dzhoq tʃɔ ˧ ˥ Pa Na ʔa ˧ ˩ ʔu ˩ ˧ pa ˩ ˧ tɬo ˩ ˧ pei ˩ ˧ kjo ˧ ˥ ɕuŋ ˨ ʑa ˥ ˧ tɕhu ˧ ˩ ˧ tɕo ˥ ˧ She ( Chenhu ) iq i ˧ ˥ u u ˨ pa pa ˨ piq pi ˧ ˥ pi pi ˨ koh kɔ ˧ ˩ dzh'ung tshuŋ ˦ ˨ ziq zi ˧ ˥ g'íu kjhu ˥ ˧ g'joq kjhɔ ˧ ˥ West Hmongic ( ChuanQianDian Miao ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 A-Hmao / Northeastern Dian Miao ( Shimenken ) i ˥ a ˥ tsɿ ˥ tl̥au ˥ pɯ ˥ tl̥au ˧ ɕaɯ ˧ ʑɦi ˧ ˩ dʑɦa ˧ ˥ ɡɦau ˧ ˩ Ge , Gejia ( Chong'an Jiang Miao / Zhong'an River Miao ) i ˧ a ˧ tsɪ ˧ ˩ plu ˧ tsia ˧ tɕu ˥ saŋ ˧ ˩ ʑa ˩ ˧ tɕa ˨ ˦ ku ˩ ˧ Hmong ( Miao ) languages + * ib ob peb plaub tsib rau xyaa yim cuaj nkaum Hmong Daw ( Guangnan ) ʔi ˥ ʔɑu ˥ pei ˥ plou ˥ tʃɹ̩ ˥ ʈɻou ˦ ɕã ˦ ʑi ˨ ˩ tɕuɑ ˦ ˨ kou ˨ ˩ Hmong Njua ( Maguan ) ʔi ˥ ˦ ʔau ˦ ˧ pei ˥ ˦ plou ˥ ˦ tʃɹ̩ ˥ ˦ ʈou ˦ ɕaŋ ˦ ʑi ˨ tɕuɑ ˦ ˨ kou ˨ Hmong Shua ( Funing ) ʔi ˥ ʔau ˥ pjei ˥ plɔu ˥ pʒ̩ ˥ tʃɔu ˦ ɕaŋ ˦ ʑi ˨ ˩ tɕa ˦ ˨ kɔu ˨ ˩ Luopohe - Xijia Miao ( Shibanzhai ) i i ˥ u u ˧ ˩ pzɿ pzɿ ˧ ˩ pləu pləu ˧ ˩ pja pja ˧ ˩ ʈo ʈo ˨ ˦ zuŋ zuŋ ˨ ˦ ja ja ˧ ja ja ˧ ˩ ʁo ʁo ˧ ˩ ^ * Hmong language varieties : Hmong Daw / Hmoob Dawb - White Miao ( Laos , China ) Hmong Njua / Hmoob Ntsuab - Green Miao , Blue Miao ( Laos , China ) `` Horned Miao '' / A-Hmo ( China ) Chuanqiandian - cluster Miao ( cover term for Hmong in China ) H'mông Đỏ ( Vietnam ) H'mông Don ( Vietnam ) Hmong Shua / Hmongb Shuat ( Sinicized Miao ) Mienic languages ( edit ) Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mien ( Yao ) + ( j ) iet yi puo p ( j ) ei p ( j ) a kuq zjeh ghjet ' duo dzhjep Biao -- Jiao ( Biao -- Jiao Mien ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Biao Min i wəi pau pləi pla klɔ ni hjɛn iu ȶhan Chao Kong Meng ( Shi Kou ) ji vi bɔu pli pla klɔ ŋi jæ tɕu tɕæ Moxi ( Niuweizhai ) i wei pəu pɣɯi pɤa kɤɔ ɕi hjɯ du tɕhw Mian -- Jin languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Biao Mon ( Changping ) no i pu plei pla kju ŋi jaːt du sjəp Iu Mien jet i pwo pjei pia tɕu sje ɕet dwo tsjop Kim Mun i ˀpɔ pjei pja kjo ȵi jet du ʃap Dzao Min languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dzao Min vi bu pɛi pjɛ tɔu ȵi dzat ku sjɛp", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Proto - Hmong -- Mien language + * ʔɨ * ʔu̯i * pjɔu * plei * prja * kruk * dzjuŋH * jat * N - ɟuə * gju̯əp", "Hmongic languages ( edit )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Bahengic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Pa - Hng / Baheng ( Gundong ) ji ˩ wa ˧ ˥ po ˧ ˥ ti ˧ ˥ tja ˧ ˥ tɕu ˥ tɕaŋ ˦ ji ˦ ˨ ko ˧ ku ˦ ˨", "Wunai ( Longhui ) i ˧ ˥ ua ˧ ˥ po ˧ ˥ tsi ˧ ˥ pia ˧ ˥ tju ˥ tɕa ˨ ˩ ɕi ˧ ˩ ko ˧ khu ˧ ˩", "Younuo je ˨ u ˧ pje ˧ pwɔ ˧ pi ˧ tjo ˧ ˥ sɔŋ ˧ ˩ ja ˨ ˩ kiu ˩ ˧ kwə ˨ ˩", "Bunu languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Nao Klao ( Nandan ) i ˦ ˨ uɔ ˦ ˨ pei ˦ ˨ tlja ˦ ˨ ptsiu ˧ tɕau ˧ ˨ sɒ ˧ ˩ jou ˥ ˦ tɕau ˨ ˦ tɕau ˥ ˦", "Nu Mhou ( Libo ) tɕy ˧ yi ˧ pa ˧ tləu ˧ pja ˧ tjɤ ˦ ɕoŋ ˧ ˩ ja ˧ ˨ tɕɤ ˥ tɕɤ ˧ ˨", "Nunu ( Linyun ) i ˥ ˧ əu ˥ ˧ pe ˥ ˧ tɕa ˥ ˧ pɤ ˥ ˧ tɕu ˨ ˧ ʂɔŋ ˨ jo ˨ tɕu ˧ ˨ tɕu ˨", "Pu No ( Du'an ) i ˦ ˥ ˦ aːɤ ˦ ˥ ˦ pe ˦ ˥ ˦ pla ˦ ˥ ˦ pu ˦ ˥ ˦ tɕu ˦ ˨ ˧ saŋ ˨ ˩ ˨ jo ˦ ˨ tɕu ˨ tɕu ˦ ˨", "Tung Nu ( Qibainong ) i ˥ au ˧ pe ˧ tɬa ˧ pjo ˧ ʈu ˦ ˩ sɔŋ ˨ ˩ ʑo ˨ ˩ tɕu ˩ ˧ tɕu ˨ ˩", "Hmuic ( Qiandong Miao ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Northern Qiandong Miao ( Yanghao ) i ˧ o ˧ pi ˧ l̥u ˧ tsa ˧ tju ˦ ɕoŋ ˩ ˧ ʑa ˧ ˩ tɕə ˥ tɕu ˧ ˩", "Raojia i ˦ ɔ ˦ poi ˦ ɬɔ ˦ pja ˦ tju ˧ ɕuŋ ˨ ʑa ˥ ˧ tɕa ˥ tɕu ˥ ˧", "Southern Qiandong Miao ( Yaogao ) tiŋ ˨ ˦ v ˩ ˧ pai ˩ ˧ tl̥ɔ ˩ ˧ tɕi ˩ ˧ tju ˦ tsam ˨ ʑi ˨ ˦ tɕu ˧ ˩ tɕu ˨ ˦", "Qo Xiong languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Eastern Xiangxi Miao ( Xiaozhang ) a ˧ u ˥ ˧ pu ˥ ˧ ɬei ˥ ˧ pja ˥ ˧ to ˧ zaŋ ˩ ˧ ʑi ˧ ˥ gɯ ˧ ˨ gu ˧ ˥", "Western Xiangxi Miao ( Layiping ) ɑ ˦ ɯ ˧ ˥ pu ˧ ˥ pʐei ˧ ˥ pʐɑ ˧ ˥ ʈɔ ˥ ˧ tɕoŋ ˦ ˨ ʑi ˧ tɕo ˧ ˩ ku ˧", "She -- Jiongnai languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Jiong Nai ( Kiong Nai ) ii ʔi ˥ ˧ u u ˦ pa pa ˦ ple ple ˦ pui pui ˦ choh tʃɔ ˧ ˥ zengng ʃaŋ ˨ jeq ʑe ˧ ˨ dzhu tʃu ˧ dzhoq tʃɔ ˧ ˥", "Pa Na ʔa ˧ ˩ ʔu ˩ ˧ pa ˩ ˧ tɬo ˩ ˧ pei ˩ ˧ kjo ˧ ˥ ɕuŋ ˨ ʑa ˥ ˧ tɕhu ˧ ˩ ˧ tɕo ˥ ˧", "She ( Chenhu ) iq i ˧ ˥ u u ˨ pa pa ˨ piq pi ˧ ˥ pi pi ˨ koh kɔ ˧ ˩ dzh'ung tshuŋ ˦ ˨ ziq zi ˧ ˥ g'íu kjhu ˥ ˧ g'joq kjhɔ ˧ ˥", "West Hmongic ( ChuanQianDian Miao ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "A-Hmao / Northeastern Dian Miao ( Shimenken ) i ˥ a ˥ tsɿ ˥ tl̥au ˥ pɯ ˥ tl̥au ˧ ɕaɯ ˧ ʑɦi ˧ ˩ dʑɦa ˧ ˥ ɡɦau ˧ ˩", "Ge , Gejia ( Chong'an Jiang Miao / Zhong'an River Miao ) i ˧ a ˧ tsɪ ˧ ˩ plu ˧ tsia ˧ tɕu ˥ saŋ ˧ ˩ ʑa ˩ ˧ tɕa ˨ ˦ ku ˩ ˧", "Hmong ( Miao ) languages + * ib ob peb plaub tsib rau xyaa yim cuaj nkaum", "Hmong Daw ( Guangnan ) ʔi ˥ ʔɑu ˥ pei ˥ plou ˥ tʃɹ̩ ˥ ʈɻou ˦ ɕã ˦ ʑi ˨ ˩ tɕuɑ ˦ ˨ kou ˨ ˩", "Hmong Njua ( Maguan ) ʔi ˥ ˦ ʔau ˦ ˧ pei ˥ ˦ plou ˥ ˦ tʃɹ̩ ˥ ˦ ʈou ˦ ɕaŋ ˦ ʑi ˨ tɕuɑ ˦ ˨ kou ˨", "Hmong Shua ( Funing ) ʔi ˥ ʔau ˥ pjei ˥ plɔu ˥ pʒ̩ ˥ tʃɔu ˦ ɕaŋ ˦ ʑi ˨ ˩ tɕa ˦ ˨ kɔu ˨ ˩", "Luopohe - Xijia Miao ( Shibanzhai ) i i ˥ u u ˧ ˩ pzɿ pzɿ ˧ ˩ pləu pləu ˧ ˩ pja pja ˧ ˩ ʈo ʈo ˨ ˦ zuŋ zuŋ ˨ ˦ ja ja ˧ ja ja ˧ ˩ ʁo ʁo ˧ ˩", "^ * Hmong language varieties : Hmong Daw / Hmoob Dawb - White Miao ( Laos , China ) Hmong Njua / Hmoob Ntsuab - Green Miao , Blue Miao ( Laos , China ) `` Horned Miao '' / A-Hmo ( China ) Chuanqiandian - cluster Miao ( cover term for Hmong in China ) H'mông Đỏ ( Vietnam ) H'mông Don ( Vietnam ) Hmong Shua / Hmongb Shuat ( Sinicized Miao ) Mienic languages ( edit )", "^ * Hmong language varieties :", "^ * Hmong language varieties :", "Hmong Daw / Hmoob Dawb - White Miao ( Laos , China ) Hmong Njua / Hmoob Ntsuab - Green Miao , Blue Miao ( Laos , China ) `` Horned Miao '' / A-Hmo ( China ) Chuanqiandian - cluster Miao ( cover term for Hmong in China ) H'mông Đỏ ( Vietnam ) H'mông Don ( Vietnam ) Hmong Shua / Hmongb Shuat ( Sinicized Miao )", "Hmong Daw / Hmoob Dawb - White Miao ( Laos , China )", "Hmong Njua / Hmoob Ntsuab - Green Miao , Blue Miao ( Laos , China )", "`` Horned Miao '' / A-Hmo ( China )", "Chuanqiandian - cluster Miao ( cover term for Hmong in China )", "H'mông Đỏ ( Vietnam )", "H'mông Don ( Vietnam )", "Hmong Shua / Hmongb Shuat ( Sinicized Miao )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Mien ( Yao ) + ( j ) iet yi puo p ( j ) ei p ( j ) a kuq zjeh ghjet ' duo dzhjep", "Biao -- Jiao ( Biao -- Jiao Mien ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Biao Min i wəi pau pləi pla klɔ ni hjɛn iu ȶhan", "Chao Kong Meng ( Shi Kou ) ji vi bɔu pli pla klɔ ŋi jæ tɕu tɕæ", "Moxi ( Niuweizhai ) i wei pəu pɣɯi pɤa kɤɔ ɕi hjɯ du tɕhw", "Mian -- Jin languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Biao Mon ( Changping ) no i pu plei pla kju ŋi jaːt du sjəp", "Iu Mien jet i pwo pjei pia tɕu sje ɕet dwo tsjop", "Kim Mun i ˀpɔ pjei pja kjo ȵi jet du ʃap", "Dzao Min languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Dzao Min vi bu pɛi pjɛ tɔu ȵi dzat ku sjɛp", "Most of the languages follow the Hindu -- Arabic numeral system .", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Proto - Indo - European + * oinos / * oiwos / * oikos / * sems * duwou * treies * kwetwores * penkwe * s ( w ) eḱs * septṃ * oḱtou * newṇ * deḱṃt * dwi ( h1 ) dḱm̥ti Albanian language ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Old Albanian gna do tre cattere pesse giascte state tete nande ziete Albanian ( Tosk ) ( listen ) zero një dy tre katër pesë gjashtë shtatë tetë nëntë dhjetë njëmbëdhjetë dymbëdhjetë trembëdhjetë katërmbëdhjetë pesëmbëdhjetë gjashtëmbëdhjetë shtatëmbëdhjetë tetëmbëdhjetë nëntëmbëdhjetë njëzet Albanian ( Gheg ) nji dy tre katër pesë gjashtë shtatë tetë nândë dhetë Anatolian languages ( edit ) Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Hittite * ās dān tēries meyawes šipta - Armenian language ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ( Eastern ) Armenian զրո zro մեկ mek երկու yerkou երեք yereḳ չորս č̣ors հինգ hing վեց vec̣ յոթ yoṭ ութ ouṭ ինը inə տասը tasə տասնմեկ tasnmek տասներկու tasnerku տասներեք tasnereḳ տասնչորս tasnč̣ors տասնհինգ tasnhing տասնվեց tasnvec̣ տասնյոթ tasnyoṭ տասնութ tasnouṭ տասնինը tasninə քսան ḳsan Celtic languages ( edit ) Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Gaulish 𐌏𐌉𐌍𐌏 oino 𐌃𐌏 do 𐌕𐌓𐌉 tri 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌏𐌓 petor 𐌐𐌄𐌌𐌐𐌄 pempe 𐌔𐌖𐌄𐌊𐌏𐌔 suekos 𐌔𐌄𐌗𐌕𐌀𐌌 sextam 𐌏𐌗𐌕𐌖 oxtu 𐌍𐌀𐌖 nau 𐌃𐌄𐌂𐌀𐌌 decam Brythonic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Breton , Old un dou / dau tri petguar pemp hue seith / seidth eith nau dec Breton mann unan daou ( m ) div ( f ) tri ( m ) teir ( f ) pevar ( m ) peder ( f ) pemp c'hwec'h seizh eizh nav dek unnek daouzek trizek pevarzek pemzek c'hwezek seitek triwec'h naontek ugent Cornish mann onen dew ( m ) diw ( f ) tri ( m ) teyr ( f ) peswar ; pajar ( m ) peder ( f ) pymp ; pemp hwegh seyth eth naw deg unnek dewdhek tredhek peswardhek pymthek hwetek seytek etek nownsek ugens Welsh , Old un dou / deu tri petwar pimp chwech seyth oith naw dec Welsh dim un dau ( m ) dwy ( f ) tri ( m ) tair ( f ) pedwar ( m ) pedair ( f ) pump chwech saith wyth naw deg un ar ddeg deuddeg tri ar ddeg ( m ) tair ar ddeg ( f ) pedwar ar ddeg ( m ) pedair ar ddeg ( f ) pymtheg un ar bymtheg dau ar bymtheg ( m ) dwy ar bymtheg ( f ) deunaw pedwar ar bymtheg ( m ) pedair ar bymtheg ( f ) ugain Goidelic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Irish , Old óen da tri ceth ( a ) ir cóic se secht ocht noi deich Irish náid ( ˈn̪ɣaːdj ) aon ( ˈeːn̪ɣ ) dó ( ˈd̪ɣoː ) trí ( ˈt̪ɣɾjɪ ) ceathair ( ˈcahəɾj ) cúig ( ˈkuːɟ ) sé ( ˈʃeː ) seacht ( ˈʃaxt̪ɣ ) ocht ( ˈɔaxt̪ɣ ) naoi ( ˈn̪ɣiː ) deich ( ˈdjɛç ) aon déag dó dhéag trí déag ceathair déag cúig déag sé déag seacht déag ocht déag naoi déag fiche Manx neunhee nane jees tree kiare queig shey shiaght hoght nuy jeih ( un ) nane - jeig daa - yeig tree - jeig kiare - jeig queig - jeig shey - jeig shaight - jeig hoght - jeig nuy - jeig feed Scottish Gaelic neoni aon dà trì ceithir còig sia seachd ochd naoi deich aon deug d ( h ) à dheug trì deug ceithir deug còig deug sia deug seachd deug ochd deug naoi deug fichead Germanic languages ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Proto - Germanic * ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ * ainaz * ᛏᚹᚨ * twa * ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛁᛉ * þrijiz * ᚠᛁᛞᚹᛟᚱᛁᛉ * fidwōriz * ᚠᛁᛗᚠᛁ * fimfi * ᛊᛖᚺᛊ * sehs * ᛊᛁᛒᚢᚾ * sibun * ᚨᚺᛏᛟ * ahtō * ᚾᛁᚹᚢᚾ * niwun * ᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * tehun * ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛚᛁᚠ * ainalif * ᛏᚹᚨᛚᛁᚠ * twalif * ᚦᚱᛁᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * þritehun * ᚠᛖᛞᚢᚱᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * fedurtehun * ᚠᛁᛗᚠᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * fimftehun * ᛊᛖᚺᛊᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * sehstehun * ᛊᛖᛒᚢᚾᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * sebuntehun * ᚨᚺᛏᛟᚢᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * ahtōutehun * ᚾᛖᚹᚢᚾᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * newuntehun * ᛏᚹᚨᛁ ᛫ ᛏᛁᚷᛁᚹᛁᛉ * twai tigiwiz East Germanic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 ains 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 twai 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 þreis 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 fidwor 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 fimf 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 saíhs 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽 sibun 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿 ahtau 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽 niun 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 taíhun 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐍆 áinlif 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍆 twalif 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 þritaíhun 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 fidwortaíhun 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 fimftaíhun 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 saíhstaíhun 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 sibuntaíhun 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 ahtautaíhun 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 niuntaíhun 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 twái tigjus Gothic , Crimean ene tua tria fyder fyuf ( * fynf ? ) seis sevene athe nyne thiine West Germanic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ingvaeonic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 English , Old ᚪᚾ ɑn ān ( ɑːn ) ᛏᚹᚪ ꞇƿɑ twā ( twɑː ) ᚦᚱᛁ þꞃı þrī ( θriː ) ᚠᛇᚹᛖᚱ ꝼeoƿeꞃ fēower ( feː͡ower ) ᚠᛁᚠ ꝼıꝼ fīf ( fiːf ) ᛋᛖᛉ ꞅex sex ( seks ) ᛋᛇᚠᚩᚾ ꞅeoꝼon seofon ( se͡ovon ) ᛠᚺᛏᚪ eɑhꞇɑ eahta ( æ͡ɑxta ) ᚾᛁᚷᚩᚾ nıᵹon niġon ( nijon ) ᛏᛁᛖᚾ ꞇıen tīen ( tiː͡yn ) ᛖᚾᛞᛚᛇᚠᚪᚾ enꝺleoꝼɑn endleofan ᛏᚹᛖᛚᚠ ꞇƿelꝼ twelf ᚦᚱᛇᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ þꞃeoꞇıene þreotīene ᚠᛇᚹᛖᚱᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ ꝼeoƿeꞃꞇıene fēowertīene ᚠᛁᚠᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ ꝼıꝼꞇıene fīftīene ᛋᛁᛖᛉᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ ꞅıexꞇıene siextīene ᛋᛇᚠᚩᚾᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ ꞅeoꝼonꞇıene seofontīene ᛠᚺᛏᚪᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ eɑhꞇɑꞇıene eahtatīene ᚾᛁᚷᚩᚾᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ nıᵹonꞇıene niġontīene ᛏᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚷ ꞇƿenꞇıᵹ twentiġ Kentish Old English án twá þrío fíower fíf / víf siox siofun eahta niogan / neogan tén / téon Northumbrian Old English án twá þrío fíower fíf sex seofu / siofu æhto níone tén / téo / téa English , Middle ón twó thréo fower / foure fyve syxe seovene eyghte nyne / nighen tene elleven twelve thritene fourtene fiftene sixtene seventene eyghtene nynetene twenty English , Chaucerian ( Middle ) oon two thré fowre five syxe / sexe sevene eighte nyne ten Yola oane twye dhree vowér veeve zeese zebbem ayght neene dhen Scots nocht ane twa three fower five sax seiven aicht nine ten eleiven twal thirteen / thritteen fowerteen fifteen saxteen seiventeen aichteen nineteen twinty English zero / nil / nought one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty Frisian , Old en twe thre fiuwer fif sex sigun achta nigun tian Frisian , North iinj tou tri fjouer fiiw seeks soowen oocht nüügen tiin alwen tweelwen tratäin fjouertäin füftäin seekstäin soowentäin oochttäin nüügentäin twunti Frisian , West nul ien twa trije fjouwer fiif seis sân acht njoggen tsien alve tolve trettjin fjirjin fyftjin sechtjin santjin achtjin njoggentjin tweintich Frisian , Saterland een two tjo fjauer fieuw säks soogen oachte njuugen tjoon alwen tweelich trättien fjautien füüftien säkstien soogentien achttien njuugentien twintich Low Franconian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Afrikaans nul een twee drie vier vyf ses sewe agt nege tien elf twaalf dertien veertien vyftien sestien sewentien agtien negentien twintig Dutch nul ( nʏl ) één ( eːn ) twee ( tʋeː ) drie ( dri ) vier ( vir ) vijf ( vɛif ) zes ( zɛs ) zeven ( zeːvən ) acht ( ɑxt ) or ( ɑçt ) negen ( neːɣən ) or ( neːʝən ) tien ( tin ) elf ( ɛlf ) twaalf ( tʋaːlf ) dertien ( dɛrtin ) veertien ( veːrtin ) vijftien ( vɛiftin ) zestien ( zɛstin ) zeventien ( zeːvəntin ) achttien ( ɑxtin ) or ( ɑçtin ) negentien ( neːɣəntin ) or ( neːʝəntin ) twintig ( tʋɪntɪɣ ) West Flemish ièn twiè drie viere vuvve zèsse zēvne achte nēgne tiene Limburgish nöl ein twie drie veer vief zès zeve ach neuge teen Low German languages ( West Germanic ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Old Saxon ên twêne thria fiuwar fîf sehs siƀun ahto nigun tehan elleƀan twėlif thriutein fiuwartein fîftein sehstein siƀuntein ahtotein niguntein twêntig Middle Low German ein twene drê vêr vîf ses sêvene achte negen tein elven twelf drêtein vêrtein vîftein sestein seventein achtetein nêgentein twintich Low German null een twee dree veer fiev söss söven acht negen tien Plautdietsch null eent twee dree vea fiew sass säwen acht näajen tieen alf twalf drettieen vieetieen feftieen sastieen säwentieen achttieen näajentieen twintich Saxon , Northern Low een twee dree veer fief söß söven acht negen teihn Gronings nul aine twije drije vaaier vief zès zeuven aacht negen tien èlven twolven darttien vatien vieftien zèstien zeuventien aachttien negentien twinneg High German languages ( West Germanic ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Old High German ein zwâ drî fior fimf sehs sibun ahto niun zehan einlif zwelif drîzehan fiorzehan fimfzehan sehszehan sibunzehan ahtozehan niunzehan zweinzug Middle High German ein zwēne drīe vier fünf sëhs siben ahte niun zëhen eilif zwelf drīzëhen vierzëhen fünfzëhen sëhszëhen sibenzëhen ahtzëhen niunzëhen zweinzic German listen ( help info ) null ( nʊl ) eins ( aɪns ) zwei , zwo ( tsvaɪ ; tsvoː ) drei ( dʁaɪ ) vier ( fiːɐ̯ ) fünf ( fʏnf ) sechs ( zɛks ) sieben ( ziːbn̩ ) acht ( axt ) neun ( nɔʏn ) zehn ( tseːn ) elf ( ɛlf ) zwölf ( tsvœlf ) dreizehn ( ˈdʁaɪtseːn ) vierzehn ( ˈfɪʁtseːn ) fünfzehn ( ˈfʏnftseːn ) sechzehn ( ˈsɛçtseːn ) siebzehn ( ˈziːptseːn ) achtzehn ( ˈaxtseːn ) neunzehn ( ˈnɔʏntseːn ) zwanzig ( ˈtsvantsɪç ) Yiddish נול nul אײנס eyns צװײ tsvey דרײַ dray פֿיר fir פֿינף finf זעקס zeks זיבן zibn אַכט akht נײַן nayn צען tsen עלף elf צװעלף tsvelf דרײַצן draytsn פֿערצן fertsn פֿופֿצן fuftsn זעכצן zekhtsn זיבעצן zibetsn אַכצן akhtsn נײַנצן nayntsn צװאַנציק tsvantsik German , Pennsylvania eens zwee drei vier fimf sex siwwe acht nein / neine zeh elf zwelf dreizeh vazeh fuffzeh sechzeh siwwezeh achtzeh neinzeh zwansich Luxembourgish eent zwee dräi véier fënnef sechs siwen aacht néng zéng eelef zwielef dräizéng véierzéng fofzéng siechzéng siwwenzéng uechtzéng nonzéng zwanzeg Pfaelzisch oans zwoa drei viare fümpfe sex siem / sibm åchde nein zehn / zéchen Silesian , Lower ans zwie drei vier fümf sechs siewa / sieba acht nåin zeha Bavarian null / nui oas zwoa drei fiare fimfe sechse sieme åchte neine zene öife zwöife dreizea fiazea fuchzea sechzea sibzea åchzea neizea zwånzge Cimbrian òan zbeen drai viar vüf sèks siban acht naün zègan Swabian oes zwoe droe vier fümf sechs siibe acht noen zaen Alemannic ei ( m / f ) eis ( n ) zwe ( m ) zwo ( f ) zwöi / zwei ( n ) drei ( m / f ) drü ( n ) vier foif / föif / füüf sächs siibe / sibe acht nüün zäh euf zwüof dryzäh vierzäh füfzäh sächszäh sibezäh achtzäh nüünzäh zwänzg Alsatian eins zwei drèï viar femf sex sewwa ååcht nîn zeh elf zwelf drize viarze fùffze sæchze sewweze åchtze nînze zwånzig North Germanic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Norse , Old einn tveir þrír fjórir fimm sex sjau átta níu tíu ellifu tólf þrettán fjórtán fimtán sextán sjaután , sjautján átján nítján tuttugu Norse , Old ( East ) ( with long - branch and short twig runes ) ᛅᛁᚾ ᛆᛁᚿ æinn ᛏᚢᛅᛁᛦ ᛐᚢᛆᛁᛧ tvæiʀ ᚦᚱᛁᛦ ᚦᚱᛁᛧ þrīʀ ᚠᛁᚢᚱᛁᛦ ᚠᛁᚢᚱᛁᛧ fjūriʀ ᚠᛁᛘ ᚠᛁᛙ fǣm ᛋᛁᛋ ᛌᛁᛌ sæx ᛋᛁᚢ ᛌᛁᚢ sjū ᛅᛏᛅ ᛆᛐᛆ ātta ᚾᛁᚢ ᚿᛁᚢ nīu ᛏᛁᚢ ᛐᛁᚢ tīu Icelandic , Old einn tueir þrír fiórer fimm sex siau átta nío tío Icelandic núll einn ( m ) ein ( f ) eitt ( n ) tveir ( m ) tvær ( f ) tvö ( n ) þrír ( m ) þrjár ( f ) þrjú ( n ) fjórir ( m ) fjórar ( f ) fjögur ( n ) fimm sex sjö átta níu tíu ellefu tólf þrettán fjórtán fimmtán sextán sautján átján nítján tuttugu Faroese null ein ( m & f ) eitt ( n ) einir ( m.pl ) einar ( f.pl ) eini ( n.pl ) tveir ( m ) tvær ( f ) tvey ( n ) tríggir ( m ) tríggjar ( f ) trý ( n ) fýra fimm seks sjey átta níggju tíggju ellivu tólv trettan fjúrtan fimtan sekstan seytjan átjan nítjan tjúgu Norn en twa tre føre / få siks sju ni ti Dalecarlian ienn twer trair fiuärer fem sjäks sju åtta niu tiu ellivu tólv trettan fjúrtan fimtan sekstan seytjan átjan nítjan tjúgu Norwegian , Bokmål null en ( m ) ei ( f ) ett ( n ) to tre fire fem seks sju / syv åtte ni ti elleve tolv tretten fjorten femten seksten sytten atten nitten tjue Norwegian , Nynorsk null éin ( m ) éi ( f ) eitt ( n ) to tre ( tri ) fire fem seks sju åtte ni ti elleve tolv tretten fjorten femten seksten sytten atten nitten tjue Norwegian , Høgnorsk null ein ( m ) ei ( f ) eitt ( n ) tvo ( m & f ) tvau ( n ) tri ( m & f ) try ( n ) fjore ( m & n ) fjora ( f ) fem seks sjau åtta nio tio elleve tolv trettan fjortan femtan sekstan syttan attan nittan tjuge Danish nul en ( et ) to tre fire fem seks syv otte ni ti elleve tolv tretten fjorten femten seksten sytten atten nitten tyve Jamska ein ( m ) ei ( f ) eitt ( n ) tvo tri fyyr / fyre fem seks sju åått / åtte ni ti elluv trettan fjorttan femtan sekstan sjuttan nittan tjugu Swedish , Old ēn twē ( r ) þrī ( r ) fiūri ( r ) fǣm sæx siū ātta nīo tīo Swedish noll en ( ett ) två tre fyra fem sex sju åtta nio tio elva tolv tretton fjorton femton sexton sjutton arton nitton tjugo Italic languages ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Oscan 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌔 VINVS 𐌃𐌖𐌔 DVS 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌔 TRIS 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌏𐌓𐌀 PETORA 𐌐𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌄 - POMPE - * 𐌔𐌄𐌇𐌔 * SEHS * 𐌔𐌄𐌅𐌕𐌄𐌍 * SEFTEN * 𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌏 * VHTO * 𐌍𐌖𐌖𐌄𐌍 * NVVEN * 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌄𐌍 * DEKEN Umbrian ( Italic ) 𐌖𐌍𐌔 VNS 𐌕𐌖𐌅 TVF 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌅 TRIF 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓 - PETVR - 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 - PVMPE - 𐌔𐌄𐌇𐌔 - SEHS - * 𐌍𐌖𐌖𐌉𐌌 * NVVIM * 𐌃𐌄𐌔𐌄𐌌 * DESEM Faliscan 𐌃𐌖 DV 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌔 TRIS * 𐌂𐌖𐌉𐌂𐌖𐌄 * CVICVE 𐌆𐌄𐌗 ZEX * 𐌆𐌄𐌐𐌕𐌄𐌍 * ZEPTEN 𐌏𐌂𐌕𐌖 OCTV * 𐌍𐌄𐌖𐌄𐌍 * NEVEN Latin , Old 𐌏𐌄𐌍𐌖𐌔 , 𐌏𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌔 OENVS , OINOS 𐌃𐌖𐌏 DVO 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌔 TRES 𐌒𐌖𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌏𐌓 , 𐌒𐌖𐌀𐌕𐌁𐌏𐌓 QVATVOR , QVATBOR 𐌒𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌒𐌖𐌄 , 𐌒𐌖𐌄𐌍𐌒𐌖𐌄 QVINQVE , QVENQVE 𐌔𐌄𐌗 SEX 𐌔𐌄𐌐𐌕𐌄𐌌 SEPTEM 𐌏𐌂𐌕𐌏 OCTO 𐌍𐌄𐌖𐌄𐌍 NEVEN 𐌃𐌄𐌂𐌄𐌌 DECEM Latin , Classical ( NVLLVM ) ( nūllum ) VNVS , VNA , VNVM ūnus , ūna , ūnum DVO , DVAE , DVO duo , duae , duo TRES , TRIA trēs , tria QVATTVOR quattuor QVINQVE quīnque SEX sex SEPTEM septem OCTO octō NOVEM novem DECEM decem VNDECIM ūndecim DVODECIM duodecim TREDECIM tredecim QVATTVORDECIM quattuordecim QVINDECIM quīndecim SEDECIM sēdecim SEPTENDECIM septendecim DVODEVIGINTI duodēvīgintī VNDEVIGINTI ūndēvīgintī VIGINTI vīgintī Romance languages ( Italic ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Latin , Vulgar * nullo * uno * duos , * dvi * tres * quattor * cinque * ses * septe * octo * nove * dece South Romance languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sardinian zeru unu duos tres battoro chimbe ses sette otto noe deghe úndagi dóghi tréchi batódighi bíndhichi sédichi decassète decheòto decannòbe bínti Sardinian , Logudorese unu duos tres báttor chimbe ses sette otto noe deghe East Romance languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Romanian zero unu , una doi , două trei patru cinci șase șapte opt nouă zece unsprezece doisprezece treisprezece paisprezece cincisprezece șaisprezece șaptesprezece optsprezece nouăsprezece douăzeci Istro - Romanian ur doi trei påtru ținț șåse șåpte opt , osan devet deset , zåțe Aromanian unu doi trei patru tinti shase shapte optu noaua date Megleno - Romanian unu doi trei patru ținți șasi șapti uopt nou zeți Italo - Dalmatian languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Dalmatian join doi tra cuatro čenc si siapto vapto nu dic jonco dotco tretco cuarco čonco setco dichisapto dichidapto dichinú Istriot oûn dui tri quatro sinque seîe siete uoto nuve gize Italian zero ( ˈdzɛro ) uno ( ˈuno ) due ( ˈdue ) tre ( tre ) quattro ( ˈkwatːro ) cinque ( ˈtʃiŋkwe ) sei ( ˈsɛi ) sette ( ˈsɛtːe ) otto ( ˈɔtːo ) nove ( ˈnɔve ) dieci ( ˈdjɛtʃi ) undici ( ˈunditʃi ) dodici ( ˈdoditʃi ) tredici ( ˈtreditʃi ) quattordici ( kwaˈtːorditʃi ) quindici ( ˈkwinditʃi ) sedici ( ˈseditʃi ) diciassette ( ditʃaˈsːɛtːe ) diciotto ( diˈtʃɔtːo ) diciannove ( ditʃaˈnːɔve ) venti ( ˈventi ) Corsican zeru unu , una dui , duie trè quattru cinque séi sétte óttu nóve déce òndeci dòdeci trèdeci quattòrdeci quindeci sèdeci dicessétte dicióttu dicennóve vinti Umbrian ( Romance ) unu dui trè quattru cénque séi sétte òtto nòe dèsce Neapolitan uno , auno ruje , ddoje treje quatto cingo sèje sètte otte nove riece ùnnece dùdece trìrece quattuórdece quíndece sìrece diciessette diceotto dicennove vìnte Sicilian unu dui tri quattru cincu sie setti ottu novi deci Gallo - Italian languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Emilio - Romagnolo vón du trì cuatar sinc sḗs sét ót nṓv dḗz Genoese ün , ün - a duî , dùe tréi , trèe cuatru sincue sê sète ötu nööve dêxe Ligurian un doì trei quattro çinque sei sette euttu neuve dexe Lombard vun duu trii quatter cinqu ses sett vott noeuv des vundes dodes tredes quattordes quindes sedes dersett desdott desnoeuv vint Milanese vun , voeuna duu , dò trii , trè quatter cinq sès sètt vòtt noeuf dès Piedmontese ün dü trè quatr sinc sés sèt öt nöu dés Venetian xero on do tri cuatro sinque sié sete oto nóve diéxe óndexe dódexe trédexe quatòrdexe quìndexe sédexe disete disdoto disnóve vinti Rhaeto - Romance languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Friulian zero un , une doi , dôs trê cuatri cinc sîs siet vot nûf dîs undis dodis tredis cutuardis cuindis sedis disesiet disevot disenûf vincj Ladin un doi trei cater cinch sies set ot nuef diesc undesc dodesc tredesc catordesc chindesc seidesc dejesset dejedot dejeneuf vint Sursilvan in , ina dus , duas treis quater tschun sis siat otg nov diesch Sutsilvan egn , egna dus , duas tres quater tschentg sis seat otg nov diesch endesch dudesch tredesch quitordesch quendesch sedesch gisseat schotg schenev veintg Surmiran egn , egna dus treis catter tschintg seis set otg nov diesch Vallader un , una duos trais quatter tschinch ses set ot nouv desch Puter un , una duos trais quatter tschinch ses set och nouv desch Rumantsch Grischun nulla in , ina dus , duas trais quatter tschintg sis set otg nov diesch indesch dudesch tredesch quattordesch quindesch sedesch deschset deschdotg deschnov ventg Franco - Provençal languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Franco - Provençal zérô yon , yena dos , doves três quatro cinq siéx sèt huit nô diéx Langues d'oïl ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 French , Old un deus treis quatre cinc sis set uit noef dis unze duze treize quatorze quinze sesse disept disoet disnoef vint French zéro ( zeʁɔ ) un ( m ) une ( f ) ( œ̃ ) ; ( yn ) deux ( dø ) trois ( tʁwa ) quatre ( katʁ ) cinq ( sɛ̃k ) six ( sis ) sept ( sɛt ) huit ( ɥit ) neuf ( nøf ) dix ( dis ) onze douze treize quatorze quinze seize dix - sept dix - huit dix - neuf vingt Norman zéro eun déeus treis quate chin syis set huit neu dyis Guernésiais iun daeux treis quatre chinq six saept huit neuf dix onze douze treize quatorze tchinze seize dix - saept dix - huit dix - neuf vingt Jèrriais un , eune iun , ieune deux trais quat ' chînq , chîntch , chîn six , siex , siêx sept huit neuf , neu dgix , dgiex onze douze treize quatorze tchînze seize dgiêx - sept dgiêx - huit dgiêx - neuf vîngt Picard un , eune deu trouo kat chink sis siet uit neuf dich onze dousse trèsse quatore tchinse sèse dis - sèt dis - uit dis - neu vint Walloon zérô onk / one deus troes cwate cénk shîjh set ût noûv dîjh onze doze traze catoize cwinze saze dîjh - set dîjh - hût dîjh - noûv vint Occitano - Romance languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Aranese un , ua dus , dues tres quate cinc sies sèt ueit nau dètz Auvergnat vun dou trei catre sin siei sé veu neu dié Catalan zero u / un , una dos , dues tres quatre cinc sis set vuit / huit nou deu onze dotze tretze catorze quinze setze disset divuit dinou vint Gascon un , ua dus , duas tres quate cinc shèis sèt ueit nau dètz Languedocien zèro un , una dos , doas tres quatre cinc sièis sèt uèch nòu dètz Limousin un dōū trei quātre cin siei se hue nō die Occitan un dos tres quatre cinc sièis sèt uèch nòu dètz onze dotze tretze catòrze quinze setze dètz - e-sèt dètz - e-uèch dètz - e-nòu vint Provençal zero un , una dos , doas tres quatre cinc sièis sèt uèch uéit vuèch uòch nòu dètz West Iberian languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Portuguese - Galician hũu ( m ) hũa ( f ) dois / dous ( m ) duas ( f ) tres quatro cinquo / cinque seis sete oito / outo nove deç / dez / des Asturian ceru un , una dous , dúas tres cuatru cincu seis siete ochu nueve diez once doce trece catorce quince deciséis decisiete deciocho decinueve venti Eonavian un dous tres cuatro cinco seis sete oito nove dez once doce trece catorce quince dazaseis dazasete dazaoito dazanove vinte Galician cero un ( m ) unha ( f ) dous ( m ) dúas ( f ) tres catro cinco seis sete oito nove dez once doce trece catorce quince dezaseis dezasete dezaoito dezanove vinte Portuguese zero ( zɛɾu ) um ( m ) uma ( f ) ( um ; umɐ ) dois / dous ( m ) duas ( f ) ( dois ; dous ; duas ) três ( tɾes ) quatro ( kwɐtɾu ) cinco ( sĩku ) seis ( ses ) sete BP : ( sɛtʃi ) EP : ( sɛtɨ ) oito ( ɔjtu ) nove ( nɔv ( i ) ) dez ( dɛz ) onze doze treze quatorze quinze dezesseis dezessete dezoito dezenove vinte Leonese cero ún dos trés cuatro cinco seis siete ocho nueve diez Mirandese zero un , ũa dous , dues trés quatro cinco seis siête uito nuôbe dieç Spanish cero PS : ( θeɾo ) AmS : ( seɾo ) uno ( isolate ) un ( m ) una ( f ) ( uno ; un ; una ) dos ( dos ) tres ( tɾes ) cuatro ( kwatɾo ) cinco PS : ( θiŋko ) AmS : ( siŋko ) seis ( seis ) siete ( sjete ) ocho ( otʃo ) nueve ( nweβe ) diez PS : ( djeθ ) AmS : ( djes ) once doce trece catorce quince dieciséis diecisiete dieciocho diecinueve veinte Ladino זִרוֹ zyro אוּנוּ unu דוֹ do טְרֵי tre קוּאַטְרוּ cuatru סִינְקוּ sincu סֵיש sex סִייֵּטִי sieti אוֹג ׳ וּ ochu מוּאֵיוִי muevi דִייֵּס dies Mozarabic -- Pyrenean languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Mozarabic اُنُ uno دُش dox ترَاش trex كوَترُ quatro جِنكُ chinco شَيش xaix شَابتَا xebte اُيتُ oito * نُفَا * nofe ديَاش diex Aragonese zero un / uno dos tres cuatro / cuatre zinco / zingo seis / sais siete / siet güeito / ueito nueu diez Greek language ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Proto - Hellenic * hems * duwō * treies * kwetwores * penkwe * hweks * hepta * oktō * ennewa * deka Greek , Mycenaean 𐀁𐀕 eme 𐀉𐀺 duwou / dwo 𐀴𐀪 tris 𐀤𐀵𐀫 qetoro 𐀟𐀤 peqe 𐀸 fhɛks 𐀁𐀚𐀺 ennewo Greek , Attic ΜΗΔΕΝ mēdén α ' ΕΙΣ heis ( male ) ΜΙΑ mia ( fem . ) ΕΝ en ( neutr . ) β ' ΔΥΟ dúō γ ' ΤΡΕΙΣ ΤΡΙΑ treis tria δ ' ΤΕΤΤΑΡΕΣ ΤΕΤΤΑΡΑ téttares téttara ε ' ΠΕΝΤΕ pénte ϛ ' ΕΞ héx ζ ' ΕΠΤΑ heptá η ' ΟΚΤΩ oktṓ θ ' ΕΝΝΕΑ ennéa ι ' ΔΕΚΑ déka ια ' ΕΝΔΕΚΑ héndeka ιβ ' ΔΩΔΕΚΑ dódeka ιγ ' ΤΡΕΙΣΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ treiskaídeka ιδ ' ΤΕΤΤΑΡΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΚΑ téttares kaì déka ιε ' ΠΕΝΤΕΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ pentekaídeka ιϛ ' ΕΚΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ hekkaídeka ιζ ' ΕΠΤΑΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ heptakaídeka ιη ' ΟΚΤΩΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ oktōkaídeka ιθ ' ΕΝΝΕΑΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ enneakaídeka κ ' ΕΙΚΟΣΙ ( Ν ) eíkosi ( n ) Greek , Koine εἴς ( h ) is μία mía έν én δύο dýo τρεῖς , τρία treîs , tría τέσσαρες , τέσσαρα téssares , téssara πέντε pénte ἕξ ( h ) ex ἑπτά ( h ) epta ὀκτώ oktṓ ἐννέα ennéa δέκα déka ἕνδεκα ( h ) éndeka δώδεκα dṓdeka δεκατρία dekatría δεκατέσσαρες dekatessares δεκαπέντε dekapénte δεκαέξ dekaéx δεκαεπτά dekaeptá δεκαοκτώ dekaoktṓ δεκαεννέα dekaennéa είκοσι eíkosi Greek , Demotic Listen ( help info ) μηδέν midén ένας énas μια mia ένα ena δύο dýo τρεις τρία tris tría τέσσερ ( ε ) ις τέσσερα tésseris téssera πέντε pénde έξι éxi εφτά eftá οχτώ οκτώ ochtó októ εννέα ennéa δέκα déka έντεκα énteka δώδεκα dódeka δεκατρία dekatría δεκατέσσερα dekatéssera δεκαπέντε dekapénte δεκαέξι dekaéxi δεκαεπτά dekaeptá δεκαοχτώ δεκαοκτώ dekaokhtó dekaoktó δεκαεννέα dekaennéa είκοσι eíkosi Baltic languages ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Prussian , Old aīns dwāi trijan keturjāi pēnkjāi uššai * septīnjai * astōnjai * newīnjai desīmtan Lithuanian nulis vienas du trys keturi penki šeši septyni aštuoni devyni dešimt vienuolika dvylika trylika keturiolika penkiolika šešiolika septyniolika aštuoniolika devyniolika dvidešimt Latgalian vīns div treis četri pīci seši septeni ostoni deveni desmit Latvian nulle viens divi trīs četri pieci seši septiņi astoņi deviņi desmit vienpadsmit divpadsmit trīspadsmit četrpadsmit piecpadsmit sešpadsmit septiņpadsmit astoņpadsmit deviņpadsmit divdesmit Slavic languages ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Slavonic , Old Church ѥдинъ ( ѥдьнъ ) jedinŭ дъва ( дъвѣ ) dŭva триѥ ( трьѥ , три ) trĭje , tri четꙑре ( четꙑри ) četyre пѧть pętĭ шесть šestĭ седмь sedmĭ осмь osmĭ девѧть devętĭ десѧть desętĭ ѥдинъ на десѧте jedinŭ na desęte дъва на десѧте dŭva na desęte трьѥ на десѧте trĭje na desęte четꙑре на десѧте četyre na desęte пѧть на десѧте pętĭ na desęte шесть на десѧте šestĭ na desęte седмь на десѧте sedmĭ na desęte осмь на десѧте osmĭ na desęte девѧть на десѧте devętĭ na desęte дъва десѧти dŭva desęti East Slavic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Belarusian ( Łacinka ) нуль nul ' ( nul ) адзін adzin два dva тры try чатыры čatyry пяць pjac ' ( piać ) шэсць šèsc ' ( šesć ) сем sem ( siem ) восем vosem ( vosiem ) дзевяць dzevjac ' ( dzieviać ) дзесяць dzesjac ' ( dziesiać ) адзінаццаць ( adzinaccać ) дванаццаць ( dvanaccać ) трынаццаць ( trynaccać ) чатырнаццаць ( čatyrnaccać ) пятнаццаць ( piatnaccać ) шаснаццаць ( šasnaccać ) семнаццаць ( siemnaccać ) васемнаццаць ( vasiemnaccać ) дзевятнаццаць ( dzieviatnaccać ) дваццаць ( dvaccać ) Russian ( listen ) ноль nol ' ( ˈnolj ) один , одна , oднo odin , odna , odno ( ɐˈdjin ; ɐdˈna ; ɐdˈno ) два , две dva , dve ( dva ; dvje ) три tri ( trji ) четыре četyre ( t͡ɕɪˈtɨrje ) пять pyat ' ( ˈpjatj ) шесть šest ' ( ʂesjtj ) семь sem ' ( ˈsjemj ) восемь vosem ' ( ˈvosjɪmj ) девять devyat ' ( ˈdjevjɪtj ) десять desyat ' ( ˈdjesjɪtj ) одиннадцать odinnadtsat ' двенадцать dvenadtsat ' тринадцать trinadtsat ' четырнадцать chetyrnadtsat ' пятнадцать pyatnadtsat ' шестнадцать šestnadtsat ' семнадцать semnadtsat ' восемнадцать vosemnadtsat ' девятнадцать devyatnadtsat ' двадцать dvadtsat ' Ukrainian нуль nul ' один odyn два dva три try чотири čotyry п'ять p'yat ' шiсть šist ' сiм sim вiсiм visim дев'ять dev'yat ' десять desyat ' одинадцять odynadtsyat ' дванадцять dvanadtsyat ' тринадцять trynadtsyat ' чотирнадцять chotyrnadtsyat ' п'ятнадцять p'yatnadtsyat ' шістнадцять šistnadtsyat ' сімнадцять simnadtsyat ' вісімнадцять visimnadtsyat ' дев'ятнадцять dev'yatnadtsyat ' двадцять dvadtsyat ' West Slavic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Czech nula ( nula ) jeden ( jɛdɛn ) dva ( dva ) tři ( tr̝̊ɪ ) čtyři ( t͡ʃtɪr̝̊ɪ ) pět ( pjɛt ) šest ( ʃɛst ) sedm ( sɛdm̩ ) osm ( o̞sm̩ ) devět ( dɛ. vjɛt ) deset ( dɛsɛt ) jedenáct ( jɛdɛnaːt͡st ) dvanáct ( dvanaːt͡st ) třináct ( tr̝̊ɪnaːt͡st ) čtrnáct ( t͡ʃtr̩naːt͡st ) patnáct ( patnaːt͡st ) šestnáct ( ʃɛstnaːt͡st ) sedmnáct ( sɛdm̩naːt͡st ) osmnáct ( osm̩naːt͡st ) devatenáct ( dɛvatɛnaːt͡st ) dvacet ( dvat͡sɛt ) Kashubian nul jeden dwa trzë sztërë piãc szesc sétmë òsmë dzewiãc dzesãc Polish zero ( zɛrɔ ) jeden ( jɛdɛn ) dwa ( dva ) trzy ( tʐɨ ) cztery ( tʂtɛrɨ ) pięć ( pjjɛ̃tɕ ) sześć ( ʂɛɕtɕ ) siedem ( ɕɛdem ) osiem ( ɔɕɛm ) dziewięć ( dʑɛvjjɛ̃tɕ ) dziesięć ( dʑɛɕɛ̃tɕ ) jedenaście dwanaście trzynaście czternaście piętnaście szesnaście siedemnaście osiemnaście dziewiętnaście dwadzieścia Slovak nula ( nula ) jeden ( jɛdɛn ) dva ( dva ) tri ( trɪ ) štyri ( ʃtɪrɪ ) päť ( pɛc ) šesť ( ʃɛsc ) sedem ( sɛɟɛm ) osem ( ɔsɛm ) deväť ( ɟɛvɛc ) desať ( ɟɛsac ) jedenásť dvanásť trinásť štrnásť pätnásť šestnásť sedemnásť osemnásť devätnásť dvadsať Sorbian ( Lower ) jaden dwa tśi styri pěś šesć sedym wósym źewjeś źaseś Sorbian ( Upper ) jedyn dwaj tři štyri pjeć šěsć sydom wosom dźewjeć dźesać South Slavic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Bosnian nula jedan dva tri četiri pet šest sedam osam devet deset Bulgarian нула nula едно edno две dve три tri четири četiri пет pet шест šest седем sedem осем osem девет devet десет deset единадесет edinadeset / единайсет edinajset дванадесет dvanadeset / дванайсет dvanaĭset тринадесет trinadeset / тринайсет trinajset четиринадесет četirinadeset / четиринайсет četirinajset петнадесет petnadeset / петнайсет petnajset шестнадесет šestnadeset / шестнайсет šestnajset седемнадесет sedemnadeset / седемнайсет sedemnajset осемнадесет ocemnadeset / осемнайсет osemnajset деветнадесет devetnadeset / деветнайсет devetnajset двадесет dvadeset / двайсет dvajset Croatian nula jedan dva tri četiri pet šest sedam osam devet deset jedanaest dvanaest trinaest četrnaest petnaest šesnaest sedamnaest osamnaest devetnaest dvadeset Macedonian нула nula еден eden два dva три tri четири četiri пет pet шест šest седум sedum осум osum девет devet десет deset единаесет edinaeset дванаесет dvinaeset тринаесет trinaeset четиринаесет četirinaeset петнаесет petnaeset шеснаесет šesnaeset седумнаесет sedumnaeset осумнаесет osumnaeset деветнаесет devestnaeset дваесет dvaeset Serbian нула nula један jedan два dva три tri четири četiri пет pet шест šest седам sedam осам osam девет devet десет deset једанаест jedanaest дванаест dvanaest тринаест trinaest четрнаест četrnaest петнаест petnaest шеснаест šesnaest седамнаест sedamnaest осамнаест ocamnaest деветнаест devetnaest двадесет dvadeset Slovene nič ena dve , dva tri štiri pet šest sedem osem devet deset enajst dvanajst trinajst štirinajst petnajst šestnajst sedemnajst osemnajst devetnajst dvajset Indo - Aryan languages ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Proto - Indo - Iranian * aywas * duwā * trayas * catwāras * panca * swaš * sapta * aštā * nawa * daśa Vedic Sanskrit एक eka द्वौ / दुवौ d ( u ) vāu त्रि tri चतुर् catur पञ्च pañca षष् ṣaṣ सप्त sapta अष्टौ aṣṭāu नव nava दश daśa ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ १० ११ १२ १३ १४ १५ १६ १७ १८ १९ २० Sanskrit शून्य śūnya एकम् ( n ) / एकः ( m ) / एका ( f ) ekam / ekaḥ / ekā द्वे ( n ) / द्वै ( m ) / द्वा ( f ) dve / dvai / dvā त्रीणि ( n ) / त्रयः ( m ) / तिस्रः ( f ) trīṇi / trayaḥ / tisraḥ चत्वारि ( n ) / चत्वारः ( m ) / चतस्रः ( f ) catvāri / catvāraḥ / catasraḥ पञ्च pañca षष् ṣaṣ सप्त sapta अष्ट aṣṭa नव nava दश daśa एकादश ekādaśa द्वादश dvādaśa त्रयोदश trayodaśa चतुर्दश caturdaśa पञ्चदश pañcadaśa षोडश ṣoḍaśa सप्तदश saptadaśa अष्टदश aṣṭadaśa नवदश एकोनविम्शति navadaśa ēkōnaviṃśati विंशति viṃśati Pali suññatā eka dve tayo cattāro pañca cha satta aṭṭha nava dasa rasa lasa ḷasa ekādasa dvādasa bārasa telasa terasa catuddasa cuddasa pañcadasa paṇṇarasa soḷasa sattadasa sattarasa aṭṭhadasa aṭṭharasa ekūnavīsati vīsati Hindi शून्य śūnya ( ʃuːnjə ) एक ēk ( eːk ) दो dō ( d̪oː ) तीन tīn ( t̪iːn ) चार cār ( t͡ʃaːɾ ) पाँच pān̄c ( pãːt͡ʃ ) छः chah ( t͡ʃhɛ ) सात sāt ( saːt̪ ) आठ āṭh ( aːʈh ) नौ nau ( nɔː ) दस das ( d̪əs ) ग्यारह gyārah ( ɡjaːɾəh ) बारह bārah ( baːɾəh ) तेरह tērah ( t̪eːɾəh ) चौदह caudah ( t͡ʃɔːd̪əh ) पंद्रह pandrah ( pan̩d̪ɾah ) सोलह sōlah ( soːlah ) सत्रह satrah ( sat̪ɾah ) अठारह aṭhārah ( əʈhaːɾəh ) उन्नीस unnīs ( unːiːs ) बीस bīs ( biːs ) Urdu ۰ ‬ صفر ‬ ( sɪfər ) ۱ ‬ ایک ‬ ( eːk ) ۲ ‬ دو ‬ ( d̪oː ) ۳ ‬ تین ‬ ( t̪iːn ) ۴ ‬ چار ‬ ( t͡ʃaːɾ ) ۵ ‬ پانچ ‬ ( pãːt͡ʃ ) ۶ ‬ چھ ‬ ( t͡ʃhɛ ) ۷ ‬ سات ‬ ( saːt̪ ) ۸ ‬ آٹھ ‬ ( aːʈh ) ۹ ‬ نو ‬ ( nɔː ) ۱۰ ‬ دس ‬ ( d̪əs ) ۱۱ ‬ گیارہ ‬ ( ɡjaːɾəh ) ۱۲ ‬ بارہ ‬ ( baːɾəh ) ۱۳ ‬ تیرہ ‬ ( t̪eːɾəh ) ۱۴ ‬ چودہ ‬ ( t͡ʃɔːd̪əh ) ۱۵ ‬ پندرہ ‬ ( pan̩d̪ɾah ) ۱۶ ‬ سولہ ‬ ( soːlah ) ۱۷ ‬ سترہ ‬ ( sat̪ɾah ) ۱۸ ‬ اٹھارہ ‬ ( əʈhaːɾəh ) ۱۹ ‬ انیس ‬ ( unːiːs ) ۲۰ ‬ بیس ‬ ( biːs ) Marathi शून्य śūnya ( ɕuːnjə ) एक ēk ( eːk ) दोन dōn ( d̪oːn ) तीन tīn ( t̪iːn ) चार cār ( t͡saːɾ ) पांच pān̄c ( paːnt͡s ) सहा sahā ( s̪əɦaː ) सात sāt ( saːt̪ ) आठ āṭh ( aːʈh ) नऊ naū ( nəuː ) दहा dahā ( d̪əɦaː ) अकरा ēkarā ( əkəɾaː ) बारा bārā ( baːɾaː ) तेरा tērā ( teːɾaː ) चौदा caudā ( t͡ʃəudaː ) पंघरा pandhrā ( pand̪hɾaː ) सोळा soḷā ( soːɭaː ) सतरा satarā ( sətəɾaː ) अठरा aṭharā ( əʈhəɾaː ) एकोनीस ēkōnīs ( eːkoːniːs ) वीस vīs ( ʋiːs ) Nepali सुन्ना sunna एक ek दुइ dui तीन tīn चार cār पाँच pāṁc छ chhā सात sāt आठ āṭh नौ nau दश daś एघार eghār बार्ह bārha तेर्ह terha चौध caudh पन्ध्र pandhra सोर्ह sorha सत्र satra अठार aṭhār उन्नाइस unnāis बीस bīs Bhojpuri सुन्ना / सेफर sunnā / sefr एक ek दु du तीन tīn चार cār पाँच pāñc छे chhe सात sāt आठ āṭh नौ nau दस das एग्यारह egyārah बारह bārah तेरह terah चौदह caudah पनरह panrah सोरह sorah सतरह satrah अठारह aṭhārah उन्नइस unnais बीस bīs ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯ ১০ ১১ ১২ ১৩ ১৪ ১৫ ১৬ ১৭ ১৮ ১৯ ২০ Assamese শূন্য xuinno ( xuinːɔ ) এক ek ( ɛk ) দুই dui ( dui ) তিনি tini ( tini ) চাৰি sari ( saɹi ) পাঁচ pas ( pas ) ছয় soy ( sɔe ) সাত xat ( xat ) আঠ ath ( ath ) ন no ( nɔ ) দহ doh ( dɔɦ ) এঘাৰ egharo ( ɛɡɦarɔ ) বাৰ baro ( baɹɔ ) তেৰ tero ( tɛɹɔ ) চৈধ্য soidhdho ( sɔidɦdɦɔ ) পোন্ধৰ púndhoro ( pʊndɦɔɹɔ ) ষোল্ল xullo ( xʊlːɔ ) সোতৰ xútoro ( xʊtɔɹɔ ) ওঠৰ úthoro ( ʊthɔɹɔ ) ঊন্নৈছ unnois ( unːɔis ) বিছ bis ( bis ) Bengali শুন্য shūn'ya ( ʃunːo ) এক êk ( æk ) দুই dui ( d̪uj ) তিন tin ( t̪in ) চার car ( t͡ʃaɹ ) পাঁচ pãc ( pãt͡ʃ ) ছয় chhoe ( t͡ʃhɔe ) সাত shat ( ʃat̪ ) আট aţ ( aʈ ) নয় noe ( nɔe ) দশ dôsh ( d̪ɔʃ ) এগার êgarô ( æɡaro ) বার barô ( baro ) তের terô ( tero ) চোদ্দ coddô ( t͡ʃod̪ːo ) পনের pônerô ( pɔnero ) ষোল sholô ( ʃolo ) সতের shôterô ( ʃɔtero ) আঠার aţharô ( aʈharo ) উনিশ unish ( uniʃ ) বিশ bish ( biʃ ) Sylheti ꠡꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠩ shuinno ꠄꠇ ex ꠖꠥꠁ dui ꠔꠤꠘ tin ꠌꠣꠁꠞ sair ꠙꠣꠌ fas ꠍꠄ soe ꠡꠣꠔ / ꠢꠣꠔ shat / hat ꠀꠑ aţ ꠘꠄ noe ꠖꠡ dosh ꠄꠊꠣꠞ ꠩ egaro ꠛꠣꠞ ꠩ baro ꠔꠦꠞ ꠩ tero ꠌꠃꠖ꠆ꠖ ꠩ souddo ꠙꠘ꠆ꠗ fondo ꠡꠥꠟ꠆ꠟ ꠩ shullo ꠡꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠩ shotro ꠀꠑꠣꠞ ꠩ aţaro ꠃꠘ꠆ꠘꠤꠡ unnish ꠛꠤꠡ bish Gujarati ૦ શૂન્ય śūnya ૧ એક ēk ૨ બે bē ૩ ત્રણ traṇ ૪ ચાર cār ૫ પાંચ pān̄c ૬ છ cha ૭ સાત sāt ૮ આઠ āṭh ૯ નવ nav ૧૦ દસ das ૧૧ અગિયાર agiyār ૧૨ બાર bār ૧૩ તેર tēr ૧૪ ચૌદ caud ૧૫ પંદર pandar ૧૬ સોળ sōḷ ૧૭ સત્તર sattar ૧૮ અઢાર aḍhār ૧૯ ઓગણીસ ōgaṇīs ૨૦ વીસ vīs Odia ୦ ଶୁନ୍ୟ śunẏa ୧ ଏକ eka ୨ ଦୁଇ dui ୩ ତିନି tini ୪ ଚାରି cāri ୫ ପାଞ୍ଚ pāṅca ୬ ଛଅ chaa ୭ ସାତ sāta ୮ ଆଠ āṭha ୯ ନଅ naa ୧୦ ନଅ daśa ୧୧ ଏଗାର egāra ୧୨ ବାର bāra ୧୩ ତେର tera ୧୪ ଚଉଦ cauda ୧୫ ପନ୍ଦର pandara ୧୬ ଷୋହଳ ṣohaḷa ୧୭ ସତର satara ୧୮ ଅଠର aṭhara ୧୯ ଊଣାଇଶ ūṇāiśa ୨୦ କୋଡିଏ koḍue Punjabi ੦ ਸਿਫਰ صفر ‬ sifar ੧ ਇੱਕ اک ‬ ikk ੨ ਦੋ دو ‬ do ੩ ਤਿੰਨ تنّ ‬ tinn ੪ ਚਾਰ چار ‬ chār ੫ ਪੰਜ پنج ‬ pañj ੬ ਛੇ چھ ‬ chhē ੭ ਸੱਤ ستّ ‬ satt ੮ ਅੱਠ اٹھ ‬ aṭṭh ੯ ਨੌਂ نوں ‬ nauṃ ੧੦ ਦਸ دس ‬ das ੧੧ ਗਿਆਰਾ گیارا ‬ giārā ੧੨ ਬਾਰਾ بارا ‬ bārā ੧੩ ਤੇਰਾ تیرا ‬ tērā ੧੪ ਚੌਦਾ چودا ‬ chaudā ੧੫ ਪੰਦਰਾ پندرا ‬ pandrā ੧੬ ਸੋਲ਼ਾ سولا ‬ sōḷā ੧੭ ਸਤਾਰਾ ستارا ‬ satārā ੧੮ ਅਠਾਰਾ اٹھارا ‬ aṭhārā ੧੯ ਉੱਨੀ انی ‬ unnī ੨੦ ਵੀਹ ویہہ ‬ vīh Rohingya ʔeikh ˥ ˀ ðu ˩ θĩn ˩ sair̥ ˩ fas ˩ fañs sou ˧ / sɔ ˧ haθ ˥ ˀ ʔaʃh ˩ tɔ ˩ nɔ ˩ ðouʃh ˩ ʔɛ ˩ ɡa ˩ rɔ ˩ / egaro ba ˩ rɔ ˧ teró sə ˩ dɔ ˧ soiddó fũn ˩ drɔ ˧ / fũn ˩ də ˩ rɔ ˧ fundóro ʃu ˥ ˀ lɔ̥ ˧ ha ˥ ˀ θə ˩ rɔ ˧ háñtaroh añçáro ʔũn ˩ nɔʃh ˧ biʃh ˧ / ku ˩ ri ˩ Burgenland Romani nischta jek duj trin schtar pantsch schov efta ofto enja desch Romani ( Pan-Vlax ) jex duj trin štar pandž šov efta oxto inja deš deš - u-jek deš - u-duj deš - u-trin deš - u-štar deš - u-pandž deš - u-šov deš - efta deš - oxto deš - inja biš Saraiki hik du tre char punj cheeh sett atth naunh dah Sinhala ශුන්යය śūnyaya එක eka දෙක deka තුන thuna හතර hathara පහ paha හය haya හත hatha අට aṭa නවය navaya දහය dahaya එකොළහ ekoḷaha දොළහ doḷaha දහතුන dahatuna දහහතර dahahatara පහළොව pahaḷova දහසය dahasaya දහහත dahahata දහඅට dahaaṭa දහනවය dahanavaya විස්ස vissa Sindhi بری buri حک hik ٻہَ bah ٽي teh چارِ chaar پَنجَ panj ڇَہہَ chah سَتَ sath اَٺَ ath نَوَ nav ڏَہہَ deh يارَہَن yaaraa ٻارَہَن baaraa تيرَہَن teraa چوڏَنہَن chodaa پَندِرہَن pandraa سورہَن soraa سَترہَن satraa اَرڙہَن araa اُڻويِہہَ urnvih ويِہہَ vih Iranian languages ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ۰ ١ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷ ۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰ Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀 aēva ( aeːva ) 𐬛𐬬𐬀 dva ( dva ) 𐬚𐬭𐬌 θri ( θri ) 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬬𐬀𐬭 čaθvar ( t͡ʃaðvar ) 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀 paṇča ( pant͡ʃa ) 𐬑𐬴𐬬𐬀𐬱 xṣ̌vaš ( xʃvaʃ ) 𐬵𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 hapta ( hapta ) 𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 ašta ( aʃta ) 𐬢𐬀𐬬𐬀 nava ( nava ) 𐬛𐬀𐬯𐬀 dasa ( dasa ) Middle Persian ēw , ēk , yak dō sē čahār panz šaš haft hašt nō dah Parthian ēw dō hrē čafār panǰ šwah haft hašt nah das Sogdian ēw əδū / ( ə ) δw ( a ) əθrē , šē čatfār panč uxušu əβt ( a ) əšt ( a ) naw ( a ) δas ( a ) Khwarezmian ʾyw * ēw ʾδyw šy cfʾr pnc ʾx ʾβd ʾšt šʾδ * šāδ δys Pashto ( Kandahar ) يو ( jəw ) دوه ( dwɑ ) درې ( dre ) څلور ( tsɑˈlor ) پنځه ( pinˈdzə ) شپږ ( ʃpəʐ ) اووه ( uˈwə ) اته ( ɑˈtə ) نه ( nə ) لس ( ləs ) يوولس ( jəˈwoləs ) دولس ( ˈdwələs ) ديارلس ( diɑrˈləs ) څوارلس ( ˈt͡swɑrləs ) پنځلس ( ˈpənd͡zələs ) شپاړس ( ˈʃpɑɽəs ) اووه لس ( uˈwələs ) اتلس ( ɑˈtələs ) نولس ( ˈnuləs ) شل ( ʃәl ) Hazara jʌg du se t͡ʃɑr pʌn ( d͡ʒ ) ʃʌʃ ( ʔ ) ʌft ( ʔ ) ʌʃt no dʌ jɑzdʌ dwɑzdʌ sezdʌ t͡ʃɑ̃rdʌ pozdʌ ʃozdʌ ( ʔ ) ʌvdʌ ( ʔ ) ʌʒdʌ nozdʌ bist Kurdish , Kurmanji sifir / zîro yek dû sê çwar pênj şeş hewt / heft heşt no / neh de / deh yanzdeh dwanzdeh sêzdeh çardeh panzdeh şanzdeh hivdeh hijdeh nozdeh bîst Zazakî sifir yew di hîrê çar panc şeş hewt heşt new des yewendes diwês hîrês çarês pancês şîyês hewtês heştês newês vîst Persian ( with Nastaʿlīq script ) صفر صفر ‬ sefr یک یک ‬ yek دو دو ‬ do سه سه ‬ se چهار چهار ‬ cahâr پنج پنج ‬ panj شش شش ‬ šeš هفت هفت ‬ haft هشت هشت ‬ hašt نه نه ‬ noh ده ده ‬ dah یازده یازده ‬ yâzdah دوازده دوازده ‬ davâzdah سیزده سیزده ‬ sizdah چهارده چهارده ‬ cahârdah پانزده پانزده ‬ pânzdah شانزده شانزده ‬ šânzdah هفده هفده ‬ hefdah هجده هجده ‬ hejdah نوزده نوزده ‬ nuzdah بیست بیست ‬ bist Tajik сифр sifr як yak ду du ce se чор , чаҳор çor , çahor панҷ panj шаш şaş ҳафт haft ҳашт haşt нӯҳ nūh даҳ dah Balochi yakk do sey čár panč šaš hapt hašt noh dah Ossetian иу iw дыууæ dywwæ æртæ ærtæ цыппар cyppar фондз fondz æхсæз æxsæz авд avd аст ast фараст farast дæс dæs Parachi žū dī šī čōr pōnč xī hōt ōšt nō dōs Shughni ( й ) ӣв̌ ( y ) īw д̌ийу̊н δiyůn арай aray цаво̄р cavōr пӣнҙ pīnj хо̄ғ xōγ в̌ӯвд wūvd в̌āх̌т wāx̌t но̄в̌ nōw д̌ӣс δīs Yaghnobi ӣ ī дӯ dū сарай saráy тафор tafór панч panč ухш uxš авд avd ашт ašt наԝ naw дас das Gilaki səfr i , yək du sə čəǻr pənj šiš haf haš no də yazdə dəvazdə sizdə čəårdə ponzdə šonzdə hivdə hijdə nuzdə bist Tocharian languages ( edit ) Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Tocharian A sas wu tre śtwar päñ ṣäk ṣpät okät ñu śäk śäk - ṣapi śäk - wepi śäk - täryāpi śäk - päñpi śäk - ṣäkpi śäk - okätpi wiki Tocharian B ṣe wi trai śtwer piś ṣkas ṣukt okt ñu śak śak - ṣe śak - wi śak - trai śak - śtwer śak - piś śak - ṣkas śak - ṣuk śak - okt śak - ñu ikäṃ", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Proto - Indo - European + * oinos / * oiwos / * oikos / * sems * duwou * treies * kwetwores * penkwe * s ( w ) eḱs * septṃ * oḱtou * newṇ * deḱṃt * dwi ( h1 ) dḱm̥ti", "Albanian language ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Old Albanian gna do tre cattere pesse giascte state tete nande ziete", "Albanian ( Tosk ) ( listen ) zero një dy tre katër pesë gjashtë shtatë tetë nëntë dhjetë njëmbëdhjetë dymbëdhjetë trembëdhjetë katërmbëdhjetë pesëmbëdhjetë gjashtëmbëdhjetë shtatëmbëdhjetë tetëmbëdhjetë nëntëmbëdhjetë njëzet", "Albanian ( Gheg ) nji dy tre katër pesë gjashtë shtatë tetë nândë dhetë", "Anatolian languages ( edit )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Hittite * ās dān tēries meyawes šipta -", "Armenian language ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "( Eastern ) Armenian զրո zro մեկ mek երկու yerkou երեք yereḳ չորս č̣ors հինգ hing վեց vec̣ յոթ yoṭ ութ ouṭ ինը inə տասը tasə տասնմեկ tasnmek տասներկու tasnerku տասներեք tasnereḳ տասնչորս tasnč̣ors տասնհինգ tasnhing տասնվեց tasnvec̣ տասնյոթ tasnyoṭ տասնութ tasnouṭ տասնինը tasninə քսան ḳsan", "Celtic languages ( edit )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Gaulish 𐌏𐌉𐌍𐌏 oino 𐌃𐌏 do 𐌕𐌓𐌉 tri 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌏𐌓 petor 𐌐𐌄𐌌𐌐𐌄 pempe 𐌔𐌖𐌄𐌊𐌏𐌔 suekos 𐌔𐌄𐌗𐌕𐌀𐌌 sextam 𐌏𐌗𐌕𐌖 oxtu 𐌍𐌀𐌖 nau 𐌃𐌄𐌂𐌀𐌌 decam", "Brythonic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Breton , Old un dou / dau tri petguar pemp hue seith / seidth eith nau dec", "Breton mann unan daou ( m ) div ( f ) tri ( m ) teir ( f ) pevar ( m ) peder ( f ) pemp c'hwec'h seizh eizh nav dek unnek daouzek trizek pevarzek pemzek c'hwezek seitek triwec'h naontek ugent", "Cornish mann onen dew ( m ) diw ( f ) tri ( m ) teyr ( f ) peswar ; pajar ( m ) peder ( f ) pymp ; pemp hwegh seyth eth naw deg unnek dewdhek tredhek peswardhek pymthek hwetek seytek etek nownsek ugens", "Welsh , Old un dou / deu tri petwar pimp chwech seyth oith naw dec", "Welsh dim un dau ( m ) dwy ( f ) tri ( m ) tair ( f ) pedwar ( m ) pedair ( f ) pump chwech saith wyth naw deg un ar ddeg deuddeg tri ar ddeg ( m ) tair ar ddeg ( f ) pedwar ar ddeg ( m ) pedair ar ddeg ( f ) pymtheg un ar bymtheg dau ar bymtheg ( m ) dwy ar bymtheg ( f ) deunaw pedwar ar bymtheg ( m ) pedair ar bymtheg ( f ) ugain", "Goidelic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Irish , Old óen da tri ceth ( a ) ir cóic se secht ocht noi deich", "Irish náid ( ˈn̪ɣaːdj ) aon ( ˈeːn̪ɣ ) dó ( ˈd̪ɣoː ) trí ( ˈt̪ɣɾjɪ ) ceathair ( ˈcahəɾj ) cúig ( ˈkuːɟ ) sé ( ˈʃeː ) seacht ( ˈʃaxt̪ɣ ) ocht ( ˈɔaxt̪ɣ ) naoi ( ˈn̪ɣiː ) deich ( ˈdjɛç ) aon déag dó dhéag trí déag ceathair déag cúig déag sé déag seacht déag ocht déag naoi déag fiche", "Manx neunhee nane jees tree kiare queig shey shiaght hoght nuy jeih ( un ) nane - jeig daa - yeig tree - jeig kiare - jeig queig - jeig shey - jeig shaight - jeig hoght - jeig nuy - jeig feed", "Scottish Gaelic neoni aon dà trì ceithir còig sia seachd ochd naoi deich aon deug d ( h ) à dheug trì deug ceithir deug còig deug sia deug seachd deug ochd deug naoi deug fichead", "Germanic languages ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Proto - Germanic * ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ * ainaz * ᛏᚹᚨ * twa * ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛁᛉ * þrijiz * ᚠᛁᛞᚹᛟᚱᛁᛉ * fidwōriz * ᚠᛁᛗᚠᛁ * fimfi * ᛊᛖᚺᛊ * sehs * ᛊᛁᛒᚢᚾ * sibun * ᚨᚺᛏᛟ * ahtō * ᚾᛁᚹᚢᚾ * niwun * ᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * tehun * ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛚᛁᚠ * ainalif * ᛏᚹᚨᛚᛁᚠ * twalif * ᚦᚱᛁᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * þritehun * ᚠᛖᛞᚢᚱᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * fedurtehun * ᚠᛁᛗᚠᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * fimftehun * ᛊᛖᚺᛊᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * sehstehun * ᛊᛖᛒᚢᚾᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * sebuntehun * ᚨᚺᛏᛟᚢᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * ahtōutehun * ᚾᛖᚹᚢᚾᛏᛖᚺᚢᚾ * newuntehun * ᛏᚹᚨᛁ ᛫ ᛏᛁᚷᛁᚹᛁᛉ * twai tigiwiz", "East Germanic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 ains 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 twai 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 þreis 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 fidwor 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 fimf 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 saíhs 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽 sibun 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿 ahtau 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽 niun 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 taíhun 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐍆 áinlif 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍆 twalif 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 þritaíhun 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 fidwortaíhun 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 fimftaíhun 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 saíhstaíhun 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 sibuntaíhun 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 ahtautaíhun 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 niuntaíhun 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 twái tigjus", "Gothic , Crimean ene tua tria fyder fyuf ( * fynf ? ) seis sevene athe nyne thiine", "West Germanic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Ingvaeonic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "English , Old ᚪᚾ ɑn ān ( ɑːn ) ᛏᚹᚪ ꞇƿɑ twā ( twɑː ) ᚦᚱᛁ þꞃı þrī ( θriː ) ᚠᛇᚹᛖᚱ ꝼeoƿeꞃ fēower ( feː͡ower ) ᚠᛁᚠ ꝼıꝼ fīf ( fiːf ) ᛋᛖᛉ ꞅex sex ( seks ) ᛋᛇᚠᚩᚾ ꞅeoꝼon seofon ( se͡ovon ) ᛠᚺᛏᚪ eɑhꞇɑ eahta ( æ͡ɑxta ) ᚾᛁᚷᚩᚾ nıᵹon niġon ( nijon ) ᛏᛁᛖᚾ ꞇıen tīen ( tiː͡yn ) ᛖᚾᛞᛚᛇᚠᚪᚾ enꝺleoꝼɑn endleofan ᛏᚹᛖᛚᚠ ꞇƿelꝼ twelf ᚦᚱᛇᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ þꞃeoꞇıene þreotīene ᚠᛇᚹᛖᚱᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ ꝼeoƿeꞃꞇıene fēowertīene ᚠᛁᚠᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ ꝼıꝼꞇıene fīftīene ᛋᛁᛖᛉᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ ꞅıexꞇıene siextīene ᛋᛇᚠᚩᚾᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ ꞅeoꝼonꞇıene seofontīene ᛠᚺᛏᚪᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ eɑhꞇɑꞇıene eahtatīene ᚾᛁᚷᚩᚾᛏᛁᛖᚾᛖ nıᵹonꞇıene niġontīene ᛏᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚷ ꞇƿenꞇıᵹ twentiġ", "Kentish Old English án twá þrío fíower fíf / víf siox siofun eahta niogan / neogan tén / téon", "Northumbrian Old English án twá þrío fíower fíf sex seofu / siofu æhto níone tén / téo / téa", "English , Middle ón twó thréo fower / foure fyve syxe seovene eyghte nyne / nighen tene elleven twelve thritene fourtene fiftene sixtene seventene eyghtene nynetene twenty", "English , Chaucerian ( Middle ) oon two thré fowre five syxe / sexe sevene eighte nyne ten", "Yola oane twye dhree vowér veeve zeese zebbem ayght neene dhen", "Scots nocht ane twa three fower five sax seiven aicht nine ten eleiven twal thirteen / thritteen fowerteen fifteen saxteen seiventeen aichteen nineteen twinty", "English zero / nil / nought one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty", "Frisian , Old en twe thre fiuwer fif sex sigun achta nigun tian", "Frisian , North iinj tou tri fjouer fiiw seeks soowen oocht nüügen tiin alwen tweelwen tratäin fjouertäin füftäin seekstäin soowentäin oochttäin nüügentäin twunti", "Frisian , West nul ien twa trije fjouwer fiif seis sân acht njoggen tsien alve tolve trettjin fjirjin fyftjin sechtjin santjin achtjin njoggentjin tweintich", "Frisian , Saterland een two tjo fjauer fieuw säks soogen oachte njuugen tjoon alwen tweelich trättien fjautien füüftien säkstien soogentien achttien njuugentien twintich", "Low Franconian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Afrikaans nul een twee drie vier vyf ses sewe agt nege tien elf twaalf dertien veertien vyftien sestien sewentien agtien negentien twintig", "Dutch nul ( nʏl ) één ( eːn ) twee ( tʋeː ) drie ( dri ) vier ( vir ) vijf ( vɛif ) zes ( zɛs ) zeven ( zeːvən ) acht ( ɑxt ) or ( ɑçt ) negen ( neːɣən ) or ( neːʝən ) tien ( tin ) elf ( ɛlf ) twaalf ( tʋaːlf ) dertien ( dɛrtin ) veertien ( veːrtin ) vijftien ( vɛiftin ) zestien ( zɛstin ) zeventien ( zeːvəntin ) achttien ( ɑxtin ) or ( ɑçtin ) negentien ( neːɣəntin ) or ( neːʝəntin ) twintig ( tʋɪntɪɣ )", "West Flemish ièn twiè drie viere vuvve zèsse zēvne achte nēgne tiene", "Limburgish nöl ein twie drie veer vief zès zeve ach neuge teen", "Low German languages ( West Germanic ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Old Saxon ên twêne thria fiuwar fîf sehs siƀun ahto nigun tehan elleƀan twėlif thriutein fiuwartein fîftein sehstein siƀuntein ahtotein niguntein twêntig", "Middle Low German ein twene drê vêr vîf ses sêvene achte negen tein elven twelf drêtein vêrtein vîftein sestein seventein achtetein nêgentein twintich", "Low German null een twee dree veer fiev söss söven acht negen tien", "Plautdietsch null eent twee dree vea fiew sass säwen acht näajen tieen alf twalf drettieen vieetieen feftieen sastieen säwentieen achttieen näajentieen twintich", "Saxon , Northern Low een twee dree veer fief söß söven acht negen teihn", "Gronings nul aine twije drije vaaier vief zès zeuven aacht negen tien èlven twolven darttien vatien vieftien zèstien zeuventien aachttien negentien twinneg", "High German languages ( West Germanic ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Old High German ein zwâ drî fior fimf sehs sibun ahto niun zehan einlif zwelif drîzehan fiorzehan fimfzehan sehszehan sibunzehan ahtozehan niunzehan zweinzug", "Middle High German ein zwēne drīe vier fünf sëhs siben ahte niun zëhen eilif zwelf drīzëhen vierzëhen fünfzëhen sëhszëhen sibenzëhen ahtzëhen niunzëhen zweinzic", "German listen ( help info ) null ( nʊl ) eins ( aɪns ) zwei , zwo ( tsvaɪ ; tsvoː ) drei ( dʁaɪ ) vier ( fiːɐ̯ ) fünf ( fʏnf ) sechs ( zɛks ) sieben ( ziːbn̩ ) acht ( axt ) neun ( nɔʏn ) zehn ( tseːn ) elf ( ɛlf ) zwölf ( tsvœlf ) dreizehn ( ˈdʁaɪtseːn ) vierzehn ( ˈfɪʁtseːn ) fünfzehn ( ˈfʏnftseːn ) sechzehn ( ˈsɛçtseːn ) siebzehn ( ˈziːptseːn ) achtzehn ( ˈaxtseːn ) neunzehn ( ˈnɔʏntseːn ) zwanzig ( ˈtsvantsɪç )", "Yiddish נול nul אײנס eyns צװײ tsvey דרײַ dray פֿיר fir פֿינף finf זעקס zeks זיבן zibn אַכט akht נײַן nayn צען tsen עלף elf צװעלף tsvelf דרײַצן draytsn פֿערצן fertsn פֿופֿצן fuftsn זעכצן zekhtsn זיבעצן zibetsn אַכצן akhtsn נײַנצן nayntsn צװאַנציק tsvantsik", "German , Pennsylvania eens zwee drei vier fimf sex siwwe acht nein / neine zeh elf zwelf dreizeh vazeh fuffzeh sechzeh siwwezeh achtzeh neinzeh zwansich", "Luxembourgish eent zwee dräi véier fënnef sechs siwen aacht néng zéng eelef zwielef dräizéng véierzéng fofzéng siechzéng siwwenzéng uechtzéng nonzéng zwanzeg", "Pfaelzisch oans zwoa drei viare fümpfe sex siem / sibm åchde nein zehn / zéchen", "Silesian , Lower ans zwie drei vier fümf sechs siewa / sieba acht nåin zeha", "Bavarian null / nui oas zwoa drei fiare fimfe sechse sieme åchte neine zene öife zwöife dreizea fiazea fuchzea sechzea sibzea åchzea neizea zwånzge", "Cimbrian òan zbeen drai viar vüf sèks siban acht naün zègan", "Swabian oes zwoe droe vier fümf sechs siibe acht noen zaen", "Alemannic ei ( m / f ) eis ( n ) zwe ( m ) zwo ( f ) zwöi / zwei ( n ) drei ( m / f ) drü ( n ) vier foif / föif / füüf sächs siibe / sibe acht nüün zäh euf zwüof dryzäh vierzäh füfzäh sächszäh sibezäh achtzäh nüünzäh zwänzg", "Alsatian eins zwei drèï viar femf sex sewwa ååcht nîn zeh elf zwelf drize viarze fùffze sæchze sewweze åchtze nînze zwånzig", "North Germanic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Norse , Old einn tveir þrír fjórir fimm sex sjau átta níu tíu ellifu tólf þrettán fjórtán fimtán sextán sjaután , sjautján átján nítján tuttugu", "Norse , Old ( East ) ( with long - branch and short twig runes ) ᛅᛁᚾ ᛆᛁᚿ æinn ᛏᚢᛅᛁᛦ ᛐᚢᛆᛁᛧ tvæiʀ ᚦᚱᛁᛦ ᚦᚱᛁᛧ þrīʀ ᚠᛁᚢᚱᛁᛦ ᚠᛁᚢᚱᛁᛧ fjūriʀ ᚠᛁᛘ ᚠᛁᛙ fǣm ᛋᛁᛋ ᛌᛁᛌ sæx ᛋᛁᚢ ᛌᛁᚢ sjū ᛅᛏᛅ ᛆᛐᛆ ātta ᚾᛁᚢ ᚿᛁᚢ nīu ᛏᛁᚢ ᛐᛁᚢ tīu", "Icelandic , Old einn tueir þrír fiórer fimm sex siau átta nío tío", "Icelandic núll einn ( m ) ein ( f ) eitt ( n ) tveir ( m ) tvær ( f ) tvö ( n ) þrír ( m ) þrjár ( f ) þrjú ( n ) fjórir ( m ) fjórar ( f ) fjögur ( n ) fimm sex sjö átta níu tíu ellefu tólf þrettán fjórtán fimmtán sextán sautján átján nítján tuttugu", "Faroese null ein ( m & f ) eitt ( n ) einir ( m.pl ) einar ( f.pl ) eini ( n.pl ) tveir ( m ) tvær ( f ) tvey ( n ) tríggir ( m ) tríggjar ( f ) trý ( n ) fýra fimm seks sjey átta níggju tíggju ellivu tólv trettan fjúrtan fimtan sekstan seytjan átjan nítjan tjúgu", "Norn en twa tre føre / få siks sju ni ti", "Dalecarlian ienn twer trair fiuärer fem sjäks sju åtta niu tiu ellivu tólv trettan fjúrtan fimtan sekstan seytjan átjan nítjan tjúgu", "Norwegian , Bokmål null en ( m ) ei ( f ) ett ( n ) to tre fire fem seks sju / syv åtte ni ti elleve tolv tretten fjorten femten seksten sytten atten nitten tjue", "Norwegian , Nynorsk null éin ( m ) éi ( f ) eitt ( n ) to tre ( tri ) fire fem seks sju åtte ni ti elleve tolv tretten fjorten femten seksten sytten atten nitten tjue", "Norwegian , Høgnorsk null ein ( m ) ei ( f ) eitt ( n ) tvo ( m & f ) tvau ( n ) tri ( m & f ) try ( n ) fjore ( m & n ) fjora ( f ) fem seks sjau åtta nio tio elleve tolv trettan fjortan femtan sekstan syttan attan nittan tjuge", "Danish nul en ( et ) to tre fire fem seks syv otte ni ti elleve tolv tretten fjorten femten seksten sytten atten nitten tyve", "Jamska ein ( m ) ei ( f ) eitt ( n ) tvo tri fyyr / fyre fem seks sju åått / åtte ni ti elluv trettan fjorttan femtan sekstan sjuttan nittan tjugu", "Swedish , Old ēn twē ( r ) þrī ( r ) fiūri ( r ) fǣm sæx siū ātta nīo tīo", "Swedish noll en ( ett ) två tre fyra fem sex sju åtta nio tio elva tolv tretton fjorton femton sexton sjutton arton nitton tjugo", "Italic languages ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Oscan 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌔 VINVS 𐌃𐌖𐌔 DVS 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌔 TRIS 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌏𐌓𐌀 PETORA 𐌐𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌄 - POMPE - * 𐌔𐌄𐌇𐌔 * SEHS * 𐌔𐌄𐌅𐌕𐌄𐌍 * SEFTEN * 𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌏 * VHTO * 𐌍𐌖𐌖𐌄𐌍 * NVVEN * 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌄𐌍 * DEKEN", "Umbrian ( Italic ) 𐌖𐌍𐌔 VNS 𐌕𐌖𐌅 TVF 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌅 TRIF 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓 - PETVR - 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 - PVMPE - 𐌔𐌄𐌇𐌔 - SEHS - * 𐌍𐌖𐌖𐌉𐌌 * NVVIM * 𐌃𐌄𐌔𐌄𐌌 * DESEM", "Faliscan 𐌃𐌖 DV 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌔 TRIS * 𐌂𐌖𐌉𐌂𐌖𐌄 * CVICVE 𐌆𐌄𐌗 ZEX * 𐌆𐌄𐌐𐌕𐌄𐌍 * ZEPTEN 𐌏𐌂𐌕𐌖 OCTV * 𐌍𐌄𐌖𐌄𐌍 * NEVEN", "Latin , Old 𐌏𐌄𐌍𐌖𐌔 , 𐌏𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌔 OENVS , OINOS 𐌃𐌖𐌏 DVO 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌔 TRES 𐌒𐌖𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌏𐌓 , 𐌒𐌖𐌀𐌕𐌁𐌏𐌓 QVATVOR , QVATBOR 𐌒𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌒𐌖𐌄 , 𐌒𐌖𐌄𐌍𐌒𐌖𐌄 QVINQVE , QVENQVE 𐌔𐌄𐌗 SEX 𐌔𐌄𐌐𐌕𐌄𐌌 SEPTEM 𐌏𐌂𐌕𐌏 OCTO 𐌍𐌄𐌖𐌄𐌍 NEVEN 𐌃𐌄𐌂𐌄𐌌 DECEM", "Latin , Classical ( NVLLVM ) ( nūllum ) VNVS , VNA , VNVM ūnus , ūna , ūnum DVO , DVAE , DVO duo , duae , duo TRES , TRIA trēs , tria QVATTVOR quattuor QVINQVE quīnque SEX sex SEPTEM septem OCTO octō NOVEM novem DECEM decem VNDECIM ūndecim DVODECIM duodecim TREDECIM tredecim QVATTVORDECIM quattuordecim QVINDECIM quīndecim SEDECIM sēdecim SEPTENDECIM septendecim DVODEVIGINTI duodēvīgintī VNDEVIGINTI ūndēvīgintī VIGINTI vīgintī", "Romance languages ( Italic ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Latin , Vulgar * nullo * uno * duos , * dvi * tres * quattor * cinque * ses * septe * octo * nove * dece", "South Romance languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Sardinian zeru unu duos tres battoro chimbe ses sette otto noe deghe úndagi dóghi tréchi batódighi bíndhichi sédichi decassète decheòto decannòbe bínti", "Sardinian , Logudorese unu duos tres báttor chimbe ses sette otto noe deghe", "East Romance languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Romanian zero unu , una doi , două trei patru cinci șase șapte opt nouă zece unsprezece doisprezece treisprezece paisprezece cincisprezece șaisprezece șaptesprezece optsprezece nouăsprezece douăzeci", "Istro - Romanian ur doi trei påtru ținț șåse șåpte opt , osan devet deset , zåțe", "Aromanian unu doi trei patru tinti shase shapte optu noaua date", "Megleno - Romanian unu doi trei patru ținți șasi șapti uopt nou zeți", "Italo - Dalmatian languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Dalmatian join doi tra cuatro čenc si siapto vapto nu dic jonco dotco tretco cuarco čonco setco dichisapto dichidapto dichinú", "Istriot oûn dui tri quatro sinque seîe siete uoto nuve gize", "Italian zero ( ˈdzɛro ) uno ( ˈuno ) due ( ˈdue ) tre ( tre ) quattro ( ˈkwatːro ) cinque ( ˈtʃiŋkwe ) sei ( ˈsɛi ) sette ( ˈsɛtːe ) otto ( ˈɔtːo ) nove ( ˈnɔve ) dieci ( ˈdjɛtʃi ) undici ( ˈunditʃi ) dodici ( ˈdoditʃi ) tredici ( ˈtreditʃi ) quattordici ( kwaˈtːorditʃi ) quindici ( ˈkwinditʃi ) sedici ( ˈseditʃi ) diciassette ( ditʃaˈsːɛtːe ) diciotto ( diˈtʃɔtːo ) diciannove ( ditʃaˈnːɔve ) venti ( ˈventi )", "Corsican zeru unu , una dui , duie trè quattru cinque séi sétte óttu nóve déce òndeci dòdeci trèdeci quattòrdeci quindeci sèdeci dicessétte dicióttu dicennóve vinti", "Umbrian ( Romance ) unu dui trè quattru cénque séi sétte òtto nòe dèsce", "Neapolitan uno , auno ruje , ddoje treje quatto cingo sèje sètte otte nove riece ùnnece dùdece trìrece quattuórdece quíndece sìrece diciessette diceotto dicennove vìnte", "Sicilian unu dui tri quattru cincu sie setti ottu novi deci", "Gallo - Italian languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Emilio - Romagnolo vón du trì cuatar sinc sḗs sét ót nṓv dḗz", "Genoese ün , ün - a duî , dùe tréi , trèe cuatru sincue sê sète ötu nööve dêxe", "Ligurian un doì trei quattro çinque sei sette euttu neuve dexe", "Lombard vun duu trii quatter cinqu ses sett vott noeuv des vundes dodes tredes quattordes quindes sedes dersett desdott desnoeuv vint", "Milanese vun , voeuna duu , dò trii , trè quatter cinq sès sètt vòtt noeuf dès", "Piedmontese ün dü trè quatr sinc sés sèt öt nöu dés", "Venetian xero on do tri cuatro sinque sié sete oto nóve diéxe óndexe dódexe trédexe quatòrdexe quìndexe sédexe disete disdoto disnóve vinti", "Rhaeto - Romance languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Friulian zero un , une doi , dôs trê cuatri cinc sîs siet vot nûf dîs undis dodis tredis cutuardis cuindis sedis disesiet disevot disenûf vincj", "Ladin un doi trei cater cinch sies set ot nuef diesc undesc dodesc tredesc catordesc chindesc seidesc dejesset dejedot dejeneuf vint", "Sursilvan in , ina dus , duas treis quater tschun sis siat otg nov diesch", "Sutsilvan egn , egna dus , duas tres quater tschentg sis seat otg nov diesch endesch dudesch tredesch quitordesch quendesch sedesch gisseat schotg schenev veintg", "Surmiran egn , egna dus treis catter tschintg seis set otg nov diesch", "Vallader un , una duos trais quatter tschinch ses set ot nouv desch", "Puter un , una duos trais quatter tschinch ses set och nouv desch", "Rumantsch Grischun nulla in , ina dus , duas trais quatter tschintg sis set otg nov diesch indesch dudesch tredesch quattordesch quindesch sedesch deschset deschdotg deschnov ventg", "Franco - Provençal languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Franco - Provençal zérô yon , yena dos , doves três quatro cinq siéx sèt huit nô diéx", "Langues d'oïl ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "French , Old un deus treis quatre cinc sis set uit noef dis unze duze treize quatorze quinze sesse disept disoet disnoef vint", "French zéro ( zeʁɔ ) un ( m ) une ( f ) ( œ̃ ) ; ( yn ) deux ( dø ) trois ( tʁwa ) quatre ( katʁ ) cinq ( sɛ̃k ) six ( sis ) sept ( sɛt ) huit ( ɥit ) neuf ( nøf ) dix ( dis ) onze douze treize quatorze quinze seize dix - sept dix - huit dix - neuf vingt", "Norman zéro eun déeus treis quate chin syis set huit neu dyis", "Guernésiais iun daeux treis quatre chinq six saept huit neuf dix onze douze treize quatorze tchinze seize dix - saept dix - huit dix - neuf vingt", "Jèrriais un , eune iun , ieune deux trais quat ' chînq , chîntch , chîn six , siex , siêx sept huit neuf , neu dgix , dgiex onze douze treize quatorze tchînze seize dgiêx - sept dgiêx - huit dgiêx - neuf vîngt", "Picard un , eune deu trouo kat chink sis siet uit neuf dich onze dousse trèsse quatore tchinse sèse dis - sèt dis - uit dis - neu vint", "Walloon zérô onk / one deus troes cwate cénk shîjh set ût noûv dîjh onze doze traze catoize cwinze saze dîjh - set dîjh - hût dîjh - noûv vint", "Occitano - Romance languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Aranese un , ua dus , dues tres quate cinc sies sèt ueit nau dètz", "Auvergnat vun dou trei catre sin siei sé veu neu dié", "Catalan zero u / un , una dos , dues tres quatre cinc sis set vuit / huit nou deu onze dotze tretze catorze quinze setze disset divuit dinou vint", "Gascon un , ua dus , duas tres quate cinc shèis sèt ueit nau dètz", "Languedocien zèro un , una dos , doas tres quatre cinc sièis sèt uèch nòu dètz", "Limousin un dōū trei quātre cin siei se hue nō die", "Occitan un dos tres quatre cinc sièis sèt uèch nòu dètz onze dotze tretze catòrze quinze setze dètz - e-sèt dètz - e-uèch dètz - e-nòu vint", "Provençal zero un , una dos , doas tres quatre cinc sièis sèt uèch uéit vuèch uòch nòu dètz", "West Iberian languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Portuguese - Galician hũu ( m ) hũa ( f ) dois / dous ( m ) duas ( f ) tres quatro cinquo / cinque seis sete oito / outo nove deç / dez / des", "Asturian ceru un , una dous , dúas tres cuatru cincu seis siete ochu nueve diez once doce trece catorce quince deciséis decisiete deciocho decinueve venti", "Eonavian un dous tres cuatro cinco seis sete oito nove dez once doce trece catorce quince dazaseis dazasete dazaoito dazanove vinte", "Galician cero un ( m ) unha ( f ) dous ( m ) dúas ( f ) tres catro cinco seis sete oito nove dez once doce trece catorce quince dezaseis dezasete dezaoito dezanove vinte", "Portuguese zero ( zɛɾu ) um ( m ) uma ( f ) ( um ; umɐ ) dois / dous ( m ) duas ( f ) ( dois ; dous ; duas ) três ( tɾes ) quatro ( kwɐtɾu ) cinco ( sĩku ) seis ( ses ) sete BP : ( sɛtʃi ) EP : ( sɛtɨ ) oito ( ɔjtu ) nove ( nɔv ( i ) ) dez ( dɛz ) onze doze treze quatorze quinze dezesseis dezessete dezoito dezenove vinte", "Leonese cero ún dos trés cuatro cinco seis siete ocho nueve diez", "Mirandese zero un , ũa dous , dues trés quatro cinco seis siête uito nuôbe dieç", "Spanish cero PS : ( θeɾo ) AmS : ( seɾo ) uno ( isolate ) un ( m ) una ( f ) ( uno ; un ; una ) dos ( dos ) tres ( tɾes ) cuatro ( kwatɾo ) cinco PS : ( θiŋko ) AmS : ( siŋko ) seis ( seis ) siete ( sjete ) ocho ( otʃo ) nueve ( nweβe ) diez PS : ( djeθ ) AmS : ( djes ) once doce trece catorce quince dieciséis diecisiete dieciocho diecinueve veinte", "Ladino זִרוֹ zyro אוּנוּ unu דוֹ do טְרֵי tre קוּאַטְרוּ cuatru סִינְקוּ sincu סֵיש sex סִייֵּטִי sieti אוֹג ׳ וּ ochu מוּאֵיוִי muevi דִייֵּס dies", "Mozarabic -- Pyrenean languages ( Romance ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Mozarabic اُنُ uno دُش dox ترَاش trex كوَترُ quatro جِنكُ chinco شَيش xaix شَابتَا xebte اُيتُ oito * نُفَا * nofe ديَاش diex", "Aragonese zero un / uno dos tres cuatro / cuatre zinco / zingo seis / sais siete / siet güeito / ueito nueu diez", "Greek language ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Proto - Hellenic * hems * duwō * treies * kwetwores * penkwe * hweks * hepta * oktō * ennewa * deka", "Greek , Mycenaean 𐀁𐀕 eme 𐀉𐀺 duwou / dwo 𐀴𐀪 tris 𐀤𐀵𐀫 qetoro 𐀟𐀤 peqe 𐀸 fhɛks 𐀁𐀚𐀺 ennewo", "Greek , Attic ΜΗΔΕΝ mēdén α ' ΕΙΣ heis ( male ) ΜΙΑ mia ( fem . ) ΕΝ en ( neutr . ) β ' ΔΥΟ dúō γ ' ΤΡΕΙΣ ΤΡΙΑ treis tria δ ' ΤΕΤΤΑΡΕΣ ΤΕΤΤΑΡΑ téttares téttara ε ' ΠΕΝΤΕ pénte ϛ ' ΕΞ héx ζ ' ΕΠΤΑ heptá η ' ΟΚΤΩ oktṓ θ ' ΕΝΝΕΑ ennéa ι ' ΔΕΚΑ déka ια ' ΕΝΔΕΚΑ héndeka ιβ ' ΔΩΔΕΚΑ dódeka ιγ ' ΤΡΕΙΣΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ treiskaídeka ιδ ' ΤΕΤΤΑΡΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΚΑ téttares kaì déka ιε ' ΠΕΝΤΕΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ pentekaídeka ιϛ ' ΕΚΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ hekkaídeka ιζ ' ΕΠΤΑΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ heptakaídeka ιη ' ΟΚΤΩΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ oktōkaídeka ιθ ' ΕΝΝΕΑΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ enneakaídeka κ ' ΕΙΚΟΣΙ ( Ν ) eíkosi ( n )", "Greek , Koine εἴς ( h ) is μία mía έν én δύο dýo τρεῖς , τρία treîs , tría τέσσαρες , τέσσαρα téssares , téssara πέντε pénte ἕξ ( h ) ex ἑπτά ( h ) epta ὀκτώ oktṓ ἐννέα ennéa δέκα déka ἕνδεκα ( h ) éndeka δώδεκα dṓdeka δεκατρία dekatría δεκατέσσαρες dekatessares δεκαπέντε dekapénte δεκαέξ dekaéx δεκαεπτά dekaeptá δεκαοκτώ dekaoktṓ δεκαεννέα dekaennéa είκοσι eíkosi", "Greek , Demotic Listen ( help info ) μηδέν midén ένας énas μια mia ένα ena δύο dýo τρεις τρία tris tría τέσσερ ( ε ) ις τέσσερα tésseris téssera πέντε pénde έξι éxi εφτά eftá οχτώ οκτώ ochtó októ εννέα ennéa δέκα déka έντεκα énteka δώδεκα dódeka δεκατρία dekatría δεκατέσσερα dekatéssera δεκαπέντε dekapénte δεκαέξι dekaéxi δεκαεπτά dekaeptá δεκαοχτώ δεκαοκτώ dekaokhtó dekaoktó δεκαεννέα dekaennéa είκοσι eíkosi", "Baltic languages ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Prussian , Old aīns dwāi trijan keturjāi pēnkjāi uššai * septīnjai * astōnjai * newīnjai desīmtan", "Lithuanian nulis vienas du trys keturi penki šeši septyni aštuoni devyni dešimt vienuolika dvylika trylika keturiolika penkiolika šešiolika septyniolika aštuoniolika devyniolika dvidešimt", "Latgalian vīns div treis četri pīci seši septeni ostoni deveni desmit", "Latvian nulle viens divi trīs četri pieci seši septiņi astoņi deviņi desmit vienpadsmit divpadsmit trīspadsmit četrpadsmit piecpadsmit sešpadsmit septiņpadsmit astoņpadsmit deviņpadsmit divdesmit", "Slavic languages ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Slavonic , Old Church ѥдинъ ( ѥдьнъ ) jedinŭ дъва ( дъвѣ ) dŭva триѥ ( трьѥ , три ) trĭje , tri четꙑре ( четꙑри ) četyre пѧть pętĭ шесть šestĭ седмь sedmĭ осмь osmĭ девѧть devętĭ десѧть desętĭ ѥдинъ на десѧте jedinŭ na desęte дъва на десѧте dŭva na desęte трьѥ на десѧте trĭje na desęte четꙑре на десѧте četyre na desęte пѧть на десѧте pętĭ na desęte шесть на десѧте šestĭ na desęte седмь на десѧте sedmĭ na desęte осмь на десѧте osmĭ na desęte девѧть на десѧте devętĭ na desęte дъва десѧти dŭva desęti", "East Slavic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Belarusian ( Łacinka ) нуль nul ' ( nul ) адзін adzin два dva тры try чатыры čatyry пяць pjac ' ( piać ) шэсць šèsc ' ( šesć ) сем sem ( siem ) восем vosem ( vosiem ) дзевяць dzevjac ' ( dzieviać ) дзесяць dzesjac ' ( dziesiać ) адзінаццаць ( adzinaccać ) дванаццаць ( dvanaccać ) трынаццаць ( trynaccać ) чатырнаццаць ( čatyrnaccać ) пятнаццаць ( piatnaccać ) шаснаццаць ( šasnaccać ) семнаццаць ( siemnaccać ) васемнаццаць ( vasiemnaccać ) дзевятнаццаць ( dzieviatnaccać ) дваццаць ( dvaccać )", "Russian ( listen ) ноль nol ' ( ˈnolj ) один , одна , oднo odin , odna , odno ( ɐˈdjin ; ɐdˈna ; ɐdˈno ) два , две dva , dve ( dva ; dvje ) три tri ( trji ) четыре četyre ( t͡ɕɪˈtɨrje ) пять pyat ' ( ˈpjatj ) шесть šest ' ( ʂesjtj ) семь sem ' ( ˈsjemj ) восемь vosem ' ( ˈvosjɪmj ) девять devyat ' ( ˈdjevjɪtj ) десять desyat ' ( ˈdjesjɪtj ) одиннадцать odinnadtsat ' двенадцать dvenadtsat ' тринадцать trinadtsat ' четырнадцать chetyrnadtsat ' пятнадцать pyatnadtsat ' шестнадцать šestnadtsat ' семнадцать semnadtsat ' восемнадцать vosemnadtsat ' девятнадцать devyatnadtsat ' двадцать dvadtsat '", "Ukrainian нуль nul ' один odyn два dva три try чотири čotyry п'ять p'yat ' шiсть šist ' сiм sim вiсiм visim дев'ять dev'yat ' десять desyat ' одинадцять odynadtsyat ' дванадцять dvanadtsyat ' тринадцять trynadtsyat ' чотирнадцять chotyrnadtsyat ' п'ятнадцять p'yatnadtsyat ' шістнадцять šistnadtsyat ' сімнадцять simnadtsyat ' вісімнадцять visimnadtsyat ' дев'ятнадцять dev'yatnadtsyat ' двадцять dvadtsyat '", "West Slavic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Czech nula ( nula ) jeden ( jɛdɛn ) dva ( dva ) tři ( tr̝̊ɪ ) čtyři ( t͡ʃtɪr̝̊ɪ ) pět ( pjɛt ) šest ( ʃɛst ) sedm ( sɛdm̩ ) osm ( o̞sm̩ ) devět ( dɛ. vjɛt ) deset ( dɛsɛt ) jedenáct ( jɛdɛnaːt͡st ) dvanáct ( dvanaːt͡st ) třináct ( tr̝̊ɪnaːt͡st ) čtrnáct ( t͡ʃtr̩naːt͡st ) patnáct ( patnaːt͡st ) šestnáct ( ʃɛstnaːt͡st ) sedmnáct ( sɛdm̩naːt͡st ) osmnáct ( osm̩naːt͡st ) devatenáct ( dɛvatɛnaːt͡st ) dvacet ( dvat͡sɛt )", "Kashubian nul jeden dwa trzë sztërë piãc szesc sétmë òsmë dzewiãc dzesãc", "Polish zero ( zɛrɔ ) jeden ( jɛdɛn ) dwa ( dva ) trzy ( tʐɨ ) cztery ( tʂtɛrɨ ) pięć ( pjjɛ̃tɕ ) sześć ( ʂɛɕtɕ ) siedem ( ɕɛdem ) osiem ( ɔɕɛm ) dziewięć ( dʑɛvjjɛ̃tɕ ) dziesięć ( dʑɛɕɛ̃tɕ ) jedenaście dwanaście trzynaście czternaście piętnaście szesnaście siedemnaście osiemnaście dziewiętnaście dwadzieścia", "Slovak nula ( nula ) jeden ( jɛdɛn ) dva ( dva ) tri ( trɪ ) štyri ( ʃtɪrɪ ) päť ( pɛc ) šesť ( ʃɛsc ) sedem ( sɛɟɛm ) osem ( ɔsɛm ) deväť ( ɟɛvɛc ) desať ( ɟɛsac ) jedenásť dvanásť trinásť štrnásť pätnásť šestnásť sedemnásť osemnásť devätnásť dvadsať", "Sorbian ( Lower ) jaden dwa tśi styri pěś šesć sedym wósym źewjeś źaseś", "Sorbian ( Upper ) jedyn dwaj tři štyri pjeć šěsć sydom wosom dźewjeć dźesać", "South Slavic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Bosnian nula jedan dva tri četiri pet šest sedam osam devet deset", "Bulgarian нула nula едно edno две dve три tri четири četiri пет pet шест šest седем sedem осем osem девет devet десет deset единадесет edinadeset / единайсет edinajset дванадесет dvanadeset / дванайсет dvanaĭset тринадесет trinadeset / тринайсет trinajset четиринадесет četirinadeset / четиринайсет četirinajset петнадесет petnadeset / петнайсет petnajset шестнадесет šestnadeset / шестнайсет šestnajset седемнадесет sedemnadeset / седемнайсет sedemnajset осемнадесет ocemnadeset / осемнайсет osemnajset деветнадесет devetnadeset / деветнайсет devetnajset двадесет dvadeset / двайсет dvajset", "Croatian nula jedan dva tri četiri pet šest sedam osam devet deset jedanaest dvanaest trinaest četrnaest petnaest šesnaest sedamnaest osamnaest devetnaest dvadeset", "Macedonian нула nula еден eden два dva три tri четири četiri пет pet шест šest седум sedum осум osum девет devet десет deset единаесет edinaeset дванаесет dvinaeset тринаесет trinaeset четиринаесет četirinaeset петнаесет petnaeset шеснаесет šesnaeset седумнаесет sedumnaeset осумнаесет osumnaeset деветнаесет devestnaeset дваесет dvaeset", "Serbian нула nula један jedan два dva три tri четири četiri пет pet шест šest седам sedam осам osam девет devet десет deset једанаест jedanaest дванаест dvanaest тринаест trinaest четрнаест četrnaest петнаест petnaest шеснаест šesnaest седамнаест sedamnaest осамнаест ocamnaest деветнаест devetnaest двадесет dvadeset", "Slovene nič ena dve , dva tri štiri pet šest sedem osem devet deset enajst dvanajst trinajst štirinajst petnajst šestnajst sedemnajst osemnajst devetnajst dvajset", "Indo - Aryan languages ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Proto - Indo - Iranian * aywas * duwā * trayas * catwāras * panca * swaš * sapta * aštā * nawa * daśa", "Vedic Sanskrit एक eka द्वौ / दुवौ d ( u ) vāu त्रि tri चतुर् catur पञ्च pañca षष् ṣaṣ सप्त sapta अष्टौ aṣṭāu नव nava दश daśa", "० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ १० ११ १२ १३ १४ १५ १६ १७ १८ १९ २०", "Sanskrit शून्य śūnya एकम् ( n ) / एकः ( m ) / एका ( f ) ekam / ekaḥ / ekā द्वे ( n ) / द्वै ( m ) / द्वा ( f ) dve / dvai / dvā त्रीणि ( n ) / त्रयः ( m ) / तिस्रः ( f ) trīṇi / trayaḥ / tisraḥ चत्वारि ( n ) / चत्वारः ( m ) / चतस्रः ( f ) catvāri / catvāraḥ / catasraḥ पञ्च pañca षष् ṣaṣ सप्त sapta अष्ट aṣṭa नव nava दश daśa एकादश ekādaśa द्वादश dvādaśa त्रयोदश trayodaśa चतुर्दश caturdaśa पञ्चदश pañcadaśa षोडश ṣoḍaśa सप्तदश saptadaśa अष्टदश aṣṭadaśa नवदश एकोनविम्शति navadaśa ēkōnaviṃśati विंशति viṃśati", "Pali suññatā eka dve tayo cattāro pañca cha satta aṭṭha nava dasa rasa lasa ḷasa ekādasa dvādasa bārasa telasa terasa catuddasa cuddasa pañcadasa paṇṇarasa soḷasa sattadasa sattarasa aṭṭhadasa aṭṭharasa ekūnavīsati vīsati", "Hindi शून्य śūnya ( ʃuːnjə ) एक ēk ( eːk ) दो dō ( d̪oː ) तीन tīn ( t̪iːn ) चार cār ( t͡ʃaːɾ ) पाँच pān̄c ( pãːt͡ʃ ) छः chah ( t͡ʃhɛ ) सात sāt ( saːt̪ ) आठ āṭh ( aːʈh ) नौ nau ( nɔː ) दस das ( d̪əs ) ग्यारह gyārah ( ɡjaːɾəh ) बारह bārah ( baːɾəh ) तेरह tērah ( t̪eːɾəh ) चौदह caudah ( t͡ʃɔːd̪əh ) पंद्रह pandrah ( pan̩d̪ɾah ) सोलह sōlah ( soːlah ) सत्रह satrah ( sat̪ɾah ) अठारह aṭhārah ( əʈhaːɾəh ) उन्नीस unnīs ( unːiːs ) बीस bīs ( biːs )", "Urdu ۰ ‬ صفر ‬ ( sɪfər ) ۱ ‬ ایک ‬ ( eːk ) ۲ ‬ دو ‬ ( d̪oː ) ۳ ‬ تین ‬ ( t̪iːn ) ۴ ‬ چار ‬ ( t͡ʃaːɾ ) ۵ ‬ پانچ ‬ ( pãːt͡ʃ ) ۶ ‬ چھ ‬ ( t͡ʃhɛ ) ۷ ‬ سات ‬ ( saːt̪ ) ۸ ‬ آٹھ ‬ ( aːʈh ) ۹ ‬ نو ‬ ( nɔː ) ۱۰ ‬ دس ‬ ( d̪əs ) ۱۱ ‬ گیارہ ‬ ( ɡjaːɾəh ) ۱۲ ‬ بارہ ‬ ( baːɾəh ) ۱۳ ‬ تیرہ ‬ ( t̪eːɾəh ) ۱۴ ‬ چودہ ‬ ( t͡ʃɔːd̪əh ) ۱۵ ‬ پندرہ ‬ ( pan̩d̪ɾah ) ۱۶ ‬ سولہ ‬ ( soːlah ) ۱۷ ‬ سترہ ‬ ( sat̪ɾah ) ۱۸ ‬ اٹھارہ ‬ ( əʈhaːɾəh ) ۱۹ ‬ انیس ‬ ( unːiːs ) ۲۰ ‬ بیس ‬ ( biːs )", "Marathi शून्य śūnya ( ɕuːnjə ) एक ēk ( eːk ) दोन dōn ( d̪oːn ) तीन tīn ( t̪iːn ) चार cār ( t͡saːɾ ) पांच pān̄c ( paːnt͡s ) सहा sahā ( s̪əɦaː ) सात sāt ( saːt̪ ) आठ āṭh ( aːʈh ) नऊ naū ( nəuː ) दहा dahā ( d̪əɦaː ) अकरा ēkarā ( əkəɾaː ) बारा bārā ( baːɾaː ) तेरा tērā ( teːɾaː ) चौदा caudā ( t͡ʃəudaː ) पंघरा pandhrā ( pand̪hɾaː ) सोळा soḷā ( soːɭaː ) सतरा satarā ( sətəɾaː ) अठरा aṭharā ( əʈhəɾaː ) एकोनीस ēkōnīs ( eːkoːniːs ) वीस vīs ( ʋiːs )", "Nepali सुन्ना sunna एक ek दुइ dui तीन tīn चार cār पाँच pāṁc छ chhā सात sāt आठ āṭh नौ nau दश daś एघार eghār बार्ह bārha तेर्ह terha चौध caudh पन्ध्र pandhra सोर्ह sorha सत्र satra अठार aṭhār उन्नाइस unnāis बीस bīs", "Bhojpuri सुन्ना / सेफर sunnā / sefr एक ek दु du तीन tīn चार cār पाँच pāñc छे chhe सात sāt आठ āṭh नौ nau दस das एग्यारह egyārah बारह bārah तेरह terah चौदह caudah पनरह panrah सोरह sorah सतरह satrah अठारह aṭhārah उन्नइस unnais बीस bīs", "০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯ ১০ ১১ ১২ ১৩ ১৪ ১৫ ১৬ ১৭ ১৮ ১৯ ২০", "Assamese শূন্য xuinno ( xuinːɔ ) এক ek ( ɛk ) দুই dui ( dui ) তিনি tini ( tini ) চাৰি sari ( saɹi ) পাঁচ pas ( pas ) ছয় soy ( sɔe ) সাত xat ( xat ) আঠ ath ( ath ) ন no ( nɔ ) দহ doh ( dɔɦ ) এঘাৰ egharo ( ɛɡɦarɔ ) বাৰ baro ( baɹɔ ) তেৰ tero ( tɛɹɔ ) চৈধ্য soidhdho ( sɔidɦdɦɔ ) পোন্ধৰ púndhoro ( pʊndɦɔɹɔ ) ষোল্ল xullo ( xʊlːɔ ) সোতৰ xútoro ( xʊtɔɹɔ ) ওঠৰ úthoro ( ʊthɔɹɔ ) ঊন্নৈছ unnois ( unːɔis ) বিছ bis ( bis )", "Bengali শুন্য shūn'ya ( ʃunːo ) এক êk ( æk ) দুই dui ( d̪uj ) তিন tin ( t̪in ) চার car ( t͡ʃaɹ ) পাঁচ pãc ( pãt͡ʃ ) ছয় chhoe ( t͡ʃhɔe ) সাত shat ( ʃat̪ ) আট aţ ( aʈ ) নয় noe ( nɔe ) দশ dôsh ( d̪ɔʃ ) এগার êgarô ( æɡaro ) বার barô ( baro ) তের terô ( tero ) চোদ্দ coddô ( t͡ʃod̪ːo ) পনের pônerô ( pɔnero ) ষোল sholô ( ʃolo ) সতের shôterô ( ʃɔtero ) আঠার aţharô ( aʈharo ) উনিশ unish ( uniʃ ) বিশ bish ( biʃ )", "Sylheti ꠡꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠩ shuinno ꠄꠇ ex ꠖꠥꠁ dui ꠔꠤꠘ tin ꠌꠣꠁꠞ sair ꠙꠣꠌ fas ꠍꠄ soe ꠡꠣꠔ / ꠢꠣꠔ shat / hat ꠀꠑ aţ ꠘꠄ noe ꠖꠡ dosh ꠄꠊꠣꠞ ꠩ egaro ꠛꠣꠞ ꠩ baro ꠔꠦꠞ ꠩ tero ꠌꠃꠖ꠆ꠖ ꠩ souddo ꠙꠘ꠆ꠗ fondo ꠡꠥꠟ꠆ꠟ ꠩ shullo ꠡꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠩ shotro ꠀꠑꠣꠞ ꠩ aţaro ꠃꠘ꠆ꠘꠤꠡ unnish ꠛꠤꠡ bish", "Gujarati ૦ શૂન્ય śūnya ૧ એક ēk ૨ બે bē ૩ ત્રણ traṇ ૪ ચાર cār ૫ પાંચ pān̄c ૬ છ cha ૭ સાત sāt ૮ આઠ āṭh ૯ નવ nav ૧૦ દસ das ૧૧ અગિયાર agiyār ૧૨ બાર bār ૧૩ તેર tēr ૧૪ ચૌદ caud ૧૫ પંદર pandar ૧૬ સોળ sōḷ ૧૭ સત્તર sattar ૧૮ અઢાર aḍhār ૧૯ ઓગણીસ ōgaṇīs ૨૦ વીસ vīs", "Odia ୦ ଶୁନ୍ୟ śunẏa ୧ ଏକ eka ୨ ଦୁଇ dui ୩ ତିନି tini ୪ ଚାରି cāri ୫ ପାଞ୍ଚ pāṅca ୬ ଛଅ chaa ୭ ସାତ sāta ୮ ଆଠ āṭha ୯ ନଅ naa ୧୦ ନଅ daśa ୧୧ ଏଗାର egāra ୧୨ ବାର bāra ୧୩ ତେର tera ୧୪ ଚଉଦ cauda ୧୫ ପନ୍ଦର pandara ୧୬ ଷୋହଳ ṣohaḷa ୧୭ ସତର satara ୧୮ ଅଠର aṭhara ୧୯ ଊଣାଇଶ ūṇāiśa ୨୦ କୋଡିଏ koḍue", "Punjabi ੦ ਸਿਫਰ صفر ‬ sifar ੧ ਇੱਕ اک ‬ ikk ੨ ਦੋ دو ‬ do ੩ ਤਿੰਨ تنّ ‬ tinn ੪ ਚਾਰ چار ‬ chār ੫ ਪੰਜ پنج ‬ pañj ੬ ਛੇ چھ ‬ chhē ੭ ਸੱਤ ستّ ‬ satt ੮ ਅੱਠ اٹھ ‬ aṭṭh ੯ ਨੌਂ نوں ‬ nauṃ ੧੦ ਦਸ دس ‬ das ੧੧ ਗਿਆਰਾ گیارا ‬ giārā ੧੨ ਬਾਰਾ بارا ‬ bārā ੧੩ ਤੇਰਾ تیرا ‬ tērā ੧੪ ਚੌਦਾ چودا ‬ chaudā ੧੫ ਪੰਦਰਾ پندرا ‬ pandrā ੧੬ ਸੋਲ਼ਾ سولا ‬ sōḷā ੧੭ ਸਤਾਰਾ ستارا ‬ satārā ੧੮ ਅਠਾਰਾ اٹھارا ‬ aṭhārā ੧੯ ਉੱਨੀ انی ‬ unnī ੨੦ ਵੀਹ ویہہ ‬ vīh", "Rohingya ʔeikh ˥ ˀ ðu ˩ θĩn ˩ sair̥ ˩ fas ˩ fañs sou ˧ / sɔ ˧ haθ ˥ ˀ ʔaʃh ˩ tɔ ˩ nɔ ˩ ðouʃh ˩ ʔɛ ˩ ɡa ˩ rɔ ˩ / egaro ba ˩ rɔ ˧ teró sə ˩ dɔ ˧ soiddó fũn ˩ drɔ ˧ / fũn ˩ də ˩ rɔ ˧ fundóro ʃu ˥ ˀ lɔ̥ ˧ ha ˥ ˀ θə ˩ rɔ ˧ háñtaroh añçáro ʔũn ˩ nɔʃh ˧ biʃh ˧ / ku ˩ ri ˩", "Burgenland Romani nischta jek duj trin schtar pantsch schov efta ofto enja desch", "Romani ( Pan-Vlax ) jex duj trin štar pandž šov efta oxto inja deš deš - u-jek deš - u-duj deš - u-trin deš - u-štar deš - u-pandž deš - u-šov deš - efta deš - oxto deš - inja biš", "Saraiki hik du tre char punj cheeh sett atth naunh dah", "Sinhala ශුන්යය śūnyaya එක eka දෙක deka තුන thuna හතර hathara පහ paha හය haya හත hatha අට aṭa නවය navaya දහය dahaya එකොළහ ekoḷaha දොළහ doḷaha දහතුන dahatuna දහහතර dahahatara පහළොව pahaḷova දහසය dahasaya දහහත dahahata දහඅට dahaaṭa දහනවය dahanavaya විස්ස vissa", "Sindhi بری buri حک hik ٻہَ bah ٽي teh چارِ chaar پَنجَ panj ڇَہہَ chah سَتَ sath اَٺَ ath نَوَ nav ڏَہہَ deh يارَہَن yaaraa ٻارَہَن baaraa تيرَہَن teraa چوڏَنہَن chodaa پَندِرہَن pandraa سورہَن soraa سَترہَن satraa اَرڙہَن araa اُڻويِہہَ urnvih ويِہہَ vih", "Iranian languages ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "۰ ١ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷ ۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰", "Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀 aēva ( aeːva ) 𐬛𐬬𐬀 dva ( dva ) 𐬚𐬭𐬌 θri ( θri ) 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬬𐬀𐬭 čaθvar ( t͡ʃaðvar ) 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀 paṇča ( pant͡ʃa ) 𐬑𐬴𐬬𐬀𐬱 xṣ̌vaš ( xʃvaʃ ) 𐬵𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 hapta ( hapta ) 𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 ašta ( aʃta ) 𐬢𐬀𐬬𐬀 nava ( nava ) 𐬛𐬀𐬯𐬀 dasa ( dasa )", "Middle Persian ēw , ēk , yak dō sē čahār panz šaš haft hašt nō dah", "Parthian ēw dō hrē čafār panǰ šwah haft hašt nah das", "Sogdian ēw əδū / ( ə ) δw ( a ) əθrē , šē čatfār panč uxušu əβt ( a ) əšt ( a ) naw ( a ) δas ( a )", "Khwarezmian ʾyw * ēw ʾδyw šy cfʾr pnc ʾx ʾβd ʾšt šʾδ * šāδ δys", "Pashto ( Kandahar ) يو ( jəw ) دوه ( dwɑ ) درې ( dre ) څلور ( tsɑˈlor ) پنځه ( pinˈdzə ) شپږ ( ʃpəʐ ) اووه ( uˈwə ) اته ( ɑˈtə ) نه ( nə ) لس ( ləs ) يوولس ( jəˈwoləs ) دولس ( ˈdwələs ) ديارلس ( diɑrˈləs ) څوارلس ( ˈt͡swɑrləs ) پنځلس ( ˈpənd͡zələs ) شپاړس ( ˈʃpɑɽəs ) اووه لس ( uˈwələs ) اتلس ( ɑˈtələs ) نولس ( ˈnuləs ) شل ( ʃәl )", "Hazara jʌg du se t͡ʃɑr pʌn ( d͡ʒ ) ʃʌʃ ( ʔ ) ʌft ( ʔ ) ʌʃt no dʌ jɑzdʌ dwɑzdʌ sezdʌ t͡ʃɑ̃rdʌ pozdʌ ʃozdʌ ( ʔ ) ʌvdʌ ( ʔ ) ʌʒdʌ nozdʌ bist", "Kurdish , Kurmanji sifir / zîro yek dû sê çwar pênj şeş hewt / heft heşt no / neh de / deh yanzdeh dwanzdeh sêzdeh çardeh panzdeh şanzdeh hivdeh hijdeh nozdeh bîst", "Zazakî sifir yew di hîrê çar panc şeş hewt heşt new des yewendes diwês hîrês çarês pancês şîyês hewtês heştês newês vîst", "Persian ( with Nastaʿlīq script ) صفر صفر ‬ sefr یک یک ‬ yek دو دو ‬ do سه سه ‬ se چهار چهار ‬ cahâr پنج پنج ‬ panj شش شش ‬ šeš هفت هفت ‬ haft هشت هشت ‬ hašt نه نه ‬ noh ده ده ‬ dah یازده یازده ‬ yâzdah دوازده دوازده ‬ davâzdah سیزده سیزده ‬ sizdah چهارده چهارده ‬ cahârdah پانزده پانزده ‬ pânzdah شانزده شانزده ‬ šânzdah هفده هفده ‬ hefdah هجده هجده ‬ hejdah نوزده نوزده ‬ nuzdah بیست بیست ‬ bist", "Tajik сифр sifr як yak ду du ce se чор , чаҳор çor , çahor панҷ panj шаш şaş ҳафт haft ҳашт haşt нӯҳ nūh даҳ dah", "Balochi yakk do sey čár panč šaš hapt hašt noh dah", "Ossetian иу iw дыууæ dywwæ æртæ ærtæ цыппар cyppar фондз fondz æхсæз æxsæz авд avd аст ast фараст farast дæс dæs", "Parachi žū dī šī čōr pōnč xī hōt ōšt nō dōs", "Shughni ( й ) ӣв̌ ( y ) īw д̌ийу̊н δiyůn арай aray цаво̄р cavōr пӣнҙ pīnj хо̄ғ xōγ в̌ӯвд wūvd в̌āх̌т wāx̌t но̄в̌ nōw д̌ӣс δīs", "Yaghnobi ӣ ī дӯ dū сарай saráy тафор tafór панч panč ухш uxš авд avd ашт ašt наԝ naw дас das", "Gilaki səfr i , yək du sə čəǻr pənj šiš haf haš no də yazdə dəvazdə sizdə čəårdə ponzdə šonzdə hivdə hijdə nuzdə bist", "Tocharian languages ( edit )", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Tocharian A sas wu tre śtwar päñ ṣäk ṣpät okät ñu śäk śäk - ṣapi śäk - wepi śäk - täryāpi śäk - päñpi śäk - ṣäkpi śäk - okätpi wiki", "Tocharian B ṣe wi trai śtwer piś ṣkas ṣukt okt ñu śak śak - ṣe śak - wi śak - trai śak - śtwer śak - piś śak - ṣkas śak - ṣuk śak - okt śak - ñu ikäṃ", "Japanese -- Ryukyuan languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Japanese 〇 まる maru 一 ひと hito 二 ふた futa 三 み mi 四 よ yo よん yon 五 いつ itsu 六 む mu 七 な な nana 八 や ya 九 ここ の kokono 十 とお tō 十 余 り 一 とお まり ひと tō mari hito 十 一 とお ひと tō hito 十 余 り 二 とお まり ふた tō mari futa 十 二 とお ふた tō futa 十 余 り 三 とお まり み tō mari mi 十 三 とお み tō mi 十 余 り 四 とお まり よ tō mari yo 十 四 とお よ tō yo 十 余 り 五 とお まり いつ tō mari itsu 十 五 とお いつ tō itsu 十 余 り 六 とお まり む tō mari mu 十 六 とお む tō mu 十 余 り 七 とお まりな な tō mari nana 十 七 とお な な tō nana 十 余 り 八 とお まりや tō mari ya 十 八 とお や tō ya 十 余 り 九 とお まりこ この tō mari kokono 十 九 とお ここ の tō kokono 二 十 ( 廿 ) は た hata Old Japanese ひと pitö ふた puta み mi よ yö いつ itu む mu な な nana や ya ここ の kökönö と を töwo と を あまり ひと töwo amari pitö と を あまり ふた töwo amari puta と を あまり み töwo amari mi と を あまり よ töwo amari yö と を あまり いつ töwo amari itu と を あまり む töwo amari mu と を あまり な な töwo amari nana と を あまり や töwo amari ya と を あまり ここ の töwo amari kökönö は た pata Okinawan て ぃ ー tī た ー tā み ー mī ゆー yū いち ʔichi むー mū な な nana や ー yā くく ぬ kukunu と ぅ ー tū と ぅ ー て ぃ ー tū tī と ぅ ー た ー tū tā と ぅ ー な な tū nana は た hata Kunigami tʕī tʕā mī yū ʔichi mū nana yā kunu tū tū tʕī tū tʕā tū mī tū yū tū ʔichi tū mū tū nana tū yā tū kunu patʕa Amami tʕɨː tʕaː miː yuː ʔichɨ moː nana yaː kunu tu : Miyako pɨtʕiːʦɨ futaːʦɨ mɨːʦɨ yuːʦɨ iʦɨʦɨ mːʦɨ nanaʦɨ yaːʦɨ kukunuʦɨ tuː tuː pɨtʕiːʦɨ tuː futaːʦɨ tuː mɨːʦɨ tuː yuːʦɨ tuː iʦɨʦɨ tuː mːʦɨ tuː nanaʦɨ tuː yaːʦɨ tuː kukunuʦɨ ni juː Yaeyama pɨtʕiːʣɨ ɸutaːʣɨ miːʦɨ yuːʦɨ ʔiʦɨtʦɨ nːʦɨ nanaʦɨ yaːʦɨ kukunuʦɨ tu : Yonaguni tʕuʨi tʕaˑʨi miˑʨi duˑʨi ʔiʨiʨi muˑʨi nanaʨi daˑʨi kugunuʨi 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sino - Japanese Go - on 零 りょう ryō 一 いち ichi 二 に ni 三 さん san 四 し shi 五 ご go 六 ろく roku 七 し ち shichi 八 はち hachi 九 く ku 十 じゅう jū 十 一 じゅう いち jū ichi 十 二 じゅう に jū ni 十 三 じゅう さん jū san 十 四 じゅう し jū shi 十 五 じゅう ご jū go 十 六 じゅう ろく jū roku 十 七 じゅう し ち jū shichi 十 八 じゅう はち jū hachi 十 九 じゅう く jū ku 廿 にゅ う nyū Sino - Japanese Kan - on 零 れい rei 一 いつ itsu 二 じ ji 三 さん san 四 し shi 五 ご go 六 りく riku 七 し つ shitsu 八 は つ hatsu 九 きゅう kyū 十 しゅう shū 十 一 しゅう いつ shū itsu 十 二 しゅう じ shū ji 十 三 しゅう さん shū san 十 四 しゅうし shū shi 十 五 しゅう ご shū go 十 六 しゅう りく shū riku 十 七 しゅうし つ shū shitsu 十 八 しゅう は つ shū hatsu 十 九 しゅう きゅう shū kyū 廿 じゅう jū Old Sino - Japanese 零 りゃ う ryaŋ 一 いち it ( iti ) 二 に ni 三 さむ sam ( samu ) 四 し shi 五 ご go ( ŋo ) 六 ろく rok 七 し ち shit ( shiti ) 八 はち pat ( pati ) 九 く ku 十 じ ふ jip ( jipu ) 十 有一 じ ふい ういち jip iu it 十 有 二 じ ふ いう に jip iu ni 十 有三 じ ふ いう さむ jip iu sam 十 有 四 じ ふ いう し jip iu shi 十 有 五 じ ふ いう ご jip iu go 十 有 六 じ ふ いう ろく jip iu rok 十 有 七 じ ふ いう し ち jip iu shit 十 有 八 じ ふ いう はち jip iu pat 十 有 九 じ ふ いう く jip iu ku 廿 に ふ nip ( nipu )", "Japanese -- Ryukyuan languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Japanese 〇 まる maru 一 ひと hito 二 ふた futa 三 み mi 四 よ yo よん yon 五 いつ itsu 六 む mu 七 な な nana 八 や ya 九 ここ の kokono 十 とお tō 十 余 り 一 とお まり ひと tō mari hito 十 一 とお ひと tō hito 十 余 り 二 とお まり ふた tō mari futa 十 二 とお ふた tō futa 十 余 り 三 とお まり み tō mari mi 十 三 とお み tō mi 十 余 り 四 とお まり よ tō mari yo 十 四 とお よ tō yo 十 余 り 五 とお まり いつ tō mari itsu 十 五 とお いつ tō itsu 十 余 り 六 とお まり む tō mari mu 十 六 とお む tō mu 十 余 り 七 とお まりな な tō mari nana 十 七 とお な な tō nana 十 余 り 八 とお まりや tō mari ya 十 八 とお や tō ya 十 余 り 九 とお まりこ この tō mari kokono 十 九 とお ここ の tō kokono 二 十 ( 廿 ) は た hata", "Old Japanese ひと pitö ふた puta み mi よ yö いつ itu む mu な な nana や ya ここ の kökönö と を töwo と を あまり ひと töwo amari pitö と を あまり ふた töwo amari puta と を あまり み töwo amari mi と を あまり よ töwo amari yö と を あまり いつ töwo amari itu と を あまり む töwo amari mu と を あまり な な töwo amari nana と を あまり や töwo amari ya と を あまり ここ の töwo amari kökönö は た pata", "Okinawan て ぃ ー tī た ー tā み ー mī ゆー yū いち ʔichi むー mū な な nana や ー yā くく ぬ kukunu と ぅ ー tū と ぅ ー て ぃ ー tū tī と ぅ ー た ー tū tā と ぅ ー な な tū nana は た hata", "Kunigami tʕī tʕā mī yū ʔichi mū nana yā kunu tū tū tʕī tū tʕā tū mī tū yū tū ʔichi tū mū tū nana tū yā tū kunu patʕa", "Amami tʕɨː tʕaː miː yuː ʔichɨ moː nana yaː kunu tu :", "Miyako pɨtʕiːʦɨ futaːʦɨ mɨːʦɨ yuːʦɨ iʦɨʦɨ mːʦɨ nanaʦɨ yaːʦɨ kukunuʦɨ tuː tuː pɨtʕiːʦɨ tuː futaːʦɨ tuː mɨːʦɨ tuː yuːʦɨ tuː iʦɨʦɨ tuː mːʦɨ tuː nanaʦɨ tuː yaːʦɨ tuː kukunuʦɨ ni juː", "Yaeyama pɨtʕiːʣɨ ɸutaːʣɨ miːʦɨ yuːʦɨ ʔiʦɨtʦɨ nːʦɨ nanaʦɨ yaːʦɨ kukunuʦɨ tu :", "Yonaguni tʕuʨi tʕaˑʨi miˑʨi duˑʨi ʔiʨiʨi muˑʨi nanaʨi daˑʨi kugunuʨi", "0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Sino - Japanese Go - on 零 りょう ryō 一 いち ichi 二 に ni 三 さん san 四 し shi 五 ご go 六 ろく roku 七 し ち shichi 八 はち hachi 九 く ku 十 じゅう jū 十 一 じゅう いち jū ichi 十 二 じゅう に jū ni 十 三 じゅう さん jū san 十 四 じゅう し jū shi 十 五 じゅう ご jū go 十 六 じゅう ろく jū roku 十 七 じゅう し ち jū shichi 十 八 じゅう はち jū hachi 十 九 じゅう く jū ku 廿 にゅ う nyū", "Sino - Japanese Kan - on 零 れい rei 一 いつ itsu 二 じ ji 三 さん san 四 し shi 五 ご go 六 りく riku 七 し つ shitsu 八 は つ hatsu 九 きゅう kyū 十 しゅう shū 十 一 しゅう いつ shū itsu 十 二 しゅう じ shū ji 十 三 しゅう さん shū san 十 四 しゅうし shū shi 十 五 しゅう ご shū go 十 六 しゅう りく shū riku 十 七 しゅうし つ shū shitsu 十 八 しゅう は つ shū hatsu 十 九 しゅう きゅう shū kyū 廿 じゅう jū", "Old Sino - Japanese 零 りゃ う ryaŋ 一 いち it ( iti ) 二 に ni 三 さむ sam ( samu ) 四 し shi 五 ご go ( ŋo ) 六 ろく rok 七 し ち shit ( shiti ) 八 はち pat ( pati ) 九 く ku 十 じ ふ jip ( jipu ) 十 有一 じ ふい ういち jip iu it 十 有 二 じ ふ いう に jip iu ni 十 有三 じ ふ いう さむ jip iu sam 十 有 四 じ ふ いう し jip iu shi 十 有 五 じ ふ いう ご jip iu go 十 有 六 じ ふ いう ろく jip iu rok 十 有 七 じ ふ いう し ち jip iu shit 十 有 八 じ ふ いう はち jip iu pat 十 有 九 じ ふ いう く jip iu ku 廿 に ふ nip ( nipu )", "Notes ^ ※ As with Korean and Vietnamese , Japanese uses two different numbering systems , one based on native vocabulary and one based on a Sino - Xenic numbering system ( Sino - Japanese ) . The latter are more commonly used in spoken Japanese . Modern Japanese writers usually use Arabic numerals , but the Chinese characters are still used in calligraphy and in vertical writing . Since the word shi ( 死 ) means `` death '' , in some contexts the native Japanese yon is more commonly used than the Sino - Japanese shi ( four ) , and nana similarly is more commonly used than shichi ( seven ) .", "^ ※ As with Korean and Vietnamese , Japanese uses two different numbering systems , one based on native vocabulary and one based on a Sino - Xenic numbering system ( Sino - Japanese ) . The latter are more commonly used in spoken Japanese . Modern Japanese writers usually use Arabic numerals , but the Chinese characters are still used in calligraphy and in vertical writing . Since the word shi ( 死 ) means `` death '' , in some contexts the native Japanese yon is more commonly used than the Sino - Japanese shi ( four ) , and nana similarly is more commonly used than shichi ( seven ) .", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Korean 하나 hana 둘 dul / tul 셋 set 넷 net 다섯 daseot / tasŏt 여섯 yeoseot / yŏsŏt 일곱 ilgop 여덟 yeodeol / yŏdŏl 아홉 ahop 열 yeol / yŏl 열하나 yeolhana / yŏrhana 열둘 yeoldul / yŏldul 열셋 yeolset / yŏlset 열넷 yeolnet / yŏlnet 열 다섯 yeoldaseot / yŏldasŏt 열 여섯 yeoryeoseot / yŏryŏsŏt 열일곱 yeorilgop / yŏrilgop 열 여덟 yeoryeodeol / yŏryŏdŏl 열 아홉 yeorahop / yŏrahop 스물 seumul / sŭmul Sino - Korean 零 영 ( S ) , 령 ( N ) yeong / yŏng ( S ) , ryeong / ryŏng ( N ) 空 공 gong / kong 一 일 il 二 이 i 三 삼 sam 四 사 sa 五 오 o 六 육 ( S ) , 륙 ( N ) yuk ( S ) , ryuk ( N ) 七 칠 chil / ch'il 八 팔 pal / p'al 九 구 gu / ku 十 십 sip 十 一 십일 sibil 十 二 십이 sibi 十 三 십삼 sipsam 十 四 십사 sipsa 十 五 십오 sibo 十 六 십육 ( S ) , 십륙 ( N ) simnyuk ( S ) , simryuk ( N ) 十 七 십칠 sipchil / sipch'il 十 八 십팔 sippal / sipp'al 十 九 십구 sipgu / sipku 二 十 이십 isip 廿 입 ip", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Korean 하나 hana 둘 dul / tul 셋 set 넷 net 다섯 daseot / tasŏt 여섯 yeoseot / yŏsŏt 일곱 ilgop 여덟 yeodeol / yŏdŏl 아홉 ahop 열 yeol / yŏl 열하나 yeolhana / yŏrhana 열둘 yeoldul / yŏldul 열셋 yeolset / yŏlset 열넷 yeolnet / yŏlnet 열 다섯 yeoldaseot / yŏldasŏt 열 여섯 yeoryeoseot / yŏryŏsŏt 열일곱 yeorilgop / yŏrilgop 열 여덟 yeoryeodeol / yŏryŏdŏl 열 아홉 yeorahop / yŏrahop 스물 seumul / sŭmul", "Sino - Korean 零 영 ( S ) , 령 ( N ) yeong / yŏng ( S ) , ryeong / ryŏng ( N ) 空 공 gong / kong 一 일 il 二 이 i 三 삼 sam 四 사 sa 五 오 o 六 육 ( S ) , 륙 ( N ) yuk ( S ) , ryuk ( N ) 七 칠 chil / ch'il 八 팔 pal / p'al 九 구 gu / ku 十 십 sip 十 一 십일 sibil 十 二 십이 sibi 十 三 십삼 sipsam 十 四 십사 sipsa 十 五 십오 sibo 十 六 십육 ( S ) , 십륙 ( N ) simnyuk ( S ) , simryuk ( N ) 十 七 십칠 sipchil / sipch'il 十 八 십팔 sippal / sipp'al 十 九 십구 sipgu / sipku 二 十 이십 isip 廿 입 ip", "Notes ^ † The two transliterations given for the Korean numerals are based on the Revised Romanization of Korean and the older McCune -- Reischauer romanization , respectively . ^ ‡ As with Japanese and Vietnamese , Korean uses two different numbering systems , one based on native vocabulary and one based on a Sino - Xenic numbering system ( Sino - Korean ) . In modern Korean , the latter system is more commonly used . See previous note for transliteration information . Note also North - South differences in the Korean language .", "^ † The two transliterations given for the Korean numerals are based on the Revised Romanization of Korean and the older McCune -- Reischauer romanization , respectively .", "^ ‡ As with Japanese and Vietnamese , Korean uses two different numbering systems , one based on native vocabulary and one based on a Sino - Xenic numbering system ( Sino - Korean ) . In modern Korean , the latter system is more commonly used . See previous note for transliteration information . Note also North - South differences in the Korean language .", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nama ǀkhaiǃnãs ǀgui ǀgam ǃnona haka koro ǃnani hũ ǁkhaisa khoese dīsi Nǀu ǁʼoe ǃʼuu nǃona kebeke", "Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Nama ǀkhaiǃnãs ǀgui ǀgam ǃnona haka koro ǃnani hũ ǁkhaisa khoese dīsi", "Nǀu ǁʼoe ǃʼuu nǃona kebeke", "0 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proto - Mongolic + * nikēn * koxar * gurbān * dörbēn * tabūn * jirguxān * doluxān * na ( y ) imān * yersǖn * xarbān * korīn * gucīn * döcīn * tabīn * jirān * dalān * nayān * yerēn * minggān Para-Mongolic Khitan + * omc ( * Mongolian onts = `` unique '' ) j.ur.er hu.ur.er durer / duren tau ( five ) ; t. ad. o. ho ( fifth ) nil da.lo.er nyo. i is ; onyo Classical Mongolian + tegen ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ nigen ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ qojar ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ĝurban ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ dörben ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ tabuan ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ǯirĝuĝan ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ doluĝan ᠳᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ naiman ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ jisün ᠢᠰᠦᠨ arban ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ Middle Mongolian + niken jirin gurban dörben tabun jirghughan dologhan nayiman yisün arban ^ * The closest relative of the languages traced back to Proto - Mongolic appears to be the medieval Khitan language . Khitan has been described as `` Para-Mongolic '' : not part of the Mongolic family , but related to it . Central Mongolic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Buryat нэгэн negen хоёр xojor гурбан gurban дүрбэн dürben табан taban зургаан zurgān долоон dolōn найман najman юһэн jühen арбан arban Kalmyk хоосн / бүтү xoosn / bütü негн negn хойр xojr һурвн ɣurvn дөрвн dörvn тавн tavn зурһан zurɣan долан dolan нәәмн nə̄mn йисн jisn арвн arvn Kalmyk , Issyk Kul nēgn xojịr ĝurvu dörve tāvị zịrĝa dōla nə̄mi jēse arvị Khalkha тэг teg ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ᠡ᠋ ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ᠭᠡᠡ᠋ нэг neg ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠡ᠋ хоёр xojor ᠬᠣ ᠊ ᠶᠡ ᠊ ᠷ гурав gurav ᠭᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠷᠪᠡᠡ᠋ дөрөв döröv ᠲ᠋ᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ᠊ ᠷᠪᠡᠡ᠋ тав tav ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ᠪ ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ᠪᠡᠡ᠋ ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ᠪᠤ зургаа dzurgā ᠵ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ᠊ ᠷᡍᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠭ ᠎ ᠎ ᠠ долоо dolō ᠲ᠋ᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠯᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠭ ᠎ ᠎ ᠠ найм najm ᠨᠠ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ᠊ ᠮ ᠊ ᠨ ес jes ᠶ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ‍ᠰ‍ᠣ арав arav ᠡ‍ᠠ‍ ᠊ ᠷᠪᠡᠡ᠋ Oirat nige ( n ) xoyor ghurba ( n ) dörbö ( n ) tabu ( n ) zurgha : ( n ) dolo : ( n ) nayima ( n ) yesü ( n ) arba ( n ) Ordos nege xojor gurva dörvö tavu dzhurga : dolo : naêm jisu arav Dagur languages ( Daurian ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dagur ( Daur ) nek xojir guarba ( n ) dureb / durbe ( n ) tāva ( n ) / tau ( n ) ǯirgō ( n ) dolō ( n ) naima ( n ) jise ( n ) xarba ( n ) Southern Mongolic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bonan ( Baoan ) nege ĝuar ĝuraŋ deraŋ tavoŋ ǯirĝoŋ doloŋ niman jesoŋ habraŋ Monguor nyge ( nəgə ) ghoor ghuraan deeren taavan ( taavun ) jirghoon ( dʑirɢoon ) doloon naiiman shdzyn ( ʂdzən ) xaran Santa ( Dongxiang ) nie ĝua ĝuran ǯieruan tavuan ǯɯĝuan dolon naiman jesun haruan Shira Yugur nege ĝūr ĝurvan dörven tāven ǯurĝoŋ dolōn naiman isen xarvan", "0 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100", "Proto - Mongolic + * nikēn * koxar * gurbān * dörbēn * tabūn * jirguxān * doluxān * na ( y ) imān * yersǖn * xarbān * korīn * gucīn * döcīn * tabīn * jirān * dalān * nayān * yerēn * minggān", "Para-Mongolic Khitan + * omc ( * Mongolian onts = `` unique '' ) j.ur.er hu.ur.er durer / duren tau ( five ) ; t. ad. o. ho ( fifth ) nil da.lo.er nyo. i is ; onyo", "Classical Mongolian + tegen ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ nigen ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ qojar ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ĝurban ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ dörben ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ tabuan ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ǯirĝuĝan ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ doluĝan ᠳᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ naiman ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ jisün ᠢᠰᠦᠨ arban ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ", "Middle Mongolian + niken jirin gurban dörben tabun jirghughan dologhan nayiman yisün arban", "^ * The closest relative of the languages traced back to Proto - Mongolic appears to be the medieval Khitan language . Khitan has been described as `` Para-Mongolic '' : not part of the Mongolic family , but related to it .", "^ * The closest relative of the languages traced back to Proto - Mongolic appears to be the medieval Khitan language . Khitan has been described as `` Para-Mongolic '' : not part of the Mongolic family , but related to it .", "^ * The closest relative of the languages traced back to Proto - Mongolic appears to be the medieval Khitan language . Khitan has been described as `` Para-Mongolic '' : not part of the Mongolic family , but related to it .", "Central Mongolic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Buryat нэгэн negen хоёр xojor гурбан gurban дүрбэн dürben табан taban зургаан zurgān долоон dolōn найман najman юһэн jühen арбан arban", "Kalmyk хоосн / бүтү xoosn / bütü негн negn хойр xojr һурвн ɣurvn дөрвн dörvn тавн tavn зурһан zurɣan долан dolan нәәмн nə̄mn йисн jisn арвн arvn", "Kalmyk , Issyk Kul nēgn xojịr ĝurvu dörve tāvị zịrĝa dōla nə̄mi jēse arvị", "Khalkha тэг teg ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ᠡ᠋ ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ᠭᠡᠡ᠋ нэг neg ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠡ᠋ хоёр xojor ᠬᠣ ᠊ ᠶᠡ ᠊ ᠷ гурав gurav ᠭᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠷᠪᠡᠡ᠋ дөрөв döröv ᠲ᠋ᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ᠊ ᠷᠪᠡᠡ᠋ тав tav ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ᠪ ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ᠪᠡᠡ᠋ ᠲ᠋‍ᠠ‍ᠪᠤ зургаа dzurgā ᠵ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ᠊ ᠷᡍᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠭ ᠎ ᠎ ᠠ долоо dolō ᠲ᠋ᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠯᠣ ᠊ ᠊ ᠭ ᠎ ᠎ ᠠ найм najm ᠨᠠ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ᠊ ᠮ ᠊ ᠨ ес jes ᠶ ᠊ ᠢ ᠊ ‍ᠰ‍ᠣ арав arav ᠡ‍ᠠ‍ ᠊ ᠷᠪᠡᠡ᠋", "Oirat nige ( n ) xoyor ghurba ( n ) dörbö ( n ) tabu ( n ) zurgha : ( n ) dolo : ( n ) nayima ( n ) yesü ( n ) arba ( n )", "Ordos nege xojor gurva dörvö tavu dzhurga : dolo : naêm jisu arav", "Dagur languages ( Daurian ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Dagur ( Daur ) nek xojir guarba ( n ) dureb / durbe ( n ) tāva ( n ) / tau ( n ) ǯirgō ( n ) dolō ( n ) naima ( n ) jise ( n ) xarba ( n )", "Southern Mongolic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Bonan ( Baoan ) nege ĝuar ĝuraŋ deraŋ tavoŋ ǯirĝoŋ doloŋ niman jesoŋ habraŋ", "Monguor nyge ( nəgə ) ghoor ghuraan deeren taavan ( taavun ) jirghoon ( dʑirɢoon ) doloon naiiman shdzyn ( ʂdzən ) xaran", "Santa ( Dongxiang ) nie ĝua ĝuran ǯieruan tavuan ǯɯĝuan dolon naiman jesun haruan", "Shira Yugur nege ĝūr ĝurvan dörven tāven ǯurĝoŋ dolōn naiman isen xarvan", "Senegambian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pulaar fus goo ɗiɗi tati nayi joyi jeegom jeeɗiɗi jeetati jeenayi sappo Pular fus go'o ɗiɗi tati nay jowi jeego jeeɗiɗi jeetati jeenay sappo Wolof tus benn ñaar ñett ñent juróom juróom benn juróom ñaar juróom ñett juróom ñent fukk Mande languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bambara kelen fila / fla saba naani duuru wɔɔrɔ wolonfila / wolonfla segin kɔnɔntɔn tan Jula kelen ( kélẽ́ ) fila / fla ( fìlá / flá ) saba ( sàbá ) naani ( náːní ) looru ( lóːrú ) wɔɔrɔ ( wɔ́ːrɔ́ ) wolonfila / wolonfla ( wólṍfìlá / wólṍflá ) segin / seegi ( sèɡĩ́ / sèːɡí ) kɔnɔntɔn ( kɔ̀nɔ̃̀tɔ̃́ ) tan ( tã́ ) Soninke baane fillo / hillo sikko naxato karago tunmu / tumu ɲeru / ɲeeru / ñeru / ñeeru segu kabu tanmu Atlantic Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sherbro buul ting ra yol men men - buul men - ting men - ra men - yol wang Kwa languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yoruba ọkan / ẹni / kan eji / meji mẹta mẹrin marun mẹfa meje mẹjọ mẹsan mẹwa Bantoid and Bantu languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jarawa * mo rwap ta : t lajín toan toŋ - salmwak kestat keš - šin kestoan lum Kinyarwanda zero rimwe kabiri gatatu kane gatanu gatandatu karindwi umunani icyenda icumi Kituba nkatu mosi zole tatu iya tanu sambanu nsambwadi nana uvwa kumi Lingala zeló libúngútulú mɔ̌kɔ́ míbalé mísáto mínei mítáno motóbá nsambo mwambe libwá zómi Nufi nehe nshʉ ' pʉɑ taa kwɑ tii ntoho sǝǝmbʉɑ hǝǝ vʉ'ʉ gham / o / moo Shona ziro imwe piri tatu ina shanu tanhatu nomwe sere pfumbamwe gumi Swahili sifuri moja mbili tatu nne tano sita saba nane tisa kumi Xhosa qanda nye nbini ntathu ne hlanu thandathu xhenxe bhozo thoba shumi Zulu iqanda kunye kubili kuthathu kune kuhlanu isithupha isikhombisa isishiyagalombili isishiyagalolunye ishumi", "Senegambian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Pulaar fus goo ɗiɗi tati nayi joyi jeegom jeeɗiɗi jeetati jeenayi sappo", "Pular fus go'o ɗiɗi tati nay jowi jeego jeeɗiɗi jeetati jeenay sappo", "Wolof tus benn ñaar ñett ñent juróom juróom benn juróom ñaar juróom ñett juróom ñent fukk", "Mande languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Bambara kelen fila / fla saba naani duuru wɔɔrɔ wolonfila / wolonfla segin kɔnɔntɔn tan", "Jula kelen ( kélẽ́ ) fila / fla ( fìlá / flá ) saba ( sàbá ) naani ( náːní ) looru ( lóːrú ) wɔɔrɔ ( wɔ́ːrɔ́ ) wolonfila / wolonfla ( wólṍfìlá / wólṍflá ) segin / seegi ( sèɡĩ́ / sèːɡí ) kɔnɔntɔn ( kɔ̀nɔ̃̀tɔ̃́ ) tan ( tã́ )", "Soninke baane fillo / hillo sikko naxato karago tunmu / tumu ɲeru / ɲeeru / ñeru / ñeeru segu kabu tanmu", "Atlantic Languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Sherbro buul ting ra yol men men - buul men - ting men - ra men - yol wang", "Kwa languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Yoruba ọkan / ẹni / kan eji / meji mẹta mẹrin marun mẹfa meje mẹjọ mẹsan mẹwa", "Bantoid and Bantu languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Jarawa * mo rwap ta : t lajín toan toŋ - salmwak kestat keš - šin kestoan lum", "Kinyarwanda zero rimwe kabiri gatatu kane gatanu gatandatu karindwi umunani icyenda icumi", "Kituba nkatu mosi zole tatu iya tanu sambanu nsambwadi nana uvwa kumi", "Lingala zeló libúngútulú mɔ̌kɔ́ míbalé mísáto mínei mítáno motóbá nsambo mwambe libwá zómi", "Nufi nehe nshʉ ' pʉɑ taa kwɑ tii ntoho sǝǝmbʉɑ hǝǝ vʉ'ʉ gham / o / moo", "Shona ziro imwe piri tatu ina shanu tanhatu nomwe sere pfumbamwe gumi", "Swahili sifuri moja mbili tatu nne tano sita saba nane tisa kumi", "Xhosa qanda nye nbini ntathu ne hlanu thandathu xhenxe bhozo thoba shumi", "Zulu iqanda kunye kubili kuthathu kune kuhlanu isithupha isikhombisa isishiyagalombili isishiyagalolunye ishumi", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dinka abac tök rou diäk ŋuan dhiëc dhetem dhorou bëët dhoŋuan thiër Luo nono achiel ariyo adek ang'wen abich auchiel abiriyo aboro ochiko apar Kanuri fal , tilo indi yaskə / yakkə degə uwu arakkə tulur wusku ləgar mewu", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Dinka abac tök rou diäk ŋuan dhiëc dhetem dhorou bëët dhoŋuan thiër", "Luo nono achiel ariyo adek ang'wen abich auchiel abiriyo aboro ochiko apar", "Kanuri fal , tilo indi yaskə / yakkə degə uwu arakkə tulur wusku ləgar mewu", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proto - Sino - Tibetan + 零 * k - tyig 一 * k - nyis 二 * k-t'um 三 * p - li 四 * p - ŋa / * l - ŋa 五 * t-r'uk / * k-r'uk 六 * s. Nis 七 * t-r'iat 八 * t - kua 九 * N - tsub ( ? ) 十 Old Chinese ( Zhengzhang Shangfang 2003 ) * reːŋ 零 * qlig 一 * njis 二 * suːm 三 * hljids 四 * ŋaːʔ 五 * rug 六 * sn̥hid 七 * preːd 八 * kuʔ 九 * gjub 十 Old Chinese ( Baxter - Sagart 2014 ) * ( r ) ʕiŋ 零 * ʔi ( t ) 一 * ni ( j ) - s 二 * s. rum 三 * s.li ( j ) - s 四 * C. ŋʕaʔ 五 * k. ruk 六 * ( tsh ) i ( t ) 七 * pʕret 八 * ( k ) uʔ 九 * t. ( ɡ ) əp 十 Middle Chinese ( Bernard Karlgren ) * lieŋ 零 * ʔi̯ĕt 一 * ȵʑi 二 * sɑm 三 * si 四 * ŋuo 五 * li̯uk 六 * tshi̯ĕt 七 * pat 八 * ki̯ə̯u 九 * ʑi̯əp 十 Middle Chinese ( Wang Li ) * lieŋ 零 * ʔĭĕt 一 * ȵʑi 二 * sɑm 三 * si 四 * ŋu 五 * lĭuk 六 * tshĭĕt 七 * pæt 八 * kĭəu 九 * ʑĭĕp 十 Middle Chinese ( Li Rong ) * leŋ 零 * ʔiĕt 一 * ȵi 二 * sɑm 三 * si 四 * ŋo 五 * liuk 六 * tshiĕt 七 * pɛt 八 * kiu 九 * ʑiəp 十 Middle Chinese ( Shao Rongfen ) * lɛŋ 零 * ʔjet 一 * ȵʑjɪ 二 * sɑm 三 * sjɪ 四 * ŋo 五 * liuk 六 * tshjĕt 七 * pæt 八 * kiəu 九 * dʑiep 十 Middle Chinese ( Zhengzhang Shangfang ) * leŋ 零 * ʔiɪt 一 * ȵiɪ 二 * sɑm 三 * siɪ 四 * ŋuo 五 * lɨuk 六 * tshiɪt 七 * pɣɛt 八 * kɨu 九 * dʑiɪp 十 Middle Chinese ( Pan Wuyun ) * leŋ 零 * ʔit 一 * ȵi 二 * sɑm 三 * si 四 * ŋuo 五 * liuk 六 * tshit 七 * pɯæt 八 * kiu 九 * dʑip 十 Middle Chinese ( Edwin Pulleyblank ) * lɛjŋ 零 * ʔit 一 * ȵi 二 * sam 三 * si 四 * ŋɔ 五 * luwk 六 * tshit 七 * pəɨt 八 * kuw 九 * dʑip 十 Middle Chinese ( Baxter ) * leng 零 * ʔjit 一 * nyijH 二 * sam 三 * sijH 四 * nguX 五 * ljuwk 六 * tshit 七 * pɛt 八 * kjuwX 九 * dzyip 十 Mandarin Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Standard Mandarin liŋ líng 零 i yī 一 ɑ ˞ / liɑŋ èr / liǎng 二 / 兩 sän sān 三 sɿ sì 四 u wǔ 五 liɤʊ liù 六 tɕhi qī 七 pä bā 八 tɕiɤʊ jiǔ 九 ʂʅ shí 十 Northeastern Mandarin liŋ líng 零 i yī 一 ɑ ˞ / lia èr / liǎ 二 / 倆 sän / sä sān / sā 三 / 仨 sɿ sì 四 u wǔ 五 liɤʊ liù 六 tɕhi qī 七 pä bā 八 tɕiɤʊ jiǔ 九 ʂʅ shí 十 Qingdao dialect ( Jiao -- Liao Mandarin ) liŋ 零 i 一 ɚ / lia 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lio 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕio 九 ʃɨ 十 Yantai dialect ( Jiao -- Liao Mandarin ) liŋ 零 i 一 ɚ / lia 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 u 五 liu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 ciu 九 ɕi 十 Dungan / Tungan ( Zhongyuan Mandarin ) lin лин ji йи ɚ / liɔ̃ эр / лён sæ̃ сан sɿ сы wu ву liou лю tɕhi чи pa ба tɕiou җю ʂʅ шы Chengdu dialect ( Southwestern Mandarin ) lin 零 ji 一 ɚ / liɑŋ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 v̩ 五 lu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəu 九 sɿ 十 Wuhan dialect ( Southwestern Mandarin ) lin 零 i 一 ɯ / liɑŋ 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 u 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəu 九 sɿ 十 Liuzhou dialect ( Southwestern Mandarin ) lien 零 i 一 ə / liaŋ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 kiɐu 九 sɿ 十 Leshan dialect ( Southwestern Mandarin ) lin 零 yeʔ 一 l̩ / liaŋ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 vu 五 lʊʔ 六 tɕhieʔ 七 pæʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 sɘʔ 十 Yangzhou dialect ( Lower Yangtze Mandarin ) lin 零 iʔ 一 a / liaŋ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 əu 五 lɔʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 pæʔ 八 tɕiɤ 九 səʔ 十 Hefei dialect ( Lower Yangtze Mandarin ) lin 零 iəʔ 一 a / liɑ̃ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 əv̩ 五 luəʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 pɐʔ 八 tɕiɯ 九 ʂəʔ 十 Nanjing dialect ( Lower Yangtze Mandarin ) lin 零 iʔ 一 ɚ / liã 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 luʔ 六 tshiʔ 七 pɒʔ 八 tɕiəʊ 九 ʂʅʔ 十 Nantong dialect ( Tong - Tai Mandarin ) lɘn 零 iʔ 一 ɚ / liẽ 二 / 兩 sɔ̃ 三 sɿ 四 v̩ 五 loʔ 六 tɕhɘʔ 七 pɔʔ 八 tɕy 九 sɛʔ 十 Rugao dialect ( Tong - Tai Mandarin ) liəŋ 零 iəʔ 一 ɚ / liã 二 / 兩 sẽ 三 sɿ 四 vu 五 lɔʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 peʔ 八 tɕiʊ 九 səʔ 十 Taizhou dialect ( Tong - Tai Mandarin ) niŋ 零 iɪʔ 一 ɚ / niaŋ 二 / 兩 sɛ̃ 三 sɿ 四 u 五 nɔʔ 六 tɕhiɪʔ 七 pæʔ 八 tɕiɤɯ 九 səʔ 十 Jin Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Taiyuan dialect ( Bingzhou dialects ) liəŋ 零 iəʔ 一 ɚ / liɒ̃ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 vu 五 liəu / luəʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 səʔ 十 Fenyang dialect ( Lüliang dialects ) lin 零 iəʔ 一 ɚ / lia 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 uəʔ 五 liou 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiou 九 səʔ 十 Wu Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shanghainese ( Taihu Wu dialects ) lin lin 零 iɪʔ ih 一 liã / ȵi lian / nyi 兩 / 二 sᴇ se 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 loʔ loh 六 tɕhiɪʔ chih 七 paʔ pah 八 tɕiɤ cieu 九 zəʔ zeh 十 Suzhou dialect ( Taihu Wu dialects ) lin lin 零 iəʔ ih 一 liã / ȵʑ̩ lian / nyi 兩 / 二 sᴇ se 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 loʔ loh 六 tshiɪʔ tshih 七 poʔ poh 八 tɕy cieu 九 zəʔ zeh 十 Hangzhou dialect ( Taihu Wu dialects ) lɪn lin 零 iɪʔ ih 一 liᴀŋ / ɚ ' lian / ' r 兩 / 二 sᴇ se 三 sɿ sy 四 u u 五 lɔʔ loh 六 tɕhiɪʔ chih 七 pɐʔ peh 八 tɕʏ ciu 九 zɐʔ zeh 十 Ningbo dialect ( Taihu Wu dialects ) lɪŋ lin 零 iɪʔ ih 一 liã / ȵi lian / nyi 兩 / 二 sᴇ sae 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 lɔʔ loh 六 tɕhiɪʔ chih 七 pɐʔ pah 八 tɕʏ cieu 九 zɔʔ zoh 十 Wenling dialect ( Taizhou Wu dialects ) lin lin 零 iʔ ih 一 liã / ni ' lian / ni 兩 / 二 sɛ sae 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ' ng 五 loʔ loh 六 tɕhiʔ chih 七 pəʔ peh 八 tɕiu ciou 九 ʑiʔ zhih 十 Quzhou dialect ( Jin - Qu Wu dialects ) liɲ lin 零 iɘʔ ih 一 liã / ȵi lian / nyi 兩 / 二 sæ sae 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 ləʔ leh 六 tɕhiɘʔ chih 七 pᴀʔ pah 八 tɕiɯ cieu 九 ʒəʔ zheh 十 Shangrao dialect ( Shang - Li Wu dialects ) nɪ̃ 零 iɪʔ 一 liã / ə 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 lɤʔ 六 tshɪʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiu 九 ʑiɛʔ 十 Pucheng dialect ( Shang - Li Wu dialects ) lẽi 零 ie 一 liãu / ŋi 兩 / 二 sãi 三 sɿ 四 ŋuo 五 lou 六 tɕhie 七 pɑ 八 kiu 九 ɕie 十 Tongling dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) lin 零 iɪ 一 liã / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lo 六 tshɪ 七 pɒ 八 tɕiəu 九 zɪ 十 Nanling dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) lin 零 iʔ 一 liã / ɛ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lɵʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiɵ 九 zɿʔ 十 Fanchang dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) lin 零 iʔ 一 liã / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 luʔ 六 tshiʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 ʂɦʅʔ 十 Wuhu County dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) lin 零 iəʔ 一 liã / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 loʔ 六 tshiəʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 ʂɦəʔ 十 Jing County dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) liəŋ 零 i 一 liɜɤ / ɛ 兩 / 二 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 u 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəu 九 sɦei 十 Shitai dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) liŋ 零 i 一 liã / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 ləɯ 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəɯ 九 sɦəi 十 Taiping dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) diŋ 零 ie 一 diɔ̃ / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lo 六 tshi 七 pa 八 ky 九 ze 十 Gaochun dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) nin 零 iəʔ 一 niɑ̃ / n̩ 兩 / 二 ɕie 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 ləʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕʏ 九 zəʔ 十 Wenzhounese ( Oujiang Wu dialects ) ləŋ len 零 i / iɐi i / iai 一 liɛ / ŋ̩ liae / ng 兩 / 二 sa sa 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 ləu lou 六 tshɐi tshai 七 po po 八 tɕiɐu ciau 九 zɐi zai 十 Longgang dialect ( Oujiang Wu dialects ) leŋ 零 i / ia 一 lie / ŋ̩ 兩 / 二 sɔ 三 sɿ 四 ŋu 五 leu 六 tsha 七 po 八 tɕiau 九 za 十 Yue Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cantonese ( Guangfu dialects ) Listen ( help info ) lɪŋ lìhng 零 jɐt yāt 一 ji / lœŋ yih / léuhng 二 / 兩 sam sāam 三 sei sei 四 ŋ̩ ńgh 五 lʊk luhk 六 tshɐt chāt 七 pat baat 八 kɐu gáu 九 sɐp sahp 十 Yangjiang dialect ( Gao - Yang Yue ) lɪŋ lìhng 零 jɐʔ yāt 一 ji / liaŋ yih / liáang 二 / 兩 ɬam lhāam 三 ɬei lhei 四 ʊŋ úng 五 lʊk luhk 六 tshɐʔ chāt 七 paʔ baat 八 kiau giáau 九 sɐp sahp 十 Guancheng dialect ( Guan - Bao Yue ) ŋəŋ 零 zɐk 一 zi / ŋøŋ 二 / 兩 saŋ 三 sɐi 四 m̩ 五 ŋok 六 tshɐk 七 pɛ 八 kau 九 sɔk 十 Shajing dialect ( Guan - Bao Yue ) leŋ 零 iɐʔ 一 ji / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 saŋ 三 sɐi 四 ŋ̩ 五 loʔ 六 tshɐʔ 七 pæ 八 kɐu 九 sɐʔ 十 Guigang dialect ( Gou - Lou Yue ) liŋ 零 iat 一 ȵi / liəŋ 二 / 兩 ɬɔm 三 ɬɐi 四 ŋɐu 五 luk 六 tʃhat 七 pɔt 八 tʃau 九 ʃap 十 Mengshan dialect ( Gou - Lou Yue ) liŋ 零 iət 一 ŋi / liəŋ 二 / 兩 ɬam 三 ɬi 四 ŋ̩ 五 luk 六 tʃhɐt 七 pat 八 tʃɐu 九 ʃɐp 十 Taishanese ( Siyi Yue ) len 零 jit 一 ŋi / liaŋ 二 / 兩 ɬam 三 ɬi 四 ŋ̩ 五 løk 六 thit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sip 十 Kaiping dialect ( Siyi Yue ) len 零 zit 一 ŋei / liaŋ 二 / 兩 ɬam 三 ɬei 四 m̩ 五 lok 六 thet 七 vat 八 kɛu 九 sip 十 Enping dialect ( Siyi Yue ) leŋ 零 ziet 一 ŋi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 m̩ 五 lok 六 tshiat 七 pat 八 kei 九 siəp 十 Xinhui dialect ( Siyi Yue ) leŋ 零 ziæt 一 ŋi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 sei 四 ŋ̩ 五 louk 六 tshæt 七 pat 八 kæu 九 sæp 十 Min Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Taiwanese Hokkien ( Southern Min ) lîng / khòng 零 / 空 tsi̍t / it 蜀 / 一 nn̄g / jī 兩 / 二 sann / sam 三 sì / sù 四 gōo / ngóo 五 la̍k / lio̍k 六 tshit 七 pueh / pat 八 káu / kiú 九 tsa̍p / si̍p 十 Amoy dialect ( Southern Min ) liɪŋ lêng 零 tɕit / it chi̍t / it 蜀 / 一 nŋ̩ / li nn̄g / lī 兩 / 二 sã san 三 ɕi sì 四 gɔ gō͘ 五 lak la̍k 六 tɕhit chhit 七 pueʔ poeh 八 kau káu 九 tsap cha̍p 十 Teochew dialect ( Southern Min ) leŋ lêng 零 tsek / ik tsêk / ik 蜀 / 一 no / zi nŏ / jĭ 兩 / 二 sã san 三 si sì 四 ŋou ngŏu 五 lak lâk 六 tshik tshik 七 poiʔ poih 八 kau káu 九 tsap tsâp 十 Qianlu dialect ( Southern Min ) leŋ 零 tseʔ / eʔ 蜀 / 一 nŋ̩ / li 兩 / 二 sã 三 si 四 gu 五 laʔ 六 tsheʔ 七 paʔ 八 kɔ 九 tsaʔ 十 Cangnan dialect ( Southern Min ) liŋ 零 tsie / ie 蜀 / 一 lŋ̩ / zi 兩 / 二 sə̃ 三 si 四 gɔ 五 lɐ 六 tshie 七 pue 八 kau 九 tsɐ 十 Longdu dialect ( Southern Min ) lɐŋ 零 it 一 liɔŋ / ni 兩 / 二 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 lɛk 六 tshit 七 pɛt 八 kau 九 sɛp 十 Wenchang dialect ( Hainanese ) leŋ 零 ziak / it 蜀 / 一 no / zi 兩 / 二 ta 三 ti 四 ŋou 五 lak 六 sit 七 ɓuai 八 kau 九 tap 十 Fuzhou dialect ( Eastern Min ) khuaŋ liŋ kuàng / lìng 環 / 零 suɔʔ / ɛiʔ suoh / ék 蜀 / 一 laŋ / nɛi lâng / nê 兩 / 二 saŋ sang 三 sɛi / søy sé / sé̤ṳ 四 ŋou / ŋu ngô / ngū 五 løyʔ / lyʔ le̤k / lṳk 六 tshɛiʔ chék 七 paiʔ báik 八 kau / kiu gāu / giū 九 sɛiʔ / siʔ sek / sik 十 Fuqing dialect ( Eastern Min ) liŋ lìng 零 syo / eʔ sio / ék 蜀 / 一 laŋ / ne lâng / nâ̤ 兩 / 二 saŋ sang 三 se sá̤ 四 ŋo ngô̤ 五 luʔ luk 六 tsheʔ chék 七 peʔ bék 八 kau gāu 九 seʔ sek 十 Fu'an dialect ( Eastern Min ) leiŋ lêing 零 sik / eik sîc / ĕic 蜀 / 一 laŋ / nei làng / nĕi 兩 / 二 saŋ sāng 三 sei séi 四 ŋu ngù 五 lœk lôec 六 tsheik ch'ĕic 七 pɛik pêc 八 kou kòu 九 sɛik sêc 十 Zherong dialect ( Eastern Min ) liŋ 零 sik / ik 蜀 / 一 laŋ / ni 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 si 四 ŋu 五 lœk 六 tshik 七 pɛk 八 kau 九 sɛk 十 Putian dialect ( Pu - Xian Min ) lɛŋ léng 零 ɬɔʔ / iʔ seo̍h / ih 蜀 / 一 nŋ̩ / tsi nn̄g / cī 兩 / 二 ɬɒ so̤ 三 ɬi si̍ 四 kɔu gô 五 lœʔ le̤̍h 六 tshiʔ chih 七 pɛʔ beh 八 kau gâu 九 ɬɛʔ se̍h 十 Jian'ou dialect ( Northern Min ) laiŋ la̿ing 零 tsi / i cì / ĭ 蜀 / 一 niɔŋ / ni niòng / nī 兩 / 二 saŋ sáng 三 si si̿ 四 ŋu ngù 五 ly lṳ̀ 六 tshi chĭ 七 pai băi 八 kiu giǔ 九 si sí 十 Jianyang dialect ( Northern Min ) laiŋ 零 tsi / i 蜀 / 一 sɔŋ / nɔi 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 sɔi 四 ŋo 五 so 六 thɔi 七 pai 八 kiu 九 si 十 Yong'an dialect ( Central Min ) lɪ̃ 零 kuɔ / i 寡 / 一 liam / ŋi 兩 / 二 sõ 三 si 四 ŋu 五 ly 六 tshi 七 pa 八 kiau 九 sɿ 十 Sanming dialect ( Central Min ) lã 零 ko / i 個 / 一 liam / ŋi 兩 / 二 sɔ̃ 三 si 四 ŋu 五 ly 六 tshi 七 pɛ 八 kiɑu 九 sɿ 十 Shaxian dialect ( Central Min ) lɛiŋ 零 ka / e 個 / 一 liŋ / ɪ̃ 兩 / 二 sɔ̃ 三 si 四 go 五 ly 六 tshe 七 pe 八 kio 九 sɿ 十 Shaowu dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) len 零 kəi / ɕi / i 個 / 蜀 / 一 liɔŋ / ni 兩 / 二 san 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 su 六 thi 七 pie 八 kəu 九 ɕin 十 Guangze dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) lin 零 kə / ɕi / i 個 / 蜀 / 一 liɔŋ / ni 兩 / 二 sam 三 si 四 ŋu 五 su 六 thi 七 pai 八 kəu 九 ɕym 十 Jiangle dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) lĩ 零 kæ / i 介 / 一 liɔŋ / ŋi 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 si 四 ɤŋ 五 ʃu 六 tshi 七 pa 八 kiu 九 ʃi 十 Mingxi dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) laiŋ 零 kɤ / i 個 / 一 laŋ / ŋi 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 si 四 ŋu 五 liu 六 tshi 七 pa 八 kiu 九 ʃi 十 Shunchang dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) liŋ 零 ka / i 個 / 一 liɔ̃ / ŋi 兩 / 二 sɔ̃ 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 lyʔ 六 tshi 七 pa 八 kiu 九 ʃiʔ 十 Taining dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) lon 零 kæ / i 個 / 一 lioŋ / ni 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 sei 四 nu 五 su 六 tshei 七 pæ 八 kiu 九 si 十 Jianning dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) ləŋ 零 it 一 liɔŋ / ŋi 兩 / 二 sam 三 si 四 ŋu 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sip 十 Taishun Manjiang liɪŋ 零 ɕiɪʔ / iɪʔ 蜀 / 一 lɔ̃ / ȵi 兩 / 二 sã 三 ɕi 四 ŋ̩ 五 ləʔ 六 tɕhiɪʔ 七 pɛʔ 八 kau 九 sɛʔ 十 Mango dialect liŋ 零 iəʔ 一 liã / ȵĩ 兩 / 二 sẽ 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 ləʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 pəʔ 八 kɔ 九 zəʔ 十 Xiang Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Changsha dialect ( Chang - Yi dialects ) liən 零 i 一 ə / liɛ̃ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 pɔ 八 tɕiəu 九 sɿ 十 Loudi dialect ( Lou - Shao dialects ) lin 零 i 一 ɤ / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lɤu 六 tshi 七 pa 八 tɕio 九 ɕi 十 Shuangfeng dialect ( Lou - Shao dialects ) liɛn 零 i 一 e / liɒŋ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 əu 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 po 八 tɕiʊ 九 ʂʅ 十 Shaoyang dialect ( Lou - Shao dialects ) nin 零 i 一 ɛ / liã 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 nu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəɯ 九 sɿ 十 Gan Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nanchang dialect ( Chang - Du dialect ) liaŋ 零 it 一 ɵ / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuʔ 六 tɕhit 七 pat 八 tɕiu 九 ɕit 十 Yiyang dialect ( Ying - Yi dialect ) lin 零 iʔ 一 ɛ / lian 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 luʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiu 九 sɛʔ 十 Lichuan dialect ( Fu - Guang dialect ) tiaŋ 零 iʔ 一 ɵ / tiɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 tiuʔ 六 thiʔ 七 paiʔ 八 kiəu 九 ɕip 十 Linchuan dialect ( Fu - Guang dialect ) tiaŋ 零 iʔ 一 ɵ / tiɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 tiuʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 paiʔ 八 tɕiu 九 ɕip 十 Yongxin dialect ( Ji - Cha dialect ) lɛ̃i 零 iɛ 一 œ / liɔ̃ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 lio 六 tɕhiɛ 七 pɛ 八 tɕiu 九 ɕiɛ 十 Chaling dialect ( Ji - Cha dialect ) lĩ 零 i 一 e / liɔ̃ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 n̩ 五 liø 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiø 九 ʂʅ 十 Huaining dialect ( Huai - Yue dialect ) lin 零 i 一 ɜ / lian 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəu 九 sɿ 十 Hakka Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Meixian dialect ( Yue - Tai Hakka ) laŋ 零 it 一 ȵi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sɨp 十 Huizhou dialect ( Huizhou Hakka ) ləŋ 零 zit 一 ɲi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 lək 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sip 十 Longnan dialect ( Ning - Long Hakka ) liaŋ 零 iʔ 一 ni / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 san 三 ɕi 四 ŋ̩ 五 tiɤʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 pæʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 səʔ 十 Changting dialect ( Tingzhou Hakka ) leŋ 零 i 一 ni / tiɔŋ 二 / 兩 saŋ 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 təɯ 六 tshi 七 pa 八 tʃiəɯ 九 ʃɨ 十 Yudu dialect ( Yu - Gui Hakka ) liã 零 iɛ 一 ȵi / liɔ̃ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuʔ 六 tshiɛ 七 pa 八 tɕiu 九 ʃɛ 十 Tonggu dialect ( Tonggu Hakka ) liaŋ 零 it 一 ni / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pait 八 tɕiu 九 ʂət 十 Sixian dialect ( Taiwanese Hakka ) laŋ 零 it 一 ȵi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sɨp 十 Hailu Dialect ( Taiwanese Hakka ) laŋ 零 ʒit 一 ȵi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 ʃip 十 Singkawang Hakka ( Indonesia Hakka ) laŋ 零 ʒit 一 ȵi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 ʃip 十 Huizhou Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jixi dialect ( Jixi - Shexian dialects ) niɑ̃ 零 ieʔ 一 ɛ̃ / niõ 二 / 兩 sɔ 三 sɿ 四 v̩ 五 ləʔ 六 tɕhieʔ 七 pɔʔ 八 tɕiɵ 九 ɕieʔ 十 Jingde dialect ( Jingde - Zhanda dialects ) liŋ 零 iʔ 一 ɚʔ / liæ 二 / 兩 sæ 三 sɿ 四 v̩ 五 luʔ 六 tshɿʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiu 九 sɿʔ 十 Yixian dialect ( Xiuning - Yixian dialects ) lɛɐ̆ 零 iɛiʔ 一 əɐ̆ʔ / liŋ 二 / 兩 sɔɐ̆ 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lɐɯ 六 tʃhɛiʔ 七 pɔɐ̆ 八 tʃɐɯ 九 sɿ 十 Qimen dialect ( Qimen - Dexing dialects ) næ̃ 零 i 一 ɚ / niɔ̃ 二 / 兩 sɔ̃ 三 sɿ 四 u 五 le 六 tshi 七 puɐ̆ 八 tɕie 九 ɕi 十 Pinghua 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ningyuan Pinghua ( Guibei Pinghua ) liou 零 zɿ 一 li / lin 二 / 兩 ɕu 三 sa 四 ŋ̩ 五 lio 六 tshə 七 pia 八 tɕiou 九 sɿ 十 Tanxia Pinghua ( Guibei Pinghua ) nai 零 ie 一 i / niaŋ 二 / 兩 sa 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 niu 六 tshi 七 po 八 kiu 九 sie 十", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Proto - Sino - Tibetan + 零 * k - tyig 一 * k - nyis 二 * k-t'um 三 * p - li 四 * p - ŋa / * l - ŋa 五 * t-r'uk / * k-r'uk 六 * s. Nis 七 * t-r'iat 八 * t - kua 九 * N - tsub ( ? ) 十", "Old Chinese ( Zhengzhang Shangfang 2003 ) * reːŋ 零 * qlig 一 * njis 二 * suːm 三 * hljids 四 * ŋaːʔ 五 * rug 六 * sn̥hid 七 * preːd 八 * kuʔ 九 * gjub 十", "Old Chinese ( Baxter - Sagart 2014 ) * ( r ) ʕiŋ 零 * ʔi ( t ) 一 * ni ( j ) - s 二 * s. rum 三 * s.li ( j ) - s 四 * C. ŋʕaʔ 五 * k. ruk 六 * ( tsh ) i ( t ) 七 * pʕret 八 * ( k ) uʔ 九 * t. ( ɡ ) əp 十", "Middle Chinese ( Bernard Karlgren ) * lieŋ 零 * ʔi̯ĕt 一 * ȵʑi 二 * sɑm 三 * si 四 * ŋuo 五 * li̯uk 六 * tshi̯ĕt 七 * pat 八 * ki̯ə̯u 九 * ʑi̯əp 十", "Middle Chinese ( Wang Li ) * lieŋ 零 * ʔĭĕt 一 * ȵʑi 二 * sɑm 三 * si 四 * ŋu 五 * lĭuk 六 * tshĭĕt 七 * pæt 八 * kĭəu 九 * ʑĭĕp 十", "Middle Chinese ( Li Rong ) * leŋ 零 * ʔiĕt 一 * ȵi 二 * sɑm 三 * si 四 * ŋo 五 * liuk 六 * tshiĕt 七 * pɛt 八 * kiu 九 * ʑiəp 十", "Middle Chinese ( Shao Rongfen ) * lɛŋ 零 * ʔjet 一 * ȵʑjɪ 二 * sɑm 三 * sjɪ 四 * ŋo 五 * liuk 六 * tshjĕt 七 * pæt 八 * kiəu 九 * dʑiep 十", "Middle Chinese ( Zhengzhang Shangfang ) * leŋ 零 * ʔiɪt 一 * ȵiɪ 二 * sɑm 三 * siɪ 四 * ŋuo 五 * lɨuk 六 * tshiɪt 七 * pɣɛt 八 * kɨu 九 * dʑiɪp 十", "Middle Chinese ( Pan Wuyun ) * leŋ 零 * ʔit 一 * ȵi 二 * sɑm 三 * si 四 * ŋuo 五 * liuk 六 * tshit 七 * pɯæt 八 * kiu 九 * dʑip 十", "Middle Chinese ( Edwin Pulleyblank ) * lɛjŋ 零 * ʔit 一 * ȵi 二 * sam 三 * si 四 * ŋɔ 五 * luwk 六 * tshit 七 * pəɨt 八 * kuw 九 * dʑip 十", "Middle Chinese ( Baxter ) * leng 零 * ʔjit 一 * nyijH 二 * sam 三 * sijH 四 * nguX 五 * ljuwk 六 * tshit 七 * pɛt 八 * kjuwX 九 * dzyip 十", "Mandarin Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Standard Mandarin liŋ líng 零 i yī 一 ɑ ˞ / liɑŋ èr / liǎng 二 / 兩 sän sān 三 sɿ sì 四 u wǔ 五 liɤʊ liù 六 tɕhi qī 七 pä bā 八 tɕiɤʊ jiǔ 九 ʂʅ shí 十", "Northeastern Mandarin liŋ líng 零 i yī 一 ɑ ˞ / lia èr / liǎ 二 / 倆 sän / sä sān / sā 三 / 仨 sɿ sì 四 u wǔ 五 liɤʊ liù 六 tɕhi qī 七 pä bā 八 tɕiɤʊ jiǔ 九 ʂʅ shí 十", "Qingdao dialect ( Jiao -- Liao Mandarin ) liŋ 零 i 一 ɚ / lia 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lio 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕio 九 ʃɨ 十", "Yantai dialect ( Jiao -- Liao Mandarin ) liŋ 零 i 一 ɚ / lia 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 u 五 liu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 ciu 九 ɕi 十", "Dungan / Tungan ( Zhongyuan Mandarin ) lin лин ji йи ɚ / liɔ̃ эр / лён sæ̃ сан sɿ сы wu ву liou лю tɕhi чи pa ба tɕiou җю ʂʅ шы", "Chengdu dialect ( Southwestern Mandarin ) lin 零 ji 一 ɚ / liɑŋ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 v̩ 五 lu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəu 九 sɿ 十", "Wuhan dialect ( Southwestern Mandarin ) lin 零 i 一 ɯ / liɑŋ 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 u 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəu 九 sɿ 十", "Liuzhou dialect ( Southwestern Mandarin ) lien 零 i 一 ə / liaŋ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 kiɐu 九 sɿ 十", "Leshan dialect ( Southwestern Mandarin ) lin 零 yeʔ 一 l̩ / liaŋ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 vu 五 lʊʔ 六 tɕhieʔ 七 pæʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 sɘʔ 十", "Yangzhou dialect ( Lower Yangtze Mandarin ) lin 零 iʔ 一 a / liaŋ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 əu 五 lɔʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 pæʔ 八 tɕiɤ 九 səʔ 十", "Hefei dialect ( Lower Yangtze Mandarin ) lin 零 iəʔ 一 a / liɑ̃ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 əv̩ 五 luəʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 pɐʔ 八 tɕiɯ 九 ʂəʔ 十", "Nanjing dialect ( Lower Yangtze Mandarin ) lin 零 iʔ 一 ɚ / liã 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 luʔ 六 tshiʔ 七 pɒʔ 八 tɕiəʊ 九 ʂʅʔ 十", "Nantong dialect ( Tong - Tai Mandarin ) lɘn 零 iʔ 一 ɚ / liẽ 二 / 兩 sɔ̃ 三 sɿ 四 v̩ 五 loʔ 六 tɕhɘʔ 七 pɔʔ 八 tɕy 九 sɛʔ 十", "Rugao dialect ( Tong - Tai Mandarin ) liəŋ 零 iəʔ 一 ɚ / liã 二 / 兩 sẽ 三 sɿ 四 vu 五 lɔʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 peʔ 八 tɕiʊ 九 səʔ 十", "Taizhou dialect ( Tong - Tai Mandarin ) niŋ 零 iɪʔ 一 ɚ / niaŋ 二 / 兩 sɛ̃ 三 sɿ 四 u 五 nɔʔ 六 tɕhiɪʔ 七 pæʔ 八 tɕiɤɯ 九 səʔ 十", "Jin Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Taiyuan dialect ( Bingzhou dialects ) liəŋ 零 iəʔ 一 ɚ / liɒ̃ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 vu 五 liəu / luəʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 səʔ 十", "Fenyang dialect ( Lüliang dialects ) lin 零 iəʔ 一 ɚ / lia 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 uəʔ 五 liou 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiou 九 səʔ 十", "Wu Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Shanghainese ( Taihu Wu dialects ) lin lin 零 iɪʔ ih 一 liã / ȵi lian / nyi 兩 / 二 sᴇ se 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 loʔ loh 六 tɕhiɪʔ chih 七 paʔ pah 八 tɕiɤ cieu 九 zəʔ zeh 十", "Suzhou dialect ( Taihu Wu dialects ) lin lin 零 iəʔ ih 一 liã / ȵʑ̩ lian / nyi 兩 / 二 sᴇ se 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 loʔ loh 六 tshiɪʔ tshih 七 poʔ poh 八 tɕy cieu 九 zəʔ zeh 十", "Hangzhou dialect ( Taihu Wu dialects ) lɪn lin 零 iɪʔ ih 一 liᴀŋ / ɚ ' lian / ' r 兩 / 二 sᴇ se 三 sɿ sy 四 u u 五 lɔʔ loh 六 tɕhiɪʔ chih 七 pɐʔ peh 八 tɕʏ ciu 九 zɐʔ zeh 十", "Ningbo dialect ( Taihu Wu dialects ) lɪŋ lin 零 iɪʔ ih 一 liã / ȵi lian / nyi 兩 / 二 sᴇ sae 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 lɔʔ loh 六 tɕhiɪʔ chih 七 pɐʔ pah 八 tɕʏ cieu 九 zɔʔ zoh 十", "Wenling dialect ( Taizhou Wu dialects ) lin lin 零 iʔ ih 一 liã / ni ' lian / ni 兩 / 二 sɛ sae 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ' ng 五 loʔ loh 六 tɕhiʔ chih 七 pəʔ peh 八 tɕiu ciou 九 ʑiʔ zhih 十", "Quzhou dialect ( Jin - Qu Wu dialects ) liɲ lin 零 iɘʔ ih 一 liã / ȵi lian / nyi 兩 / 二 sæ sae 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 ləʔ leh 六 tɕhiɘʔ chih 七 pᴀʔ pah 八 tɕiɯ cieu 九 ʒəʔ zheh 十", "Shangrao dialect ( Shang - Li Wu dialects ) nɪ̃ 零 iɪʔ 一 liã / ə 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 lɤʔ 六 tshɪʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiu 九 ʑiɛʔ 十", "Pucheng dialect ( Shang - Li Wu dialects ) lẽi 零 ie 一 liãu / ŋi 兩 / 二 sãi 三 sɿ 四 ŋuo 五 lou 六 tɕhie 七 pɑ 八 kiu 九 ɕie 十", "Tongling dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) lin 零 iɪ 一 liã / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lo 六 tshɪ 七 pɒ 八 tɕiəu 九 zɪ 十", "Nanling dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) lin 零 iʔ 一 liã / ɛ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lɵʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiɵ 九 zɿʔ 十", "Fanchang dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) lin 零 iʔ 一 liã / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 luʔ 六 tshiʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 ʂɦʅʔ 十", "Wuhu County dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) lin 零 iəʔ 一 liã / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 loʔ 六 tshiəʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 ʂɦəʔ 十", "Jing County dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) liəŋ 零 i 一 liɜɤ / ɛ 兩 / 二 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 u 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəu 九 sɦei 十", "Shitai dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) liŋ 零 i 一 liã / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 ləɯ 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəɯ 九 sɦəi 十", "Taiping dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) diŋ 零 ie 一 diɔ̃ / ɚ 兩 / 二 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lo 六 tshi 七 pa 八 ky 九 ze 十", "Gaochun dialect ( Xuanzhou Wu dialects ) nin 零 iəʔ 一 niɑ̃ / n̩ 兩 / 二 ɕie 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 ləʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕʏ 九 zəʔ 十", "Wenzhounese ( Oujiang Wu dialects ) ləŋ len 零 i / iɐi i / iai 一 liɛ / ŋ̩ liae / ng 兩 / 二 sa sa 三 sɿ sy 四 ŋ̩ ng 五 ləu lou 六 tshɐi tshai 七 po po 八 tɕiɐu ciau 九 zɐi zai 十", "Longgang dialect ( Oujiang Wu dialects ) leŋ 零 i / ia 一 lie / ŋ̩ 兩 / 二 sɔ 三 sɿ 四 ŋu 五 leu 六 tsha 七 po 八 tɕiau 九 za 十", "Yue Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Cantonese ( Guangfu dialects ) Listen ( help info ) lɪŋ lìhng 零 jɐt yāt 一 ji / lœŋ yih / léuhng 二 / 兩 sam sāam 三 sei sei 四 ŋ̩ ńgh 五 lʊk luhk 六 tshɐt chāt 七 pat baat 八 kɐu gáu 九 sɐp sahp 十", "Yangjiang dialect ( Gao - Yang Yue ) lɪŋ lìhng 零 jɐʔ yāt 一 ji / liaŋ yih / liáang 二 / 兩 ɬam lhāam 三 ɬei lhei 四 ʊŋ úng 五 lʊk luhk 六 tshɐʔ chāt 七 paʔ baat 八 kiau giáau 九 sɐp sahp 十", "Guancheng dialect ( Guan - Bao Yue ) ŋəŋ 零 zɐk 一 zi / ŋøŋ 二 / 兩 saŋ 三 sɐi 四 m̩ 五 ŋok 六 tshɐk 七 pɛ 八 kau 九 sɔk 十", "Shajing dialect ( Guan - Bao Yue ) leŋ 零 iɐʔ 一 ji / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 saŋ 三 sɐi 四 ŋ̩ 五 loʔ 六 tshɐʔ 七 pæ 八 kɐu 九 sɐʔ 十", "Guigang dialect ( Gou - Lou Yue ) liŋ 零 iat 一 ȵi / liəŋ 二 / 兩 ɬɔm 三 ɬɐi 四 ŋɐu 五 luk 六 tʃhat 七 pɔt 八 tʃau 九 ʃap 十", "Mengshan dialect ( Gou - Lou Yue ) liŋ 零 iət 一 ŋi / liəŋ 二 / 兩 ɬam 三 ɬi 四 ŋ̩ 五 luk 六 tʃhɐt 七 pat 八 tʃɐu 九 ʃɐp 十", "Taishanese ( Siyi Yue ) len 零 jit 一 ŋi / liaŋ 二 / 兩 ɬam 三 ɬi 四 ŋ̩ 五 løk 六 thit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sip 十", "Kaiping dialect ( Siyi Yue ) len 零 zit 一 ŋei / liaŋ 二 / 兩 ɬam 三 ɬei 四 m̩ 五 lok 六 thet 七 vat 八 kɛu 九 sip 十", "Enping dialect ( Siyi Yue ) leŋ 零 ziet 一 ŋi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 m̩ 五 lok 六 tshiat 七 pat 八 kei 九 siəp 十", "Xinhui dialect ( Siyi Yue ) leŋ 零 ziæt 一 ŋi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 sei 四 ŋ̩ 五 louk 六 tshæt 七 pat 八 kæu 九 sæp 十", "Min Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Taiwanese Hokkien ( Southern Min ) lîng / khòng 零 / 空 tsi̍t / it 蜀 / 一 nn̄g / jī 兩 / 二 sann / sam 三 sì / sù 四 gōo / ngóo 五 la̍k / lio̍k 六 tshit 七 pueh / pat 八 káu / kiú 九 tsa̍p / si̍p 十", "Amoy dialect ( Southern Min ) liɪŋ lêng 零 tɕit / it chi̍t / it 蜀 / 一 nŋ̩ / li nn̄g / lī 兩 / 二 sã san 三 ɕi sì 四 gɔ gō͘ 五 lak la̍k 六 tɕhit chhit 七 pueʔ poeh 八 kau káu 九 tsap cha̍p 十", "Teochew dialect ( Southern Min ) leŋ lêng 零 tsek / ik tsêk / ik 蜀 / 一 no / zi nŏ / jĭ 兩 / 二 sã san 三 si sì 四 ŋou ngŏu 五 lak lâk 六 tshik tshik 七 poiʔ poih 八 kau káu 九 tsap tsâp 十", "Qianlu dialect ( Southern Min ) leŋ 零 tseʔ / eʔ 蜀 / 一 nŋ̩ / li 兩 / 二 sã 三 si 四 gu 五 laʔ 六 tsheʔ 七 paʔ 八 kɔ 九 tsaʔ 十", "Cangnan dialect ( Southern Min ) liŋ 零 tsie / ie 蜀 / 一 lŋ̩ / zi 兩 / 二 sə̃ 三 si 四 gɔ 五 lɐ 六 tshie 七 pue 八 kau 九 tsɐ 十", "Longdu dialect ( Southern Min ) lɐŋ 零 it 一 liɔŋ / ni 兩 / 二 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 lɛk 六 tshit 七 pɛt 八 kau 九 sɛp 十", "Wenchang dialect ( Hainanese ) leŋ 零 ziak / it 蜀 / 一 no / zi 兩 / 二 ta 三 ti 四 ŋou 五 lak 六 sit 七 ɓuai 八 kau 九 tap 十", "Fuzhou dialect ( Eastern Min ) khuaŋ liŋ kuàng / lìng 環 / 零 suɔʔ / ɛiʔ suoh / ék 蜀 / 一 laŋ / nɛi lâng / nê 兩 / 二 saŋ sang 三 sɛi / søy sé / sé̤ṳ 四 ŋou / ŋu ngô / ngū 五 løyʔ / lyʔ le̤k / lṳk 六 tshɛiʔ chék 七 paiʔ báik 八 kau / kiu gāu / giū 九 sɛiʔ / siʔ sek / sik 十", "Fuqing dialect ( Eastern Min ) liŋ lìng 零 syo / eʔ sio / ék 蜀 / 一 laŋ / ne lâng / nâ̤ 兩 / 二 saŋ sang 三 se sá̤ 四 ŋo ngô̤ 五 luʔ luk 六 tsheʔ chék 七 peʔ bék 八 kau gāu 九 seʔ sek 十", "Fu'an dialect ( Eastern Min ) leiŋ lêing 零 sik / eik sîc / ĕic 蜀 / 一 laŋ / nei làng / nĕi 兩 / 二 saŋ sāng 三 sei séi 四 ŋu ngù 五 lœk lôec 六 tsheik ch'ĕic 七 pɛik pêc 八 kou kòu 九 sɛik sêc 十", "Zherong dialect ( Eastern Min ) liŋ 零 sik / ik 蜀 / 一 laŋ / ni 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 si 四 ŋu 五 lœk 六 tshik 七 pɛk 八 kau 九 sɛk 十", "Putian dialect ( Pu - Xian Min ) lɛŋ léng 零 ɬɔʔ / iʔ seo̍h / ih 蜀 / 一 nŋ̩ / tsi nn̄g / cī 兩 / 二 ɬɒ so̤ 三 ɬi si̍ 四 kɔu gô 五 lœʔ le̤̍h 六 tshiʔ chih 七 pɛʔ beh 八 kau gâu 九 ɬɛʔ se̍h 十", "Jian'ou dialect ( Northern Min ) laiŋ la̿ing 零 tsi / i cì / ĭ 蜀 / 一 niɔŋ / ni niòng / nī 兩 / 二 saŋ sáng 三 si si̿ 四 ŋu ngù 五 ly lṳ̀ 六 tshi chĭ 七 pai băi 八 kiu giǔ 九 si sí 十", "Jianyang dialect ( Northern Min ) laiŋ 零 tsi / i 蜀 / 一 sɔŋ / nɔi 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 sɔi 四 ŋo 五 so 六 thɔi 七 pai 八 kiu 九 si 十", "Yong'an dialect ( Central Min ) lɪ̃ 零 kuɔ / i 寡 / 一 liam / ŋi 兩 / 二 sõ 三 si 四 ŋu 五 ly 六 tshi 七 pa 八 kiau 九 sɿ 十", "Sanming dialect ( Central Min ) lã 零 ko / i 個 / 一 liam / ŋi 兩 / 二 sɔ̃ 三 si 四 ŋu 五 ly 六 tshi 七 pɛ 八 kiɑu 九 sɿ 十", "Shaxian dialect ( Central Min ) lɛiŋ 零 ka / e 個 / 一 liŋ / ɪ̃ 兩 / 二 sɔ̃ 三 si 四 go 五 ly 六 tshe 七 pe 八 kio 九 sɿ 十", "Shaowu dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) len 零 kəi / ɕi / i 個 / 蜀 / 一 liɔŋ / ni 兩 / 二 san 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 su 六 thi 七 pie 八 kəu 九 ɕin 十", "Guangze dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) lin 零 kə / ɕi / i 個 / 蜀 / 一 liɔŋ / ni 兩 / 二 sam 三 si 四 ŋu 五 su 六 thi 七 pai 八 kəu 九 ɕym 十", "Jiangle dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) lĩ 零 kæ / i 介 / 一 liɔŋ / ŋi 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 si 四 ɤŋ 五 ʃu 六 tshi 七 pa 八 kiu 九 ʃi 十", "Mingxi dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) laiŋ 零 kɤ / i 個 / 一 laŋ / ŋi 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 si 四 ŋu 五 liu 六 tshi 七 pa 八 kiu 九 ʃi 十", "Shunchang dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) liŋ 零 ka / i 個 / 一 liɔ̃ / ŋi 兩 / 二 sɔ̃ 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 lyʔ 六 tshi 七 pa 八 kiu 九 ʃiʔ 十", "Taining dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) lon 零 kæ / i 個 / 一 lioŋ / ni 兩 / 二 saŋ 三 sei 四 nu 五 su 六 tshei 七 pæ 八 kiu 九 si 十", "Jianning dialect ( Shao - Jiang Min ) ləŋ 零 it 一 liɔŋ / ŋi 兩 / 二 sam 三 si 四 ŋu 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sip 十", "Taishun Manjiang liɪŋ 零 ɕiɪʔ / iɪʔ 蜀 / 一 lɔ̃ / ȵi 兩 / 二 sã 三 ɕi 四 ŋ̩ 五 ləʔ 六 tɕhiɪʔ 七 pɛʔ 八 kau 九 sɛʔ 十", "Mango dialect liŋ 零 iəʔ 一 liã / ȵĩ 兩 / 二 sẽ 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 ləʔ 六 tɕhiəʔ 七 pəʔ 八 kɔ 九 zəʔ 十", "Xiang Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Changsha dialect ( Chang - Yi dialects ) liən 零 i 一 ə / liɛ̃ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 pɔ 八 tɕiəu 九 sɿ 十", "Loudi dialect ( Lou - Shao dialects ) lin 零 i 一 ɤ / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lɤu 六 tshi 七 pa 八 tɕio 九 ɕi 十", "Shuangfeng dialect ( Lou - Shao dialects ) liɛn 零 i 一 e / liɒŋ 二 / 兩 sæ̃ 三 sɿ 四 əu 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 po 八 tɕiʊ 九 ʂʅ 十", "Shaoyang dialect ( Lou - Shao dialects ) nin 零 i 一 ɛ / liã 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 u 五 nu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəɯ 九 sɿ 十", "Gan Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Nanchang dialect ( Chang - Du dialect ) liaŋ 零 it 一 ɵ / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuʔ 六 tɕhit 七 pat 八 tɕiu 九 ɕit 十", "Yiyang dialect ( Ying - Yi dialect ) lin 零 iʔ 一 ɛ / lian 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 luʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiu 九 sɛʔ 十", "Lichuan dialect ( Fu - Guang dialect ) tiaŋ 零 iʔ 一 ɵ / tiɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 tiuʔ 六 thiʔ 七 paiʔ 八 kiəu 九 ɕip 十", "Linchuan dialect ( Fu - Guang dialect ) tiaŋ 零 iʔ 一 ɵ / tiɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 tiuʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 paiʔ 八 tɕiu 九 ɕip 十", "Yongxin dialect ( Ji - Cha dialect ) lɛ̃i 零 iɛ 一 œ / liɔ̃ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 lio 六 tɕhiɛ 七 pɛ 八 tɕiu 九 ɕiɛ 十", "Chaling dialect ( Ji - Cha dialect ) lĩ 零 i 一 e / liɔ̃ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 n̩ 五 liø 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiø 九 ʂʅ 十", "Huaining dialect ( Huai - Yue dialect ) lin 零 i 一 ɜ / lian 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 ləu 六 tɕhi 七 pa 八 tɕiəu 九 sɿ 十", "Hakka Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Meixian dialect ( Yue - Tai Hakka ) laŋ 零 it 一 ȵi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sɨp 十", "Huizhou dialect ( Huizhou Hakka ) ləŋ 零 zit 一 ɲi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 lək 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sip 十", "Longnan dialect ( Ning - Long Hakka ) liaŋ 零 iʔ 一 ni / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 san 三 ɕi 四 ŋ̩ 五 tiɤʔ 六 tɕhiʔ 七 pæʔ 八 tɕiəu 九 səʔ 十", "Changting dialect ( Tingzhou Hakka ) leŋ 零 i 一 ni / tiɔŋ 二 / 兩 saŋ 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 təɯ 六 tshi 七 pa 八 tʃiəɯ 九 ʃɨ 十", "Yudu dialect ( Yu - Gui Hakka ) liã 零 iɛ 一 ȵi / liɔ̃ 二 / 兩 sã 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuʔ 六 tshiɛ 七 pa 八 tɕiu 九 ʃɛ 十", "Tonggu dialect ( Tonggu Hakka ) liaŋ 零 it 一 ni / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 san 三 sɿ 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pait 八 tɕiu 九 ʂət 十", "Sixian dialect ( Taiwanese Hakka ) laŋ 零 it 一 ȵi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 sɨp 十", "Hailu Dialect ( Taiwanese Hakka ) laŋ 零 ʒit 一 ȵi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 ʃip 十", "Singkawang Hakka ( Indonesia Hakka ) laŋ 零 ʒit 一 ȵi / liɔŋ 二 / 兩 sam 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 liuk 六 tshit 七 pat 八 kiu 九 ʃip 十", "Huizhou Chinese 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Jixi dialect ( Jixi - Shexian dialects ) niɑ̃ 零 ieʔ 一 ɛ̃ / niõ 二 / 兩 sɔ 三 sɿ 四 v̩ 五 ləʔ 六 tɕhieʔ 七 pɔʔ 八 tɕiɵ 九 ɕieʔ 十", "Jingde dialect ( Jingde - Zhanda dialects ) liŋ 零 iʔ 一 ɚʔ / liæ 二 / 兩 sæ 三 sɿ 四 v̩ 五 luʔ 六 tshɿʔ 七 paʔ 八 tɕiu 九 sɿʔ 十", "Yixian dialect ( Xiuning - Yixian dialects ) lɛɐ̆ 零 iɛiʔ 一 əɐ̆ʔ / liŋ 二 / 兩 sɔɐ̆ 三 sɿ 四 u 五 lɐɯ 六 tʃhɛiʔ 七 pɔɐ̆ 八 tʃɐɯ 九 sɿ 十", "Qimen dialect ( Qimen - Dexing dialects ) næ̃ 零 i 一 ɚ / niɔ̃ 二 / 兩 sɔ̃ 三 sɿ 四 u 五 le 六 tshi 七 puɐ̆ 八 tɕie 九 ɕi 十", "Pinghua 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Ningyuan Pinghua ( Guibei Pinghua ) liou 零 zɿ 一 li / lin 二 / 兩 ɕu 三 sa 四 ŋ̩ 五 lio 六 tshə 七 pia 八 tɕiou 九 sɿ 十", "Tanxia Pinghua ( Guibei Pinghua ) nai 零 ie 一 i / niaŋ 二 / 兩 sa 三 si 四 ŋ̩ 五 niu 六 tshi 七 po 八 kiu 九 sie 十", "Notes ^ ⁜ In the Sinitic languages there are two different characters for `` two '' : 二 is used for cardinal numbers ( e.g. , `` 27 degrees Celsius '' , `` telephone area code 122 '' , `` the year 2000 '' ) 兩 / 两 is used when counting a pair of objects or persons ( e.g. `` two books '' , `` two diplomats '' ) . This usage is for the number two ( 2 ) only , and is not used for twelve ( 12 ) , twenty ( 20 ) , and so forth up to 92 . It can be optionally used as the first digit in two hundred ( 200 ) , two thousand ( 2,000 ) , two myriad ( 20,000 ) and so forth , however only for the leading digit ( e.g. in the case of `` 222 people '' , it can be written as `` 两 百 二 十 二 人 '' or `` 二 百 二 十 二 人 '' ) .", "^ ⁜ In the Sinitic languages there are two different characters for `` two '' : 二 is used for cardinal numbers ( e.g. , `` 27 degrees Celsius '' , `` telephone area code 122 '' , `` the year 2000 '' ) 兩 / 两 is used when counting a pair of objects or persons ( e.g. `` two books '' , `` two diplomats '' ) . This usage is for the number two ( 2 ) only , and is not used for twelve ( 12 ) , twenty ( 20 ) , and so forth up to 92 . It can be optionally used as the first digit in two hundred ( 200 ) , two thousand ( 2,000 ) , two myriad ( 20,000 ) and so forth , however only for the leading digit ( e.g. in the case of `` 222 people '' , it can be written as `` 两 百 二 十 二 人 '' or `` 二 百 二 十 二 人 '' ) .", "二 is used for cardinal numbers ( e.g. , `` 27 degrees Celsius '' , `` telephone area code 122 '' , `` the year 2000 '' ) 兩 / 两 is used when counting a pair of objects or persons ( e.g. `` two books '' , `` two diplomats '' ) . This usage is for the number two ( 2 ) only , and is not used for twelve ( 12 ) , twenty ( 20 ) , and so forth up to 92 . It can be optionally used as the first digit in two hundred ( 200 ) , two thousand ( 2,000 ) , two myriad ( 20,000 ) and so forth , however only for the leading digit ( e.g. in the case of `` 222 people '' , it can be written as `` 两 百 二 十 二 人 '' or `` 二 百 二 十 二 人 '' ) .", "二 is used for cardinal numbers ( e.g. , `` 27 degrees Celsius '' , `` telephone area code 122 '' , `` the year 2000 '' ) 兩 / 两 is used when counting a pair of objects or persons ( e.g. `` two books '' , `` two diplomats '' ) . This usage is for the number two ( 2 ) only , and is not used for twelve ( 12 ) , twenty ( 20 ) , and so forth up to 92 . It can be optionally used as the first digit in two hundred ( 200 ) , two thousand ( 2,000 ) , two myriad ( 20,000 ) and so forth , however only for the leading digit ( e.g. in the case of `` 222 people '' , it can be written as `` 两 百 二 十 二 人 '' or `` 二 百 二 十 二 人 '' ) .", "二 is used for cardinal numbers ( e.g. , `` 27 degrees Celsius '' , `` telephone area code 122 '' , `` the year 2000 '' ) 兩 / 两 is used when counting a pair of objects or persons ( e.g. `` two books '' , `` two diplomats '' ) . This usage is for the number two ( 2 ) only , and is not used for twelve ( 12 ) , twenty ( 20 ) , and so forth up to 92 . It can be optionally used as the first digit in two hundred ( 200 ) , two thousand ( 2,000 ) , two myriad ( 20,000 ) and so forth , however only for the leading digit ( e.g. in the case of `` 222 people '' , it can be written as `` 两 百 二 十 二 人 '' or `` 二 百 二 十 二 人 '' ) .", "二 is used for cardinal numbers ( e.g. , `` 27 degrees Celsius '' , `` telephone area code 122 '' , `` the year 2000 '' )", "兩 / 两 is used when counting a pair of objects or persons ( e.g. `` two books '' , `` two diplomats '' ) . This usage is for the number two ( 2 ) only , and is not used for twelve ( 12 ) , twenty ( 20 ) , and so forth up to 92 . It can be optionally used as the first digit in two hundred ( 200 ) , two thousand ( 2,000 ) , two myriad ( 20,000 ) and so forth , however only for the leading digit ( e.g. in the case of `` 222 people '' , it can be written as `` 两 百 二 十 二 人 '' or `` 二 百 二 十 二 人 '' ) .", "^ * Singkawang Hakka , a Hakka dialect of Singkawang , Indonesia . Singkawang is derived from Hakka Chinese San Kheuw Jong ( 山口 洋 Shānkǒu Yáng ) , which refers to `` a town in hills nearby a sea and estuary '' .", "^ * Singkawang Hakka , a Hakka dialect of Singkawang , Indonesia . Singkawang is derived from Hakka Chinese San Kheuw Jong ( 山口 洋 Shānkǒu Yáng ) , which refers to `` a town in hills nearby a sea and estuary '' .", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bai ( Dali ) jí / ɑ ko : u / ne sâ sɑ̃ shi ? ɕi mu : ŋv fv fv ch'i tɕhi pja piɑ chi : tɕɯ cì tsɛ Bantawa ʉk ( ʔɨk - ) hʉk ( hɨk - ) sum - reʈ ? ʉkchuk ( ʔɨkchuk - ) ( litː one hand ) ʉkchuk ʉk ( ʔɨkchuk - ʔɨk - ) ʉkchuk hʉk ( ʔɨkchuk - hɨk - ) ʉkchuk sum - ( ʔɨkchuk - sum - ) ʉkchuk reʈ ( ʔɨkchuk - reʈ ? ) hʉachuk ( litː two hands ) Belhare i - siC - sum - Burmese ( MLCTS ) ၀ သုည su. nya . ( θòuɴɲa̰ ) ၁ တစ် tac ( tiʔ ) ၂ နှစ် hnac ( n̥iʔ ) ၃ သုံး sum : ( θóuɴ ) ၄ လေး le : ( lé ) ၅ ငါး nga : ( ŋá ) ၆ ခြောက် hkrauk ( tɕhauʔ ) ၇ ခုနစ် hku . hnac ( khùɴ n̥iʔ ) ၈ ရှစ် hrac ( ʃiʔ ) ၉ ကိုး kui : ( kó ) ၁၀ ဆယ် chai ( shɛ̀ ) Chintang - Rai thitta hicci sumci charreda pac cha ; chau sat ath nau das ^ * Chintang numerals have been influenced by Nepali numerals ( Indo - European language ) . Dumi tɨk sak ryek tɨm ŋo mu sɨm ɨm nu / dek tɨksɨ Ersu tə nə si zo ŋuɑ tshu sɿ n̩ ʒɿ nɡə tshɛ tshɛ Falam Chin pakat patni patuŋ pale paŋar paru pasaje pariap pukua so Gongduk ti nitsha tawa piya ngawa kupa zupa yipa tawa dayɨ Karenni ( Kayah ) te - nu : so : lwi : nge : - ñe : so : swá ? so : swá ? te - lwi : swá ? lwi : swá ? te - chʌ̄ Kachin - Luic ( Jingpho ) ' l - ngâi ŋai ˥ ' l-k'ông khɔ̃ ˥ m - sum mə ˩ soũm ˩ m - li mə ˩ le ˩ m - nga mə ˩ ŋa ˩ krú kru ˥ ˀ s - nit sə ˩ ne ˥ ˀ m - dzát mə ˩ sat ˥ ˀ ch - k'u ` dʒə ˩ khu ˩ s'i ʃi ˧ Limbu thik nɛt sum li na thuk nu yɛt phaŋ thibōŋ Mizo pa - khat pa - hni pa - thum pa - lii pa - ngaa pa - ruk pa - sa - ri pa - riat pa - kua soom Naxi dɯ ȵi sɯ lu uɑ tʂhuɑ ʂəɹ xo ŋɡv tshe Nepal Bhasa śunia शुन्य qi छि nasi / ni नसि / नि sua स्व pie प्ये niā न्या k'u खु n'e न्हे qiā च्या gun गुं san'i / j'i सन्हि / झि Sherdukpen han nyik ˀuŋ bi : si khu khit sit sargiat dikhi dokche Tripuri ( Kokborok ) ting sa nwi tham brwi ba dok sni char chuku chi Tshangla thur nyiktsing ssam pshi nga khung zum yen gu se Tujia , northern la ȵie so zie oŋ wo ȵie jie kɯe xɯ Tujia , southern la / ʑi lie sa zɨe ŋɨ ɣʉ kai tɕi sa / tɕhi a la so / pa kai tɕi tɕhi / tɕiʉ ħɨ Yi ti ꋍ ȵi ꑍ sɔ ꌕ zә ꇖ ŋa ꉬ fu ꃘ ʂɿ ꏃ hi ꉆ ɡu ꈬ tshi ꊰ Qiangic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tangut ( Xi Xia ) ? + lew niN so lir ngghuh ` tshhiew sha ? yar nggwiN ? yir Qiang , northern nyi tshi dghz Gua xtsu s ; ing tshe xgue xa dy Qiang , southern à ñí c'i dzhi : Gua : xcu : shi : ng ch'e : xguè xà - dy :", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Bai ( Dali ) jí / ɑ ko : u / ne sâ sɑ̃ shi ? ɕi mu : ŋv fv fv ch'i tɕhi pja piɑ chi : tɕɯ cì tsɛ", "Bantawa ʉk ( ʔɨk - ) hʉk ( hɨk - ) sum - reʈ ? ʉkchuk ( ʔɨkchuk - ) ( litː one hand ) ʉkchuk ʉk ( ʔɨkchuk - ʔɨk - ) ʉkchuk hʉk ( ʔɨkchuk - hɨk - ) ʉkchuk sum - ( ʔɨkchuk - sum - ) ʉkchuk reʈ ( ʔɨkchuk - reʈ ? ) hʉachuk ( litː two hands )", "Belhare i - siC - sum -", "Burmese ( MLCTS ) ၀ သုည su. nya . ( θòuɴɲa̰ ) ၁ တစ် tac ( tiʔ ) ၂ နှစ် hnac ( n̥iʔ ) ၃ သုံး sum : ( θóuɴ ) ၄ လေး le : ( lé ) ၅ ငါး nga : ( ŋá ) ၆ ခြောက် hkrauk ( tɕhauʔ ) ၇ ခုနစ် hku . hnac ( khùɴ n̥iʔ ) ၈ ရှစ် hrac ( ʃiʔ ) ၉ ကိုး kui : ( kó ) ၁၀ ဆယ် chai ( shɛ̀ )", "Chintang - Rai thitta hicci sumci charreda pac cha ; chau sat ath nau das", "^ * Chintang numerals have been influenced by Nepali numerals ( Indo - European language ) .", "^ * Chintang numerals have been influenced by Nepali numerals ( Indo - European language ) .", "^ * Chintang numerals have been influenced by Nepali numerals ( Indo - European language ) .", "Dumi tɨk sak ryek tɨm ŋo mu sɨm ɨm nu / dek tɨksɨ", "Ersu tə nə si zo ŋuɑ tshu sɿ n̩ ʒɿ nɡə tshɛ tshɛ", "Falam Chin pakat patni patuŋ pale paŋar paru pasaje pariap pukua so", "Gongduk ti nitsha tawa piya ngawa kupa zupa yipa tawa dayɨ", "Karenni ( Kayah ) te - nu : so : lwi : nge : - ñe : so : swá ? so : swá ? te - lwi : swá ? lwi : swá ? te - chʌ̄", "Kachin - Luic ( Jingpho ) ' l - ngâi ŋai ˥ ' l-k'ông khɔ̃ ˥ m - sum mə ˩ soũm ˩ m - li mə ˩ le ˩ m - nga mə ˩ ŋa ˩ krú kru ˥ ˀ s - nit sə ˩ ne ˥ ˀ m - dzát mə ˩ sat ˥ ˀ ch - k'u ` dʒə ˩ khu ˩ s'i ʃi ˧", "Limbu thik nɛt sum li na thuk nu yɛt phaŋ thibōŋ", "Mizo pa - khat pa - hni pa - thum pa - lii pa - ngaa pa - ruk pa - sa - ri pa - riat pa - kua soom", "Naxi dɯ ȵi sɯ lu uɑ tʂhuɑ ʂəɹ xo ŋɡv tshe", "Nepal Bhasa śunia शुन्य qi छि nasi / ni नसि / नि sua स्व pie प्ये niā न्या k'u खु n'e न्हे qiā च्या gun गुं san'i / j'i सन्हि / झि", "Sherdukpen han nyik ˀuŋ bi : si khu khit sit sargiat dikhi dokche", "Tripuri ( Kokborok ) ting sa nwi tham brwi ba dok sni char chuku chi", "Tshangla thur nyiktsing ssam pshi nga khung zum yen gu se", "Tujia , northern la ȵie so zie oŋ wo ȵie jie kɯe xɯ", "Tujia , southern la / ʑi lie sa zɨe ŋɨ ɣʉ kai tɕi sa / tɕhi a la so / pa kai tɕi tɕhi / tɕiʉ ħɨ", "Yi ti ꋍ ȵi ꑍ sɔ ꌕ zә ꇖ ŋa ꉬ fu ꃘ ʂɿ ꏃ hi ꉆ ɡu ꈬ tshi ꊰ", "Qiangic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Tangut ( Xi Xia ) ? + lew niN so lir ngghuh ` tshhiew sha ? yar nggwiN ? yir", "Qiang , northern nyi tshi dghz Gua xtsu s ; ing tshe xgue xa dy", "Qiang , southern à ñí c'i dzhi : Gua : xcu : shi : ng ch'e : xguè xà - dy :", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Balti cik ñis khsum ( xsum ) bji : ( βži ) ɣɑ truk βdun βɡyʌt rɡu ɸču Brokpake cik nyih sum zhi ngah druk dun geh gu chuthamba Dzongkha ( Bhutanese ) ཀླད ་ ཀོར ་ གཅིག ་ ci གཉིས ་ nyi ཐམ ་ sum བཞི ་ zhi ལྔ ་ nga དྲུག ་ druk བདུན ་ dün བརྒྱད ་ jä དགུ ་ gu བཅུ ་ ཐམ ་ chútham Ladakhi cig nyis sum zhi nga truk dun gyat rgu bcu Amdo Tibetan ཀླད ་ ཀོར ་ གཅིག ་ kcuk གཉིས ་ gnyis གསུམ ་ ksum བཞི ་ vzhu ལྔ ་ mga དྲུག ་ druk བདུན ་ vdun བརྒྱད ་ vjat དགུ rgu བཅུ ་ fcu Central Tibetan ( Wylie transliteration ) ( THL transcription ) ཀླད ་ ཀོར ་ klad kor lé kor གཅིག ་ gcig chik གཉིས ་ gnyis nyi གསུམ ་ gsum sum བཞི ་ bzhi shyi ལྔ ་ lnga nga དྲུག ་ drug druk བདུན ་ bdun dün བརྒྱད ་ brgyad gyé དགུ ་ dgu gu བཅུ ་ bcu chu Dongwang Tibetan ci nyu sõ zhɔ nga tsɔ di zhe gɔ tsɔ Sherpa སུ ་ ན ་ suna གཅིག ་ ci གཉིས ་ nyi གསུམ ་ sum བཞི ་ zhi ལྔ ་ nga དྲུག ་ thruk བདིན ་ din བརྒྱད ་ gye དགུ ་ gu བཅུ ་ ཐམ ་ པ ་ ་ cuthampa", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Balti cik ñis khsum ( xsum ) bji : ( βži ) ɣɑ truk βdun βɡyʌt rɡu ɸču", "Brokpake cik nyih sum zhi ngah druk dun geh gu chuthamba", "Dzongkha ( Bhutanese ) ཀླད ་ ཀོར ་ གཅིག ་ ci གཉིས ་ nyi ཐམ ་ sum བཞི ་ zhi ལྔ ་ nga དྲུག ་ druk བདུན ་ dün བརྒྱད ་ jä དགུ ་ gu བཅུ ་ ཐམ ་ chútham", "Ladakhi cig nyis sum zhi nga truk dun gyat rgu bcu", "Amdo Tibetan ཀླད ་ ཀོར ་ གཅིག ་ kcuk གཉིས ་ gnyis གསུམ ་ ksum བཞི ་ vzhu ལྔ ་ mga དྲུག ་ druk བདུན ་ vdun བརྒྱད ་ vjat དགུ rgu བཅུ ་ fcu", "Central Tibetan ( Wylie transliteration ) ( THL transcription ) ཀླད ་ ཀོར ་ klad kor lé kor གཅིག ་ gcig chik གཉིས ་ gnyis nyi གསུམ ་ gsum sum བཞི ་ bzhi shyi ལྔ ་ lnga nga དྲུག ་ drug druk བདུན ་ bdun dün བརྒྱད ་ brgyad gyé དགུ ་ dgu gu བཅུ ་ bcu chu", "Dongwang Tibetan ci nyu sõ zhɔ nga tsɔ di zhe gɔ tsɔ", "Sherpa སུ ་ ན ་ suna གཅིག ་ ci གཉིས ་ nyi གསུམ ་ sum བཞི ་ zhi ལྔ ་ nga དྲུག ་ thruk བདིན ་ din བརྒྱད ་ gye དགུ ་ gu བཅུ ་ ཐམ ་ པ ་ ་ cuthampa", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bumthangkha ཐེག ་ thek ཟོན ་ ་ zon སུམ ་ ་ sum བླེ ་ ་ ble ཡ ་ ང ་ ་ yanga གྲོག ་ ་ grok རྙིད ་ ་ nyit ཇད ་ ་ jat དོ ་ གོ ་ ་ dogo ཆེ ་ ་ che Dakpakha thi lɛyi sum bli lɛnga gro nis gɛt dugu cih Dzala thi nöi sum bli langa gro ni gɛt dugu ci Kurtöpkha théː zòn súm blè jɑ̀ŋɑ́ ɖò nís ɟɑ̀t dòɡò ché Zakhring cak ne som ji : nga trunk den zat gu cu", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Bumthangkha ཐེག ་ thek ཟོན ་ ་ zon སུམ ་ ་ sum བླེ ་ ་ ble ཡ ་ ང ་ ་ yanga གྲོག ་ ་ grok རྙིད ་ ་ nyit ཇད ་ ་ jat དོ ་ གོ ་ ་ dogo ཆེ ་ ་ che", "Dakpakha thi lɛyi sum bli lɛnga gro nis gɛt dugu cih", "Dzala thi nöi sum bli langa gro ni gɛt dugu ci", "Kurtöpkha théː zòn súm blè jɑ̀ŋɑ́ ɖò nís ɟɑ̀t dòɡò ché", "Zakhring cak ne som ji : nga trunk den zat gu cu", "Be -- Kam -- Tai ( Zhuang -- Dong ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kam -- Sui languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dong ? i ja sam si ngo ljok set pet tu s ; ep Tai ( Zhuang -- Tai ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ahom lüng shång sha : m shi : ha : ro : k , ho : k chet pet kau ship Lao ໐ ສູນ sun ໑ ນຶ່ງ nueng ໒ ສອງ song ໓ ສາມ sam ໔ ສີ່ si ໕ ຫ້າ ha ໖ ຫົກ hok ໗ ເຈັດ chet ໘ ແປດ paet ໙ ເກົ້າ kaw ໑໐ ສິບ sip Shan ႐ သူၼ် ( shon1 ) ႑ ၼိုင်ႈ ( nɯŋ3 ) ႒ သွင် ( shɔŋ1 ) ႓ သၢမ် ( shaam1 ) ႔ သီႇ ( shi2 ) ႕ ႁႃႈ ( haa3 ) ႖ ႁူၵ်း ( hok4 ) ႗ ၸဵတ်း ( tset4 ) ႘ ပႅတ်ႇ ( pɛt2 ) ႙ ၵဝ်ႈ ( kaw3 ) ႑႐ သိပ်း ( ship4 ) Thai ๐ ศูนย์ sǔn ๑ หนึ่ง nuèng ๒ สอง sŏng ๓ สาม săm ๔ สี่ sì ๕ ห้า hâ ๖ หก hòk ๗ เจ็ด chèt ๘ แปด pàet ๙ เก้า kâw ๑๐ สิบ sìp Zhuang lingz ( 零 ) it ( 一 ) ndeu ( 刁 ) ngeih ( 二 ) song ( 双 ) sam ( 三 ) seiq ( 四 ) haj ngux ( 五 ) roek loek ( 六 ) cat ( 七 ) bet bat ( 八 ) gouj ( 九 ) cib ( 十 ) Zhuang -- Bouyei ( Puyi ) deu song sam si ha zok ch'at pet ku ch'ip Hlai languages ( Li -- Laqua ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li ( Hlai ) i trau s'u s'o pa tom thau au fe fuot Kra languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Buyang ( Bu -- Rong ) tsam tha tu pa ma nam tu mu dha va ^ * Buyang is important to the reconstruction of Austro - Tai as it retains the disyllabic roots characteristic of Austronesian languages . Examples are / matɛ́ / `` to die '' , / matá / `` eye '' , / qaðù / `` head '' , and / maðû / `` eight '' . ( See Austro - Tai for proposed connections . )", "Be -- Kam -- Tai ( Zhuang -- Dong ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Kam -- Sui languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Dong ? i ja sam si ngo ljok set pet tu s ; ep", "Tai ( Zhuang -- Tai ) languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Ahom lüng shång sha : m shi : ha : ro : k , ho : k chet pet kau ship", "Lao ໐ ສູນ sun ໑ ນຶ່ງ nueng ໒ ສອງ song ໓ ສາມ sam ໔ ສີ່ si ໕ ຫ້າ ha ໖ ຫົກ hok ໗ ເຈັດ chet ໘ ແປດ paet ໙ ເກົ້າ kaw ໑໐ ສິບ sip", "Shan ႐ သူၼ် ( shon1 ) ႑ ၼိုင်ႈ ( nɯŋ3 ) ႒ သွင် ( shɔŋ1 ) ႓ သၢမ် ( shaam1 ) ႔ သီႇ ( shi2 ) ႕ ႁႃႈ ( haa3 ) ႖ ႁူၵ်း ( hok4 ) ႗ ၸဵတ်း ( tset4 ) ႘ ပႅတ်ႇ ( pɛt2 ) ႙ ၵဝ်ႈ ( kaw3 ) ႑႐ သိပ်း ( ship4 )", "Thai ๐ ศูนย์ sǔn ๑ หนึ่ง nuèng ๒ สอง sŏng ๓ สาม săm ๔ สี่ sì ๕ ห้า hâ ๖ หก hòk ๗ เจ็ด chèt ๘ แปด pàet ๙ เก้า kâw ๑๐ สิบ sìp", "Zhuang lingz ( 零 ) it ( 一 ) ndeu ( 刁 ) ngeih ( 二 ) song ( 双 ) sam ( 三 ) seiq ( 四 ) haj ngux ( 五 ) roek loek ( 六 ) cat ( 七 ) bet bat ( 八 ) gouj ( 九 ) cib ( 十 )", "Zhuang -- Bouyei ( Puyi ) deu song sam si ha zok ch'at pet ku ch'ip", "Hlai languages ( Li -- Laqua ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Li ( Hlai ) i trau s'u s'o pa tom thau au fe fuot", "Kra languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Buyang ( Bu -- Rong ) tsam tha tu pa ma nam tu mu dha va", "^ * Buyang is important to the reconstruction of Austro - Tai as it retains the disyllabic roots characteristic of Austronesian languages . Examples are / matɛ́ / `` to die '' , / matá / `` eye '' , / qaðù / `` head '' , and / maðû / `` eight '' . ( See Austro - Tai for proposed connections . )", "^ * Buyang is important to the reconstruction of Austro - Tai as it retains the disyllabic roots characteristic of Austronesian languages . Examples are / matɛ́ / `` to die '' , / matá / `` eye '' , / qaðù / `` head '' , and / maðû / `` eight '' . ( See Austro - Tai for proposed connections . )", "^ * Buyang is important to the reconstruction of Austro - Tai as it retains the disyllabic roots characteristic of Austronesian languages . Examples are / matɛ́ / `` to die '' , / matá / `` eye '' , / qaðù / `` head '' , and / maðû / `` eight '' . ( See Austro - Tai for proposed connections . )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proto - Tungusic + ämün zhör ilan dügün tuñga ñöngün nadan zhapkun xüjägün zhuwan Northern Tungusic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Evenki umu : n dyu : r ilan dygin tunnga nyungun nadan dyapkun egin dya : n Negidal emen zhu : l elan dighi : toñnga ñungun nadan zhapkun ijeghin zha : n Oroch omo ju : ila di : tunga ñüngü nada jappu xuyu ja : Oroqen ( Orochon ) umun juur ylan diyin tongnga nyungun nadan japkon yyyin jaan Solon ymun juur ylan diyin tongnga ningun nadan jaxon yyyin jaan Udege ( Udihe , Udekhe , Udeghe ) омо omo ʒӯ ju : ( zū ) ила ila дӣ di : туӈа tunga ( tuŋa ) нюӈу ñungu ( nyuŋu ) нада nada ʒакпу jakpu ( zakpu ) ейи yeyu ( yeyi ) ʒа̄ ja : ( zā ) Southern Tungusic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jurchen + emu juwe ilan duyin sunja ninggu nadan jakun uyewun juwa Manchu + emu ᡝᠮᡠ zhuwe ᠵᡠᠸᡝ ilan ᡳᠯᠠᠨ duin ᡩᡠᡳ᠌ᠨ sunzha ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ ninggun ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᠨ nadan ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ zhakûn ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ uyun ᡠᠶᡠᠨ zhuwan ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ Hezhen Nanai ( Gold ) ymkyn juru ilan duyin sunja ningun nadan jaqun uün juan Nanay əmun ǯuər ( dyuer ) ilan duin tojŋɡa ( toinga ) nʼuŋɡun ( nyungun ) nadan ǯakpun ( dyakpun ) xujun ( xuyun ) ǯoan ( dyoan ) Olcha ( Ulchi ) um juel ila dui tuñja ñunggu nada jaqpu xuyu juuwa Orok umu : ke du : Ila ji : n tunda nunggu nada jaqpu xuyu jo : n Sibe ( Xibe , Xibo ) ymkyn ju ilan duyin sunja nüngun nadyn jaqun uyin juan", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Proto - Tungusic + ämün zhör ilan dügün tuñga ñöngün nadan zhapkun xüjägün zhuwan", "Northern Tungusic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Evenki umu : n dyu : r ilan dygin tunnga nyungun nadan dyapkun egin dya : n", "Negidal emen zhu : l elan dighi : toñnga ñungun nadan zhapkun ijeghin zha : n", "Oroch omo ju : ila di : tunga ñüngü nada jappu xuyu ja :", "Oroqen ( Orochon ) umun juur ylan diyin tongnga nyungun nadan japkon yyyin jaan", "Solon ymun juur ylan diyin tongnga ningun nadan jaxon yyyin jaan", "Udege ( Udihe , Udekhe , Udeghe ) омо omo ʒӯ ju : ( zū ) ила ila дӣ di : туӈа tunga ( tuŋa ) нюӈу ñungu ( nyuŋu ) нада nada ʒакпу jakpu ( zakpu ) ейи yeyu ( yeyi ) ʒа̄ ja : ( zā )", "Southern Tungusic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Jurchen + emu juwe ilan duyin sunja ninggu nadan jakun uyewun juwa", "Manchu + emu ᡝᠮᡠ zhuwe ᠵᡠᠸᡝ ilan ᡳᠯᠠᠨ duin ᡩᡠᡳ᠌ᠨ sunzha ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ ninggun ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᠨ nadan ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ zhakûn ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ uyun ᡠᠶᡠᠨ zhuwan ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ", "Hezhen Nanai ( Gold ) ymkyn juru ilan duyin sunja ningun nadan jaqun uün juan", "Nanay əmun ǯuər ( dyuer ) ilan duin tojŋɡa ( toinga ) nʼuŋɡun ( nyungun ) nadan ǯakpun ( dyakpun ) xujun ( xuyun ) ǯoan ( dyoan )", "Olcha ( Ulchi ) um juel ila dui tuñja ñunggu nada jaqpu xuyu juuwa", "Orok umu : ke du : Ila ji : n tunda nunggu nada jaqpu xuyu jo : n", "Sibe ( Xibe , Xibo ) ymkyn ju ilan duyin sunja nüngun nadyn jaqun uyin juan", "0 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Proto - Turkic + * bir * ėki * üč * tȫrt * bēš * altï * yeti * sekiz * tokuz * on * yėgirmi * otuz * kïrk * elig * altmïš * yetmïš * sekizon * tokuzon * yǖz Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Altai ноль nol ' бир bir эки eki ÿч üç тöрт tört бeш beş алты altı jeти ceti сегиc segis тогуc togus он on Äynu yäk du si čar pänj šäš häp ( t ) häš ( t ) noh dah ^ * Aynu numerals are borrowed from Persian . Azerbaijani sıfır bir iki üç dörd beş altı yeddi səkkiz doqquz on iyirmi otuz qırx əlli altmış yetmiş səksən doxsan yüz Baraba bir iki üts tört pəş alttı yədi səkiz toğiz on Bashkir ноль nol бер ber ике ike өс ös дүрт dürt биш biş алты altı ете yete һигеҙ higeź туғыҙ tuğıź ун un Chagatai bir iki üç tört beş altı yeti sekiz toquz on Chuvash ноль nol ' пӗр pĕr ик ik виҫ viś тӑват tăvat пилӗк pilĕk улт ult ҫич śiç сакӑр sakăr тӑхӑр tăxăr вун vun Crimean Tatar bir eki üç dört beş altı yedi sekiz doquz on Dolgan биир biir икки ikki үс üs түөрт tüört биэс bies алта alta hэттэ hette агыс agıs тогус togus уон uon Fuyü Gïrgïs bir igi üş durt biş altı çiti sigis doğus on Gagauz sıfır bir iki üç dört beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on Karachay - Balkar ноль nol бер ber эки eki юч üç тёрт tört беш beş алты altı джети djeti сегиз segiz тогьуз toğuz он on Karakalpak нол nol бир bir эки eki үш u'sh төрт to'rt бес bes алти alti жети jeti сегиз segiz тоғиз tog'iz он on Kazakh нөл nöl бір bir екі eki үш üş төрт tört бес bes алты altı жеті jeti сегіз segiz тоғыз toğız он on Khakas пip pir ікi iki ÿc üs тöpт tört пиc pis алты altı читi çiti cигic sigis тoғыc toğıs он on Khalaj bii äkki üüç töört beeş alta yeetti säkkiz toqquz oon Krymchak bir eki üç dort beş altı yedi sekiz tokuz on Kumyk ноль nol бир bir эки iki уьч üç доьрт dört беш beş алты altı етти yetti сегиз segiz тогъуз toğuz он on Kyrgyz нөль nöl ' бир bir эки eki үч üç төрт tört беш beş алты altı жети jeti сегиз segiz тогуз toguz он on Nogai bir eki üsh dört bes ɑltɨ yeti segiz toʁɨz on Old Turkic bir 𐰋𐰃𐰼 iki 𐰚𐰃 üç 𐰇𐰲 tört 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅 beş 𐰋𐰃𐱁 altï 𐰞𐱃𐰃 yeti 𐰘𐱅𐰃 sekiz 𐰾𐰚𐰃𐰔 tokuz 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰕 on 𐰆𐰣 Ottoman Turkish صفر sıfır بر bir ایكی iki اوچ üç درت dört بش bəş آلتی altî یدی yədi سكز səkiz طقوز doquz اون on يگرمی yiğirmi اوتوز otuz قرق qırq اللی elli التمش altmış يتمش yetmiş سکسان seksen طقسان doksan یوز yüz Qashqai bir iki üç dört beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on Salar bər igi udʒ diot / døt beʃ ɑltə / ɑltʃi jidʒi / jidə sekiz doquz on Shor pir i : gi / ijgi ( iygi ) üsh tørt pɛʃh ɑltɯ tʃɛtti ( chetti ) sɛgis toɣus on Tatar ноль nol бер ber ике ike өч öç дүрт dürt биш biş алты altı җиде cide сигез sigez тугыз tuğız ун un Tofa бipәә birәә иъhи ìhi үш üş дөрт dört бeш beş aълты àltı чедi çedi ceъhec sèhes тоъhoc tòhos он on Turkish sıfır bir iki üç dört beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yüz Turkmen нол nol бир bir ики iki үч üç дөрт dört бәш bäş алты alty еди ýedi секиз sekiz докуз dokuz он on Tuvan ноль / тик nol ' / tik бир bir ийи iyi үш üş дөрт dört бeш beş алды aldı чеди çedi сес ses тос tos он on Urum bir iqi ytʃ dœrt beʃ alti eddi sæqkiz doqkuz on Uyghur نۆل нөль nöl بىر бир bir ىككى икки ikki ئۈچ үч üch تۆت төт töt بەش бәш besh ئالتە алтә alte يەتتە йәттә yette سەككىز сәккиз sekkiz توققۇز тоққуз toqquz ون он on Uzbek нол , сифр nol , sifr бир bir икки ikki уч uch тўрт toʻrt беш besh олти olti етти yetti саккиз sakkiz тўққиз toʻqqiz ўн oʻn Yakut ноль nol биир biir икки ikki үс üs түөрт tüört биэс bies алта alta сэттэ sette аҕыс ağıs тоҕус toğus уон uon", "0 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100", "Proto - Turkic + * bir * ėki * üč * tȫrt * bēš * altï * yeti * sekiz * tokuz * on * yėgirmi * otuz * kïrk * elig * altmïš * yetmïš * sekizon * tokuzon * yǖz", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Altai ноль nol ' бир bir эки eki ÿч üç тöрт tört бeш beş алты altı jeти ceti сегиc segis тогуc togus он on", "Äynu yäk du si čar pänj šäš häp ( t ) häš ( t ) noh dah", "^ * Aynu numerals are borrowed from Persian .", "^ * Aynu numerals are borrowed from Persian .", "^ * Aynu numerals are borrowed from Persian .", "Azerbaijani sıfır bir iki üç dörd beş altı yeddi səkkiz doqquz on iyirmi otuz qırx əlli altmış yetmiş səksən doxsan yüz", "Baraba bir iki üts tört pəş alttı yədi səkiz toğiz on", "Bashkir ноль nol бер ber ике ike өс ös дүрт dürt биш biş алты altı ете yete һигеҙ higeź туғыҙ tuğıź ун un", "Chagatai bir iki üç tört beş altı yeti sekiz toquz on", "Chuvash ноль nol ' пӗр pĕr ик ik виҫ viś тӑват tăvat пилӗк pilĕk улт ult ҫич śiç сакӑр sakăr тӑхӑр tăxăr вун vun", "Crimean Tatar bir eki üç dört beş altı yedi sekiz doquz on", "Dolgan биир biir икки ikki үс üs түөрт tüört биэс bies алта alta hэттэ hette агыс agıs тогус togus уон uon", "Fuyü Gïrgïs bir igi üş durt biş altı çiti sigis doğus on", "Gagauz sıfır bir iki üç dört beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on", "Karachay - Balkar ноль nol бер ber эки eki юч üç тёрт tört беш beş алты altı джети djeti сегиз segiz тогьуз toğuz он on", "Karakalpak нол nol бир bir эки eki үш u'sh төрт to'rt бес bes алти alti жети jeti сегиз segiz тоғиз tog'iz он on", "Kazakh нөл nöl бір bir екі eki үш üş төрт tört бес bes алты altı жеті jeti сегіз segiz тоғыз toğız он on", "Khakas пip pir ікi iki ÿc üs тöpт tört пиc pis алты altı читi çiti cигic sigis тoғыc toğıs он on", "Khalaj bii äkki üüç töört beeş alta yeetti säkkiz toqquz oon", "Krymchak bir eki üç dort beş altı yedi sekiz tokuz on", "Kumyk ноль nol бир bir эки iki уьч üç доьрт dört беш beş алты altı етти yetti сегиз segiz тогъуз toğuz он on", "Kyrgyz нөль nöl ' бир bir эки eki үч üç төрт tört беш beş алты altı жети jeti сегиз segiz тогуз toguz он on", "Nogai bir eki üsh dört bes ɑltɨ yeti segiz toʁɨz on", "Old Turkic bir 𐰋𐰃𐰼 iki 𐰚𐰃 üç 𐰇𐰲 tört 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅 beş 𐰋𐰃𐱁 altï 𐰞𐱃𐰃 yeti 𐰘𐱅𐰃 sekiz 𐰾𐰚𐰃𐰔 tokuz 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰕 on 𐰆𐰣", "Ottoman Turkish صفر sıfır بر bir ایكی iki اوچ üç درت dört بش bəş آلتی altî یدی yədi سكز səkiz طقوز doquz اون on يگرمی yiğirmi اوتوز otuz قرق qırq اللی elli التمش altmış يتمش yetmiş سکسان seksen طقسان doksan یوز yüz", "Qashqai bir iki üç dört beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on", "Salar bər igi udʒ diot / døt beʃ ɑltə / ɑltʃi jidʒi / jidə sekiz doquz on", "Shor pir i : gi / ijgi ( iygi ) üsh tørt pɛʃh ɑltɯ tʃɛtti ( chetti ) sɛgis toɣus on", "Tatar ноль nol бер ber ике ike өч öç дүрт dürt биш biş алты altı җиде cide сигез sigez тугыз tuğız ун un", "Tofa бipәә birәә иъhи ìhi үш üş дөрт dört бeш beş aълты àltı чедi çedi ceъhec sèhes тоъhoc tòhos он on", "Turkish sıfır bir iki üç dört beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan yüz", "Turkmen нол nol бир bir ики iki үч üç дөрт dört бәш bäş алты alty еди ýedi секиз sekiz докуз dokuz он on", "Tuvan ноль / тик nol ' / tik бир bir ийи iyi үш üş дөрт dört бeш beş алды aldı чеди çedi сес ses тос tos он on", "Urum bir iqi ytʃ dœrt beʃ alti eddi sæqkiz doqkuz on", "Uyghur نۆل нөль nöl بىر бир bir ىككى икки ikki ئۈچ үч üch تۆت төт töt بەش бәш besh ئالتە алтә alte يەتتە йәттә yette سەككىز сәккиз sekkiz توققۇز тоққуз toqquz ون он on", "Uzbek нол , сифр nol , sifr бир bir икки ikki уч uch тўрт toʻrt беш besh олти olti етти yetti саккиз sakkiz тўққиз toʻqqiz ўн oʻn", "Yakut ноль nol биир biir икки ikki үс üs түөрт tüört биэс bies алта alta сэттэ sette аҕыс ağıs тоҕус toğus уон uon", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Proto - Uralic * ükte * kakte * kolm - * ńeljä * wi ( t ) te * ku ( t ) te * luka Finnic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Proto - Finnic * ükci * kakci * kolme * neljä * vīci * kūci * seiccen * kahteksan * ühteksän * kümmen Estonian null üks kaks kolm neli viis kuus seitse kaheksa üheksa kümme üksteist kaksteist kolmteist neliteist viisteist kuusteist seitseteist kaheksateist üheksateist kakskümmend Finnish nolla yksi kaksi kolme neljä viisi kuusi seitsemän kahdeksan yhdeksän kymmenen yksitoista kaksitoista kolmetoista neljätoista viisitoista kuusitoista seitsemäntoista kahdeksantoista yhdeksäntoista kaksikymmentä Karelian yksi kakši kolmi ńeľľä viisi kuuši šeiččemen kahekšan yhekšän kymmenen yksitoista kakšitoista kolmetoista neljjätoista viiztoista kuuǯitoista seiččemäntoista kahekšantoista yhekšäntoista kakšikymmendä Olonets Karelian yksi kaksi kolme ńelli viizi kuuzi seiččie kaheksa ykeksä kymmene Livonian null ikš kakš kuolm nēļa vīž kūž seis kādõks īdõks kim ikštuoistõn kakštuoistõn kuolmtuoistõn nēļatuoistõn vīžtuoistõn kūžtuoistõn seistuoistõn kōdõkstuoistõn īdõkstuoistõn kakškimdõ Ludic yks kakš kolme njelj viiš kuuš seittjšeme kaheksa yheksa kym Meänkieli yks kaks kolme neljä viis kuusi seitemän kaheksan yheksän kymmenen Veps ükś kakś koume neľľ viž kuź seiččeme kahesa ühesa kümne yks'toštküme kaks'toštküme koumetoštküme kuz'toštküme vižtoštküme kuz'toštküme seiččemetoštküme kahesatoštküme ühesatoštküme kaks'küme Võro ütś katś kolm nelli viiś kuuś säidse katõsa ütesä kümme Votic ühs kahs kem nellä vīsi kūsi seitsē kahe̮sā ühesǟ tšümmē ühste̮ šše̮me̮tta kahste̮ šše̮me̮tta ke̮mte̮ šše̮me̮tta nelläte̮ šše̮me̮tta vīste̮ šše̮me̮tta kūste̮ šše̮me̮tta seitsēte̮ šše̮me̮tta kahe̮sāte̮ šše̮me̮tta ühesǟte̮ šše̮me̮tta kahš́tš́ümmettä Sami languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Proto - Samic * ëktë * kuoktē * kolmë * ńealjē * vītë * kūtë * čiečëm * kākcē * ëkcē * lokē Sami , Inari ohta kyeh'ti kulma nelji vitta kutta čiččam käävci oovce love ohtunubáloh kyehtnubáloh kulmânubáloh neljinubáloh vittânubáloh kuttânubáloh čiččâmnubáloh käävcinubáloh oovcenubáloh kyehtlov Sami , Northern nolla okta guokte golbma njeallje vihtta guhtta čieža gávcci ovcci logi oktanuppelohkái oktanuppelohkái golbmanuppelohkái njealljenuppelohkái vihttanuppelohkái guhttanuppelohkái čiežanuppelohkái gávccinuppelohkái ovccinuppelohkái guoktelogi Sami , Lule nålla akta guokta gålmmå niellja vihtta guhtta gietjav gáktsa aktse lågev Mordvin languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Erzya вейке vejke кавто kavto колмо kolmo ниле ńiľe вете veƭe кото koto сисем śiśem кавксо kavkso вейксэ vejkse кемень kemeń кевейкее kevejkee кемгавтово kemgavtovo кемголмово kemgolmovo кемнилее kemńiľee кеветее keveƭee кемготово kemgotovo кемзисемге kemźiśemge кемгавксово kemgavksovo кевейксэе kevejksee комсь komś Moksha fkä kaftə kolmə nilä vetä kotə sisäm kafksə vejksə keməń Mari language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Hill Mari ноль noľ ик ik кок kok кум kum ныл nyl вич vič куд kud шым šym кандаш kandaš индеш indeš лу lu Meadow Mari ikte kokət kumət nələt wizət kuðət šəmət kandaš ( e ) indeš ( e ) lu Permic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Komi ( Zyryan ) ноль noľ öти ( к ) öti ( k ) кык kyk куим kuim нёль ńoľ вит vit квайт kvajt сизим sizim кöкъямыс kökjamys öкмыс ökmys дас das дас ӧти ( к ) das öti ( k ) дас кык das kyk дас куим das kuim дас нёль das ńoľ дас вит das vit дас квайт das kvajt дас сизим das sizim дас кӧкъямыс das kökjamys дас ӧкмыс das ökmys кызь kyź Komi - Permyak нуль nuľ öтiк ötik кык kyk куим kuim нёль ńoľ вит vit квать kvať сизим sizim кыкъямыс kykjamys öкмыс ökmys дас das Udmurt ноль noľ одӥг odig кык kyk куинь kuiń ньыль ńyľ вить viť куать kuať сизьым siźym тямыс ťamys укмыс ukmys дас das дас одӥг das odig дас кык das kyk дас куинь das kuiń дас ньыль das ńyľ дас вить das viť дас куать das kuať дас сизьым das siźym дас тямыс das ťamys дас укмыс das ukmys кызь kyź Ugric languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Hungarian nulla ( ˈnulːɒ ) egy ( ɛɟ ) kettő / két ( ˈkɛtːøː ) or ( keːt ) három ( ˈhaːrom ) négy ( neːɟ ) öt ( øt ) hat ( hɒt ) hét ( heːt ) nyolc ( ɲolts ) kilenc ( ˈkilɛnts ) tíz ( tiːz ) tizenegy tizenkettő / tizenkét tizenhárom tizennégy tizenöt tizenhat tizenhét tizennyolc tizenkilenc húsz Kazym Khanty и , йи , ит ( i ) , ( ji ) , ( it ) кӑт , кӑтн ( kat ) , ( katn ) хәԓум ( xɵɬəm ) няԓ ( njaɬ ) вет ( βeːt ) хәт ( xɵt ) ԓапӑт ( ɬaːpət ) нивԓ ( njiβəɬ ) яртъяӈ ( jaːrt - jaŋ ) яӈ jaːŋ ихущьяӈ ( i - xosj - jaːŋ ) кӑтхущьяӈ ( kat - xosj - jaːŋ ) хәԓумхущьяӈ xɵɬəm - xosj - jaːŋ няԓхущьяӈ ( njaɬ - xosj - jaːŋ ) ветхущьяӈ ( βeːt - xosj - jaːŋ ) хәтхущьяӈ xɵt - xosj - jaːŋ ԓапӑтхущьяӈ ( ɬaːpət - xosj - jaːŋ ) нивӑԓхўщьяӈ ( njiβəɬ - xosj - jaːŋ ) ярхәс ( jaːr - xɵs ) хәс ( xɵs ) Khanty yit , yiy katn , kat xutəm nyatə wet xut tapət nəvət yaryaŋ yaŋ Mansi аква akva китыг kityg хурум hurum нила nila ат at хот hot сат sat нёллов n'ololov онтэллов ontolov лов lov Samoyedic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Forest Nenets ngup šicha nyaaxaL chee 't hampLyaangk ma 't šee `` v šichachee 't kaašeemdyu '' dyuu '' Tundra Nenets ӈопой ngopoy сидя syidya няхарʼ nyax ° r тет tyet самляӈг samlyangk матʼ mat сиˮив syí `` w ° сидндет syid ° ndyet ° хасуюˮ xasuyu '' юˮ yu '' ӈопой яӈгня ngopoy yangnya сидя яӈгня syidya yangnya няхарʼ яӈгня nyax ° r yangnya тет яӈгня tyet yangnya самляӈг яӈгня samlyangk yangnya матʼ яӈгня mat yangnya сиˮив яӈгня syí `` w ° yangnya сидндет яӈгня syid ° ndyet ° yangnya хасуюˮ яӈгня xasuyu '' yangnya сидя юˮ syidya yu '' Nganasan ngu `` oi siti nagür chety synghol'angky mytü '' s'aiby sitiőyty ngam'aichümy bi '' Enets ӈолю ҫизи нэху тԑт собриг моту сԑу ҫизет неса биу бикоз бозат ӈолю бикоз бозат ҫизи бикоз бозат нэху бикоз бозат тԑт бикоз бозат собриг бикоз бозат моту бикоз бозат сԑу бикоз бозат ҫизет бикоз бозат неса ҫизиу Selkup okkyr šed naagor tett xombla moktyt heeldő ' šety - dőyang - gvet okkyr - dőyang - gvet köt Kamas op šidee naagur teety sumna muktu seipu šynttete amittun bje ( n )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Proto - Uralic * ükte * kakte * kolm - * ńeljä * wi ( t ) te * ku ( t ) te * luka", "Finnic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Proto - Finnic * ükci * kakci * kolme * neljä * vīci * kūci * seiccen * kahteksan * ühteksän * kümmen", "Estonian null üks kaks kolm neli viis kuus seitse kaheksa üheksa kümme üksteist kaksteist kolmteist neliteist viisteist kuusteist seitseteist kaheksateist üheksateist kakskümmend", "Finnish nolla yksi kaksi kolme neljä viisi kuusi seitsemän kahdeksan yhdeksän kymmenen yksitoista kaksitoista kolmetoista neljätoista viisitoista kuusitoista seitsemäntoista kahdeksantoista yhdeksäntoista kaksikymmentä", "Karelian yksi kakši kolmi ńeľľä viisi kuuši šeiččemen kahekšan yhekšän kymmenen yksitoista kakšitoista kolmetoista neljjätoista viiztoista kuuǯitoista seiččemäntoista kahekšantoista yhekšäntoista kakšikymmendä", "Olonets Karelian yksi kaksi kolme ńelli viizi kuuzi seiččie kaheksa ykeksä kymmene", "Livonian null ikš kakš kuolm nēļa vīž kūž seis kādõks īdõks kim ikštuoistõn kakštuoistõn kuolmtuoistõn nēļatuoistõn vīžtuoistõn kūžtuoistõn seistuoistõn kōdõkstuoistõn īdõkstuoistõn kakškimdõ", "Ludic yks kakš kolme njelj viiš kuuš seittjšeme kaheksa yheksa kym", "Meänkieli yks kaks kolme neljä viis kuusi seitemän kaheksan yheksän kymmenen", "Veps ükś kakś koume neľľ viž kuź seiččeme kahesa ühesa kümne yks'toštküme kaks'toštküme koumetoštküme kuz'toštküme vižtoštküme kuz'toštküme seiččemetoštküme kahesatoštküme ühesatoštküme kaks'küme", "Võro ütś katś kolm nelli viiś kuuś säidse katõsa ütesä kümme", "Votic ühs kahs kem nellä vīsi kūsi seitsē kahe̮sā ühesǟ tšümmē ühste̮ šše̮me̮tta kahste̮ šše̮me̮tta ke̮mte̮ šše̮me̮tta nelläte̮ šše̮me̮tta vīste̮ šše̮me̮tta kūste̮ šše̮me̮tta seitsēte̮ šše̮me̮tta kahe̮sāte̮ šše̮me̮tta ühesǟte̮ šše̮me̮tta kahš́tš́ümmettä", "Sami languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Proto - Samic * ëktë * kuoktē * kolmë * ńealjē * vītë * kūtë * čiečëm * kākcē * ëkcē * lokē", "Sami , Inari ohta kyeh'ti kulma nelji vitta kutta čiččam käävci oovce love ohtunubáloh kyehtnubáloh kulmânubáloh neljinubáloh vittânubáloh kuttânubáloh čiččâmnubáloh käävcinubáloh oovcenubáloh kyehtlov", "Sami , Northern nolla okta guokte golbma njeallje vihtta guhtta čieža gávcci ovcci logi oktanuppelohkái oktanuppelohkái golbmanuppelohkái njealljenuppelohkái vihttanuppelohkái guhttanuppelohkái čiežanuppelohkái gávccinuppelohkái ovccinuppelohkái guoktelogi", "Sami , Lule nålla akta guokta gålmmå niellja vihtta guhtta gietjav gáktsa aktse lågev", "Mordvin languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Erzya вейке vejke кавто kavto колмо kolmo ниле ńiľe вете veƭe кото koto сисем śiśem кавксо kavkso вейксэ vejkse кемень kemeń кевейкее kevejkee кемгавтово kemgavtovo кемголмово kemgolmovo кемнилее kemńiľee кеветее keveƭee кемготово kemgotovo кемзисемге kemźiśemge кемгавксово kemgavksovo кевейксэе kevejksee комсь komś", "Moksha fkä kaftə kolmə nilä vetä kotə sisäm kafksə vejksə keməń", "Mari language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Hill Mari ноль noľ ик ik кок kok кум kum ныл nyl вич vič куд kud шым šym кандаш kandaš индеш indeš лу lu", "Meadow Mari ikte kokət kumət nələt wizət kuðət šəmət kandaš ( e ) indeš ( e ) lu", "Permic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Komi ( Zyryan ) ноль noľ öти ( к ) öti ( k ) кык kyk куим kuim нёль ńoľ вит vit квайт kvajt сизим sizim кöкъямыс kökjamys öкмыс ökmys дас das дас ӧти ( к ) das öti ( k ) дас кык das kyk дас куим das kuim дас нёль das ńoľ дас вит das vit дас квайт das kvajt дас сизим das sizim дас кӧкъямыс das kökjamys дас ӧкмыс das ökmys кызь kyź", "Komi - Permyak нуль nuľ öтiк ötik кык kyk куим kuim нёль ńoľ вит vit квать kvať сизим sizim кыкъямыс kykjamys öкмыс ökmys дас das", "Udmurt ноль noľ одӥг odig кык kyk куинь kuiń ньыль ńyľ вить viť куать kuať сизьым siźym тямыс ťamys укмыс ukmys дас das дас одӥг das odig дас кык das kyk дас куинь das kuiń дас ньыль das ńyľ дас вить das viť дас куать das kuať дас сизьым das siźym дас тямыс das ťamys дас укмыс das ukmys кызь kyź", "Ugric languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Hungarian nulla ( ˈnulːɒ ) egy ( ɛɟ ) kettő / két ( ˈkɛtːøː ) or ( keːt ) három ( ˈhaːrom ) négy ( neːɟ ) öt ( øt ) hat ( hɒt ) hét ( heːt ) nyolc ( ɲolts ) kilenc ( ˈkilɛnts ) tíz ( tiːz ) tizenegy tizenkettő / tizenkét tizenhárom tizennégy tizenöt tizenhat tizenhét tizennyolc tizenkilenc húsz", "Kazym Khanty и , йи , ит ( i ) , ( ji ) , ( it ) кӑт , кӑтн ( kat ) , ( katn ) хәԓум ( xɵɬəm ) няԓ ( njaɬ ) вет ( βeːt ) хәт ( xɵt ) ԓапӑт ( ɬaːpət ) нивԓ ( njiβəɬ ) яртъяӈ ( jaːrt - jaŋ ) яӈ jaːŋ ихущьяӈ ( i - xosj - jaːŋ ) кӑтхущьяӈ ( kat - xosj - jaːŋ ) хәԓумхущьяӈ xɵɬəm - xosj - jaːŋ няԓхущьяӈ ( njaɬ - xosj - jaːŋ ) ветхущьяӈ ( βeːt - xosj - jaːŋ ) хәтхущьяӈ xɵt - xosj - jaːŋ ԓапӑтхущьяӈ ( ɬaːpət - xosj - jaːŋ ) нивӑԓхўщьяӈ ( njiβəɬ - xosj - jaːŋ ) ярхәс ( jaːr - xɵs ) хәс ( xɵs )", "Khanty yit , yiy katn , kat xutəm nyatə wet xut tapət nəvət yaryaŋ yaŋ", "Mansi аква akva китыг kityg хурум hurum нила nila ат at хот hot сат sat нёллов n'ololov онтэллов ontolov лов lov", "Samoyedic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Forest Nenets ngup šicha nyaaxaL chee 't hampLyaangk ma 't šee `` v šichachee 't kaašeemdyu '' dyuu ''", "Tundra Nenets ӈопой ngopoy сидя syidya няхарʼ nyax ° r тет tyet самляӈг samlyangk матʼ mat сиˮив syí `` w ° сидндет syid ° ndyet ° хасуюˮ xasuyu '' юˮ yu '' ӈопой яӈгня ngopoy yangnya сидя яӈгня syidya yangnya няхарʼ яӈгня nyax ° r yangnya тет яӈгня tyet yangnya самляӈг яӈгня samlyangk yangnya матʼ яӈгня mat yangnya сиˮив яӈгня syí `` w ° yangnya сидндет яӈгня syid ° ndyet ° yangnya хасуюˮ яӈгня xasuyu '' yangnya сидя юˮ syidya yu ''", "Nganasan ngu `` oi siti nagür chety synghol'angky mytü '' s'aiby sitiőyty ngam'aichümy bi ''", "Enets ӈолю ҫизи нэху тԑт собриг моту сԑу ҫизет неса биу бикоз бозат ӈолю бикоз бозат ҫизи бикоз бозат нэху бикоз бозат тԑт бикоз бозат собриг бикоз бозат моту бикоз бозат сԑу бикоз бозат ҫизет бикоз бозат неса ҫизиу", "Selkup okkyr šed naagor tett xombla moktyt heeldő ' šety - dőyang - gvet okkyr - dőyang - gvet köt", "Kamas op šidee naagur teety sumna muktu seipu šynttete amittun bje ( n )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proto - Yeniseian ? ( Starostin ) * xu - sa * xɨna * doʔŋa * si - * qä - * ʔaẋV * ʔoʔn - - - * ẋɔGa Northern branch ( Ket -- Yugh ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ket qɔˀk ( animate ) , qūsj ( inanimate ) ɨ̄n dɔˀŋ sjīk qāk ā / à ɔˀn ɨnam bənjsjaŋ qō ( 10 - 2 ) qusjam bənjsjaŋ qō ( 10 - 1 ) qō Yugh ( Sym Ket ) χɔˀk ( animate ) , χus̝ / qusj ( inanimate ) ɨ̄n dɔˀŋ sik χak ahː / aˑ ɔˀn bɔsim * * ( < Russian ' vosemj ' ) dɛbet * * ( < Russian ' devjatj ' ) χo Southern branch ( Kott -- Arin ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kott -- Assan 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kott ( Kott ) -- Assan huːtʃa iːna toːŋa tʃeɡa ~ ʃeːɡa keɡa ~ χeːɡa χelutʃa χelina xalto : nga chumua : ga haːɡa ~ haɡa Arin -- Pumpokol 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Arin qúsej kína toŋga ( tjoŋa ~ tjuːŋa ) shaja ( tʃaɡa ) qala ögga ( ɨɡa ) in'a kinamanchau kusamanchau qoa ( qau ) ~ hioɡa Pumpokol xúta hinɛaŋ ( híneang ) dóŋa ( dónga ) ziang ( cía - ng ) hejlaŋ ( xej - lang ) aɡɡɛaŋ ( ággiang ) ón'ang hinbásiang xúta - hamósa - xajáng hajaŋ ( xajáng )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Proto - Yeniseian ? ( Starostin ) * xu - sa * xɨna * doʔŋa * si - * qä - * ʔaẋV * ʔoʔn - - - * ẋɔGa", "Northern branch ( Ket -- Yugh ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Ket qɔˀk ( animate ) , qūsj ( inanimate ) ɨ̄n dɔˀŋ sjīk qāk ā / à ɔˀn ɨnam bənjsjaŋ qō ( 10 - 2 ) qusjam bənjsjaŋ qō ( 10 - 1 ) qō", "Yugh ( Sym Ket ) χɔˀk ( animate ) , χus̝ / qusj ( inanimate ) ɨ̄n dɔˀŋ sik χak ahː / aˑ ɔˀn bɔsim * * ( < Russian ' vosemj ' ) dɛbet * * ( < Russian ' devjatj ' ) χo", "Southern branch ( Kott -- Arin ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Kott -- Assan 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Kott ( Kott ) -- Assan huːtʃa iːna toːŋa tʃeɡa ~ ʃeːɡa keɡa ~ χeːɡa χelutʃa χelina xalto : nga chumua : ga haːɡa ~ haɡa", "Arin -- Pumpokol 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Arin qúsej kína toŋga ( tjoŋa ~ tjuːŋa ) shaja ( tʃaɡa ) qala ögga ( ɨɡa ) in'a kinamanchau kusamanchau qoa ( qau ) ~ hioɡa", "Pumpokol xúta hinɛaŋ ( híneang ) dóŋa ( dónga ) ziang ( cía - ng ) hejlaŋ ( xej - lang ) aɡɡɛaŋ ( ággiang ) ón'ang hinbásiang xúta - hamósa - xajáng hajaŋ ( xajáng )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Northern ( Tundra ) Yukaghir маархуонь mārxuoń кийуонь kijuoń йалуонь jaluoń йалаклань jalaklań имдальдьань imdaľďań маалайлань mālajlań пускийань puskijań маалайлаклань mālajlaklań вальҕрамкруонь waľɣramkruoń кунальань kunaľań Southern Yukaghir irkēj ataqlōj jālōj ileklōj n'əɣanbōj mālōj purkījōj malɣiləklōj kunirkil'ǯōj kunel'ōj", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Northern ( Tundra ) Yukaghir маархуонь mārxuoń кийуонь kijuoń йалуонь jaluoń йалаклань jalaklań имдальдьань imdaľďań маалайлань mālajlań пускийань puskijań маалайлаклань mālajlaklań вальҕрамкруонь waľɣramkruoń кунальань kunaľań", "Southern Yukaghir irkēj ataqlōj jālōj ileklōj n'əɣanbōj mālōj purkījōj malɣiləklōj kunirkil'ǯōj kunel'ōj", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proto - Algonquian * ne - kwet - w-i * niiš - w-i * ne - ʔɬ - w-i * nyee - w-i * nyaaɬan - w-i * ne - kwet - w - aašika * niiš - w - aašika * ne - ʔš - w - aašika Plains Algonquian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Arapaho céésey jaasaaye niis neesh nééso naasau yéin yeain yóóʒon yawthawn níítotox nedawdahx níísootox nesaudahx néésootox naasaudahx ʒío'tox thiahdahx béteetox baadaadahx Blackfoot nitokska natoka niuokska nisoo nisito nau ixkitsika naniso pixkso kepo Cheyenne na'êstse neše na'he neve noho naesohto nésohto na'nohto sóohto mâhtohto Central Algonquian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Algonquin pegik ninch nissoue neou narau ningoutouassou ninchouassou nissouassou changassou mitassou Cree ( Plains ) mwac kêkwân pêyak nîso nisto nêwo niyânan nikotwâsik têpakohp ayinânêw kêkâ - mitâtaht mitâtaht Fox nekoti ni : shwi nye : wi neswi nya : nanwi kotwa : shika no : hika shwa : shika sha : ka kwili Innu ( Innu - aimun , Montagnais ) pejukw nihkw nIst new patetaht kutwaht nihwaht nihwawh pejukwahtew mItahtw Kickapoo nekoti niiswi nethwi niei niananw kotoaasika noohika neswaasika saaka metaathw Menominee nekot ni :s neqniw ni : w nianan neku : tuasetah no : hekan suasek sakew meta : tah Miami - Illinois meeneehki ninkoti nkóti niišwi nihswi niiwi myaaranwi ( n ) yaalanwi kaakaathswi swaahteethswi paraare palaani niišomeneehki ninkotimeneehki nkótimeneehki mataathswi Naskapi paaikw niisu nistu naaw pitaataahch aasutaahch niiswaautaahch yaanaaw paaikustaaw paaikuyuw Ojibwe ( Southwestern ) gaawiin gegoo / waawiyebii'igan bezhig niizh niswi niiwin naanan ( n ) ingodwaaswi niizhwaaswi ( n ) ishwaaswi zhaangaswi midaaswi Potawatomi ngot nish nswe ' nyaw nyanIn ngotwatso nowak shwatso shak mdatso Sauk ( Mesquakie ) nekotah nish nessoah neeáwah neeananon kotoashec nowee shoashec shac kweechah Shawnee negate neshwa nithese newe nialinwe negotewathe neshwathe sashekswa chakatswa metathwe Eastern Algonquian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Abenaki bazegw niz nas yaw n ( ô ) lan ngued ( ô ) z tôbawôz nsôzek noliwi mdala Abenaki ( Cowasuck ) pazok mis nis nas iao n8lan ngwed8z t8nbaw8z ns8zek noliwi mdala Abenaki , Eastern ( Alnôbak ) bez'go nis na ` s yeu nan nukw'dus tabaúwus nsözuk noli ` medala Abenaki , Western ( Sokoki ) pazekw nis nas iaw nlan nguedz tbawz nszek noliwi mdala Beothuk yaseek adjieich shendeek dabseek nine jeck bashedtheek oodzook adayook yeothoduc shansee Loup A ( ? Nipmuck ? ) nengwt ninz shwi iau napale negwtensik ninzensik shwensik peskwghin paiakwe Loup B pasko nissoac swac iwac nonoac negotons tanboens tsinsw noriwe metai Mahican ngutte nesche nacha náwa nananè guttããsch tupouwus ghusooh nannéwe mtannit Malecite ( Maliseet ) nekwt tapu sist neu nan kamatchin loikunuk okamultchin eskwunatek kqitinsk Massachusett ( Natick ) nequt neese nish yaw napanna nequttatash nesausuk shawosuk paskoogun puik Mi'kmaq newt tapu sist neo nan asugom eluigenik ugolmochin pesgunatek mtlen Narragansett nquit neesse nish yoh nepanna qutta enada shwosuck paskugit piuck Munsee gutti nischa nacha newa nalan guttasch nischoasch chaasch nolewi wimbat Passamaquoddy pesq nis nihi new nan kamahcin oluwikonok oqomolcin esqonatek qotinsk Nanticoke nickquit na - eez nis yaugh nup - pai - a noquttah my - yay - wah tzah passa - conque millah ! Pequot néqut nîs ch'wî iâw nîpâu k'dusk nîzu'sh ch'wî - ô'sk bo : zuku'kwong bâ'iog Pamlico weembot neshinnauh nish - wonner yau - ooner umperren who - yeoc top - po - osh nau - haush - shoo pach - ic - conk cosh Powhatan necut ningh nuss yough paranske comotinch toppawoss nusswash kekatawgh kaskeke Quiripi pafuk ( néze ) fwe ( youh ) ( nesausuk ) ( swank ) ( pásakogun ) ( paíak ) Unami kwëti nisha naxa newa palenàxk kwètash nishash xash pèshkung tèlën Unquachog nquit nees nus yauh napaa nacuttah tumpowa swat he one payac", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Proto - Algonquian * ne - kwet - w-i * niiš - w-i * ne - ʔɬ - w-i * nyee - w-i * nyaaɬan - w-i * ne - kwet - w - aašika * niiš - w - aašika * ne - ʔš - w - aašika", "Plains Algonquian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Arapaho céésey jaasaaye niis neesh nééso naasau yéin yeain yóóʒon yawthawn níítotox nedawdahx níísootox nesaudahx néésootox naasaudahx ʒío'tox thiahdahx béteetox baadaadahx", "Blackfoot nitokska natoka niuokska nisoo nisito nau ixkitsika naniso pixkso kepo", "Cheyenne na'êstse neše na'he neve noho naesohto nésohto na'nohto sóohto mâhtohto", "Central Algonquian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Algonquin pegik ninch nissoue neou narau ningoutouassou ninchouassou nissouassou changassou mitassou", "Cree ( Plains ) mwac kêkwân pêyak nîso nisto nêwo niyânan nikotwâsik têpakohp ayinânêw kêkâ - mitâtaht mitâtaht", "Fox nekoti ni : shwi nye : wi neswi nya : nanwi kotwa : shika no : hika shwa : shika sha : ka kwili", "Innu ( Innu - aimun , Montagnais ) pejukw nihkw nIst new patetaht kutwaht nihwaht nihwawh pejukwahtew mItahtw", "Kickapoo nekoti niiswi nethwi niei niananw kotoaasika noohika neswaasika saaka metaathw", "Menominee nekot ni :s neqniw ni : w nianan neku : tuasetah no : hekan suasek sakew meta : tah", "Miami - Illinois meeneehki ninkoti nkóti niišwi nihswi niiwi myaaranwi ( n ) yaalanwi kaakaathswi swaahteethswi paraare palaani niišomeneehki ninkotimeneehki nkótimeneehki mataathswi", "Naskapi paaikw niisu nistu naaw pitaataahch aasutaahch niiswaautaahch yaanaaw paaikustaaw paaikuyuw", "Ojibwe ( Southwestern ) gaawiin gegoo / waawiyebii'igan bezhig niizh niswi niiwin naanan ( n ) ingodwaaswi niizhwaaswi ( n ) ishwaaswi zhaangaswi midaaswi", "Potawatomi ngot nish nswe ' nyaw nyanIn ngotwatso nowak shwatso shak mdatso", "Sauk ( Mesquakie ) nekotah nish nessoah neeáwah neeananon kotoashec nowee shoashec shac kweechah", "Shawnee negate neshwa nithese newe nialinwe negotewathe neshwathe sashekswa chakatswa metathwe", "Eastern Algonquian languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Abenaki bazegw niz nas yaw n ( ô ) lan ngued ( ô ) z tôbawôz nsôzek noliwi mdala", "Abenaki ( Cowasuck ) pazok mis nis nas iao n8lan ngwed8z t8nbaw8z ns8zek noliwi mdala", "Abenaki , Eastern ( Alnôbak ) bez'go nis na ` s yeu nan nukw'dus tabaúwus nsözuk noli ` medala", "Abenaki , Western ( Sokoki ) pazekw nis nas iaw nlan nguedz tbawz nszek noliwi mdala", "Beothuk yaseek adjieich shendeek dabseek nine jeck bashedtheek oodzook adayook yeothoduc shansee", "Loup A ( ? Nipmuck ? ) nengwt ninz shwi iau napale negwtensik ninzensik shwensik peskwghin paiakwe", "Loup B pasko nissoac swac iwac nonoac negotons tanboens tsinsw noriwe metai", "Mahican ngutte nesche nacha náwa nananè guttããsch tupouwus ghusooh nannéwe mtannit", "Malecite ( Maliseet ) nekwt tapu sist neu nan kamatchin loikunuk okamultchin eskwunatek kqitinsk", "Massachusett ( Natick ) nequt neese nish yaw napanna nequttatash nesausuk shawosuk paskoogun puik", "Mi'kmaq newt tapu sist neo nan asugom eluigenik ugolmochin pesgunatek mtlen", "Narragansett nquit neesse nish yoh nepanna qutta enada shwosuck paskugit piuck", "Munsee gutti nischa nacha newa nalan guttasch nischoasch chaasch nolewi wimbat", "Passamaquoddy pesq nis nihi new nan kamahcin oluwikonok oqomolcin esqonatek qotinsk", "Nanticoke nickquit na - eez nis yaugh nup - pai - a noquttah my - yay - wah tzah passa - conque millah !", "Pequot néqut nîs ch'wî iâw nîpâu k'dusk nîzu'sh ch'wî - ô'sk bo : zuku'kwong bâ'iog", "Pamlico weembot neshinnauh nish - wonner yau - ooner umperren who - yeoc top - po - osh nau - haush - shoo pach - ic - conk cosh", "Powhatan necut ningh nuss yough paranske comotinch toppawoss nusswash kekatawgh kaskeke", "Quiripi pafuk ( néze ) fwe ( youh ) ( nesausuk ) ( swank ) ( pásakogun ) ( paíak )", "Unami kwëti nisha naxa newa palenàxk kwètash nishash xash pèshkung tèlën", "Unquachog nquit nees nus yauh napaa nacuttah tumpowa swat he one payac", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Anindilyakwa awilyaba ( awiʎaba ) ambilyuma ( ambiʎəma / ambiʎʊma ) abiyakarbiya ( abijakaɻbija ) abiyarbuwa ( abijaɻbuwa ) amangbala ( amaŋbaɺa ) amangbala awilyaba ( amaŋbaɺa awiʎaba ) amangbala ambiyuma ( amaŋbaɺa ambiʎəma ) amangbala abiyakarbiya ( amaŋbaɺa abijakaɻbija ) amangbala abiyarbuwa ( amaŋbaɺa abijaɻbuwa ) ememberrkwa ( ɛmɛmbɛɾkwa ) Gumulgal urapon ukasar ukasar - urapon ukasar - ukasar ukasar - ukasar - urapon ukasar - ukasar - ukasar Gurindji yoowarni garndiwirri nga - rloo - doo ( none ) Kokata kuma kutthara kabu wima ngeria Kunwinjku na - kudji boken danjbik kunkarrngbakmeng kunbidkudji kunbidboken Mabuiag urapun okosa okosa - urapun okosa - okosa okosa - okosa - urapun okosa - okosa - okosa ras ras ras ras Ngaanyatjarra kutja kutjarra marnkurra kutjarra - kutjarra kutjarra - marnkurra Nunggubuyu anyjabugij wulawa wulanybaj wulalwulal marang - anyjabugij marang - anyjabugij mari anyjabugij marang - anyjabugij mari wula marang - anyjabugij mari wulanybaj marang - anyjabugij mari wulalwulal marang - anyjabugij marang - anyjabugij Tiwi natinga jirara jiraterima jatapinta punginingita wamutirara Wangka kuja kujarra kujarra kuju kujarrakujarra marakuju marakujarra Wotjobaluk Giti mŭnya Gaiŭp mŭnya Marŭng mŭnya Yolop - yolop mŭnya Bap mŭnya Dart gŭr Boibŭn Bun - darti Gengen dartchŭk Borporŭng Wurrundjeri - willam Būbūpi - mŭringya Būláto - rável Būláto Urnŭng - mélŭk Babŭngyi - mŭringya Krauel Ngŭrŭmbul Jerauabil Thánbŭr Berbert Yolngu wanggany marrma ' lurrkun marrma ' marrma ' gong wangany gong marrma '", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Anindilyakwa awilyaba ( awiʎaba ) ambilyuma ( ambiʎəma / ambiʎʊma ) abiyakarbiya ( abijakaɻbija ) abiyarbuwa ( abijaɻbuwa ) amangbala ( amaŋbaɺa ) amangbala awilyaba ( amaŋbaɺa awiʎaba ) amangbala ambiyuma ( amaŋbaɺa ambiʎəma ) amangbala abiyakarbiya ( amaŋbaɺa abijakaɻbija ) amangbala abiyarbuwa ( amaŋbaɺa abijaɻbuwa ) ememberrkwa ( ɛmɛmbɛɾkwa )", "Gumulgal urapon ukasar ukasar - urapon ukasar - ukasar ukasar - ukasar - urapon ukasar - ukasar - ukasar", "Gurindji yoowarni garndiwirri nga - rloo - doo ( none )", "Kokata kuma kutthara kabu wima ngeria", "Kunwinjku na - kudji boken danjbik kunkarrngbakmeng kunbidkudji kunbidboken", "Mabuiag urapun okosa okosa - urapun okosa - okosa okosa - okosa - urapun okosa - okosa - okosa ras ras ras ras", "Ngaanyatjarra kutja kutjarra marnkurra kutjarra - kutjarra kutjarra - marnkurra", "Nunggubuyu anyjabugij wulawa wulanybaj wulalwulal marang - anyjabugij marang - anyjabugij mari anyjabugij marang - anyjabugij mari wula marang - anyjabugij mari wulanybaj marang - anyjabugij mari wulalwulal marang - anyjabugij marang - anyjabugij", "Tiwi natinga jirara jiraterima jatapinta punginingita wamutirara", "Wangka kuja kujarra kujarra kuju kujarrakujarra marakuju marakujarra", "Wotjobaluk Giti mŭnya Gaiŭp mŭnya Marŭng mŭnya Yolop - yolop mŭnya Bap mŭnya Dart gŭr Boibŭn Bun - darti Gengen dartchŭk Borporŭng", "Wurrundjeri - willam Būbūpi - mŭringya Būláto - rável Būláto Urnŭng - mélŭk Babŭngyi - mŭringya Krauel Ngŭrŭmbul Jerauabil Thánbŭr Berbert", "Yolngu wanggany marrma ' lurrkun marrma ' marrma ' gong wangany gong marrma '", "Notes ^ ※ In Gurindji , the number after three ( nga - rloo - doo ) is garndi - wa - ngoo - rroo , which means `` many '' . ^ † In Mabuiag ( Western - Central Torres Strait Island Language ) , all numbers greater than 6 are referred to as ras . ^ ‡ In Ngaanyatjarra , it is also common for numbers greater than 3 to be referred to as pirni , meaning `` many '' . Otherwise , larger numbers are made by combining the smaller numbers .", "^ ※ In Gurindji , the number after three ( nga - rloo - doo ) is garndi - wa - ngoo - rroo , which means `` many '' .", "^ † In Mabuiag ( Western - Central Torres Strait Island Language ) , all numbers greater than 6 are referred to as ras .", "^ ‡ In Ngaanyatjarra , it is also common for numbers greater than 3 to be referred to as pirni , meaning `` many '' . Otherwise , larger numbers are made by combining the smaller numbers .", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proto - Aleut * attaqa - n * aallax * qaanku * sitsin * tsang * atsung * allung * qamtsing * sitsing * h - atix̂ Niiĝuĝis ( West Attu Aleut ) ataqan alax qankus siiching chaang atuung uluung qamchiing sichiing hatix̂ Taxtamam Tunuu ataqan ulax qaku siichin chaang atuung uluung qamchiing sichiing atix̂ Qawalangin ( East Atkan Aleut ) ataqan aalax qaankun siichin chaang atuung uluung qamchiing sichiing atix̂", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Proto - Aleut * attaqa - n * aallax * qaanku * sitsin * tsang * atsung * allung * qamtsing * sitsing * h - atix̂", "Niiĝuĝis ( West Attu Aleut ) ataqan alax qankus siiching chaang atuung uluung qamchiing sichiing hatix̂", "Taxtamam Tunuu ataqan ulax qaku siichin chaang atuung uluung qamchiing sichiing atix̂", "Qawalangin ( East Atkan Aleut ) ataqan aalax qaankun siichin chaang atuung uluung qamchiing sichiing atix̂", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proto - Eskimo * ataʁuciʁ * malʁugh * pingayut * citamat * tadlimat * aʁvinelegh * malʁughneng aʁvinelegh * ningayuneng aʁvinelegh * qulengnguʁutengit * qulet", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Proto - Eskimo * ataʁuciʁ * malʁugh * pingayut * citamat * tadlimat * aʁvinelegh * malʁughneng aʁvinelegh * ningayuneng aʁvinelegh * qulengnguʁutengit * qulet", "Inupiaq languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Seward Inupiaq atausiq marluuk pingasut sitaman tauliman arwinilik tauliman marluuk tauliman pingasut qulinguutailat qulit Qawiaraq atauchiq malruk pingachut chitaman talliman arwinilik talliman malruk talliman pingachut qulingutiiliit qulit Malimiutun atausriq malruk piñgasrut sisaman talliman itchaksrat talliman malruk talliman piñgasrut qulingurutaillaq qulit North Alaskan Iñupiaq atausiq malruk piñgasut sisaman talliman itchaksat talliman malruk talliman piñgasut qulingnguutaillaq qulit Uummarmiutun atauhiq malruk piñgahut hihaman talliman itchakhat talliman malruk talliman piñgahut qulingiluat qulit Inuktitut languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Old Tchiglitun atautchiq malruk pingatchut tchitaman talliman arvinilik arvinilit malruk arvinilit pingatchut qulingiluat qulit New Siglitun atausiq malruk pingasut sitaman talliman arvinilik talliman malrungnik talliman pingasunik qulingiluat qulit Kangiryuarmiutun atauhiq malruk pingahut hitaman talliman arvinilik malruungnik arvinilik pingahunik arvinillit qulingiluat qulit Inuinnaqtun 1 ataohik malgok pingahot hitaman talliman agvinilik malgoknik agvinilik pingahotnik agviniliit kolingiloat kolit Inuinnaqtun 2 atauhiq malruuk pingahut hitamat tallimat arvinilik malruungnik arvinilik pingahunik arvinilik qulingiluat qulit Natsilingmiutut ᐊᑕᐅHᐃᖅ ' atauhiq ' ᒪᓪᕉᒃ ' malruuk ' ᐱᖓHᐅᑦ ' pingahut ' HᐃHᐊᒪᑦ ' hihamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' arvinilik ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᖅ ' arviniq ' ᒪᓪᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᖓᑦ ' malruungnik arvingat ' ᐱᖓHᐅᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᖓᑦ ' pingahunik arvingat ' HᐃHᐊᒪᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᖓᑦ ' hihamanik arvingat ᖁᓕᖏᓗᐊᑦ qulingiluaqtut ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit ' Kivallirmiutut ᐊᑕᐅHᐃᖅ ' atauhiq ' ᒪᓪᕉᒃ ' malruuk ' ᐱᖓHᐅᑦ ' pingahut ' Hᐃᑕᒪᑦ ' hitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' arvinilik ' ᐊᕐᕕᓐᕋᑦ ' arvinrat ' ᒪᓪᕉᖕᓂᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' malruungniarvinilik ' ᐱᖓHᐅᓂᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' pingahuniarvinillik ' ᖁᓕᖏᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ qulingiluaqtut ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit ' Aivilingmiutut ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᖅᑐᑦ ' arviniqtut ' ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' marruungniarvinilik ' ᐱᖓᓱᓂᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' pingasuniarvinilik ' ᖁᓕᖏᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ' qulingiluaqtut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit ' Inuktitut ( Official Language ) ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' arvinilik ' ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' marruungnik arvinilik ' ᐱᖓᓱᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' pingasunik arvinilik ' ᖁᓕᖏᓗᐊᑦ ' qulingiluat ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit ' Iglulingmiutut ( North Baffin ) ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᑎᓴᒪᑦ ' tisamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ' arviniliit ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ' arviniliit marruungnik ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᓂᒃ ' arviniliit pingasunik ' ᖁᓕᖃᙱᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ' quliqanngituinnaqtut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit ' South Baffin ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᓯᓴᒪᑦ ' sisamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᑦ ' pingasuujuqtut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᙱᒋᐊᖅᑐᑦ ' sitamaujunngigiaqtut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᖅᑐᑦ ' sitamaujuqtut ' ᖁᓕᐅᙱᐊᖅᑐᑦ ' quliunngiaqtut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit ' Nunavimmiutitut ( Taqramiutut ) ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᖅᕉᒃ ' maqruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐱᖓᓲᔪᕐᑐᑦ ' pingasuujurtut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᙱᒋᐊᕐᑐᑦ ' sitamaujunngigiartut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᕐᑐᑦ ' sitamaujurtut ' ᖁᓕᐅᙱᐊᕐᑐᑦ ' quliunngigartut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit ' Itivimiutut ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐱᖓᓲᕈᕐᑐᑦ ' pingasuururtut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᕈᙱᒋᐊᕐᑐᑦ ' sitamaurunngigiartut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᕈᕐᑐᑦ ' sitamaururtut ' ᖁᓕᐅᙱᐊᕐᑐᑦ ' quliunngiartut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᐅᕈᕐᑐᑦ tallimaururtut Labrador Inuttut atautsiĸ magguuk pingasut sitamat tallimat pingasuujuttut sitamaujunngigiattut sitamaujuttut ĸuliunngiattut tallimaujuttut Rigolet atausiq marruuq pingasut sitamat tallimat aqpinilik aqpiniq marruuq aqpiniq pingasut qulingiluaqtut qulit Moravian Inuttut ( Loanword from German ) ainasik suvaik taraik viaga vinivi sâksit sepat âttat naina senat Greenlandic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modern Kalaallisut ( Official Language ) ataaseq marluk pingasut sisamat tallimat arfinillit arfineq marluk arfineq pingasut qulingiluat qulit Avannarhuarmiutut ( North Thule Greenlandic ) atauhiq marluk pingahut hihamat taddimat arhiniddit arhiniq marluk arhiniq pingahut qulingiduat qulit Kitaamiutut ( West Greenlandic ) ataasiq marɫuk pingasut sisamat taɫɫimat arviniɫɫit arviniq marluk arviniq pingasut qulingiluat qulit Tunumiisit uraasiat ( East Greenlandic ) alaasiq martit pingasit siamat tattimat arpiittit arpiniq martut arpiniq pingasit qutingituat qutit Sermilimmiisit ( East Greenlandic 2 ) suuttiq suuttip tuttia aappaa pingaivaajat siamaajat tattimaajat arpiaajat arpiniq aappaa arpiniq pingaivaajat qutingituaajat qutiaatat", "Inupiaq languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Seward Inupiaq atausiq marluuk pingasut sitaman tauliman arwinilik tauliman marluuk tauliman pingasut qulinguutailat qulit", "Qawiaraq atauchiq malruk pingachut chitaman talliman arwinilik talliman malruk talliman pingachut qulingutiiliit qulit", "Malimiutun atausriq malruk piñgasrut sisaman talliman itchaksrat talliman malruk talliman piñgasrut qulingurutaillaq qulit", "North Alaskan Iñupiaq atausiq malruk piñgasut sisaman talliman itchaksat talliman malruk talliman piñgasut qulingnguutaillaq qulit", "Uummarmiutun atauhiq malruk piñgahut hihaman talliman itchakhat talliman malruk talliman piñgahut qulingiluat qulit", "Inuktitut languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Old Tchiglitun atautchiq malruk pingatchut tchitaman talliman arvinilik arvinilit malruk arvinilit pingatchut qulingiluat qulit", "New Siglitun atausiq malruk pingasut sitaman talliman arvinilik talliman malrungnik talliman pingasunik qulingiluat qulit", "Kangiryuarmiutun atauhiq malruk pingahut hitaman talliman arvinilik malruungnik arvinilik pingahunik arvinillit qulingiluat qulit", "Inuinnaqtun 1 ataohik malgok pingahot hitaman talliman agvinilik malgoknik agvinilik pingahotnik agviniliit kolingiloat kolit", "Inuinnaqtun 2 atauhiq malruuk pingahut hitamat tallimat arvinilik malruungnik arvinilik pingahunik arvinilik qulingiluat qulit", "Natsilingmiutut ᐊᑕᐅHᐃᖅ ' atauhiq ' ᒪᓪᕉᒃ ' malruuk ' ᐱᖓHᐅᑦ ' pingahut ' HᐃHᐊᒪᑦ ' hihamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' arvinilik ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᖅ ' arviniq ' ᒪᓪᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᖓᑦ ' malruungnik arvingat ' ᐱᖓHᐅᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᖓᑦ ' pingahunik arvingat ' HᐃHᐊᒪᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᖓᑦ ' hihamanik arvingat ᖁᓕᖏᓗᐊᑦ qulingiluaqtut ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit '", "Kivallirmiutut ᐊᑕᐅHᐃᖅ ' atauhiq ' ᒪᓪᕉᒃ ' malruuk ' ᐱᖓHᐅᑦ ' pingahut ' Hᐃᑕᒪᑦ ' hitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' arvinilik ' ᐊᕐᕕᓐᕋᑦ ' arvinrat ' ᒪᓪᕉᖕᓂᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' malruungniarvinilik ' ᐱᖓHᐅᓂᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' pingahuniarvinillik ' ᖁᓕᖏᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ qulingiluaqtut ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit '", "Aivilingmiutut ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᖅᑐᑦ ' arviniqtut ' ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' marruungniarvinilik ' ᐱᖓᓱᓂᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' pingasuniarvinilik ' ᖁᓕᖏᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ' qulingiluaqtut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit '", "Inuktitut ( Official Language ) ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' arvinilik ' ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' marruungnik arvinilik ' ᐱᖓᓱᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᒃ ' pingasunik arvinilik ' ᖁᓕᖏᓗᐊᑦ ' qulingiluat ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit '", "Iglulingmiutut ( North Baffin ) ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᑎᓴᒪᑦ ' tisamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ' arviniliit ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ' arviniliit marruungnik ' ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᓂᒃ ' arviniliit pingasunik ' ᖁᓕᖃᙱᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ' quliqanngituinnaqtut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit '", "South Baffin ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᓯᓴᒪᑦ ' sisamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᑦ ' pingasuujuqtut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᙱᒋᐊᖅᑐᑦ ' sitamaujunngigiaqtut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᖅᑐᑦ ' sitamaujuqtut ' ᖁᓕᐅᙱᐊᖅᑐᑦ ' quliunngiaqtut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit '", "Nunavimmiutitut ( Taqramiutut ) ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᖅᕉᒃ ' maqruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐱᖓᓲᔪᕐᑐᑦ ' pingasuujurtut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᙱᒋᐊᕐᑐᑦ ' sitamaujunngigiartut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᕐᑐᑦ ' sitamaujurtut ' ᖁᓕᐅᙱᐊᕐᑐᑦ ' quliunngigartut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit '", "Itivimiutut ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ' atausiq ' ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ' marruuk ' ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ' pingasut ' ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ' sitamat ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ' tallimat ' ᐱᖓᓲᕈᕐᑐᑦ ' pingasuururtut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᕈᙱᒋᐊᕐᑐᑦ ' sitamaurunngigiartut ' ᓯᑕᒪᐅᕈᕐᑐᑦ ' sitamaururtut ' ᖁᓕᐅᙱᐊᕐᑐᑦ ' quliunngiartut ' ᖁᓕᑦ ' qulit ' ᑕᓪᓕᒪᐅᕈᕐᑐᑦ tallimaururtut", "Labrador Inuttut atautsiĸ magguuk pingasut sitamat tallimat pingasuujuttut sitamaujunngigiattut sitamaujuttut ĸuliunngiattut tallimaujuttut", "Rigolet atausiq marruuq pingasut sitamat tallimat aqpinilik aqpiniq marruuq aqpiniq pingasut qulingiluaqtut qulit", "Moravian Inuttut ( Loanword from German ) ainasik suvaik taraik viaga vinivi sâksit sepat âttat naina senat", "Greenlandic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Modern Kalaallisut ( Official Language ) ataaseq marluk pingasut sisamat tallimat arfinillit arfineq marluk arfineq pingasut qulingiluat qulit", "Avannarhuarmiutut ( North Thule Greenlandic ) atauhiq marluk pingahut hihamat taddimat arhiniddit arhiniq marluk arhiniq pingahut qulingiduat qulit", "Kitaamiutut ( West Greenlandic ) ataasiq marɫuk pingasut sisamat taɫɫimat arviniɫɫit arviniq marluk arviniq pingasut qulingiluat qulit", "Tunumiisit uraasiat ( East Greenlandic ) alaasiq martit pingasit siamat tattimat arpiittit arpiniq martut arpiniq pingasit qutingituat qutit", "Sermilimmiisit ( East Greenlandic 2 ) suuttiq suuttip tuttia aappaa pingaivaajat siamaajat tattimaajat arpiaajat arpiniq aappaa arpiniq pingaivaajat qutingituaajat qutiaatat", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sirenik ateresex malrug pingeyug sitemiyi tasímengíyi inglex malrughningingli - kilrix pingiyughningingli - kilrix ningingli tasixta Chaplinski Yuit ataaziq maalghuk pingayut staamat taɫimat aghvínglek maalghaghvínla pingayuninginglalik staamaninginglalik kula Naukanski Yuit ataasiq maalghut pingayut sitamat taɫimat aghvinelek maalghugneng aghvinelek pingayuneng aghvinelek qulngughutngilnguq qulmeng Nunivak Cup'ik atautciq maɫeruk pingaayut staamät täɫiimat arvinglegen malrunglegen inglulgen qulngurutailnguut qula Sugpiaq atauciq allriluq malluk pingaun staamat taɫiman arwinlgen malluugin inglulen qulnguyan qulen Chugach Sugpiaq atuusiq malruk malruungin pingaun staamat taɫimän arwinlgen malrungin ingilulin qulnguyan qulin Yup'ik atauciq malruk pingayun cetaman taɫiman arvinglegen malrunglegen pingayunglegen qulngunritaraan qula", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Sirenik ateresex malrug pingeyug sitemiyi tasímengíyi inglex malrughningingli - kilrix pingiyughningingli - kilrix ningingli tasixta", "Chaplinski Yuit ataaziq maalghuk pingayut staamat taɫimat aghvínglek maalghaghvínla pingayuninginglalik staamaninginglalik kula", "Naukanski Yuit ataasiq maalghut pingayut sitamat taɫimat aghvinelek maalghugneng aghvinelek pingayuneng aghvinelek qulngughutngilnguq qulmeng", "Nunivak Cup'ik atautciq maɫeruk pingaayut staamät täɫiimat arvinglegen malrunglegen inglulgen qulngurutailnguut qula", "Sugpiaq atauciq allriluq malluk pingaun staamat taɫiman arwinlgen malluugin inglulen qulnguyan qulen", "Chugach Sugpiaq atuusiq malruk malruungin pingaun staamat taɫimän arwinlgen malrungin ingilulin qulnguyan qulin", "Yup'ik atauciq malruk pingayun cetaman taɫiman arvinglegen malrunglegen pingayunglegen qulngunritaraan qula", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cherokee ᏌᏊᎢ saquui ᏔᎵ ta'li ᏦᎢ tso'i ᏅᎩ nvgi ᎯᏍᎩ hisgi ᏑᏓᎵ sudali ᎦᎵᏉᎩ galiquogi ᏧᏁᎳ tsunela ᏐᏁᎳ sonela ᏍᎪᎯ sgohi Mohawk énska tékeni áhsen kaié : ri wisk iá : ia'k tsá : tah sha'té : kon tióhton oié : ri Oneida úskah téken áhsʌ kayé : wísk yá : yak tsya : ták téklu ' wá : tlu oye : l̲i̲ Wyandot skat tendih šęhk ndahk wiš wažaʔ tsutareʔ aʔtereʔ ęʔtrǫʔ ahsęh", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Cherokee ᏌᏊᎢ saquui ᏔᎵ ta'li ᏦᎢ tso'i ᏅᎩ nvgi ᎯᏍᎩ hisgi ᏑᏓᎵ sudali ᎦᎵᏉᎩ galiquogi ᏧᏁᎳ tsunela ᏐᏁᎳ sonela ᏍᎪᎯ sgohi", "Mohawk énska tékeni áhsen kaié : ri wisk iá : ia'k tsá : tah sha'té : kon tióhton oié : ri", "Oneida úskah téken áhsʌ kayé : wísk yá : yak tsya : ták téklu ' wá : tlu oye : l̲i̲", "Wyandot skat tendih šęhk ndahk wiš wažaʔ tsutareʔ aʔtereʔ ęʔtrǫʔ ahsęh", "Proto - Mayan * mih * juun * kaa'b ' * oohx * ka : ng - * ho ? - * wahq - * huq - * waqshaq - * b'eleng - * laxung Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Huastec Mayan hun tzab ox tze bò acac buc huaxic belleuh lahu Kaqchikel wa'ix jun ka'i ' oxi ' kaji ' wo'o ' waqi ' wuqu ' waqxaqi ' b'eleje ' lajuj Kiche jun ( xun ) kieb ' ( khiep ) oxib ' ( oʃip ) kajäb ' ( khaxəp ) job ' ( xop ) waqib ' ( waqhip ) wuqub ' ( wuqhup ) wajxaqib ' ( waxʃaqhip ) b'elejeb ' ( ɓelexep ) lajuj ( laxux ) Q'anjob'al jun kab ' oxeb ' kaneb ' oyeb ' waqeb ' uqeb ' waxaqeb ' b'aloneb ' lajobeb ' Yucatec Mayan hun ka'a óox kan ho'o wáak úuk waxak bolon lahun Tzotzil jun chib ' oxib chanib vo'ob vakib vukub waxakib baluneb lajuneb", "Proto - Mayan * mih * juun * kaa'b ' * oohx * ka : ng - * ho ? - * wahq - * huq - * waqshaq - * b'eleng - * laxung", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Huastec Mayan hun tzab ox tze bò acac buc huaxic belleuh lahu", "Kaqchikel wa'ix jun ka'i ' oxi ' kaji ' wo'o ' waqi ' wuqu ' waqxaqi ' b'eleje ' lajuj", "Kiche jun ( xun ) kieb ' ( khiep ) oxib ' ( oʃip ) kajäb ' ( khaxəp ) job ' ( xop ) waqib ' ( waqhip ) wuqub ' ( wuqhup ) wajxaqib ' ( waxʃaqhip ) b'elejeb ' ( ɓelexep ) lajuj ( laxux )", "Q'anjob'al jun kab ' oxeb ' kaneb ' oyeb ' waqeb ' uqeb ' waxaqeb ' b'aloneb ' lajobeb '", "Yucatec Mayan hun ka'a óox kan ho'o wáak úuk waxak bolon lahun", "Tzotzil jun chib ' oxib chanib vo'ob vakib vukub waxakib baluneb lajuneb", "Notes ^ * * For numbers above four , the Spanish words are generally used .", "^ * * For numbers above four , the Spanish words are generally used .", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chickasaw chaffa toklo tochchí'na oshta talhlhá'pi hanná'li ontoklo ontochchí'na chakká'li pokkó'li Choctaw achvffa tuklo tuchena ushta talhapi hvnnali ontuklo ontuchena chakkali pokkoli Creek hvmken hokkolen tutcēnen osten cvhkēpen ēpaken kolvpaken cenvpaken ostvpaken palen Mikasuki łáàmen toklan tocheenan shéetaaken chahkeepan eepaaken kolapaaken toshnapaaken oshtapaaken pokoolen", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Chickasaw chaffa toklo tochchí'na oshta talhlhá'pi hanná'li ontoklo ontochchí'na chakká'li pokkó'li", "Choctaw achvffa tuklo tuchena ushta talhapi hvnnali ontuklo ontuchena chakkali pokkoli", "Creek hvmken hokkolen tutcēnen osten cvhkēpen ēpaken kolvpaken cenvpaken ostvpaken palen", "Mikasuki łáàmen toklan tocheenan shéetaaken chahkeepan eepaaken kolapaaken toshnapaaken oshtapaaken pokoolen", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chiricahua ( Apache ) -- dáłee'é naaki táá ' , táí dį́į́ ' ' anshdlai ' guustán guusts'iidi ' ts'aabí ńguust'áí ' guneesnán Jicarilla ( Apache ) -- dáła'éé náaki kai'i dį́į́'i ashdle , ashdle ' goskán gosts'idi są́ąbį́į́ nǫ́ǫst'ai goneesnán Navajo t'ááłá'i ( láa'ii ) naaki táá ' dį́į́ ' ashdla ' hastą́ą́ tsosts'id tseebíí náhást'éí neeznáá Tlingit ( tléil ) tléix ' déix̱ nás'k daax'oon keijín tleidooshú dax̱adooshú nas'gadooshú gooshúḵ jinkaat Western Apache dáłá'a nakih taagi ( tāāgi ) dįį'i ( dį̄į̄'i ) ashdla'i , ashdla ' , ishdla'i gostán gosts'idi tsebii ( tsebīī ) , sabii ( sabīī ) , sebii ( sebīī ) góst'áí , ńgóst'áí goneznán , gonenán , goneezná , goniinán", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Chiricahua ( Apache ) -- dáłee'é naaki táá ' , táí dį́į́ ' ' anshdlai ' guustán guusts'iidi ' ts'aabí ńguust'áí ' guneesnán", "Jicarilla ( Apache ) -- dáła'éé náaki kai'i dį́į́'i ashdle , ashdle ' goskán gosts'idi są́ąbį́į́ nǫ́ǫst'ai goneesnán", "Navajo t'ááłá'i ( láa'ii ) naaki táá ' dį́į́ ' ashdla ' hastą́ą́ tsosts'id tseebíí náhást'éí neeznáá", "Tlingit ( tléil ) tléix ' déix̱ nás'k daax'oon keijín tleidooshú dax̱adooshú nas'gadooshú gooshúḵ jinkaat", "Western Apache dáłá'a nakih taagi ( tāāgi ) dįį'i ( dį̄į̄'i ) ashdla'i , ashdla ' , ishdla'i gostán gosts'idi tsebii ( tsebīī ) , sabii ( sabīī ) , sebii ( sebīī ) góst'áí , ńgóst'áí goneznán , gonenán , goneezná , goniinán", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Quechua illaq ch'usaq huq iskay kinsa tawa pisqa suqta qanchis pusaq isqun chunka chunka huqniyuq chunka iskayniyuq chunka kinsaniyuq chunka tawaniyuq chunka pisqaniyuq chunka suqtaniyuq chunka qanchisniyuq chunka pusaqniyuq chunka isqunniyuq iskay chunka", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Quechua illaq ch'usaq huq iskay kinsa tawa pisqa suqta qanchis pusaq isqun chunka chunka huqniyuq chunka iskayniyuq chunka kinsaniyuq chunka tawaniyuq chunka pisqaniyuq chunka suqtaniyuq chunka qanchisniyuq chunka pusaqniyuq chunka isqunniyuq iskay chunka", "Coast languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Klallam nə́c̓uʔ čə́səʔ ɬíxw ŋús ɬq̓áčš t̕x̣ə́ŋ c̓úʔkws táʔcs tə́kwxw ʔúpn Northern Straits ( Saanich ) NET̸E , / nət̕ əʔ ĆESE , / čəsəʔ L̵IW̱ / ɬixw ṈOS / ŋas L̵K̶AĆES / ɬq̓ečəs DX̱EṈ / t̕x̣əŋ T̸O , C̸ES / t̕ aʔkwəs TA , T̵ES / teʔθəs TEC̸EW̱ / təkwəxw , OPEN / ʔapən Interior languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Thompson péyeʔ séye keʔłés mús cíykst ƛʼáqʼmekst cúłkeʔ piʔúps təmłpéyeʔ ʔúpnekst", "Coast languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Klallam nə́c̓uʔ čə́səʔ ɬíxw ŋús ɬq̓áčš t̕x̣ə́ŋ c̓úʔkws táʔcs tə́kwxw ʔúpn", "Northern Straits ( Saanich ) NET̸E , / nət̕ əʔ ĆESE , / čəsəʔ L̵IW̱ / ɬixw ṈOS / ŋas L̵K̶AĆES / ɬq̓ečəs DX̱EṈ / t̕x̣əŋ T̸O , C̸ES / t̕ aʔkwəs TA , T̵ES / teʔθəs TEC̸EW̱ / təkwəxw , OPEN / ʔapən", "Interior languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Thompson péyeʔ séye keʔłés mús cíykst ƛʼáqʼmekst cúłkeʔ piʔúps təmłpéyeʔ ʔúpnekst", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lakhóta tákuni waŋží / wanji / wanci núŋpa / nupa / nup / num yámni tópa záptaŋ šákpe ( sha - kpe ) šakówiŋ ( sha - ko - wing ) šaglóğaŋ ( sha - glo - ghang ) napčíyuŋka ( na - pci - yung - ka ) wikčémna ( wi - kce - mna )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Lakhóta tákuni waŋží / wanji / wanci núŋpa / nupa / nup / num yámni tópa záptaŋ šákpe ( sha - kpe ) šakówiŋ ( sha - ko - wing ) šaglóğaŋ ( sha - glo - ghang ) napčíyuŋka ( na - pci - yung - ka ) wikčémna ( wi - kce - mna )", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Guaraní papa'ỹ peteĩ mokõi mbohapy irundy po poteĩ pokõi poapy porundy pa Tupinambá oîepé mokõî mosapyr irundyk po pó - oîepé pó - mokõi pó - mosapyr pó - irundyk mokõi - pó Nheengatu iepé mukũi musapíri irundi iepepu puiepé pumukũi pumusapíri puirundi mukũipu", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Guaraní papa'ỹ peteĩ mokõi mbohapy irundy po poteĩ pokõi poapy porundy pa", "Tupinambá oîepé mokõî mosapyr irundyk po pó - oîepé pó - mokõi pó - mosapyr pó - irundyk mokõi - pó", "Nheengatu iepé mukũi musapíri irundi iepepu puiepé pumukũi pumusapíri puirundi mukũipu", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bodega Miwok kénne ʔóṣṣa tel ( l ) éeka húja kenékkuh pácciṭak ṣeelóowih ʔóṣṣuwah kénnekotoh kíccih", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Bodega Miwok kénne ʔóṣṣa tel ( l ) éeka húja kenékkuh pácciṭak ṣeelóowih ʔóṣṣuwah kénnekotoh kíccih", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Comanche cíen sʉmʉ uah waha paiste pahitʉ̱ ayarocueté hayarokwetʉ̱ moobeté moʔobeʔ nabaehté naabaitʉ̱ tatzeuhté tàh'tsookt nameuatzeuhté nam'ewotstsooht cemanouehminate wo'menut cemanri sa'imen Hopi suukya ' lööyöm pàayom naalöyöm tsivot navay tsange ' nanalt pevt pakwt Nahuatl cē ōme ēyi nāhui mācuīlli chicuacē chicōme chicuēyi chicnāhui mahtlactli Shoshoni semme wahatte pahaitte wattsewitte manaikitte naahpaitte taattsewitte woosewitte sewemihankante sewaahte Tarahumara , Central biré ocuá biquiyá nahuosa marí usani quicháo osá nahuó químacoy macoy Timbisha sümüttün wahattün pahittün wattsüwitün manikitün naapaitün taattsüwitün woosüwitün wanikkitün süümootün", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Comanche cíen sʉmʉ uah waha paiste pahitʉ̱ ayarocueté hayarokwetʉ̱ moobeté moʔobeʔ nabaehté naabaitʉ̱ tatzeuhté tàh'tsookt nameuatzeuhté nam'ewotstsooht cemanouehminate wo'menut cemanri sa'imen", "Hopi suukya ' lööyöm pàayom naalöyöm tsivot navay tsange ' nanalt pevt pakwt", "Nahuatl cē ōme ēyi nāhui mācuīlli chicuacē chicōme chicuēyi chicnāhui mahtlactli", "Shoshoni semme wahatte pahaitte wattsewitte manaikitte naahpaitte taattsewitte woosewitte sewemihankante sewaahte", "Tarahumara , Central biré ocuá biquiyá nahuosa marí usani quicháo osá nahuó químacoy macoy", "Timbisha sümüttün wahattün pahittün wattsüwitün manikitün naapaitün taattsüwitün woosüwitün wanikkitün süümootün", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chukchansi yĕt pú - nâ - i sá - pin hát - pan-ni yít - si - nil chá - li - pi nóm - chin mó - nos nó - nip chí - yĕ - u", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Chukchansi yĕt pú - nâ - i sá - pin hát - pan-ni yít - si - nil chá - li - pi nóm - chin mó - nos nó - nip chí - yĕ - u", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ainu シネ sine トゥ tu レ re イネ ine アシ ㇰ ネ asikne イワン iwan ア ㇻ ワン arwan トゥペサン tupesan シネペサン sinepesan ワン wan シネ イカ ㇱ マ ワン sine ikasma wan トゥ イカ ㇱ マ ワン tu ikasma wan レ イカ ㇱ マ ワン re ikasma wan イネ イカ ㇱ マ ワン ine ikasma wan アシ ㇰ ネ イカ ㇱ マ ワン asikne ikasma wan イワン イカ ㇱ マ ワン iwan ikasma wan ア ㇻ ワン イカ ㇱ マ ワン arwan ikasma wan トゥペサン イカ ㇱ マ ワン tupesan ikasma wan シネペサン イカ ㇱ マ ワン sinepesan ikasma wan ホッネ hotne Basque zero bat bi hiru lau bost bortz sei zazpi zortzi bederatzi hamar hamaika hamabi hamahiru hamalau hamabost hamabortz hamasei hamazazpi hemezortzi hamazortzi hemeretzi hogei Iberian ban bi ( n ) irur laur bors ( te ) Sei sisbi sorse abaR Burushaski han altó isko wálto čindó mishíndo thaló altámbo hunchó tóorumo ' Elamite kir mar zit liuli rit Etruscan 𐌈𐌖 θu 𐌆𐌀𐌋 zal 𐌂𐌉 ci 𐌇𐌖𐌈 huθ 𐌌𐌀𐌙 maχ 𐌑𐌀 śa 𐌔𐌄𐌌𐌘 semφ * 𐌂𐌄𐌆𐌐 * cezp 𐌍𐌖𐌓𐌘 nurφ 𐌑𐌀𐌓 śar * 𐌈𐌖𐌑𐌀𐌓 * θuśar * 𐌆𐌀𐌋𐌑𐌀𐌓 * zalśar * 𐌂𐌉𐌑𐌀𐌓 * ciśar 𐌇𐌖𐌈𐌆𐌀𐌛 huθzar * 𐌌𐌀𐌙𐌑𐌀𐌓 * maχśar * 𐌑𐌀𐌑𐌀𐌓 * śaśar 𐌂𐌉𐌄𐌌 𐌆𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌖𐌌 ciem zaθrum 𐌄𐌔𐌋𐌄𐌌 𐌆𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌖𐌌 eslem zaθrum 𐌈𐌖𐌍𐌄𐌌 𐌆𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌖𐌌 θunem zaθrum 𐌆𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌖𐌌 zaθrum Gilyak ( Nivkh ) ɲaqr ñ ( i ) - meqr m ( i / e ) - caqr c ( e ) - nɨkr n ( e ) - thoqr tho - ŋax ngax - ŋamk ngamg minr minr ɲɨɲben ñeñben mxoqr mxo - Hurrian šukko šin ( i ) kig ( e ) tumn ( i ) nari ( ja ) šeše šind ( i ) kir ( i / a ) tamr ( i ) eman Kusunda qasti dziŋa da pjaŋdzaŋ paŋdzaŋ Nihali biḍum irar moṭho nālo pãco chāḥ sato aṭho nav das Mapudungun kiñe epu küla meli kechu kayu regle pura aylla mari Sumerian 𒁹 desh 𒈫 min 𒐈 pesh 𒐼 lim 𒐊 i 𒐋 i - ash 𒑂 i - min 𒑄 i - us 𒑆 i - lim 𒌋 hu Zuni topinte kwilin haʼin ʼaawiten ʼapten topalekkaʼa kwilelekkʼa haʼelekkʼa tenalekkʼa ʼastemlhan", "Language 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Ainu シネ sine トゥ tu レ re イネ ine アシ ㇰ ネ asikne イワン iwan ア ㇻ ワン arwan トゥペサン tupesan シネペサン sinepesan ワン wan シネ イカ ㇱ マ ワン sine ikasma wan トゥ イカ ㇱ マ ワン tu ikasma wan レ イカ ㇱ マ ワン re ikasma wan イネ イカ ㇱ マ ワン ine ikasma wan アシ ㇰ ネ イカ ㇱ マ ワン asikne ikasma wan イワン イカ ㇱ マ ワン iwan ikasma wan ア ㇻ ワン イカ ㇱ マ ワン arwan ikasma wan トゥペサン イカ ㇱ マ ワン tupesan ikasma wan シネペサン イカ ㇱ マ ワン sinepesan ikasma wan ホッネ hotne", "Basque zero bat bi hiru lau bost bortz sei zazpi zortzi bederatzi hamar hamaika hamabi hamahiru hamalau hamabost hamabortz hamasei hamazazpi hemezortzi hamazortzi hemeretzi hogei", "Iberian ban bi ( n ) irur laur bors ( te ) Sei sisbi sorse abaR", "Burushaski han altó isko wálto čindó mishíndo thaló altámbo hunchó tóorumo '", "Elamite kir mar zit liuli rit", "Etruscan 𐌈𐌖 θu 𐌆𐌀𐌋 zal 𐌂𐌉 ci 𐌇𐌖𐌈 huθ 𐌌𐌀𐌙 maχ 𐌑𐌀 śa 𐌔𐌄𐌌𐌘 semφ * 𐌂𐌄𐌆𐌐 * cezp 𐌍𐌖𐌓𐌘 nurφ 𐌑𐌀𐌓 śar * 𐌈𐌖𐌑𐌀𐌓 * θuśar * 𐌆𐌀𐌋𐌑𐌀𐌓 * zalśar * 𐌂𐌉𐌑𐌀𐌓 * ciśar 𐌇𐌖𐌈𐌆𐌀𐌛 huθzar * 𐌌𐌀𐌙𐌑𐌀𐌓 * maχśar * 𐌑𐌀𐌑𐌀𐌓 * śaśar 𐌂𐌉𐌄𐌌 𐌆𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌖𐌌 ciem zaθrum 𐌄𐌔𐌋𐌄𐌌 𐌆𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌖𐌌 eslem zaθrum 𐌈𐌖𐌍𐌄𐌌 𐌆𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌖𐌌 θunem zaθrum 𐌆𐌀𐌈𐌓𐌖𐌌 zaθrum", "Gilyak ( Nivkh ) ɲaqr ñ ( i ) - meqr m ( i / e ) - caqr c ( e ) - nɨkr n ( e ) - thoqr tho - ŋax ngax - ŋamk ngamg minr minr ɲɨɲben ñeñben mxoqr mxo -", "Hurrian šukko šin ( i ) kig ( e ) tumn ( i ) nari ( ja ) šeše šind ( i ) kir ( i / a ) tamr ( i ) eman", "Kusunda qasti dziŋa da pjaŋdzaŋ paŋdzaŋ", "Nihali biḍum irar moṭho nālo pãco chāḥ sato aṭho nav das", "Mapudungun kiñe epu küla meli kechu kayu regle pura aylla mari", "Sumerian 𒁹 desh 𒈫 min 𒐈 pesh 𒐼 lim 𒐊 i 𒐋 i - ash 𒑂 i - min 𒑄 i - us 𒑆 i - lim 𒌋 hu", "Zuni topinte kwilin haʼin ʼaawiten ʼapten topalekkaʼa kwilelekkʼa haʼelekkʼa tenalekkʼa ʼastemlhan", "English - based creoles and pidgins 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bislama wan tu tri fo faev siks seven eit naen ten Solomon Islands Pijin siro wan tu tri foa faev sikis seven eit naen ten Tok Pisin siro wan tu tri foa faiv sikis seven et nain ten Krio ziro wan tu tri fo fayv siks sɛvin et nayn tɛn Norfolk / Pitcairnese siro ( sero ) wan tuu thrii foor fiiw siks ( seks ) sewen iet niin ten", "English - based creoles and pidgins 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Bislama wan tu tri fo faev siks seven eit naen ten", "Solomon Islands Pijin siro wan tu tri foa faev sikis seven eit naen ten", "Tok Pisin siro wan tu tri foa faiv sikis seven et nain ten", "Krio ziro wan tu tri fo fayv siks sɛvin et nayn tɛn", "Norfolk / Pitcairnese siro ( sero ) wan tuu thrii foor fiiw siks ( seks ) sewen iet niin ten", "French - based creole languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Antillean Creole zéro yonn dé twa kat senk sis set uit nèf dis Haitian Creole zero youn de twa kat senk sis sèt yit nèf dis Mauritian Creole ( Morisien ) zero enn de trwa kat sink sis set wit nef dis Seychellois Creole ( Seselwa ) enn de trwa kat senk sis set wit nef dis", "French - based creole languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Antillean Creole zéro yonn dé twa kat senk sis set uit nèf dis", "Haitian Creole zero youn de twa kat senk sis sèt yit nèf dis", "Mauritian Creole ( Morisien ) zero enn de trwa kat sink sis set wit nef dis", "Seychellois Creole ( Seselwa ) enn de trwa kat senk sis set wit nef dis", "Portuguese - based creole languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cape Verdean Creole ( Santiago ) zéru un dos tres kuatu sinku seix séti ôitu nóvi dés Cape Verdean Creole ( São Vicente ) zér un dos tres kuat sink seix sét ôit nóv dés Papiamentu un dos tres kuater sinku seis shete ocho nuebe djes", "Portuguese - based creole languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Cape Verdean Creole ( Santiago ) zéru un dos tres kuatu sinku seix séti ôitu nóvi dés", "Cape Verdean Creole ( São Vicente ) zér un dos tres kuat sink seix sét ôit nóv dés", "Papiamentu un dos tres kuater sinku seis shete ocho nuebe djes", "Spanish - based creole languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 ( Zamboanga , Cavite , Cotabato , Davao Chavacano ) zero / sero uno dos tres cuatro / kwatro cinco / singko seis siete / syete ocho nueve / nwebe diez / dies ( Ternate Chavacano ) sero unû dos tres kwatrû singkû seis syétih ochû nwebe dies", "Spanish - based creole languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "( Zamboanga , Cavite , Cotabato , Davao Chavacano ) zero / sero uno dos tres cuatro / kwatro cinco / singko seis siete / syete ocho nueve / nwebe diez / dies", "( Ternate Chavacano ) sero unû dos tres kwatrû singkû seis syétih ochû nwebe dies", "Zulu - based pidgin languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fanagalo wan tu tri fo fayif sikis seven eyit nayin ten", "Zulu - based pidgin languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10", "Fanagalo wan tu tri fo fayif sikis seven eyit nayin ten", "International auxiliary languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Communicationssprache una dua tria quatra quina sesta setta otta nona dia Esperanto nul unu du tri kvar kvin ses sep ok naŭ dek dek unu dek du dek tri dek kvar dek kvin dek ses dek sep dek ok dek naŭ dudek Glosa mo bi tri tet pen six seti ok nona deka Idiom Neutral un du tri kuatr kuink seks sept okt nov des desun desdu destri deskuatr deskuink desseks dessept desokt desnov dudes Ido zero un du tri quar kin sis sep ok non dek dek - e-un dek - e-du dek - e-tri dek - e-quar dek - e-kin dek - e-sis dek - e-sep dek - e-ok dek - e-non duadek Interlingua zero un duo tres quatro cinque sex septe octo nove dece dece - un dece - duo dece - tres dece - quatro dece - cinque dece - sex dece - septe dece - octo dece - nove vinti Interslavic nula нула jedin једин dva два tri три četyri четыри pęť петь šesť шесть sedm седм osm осм devęť деветь desęť десеть jedinnadsęť dvanadsęť trinadsęť četyrinadsęť pęťnadsęť šesťnadsęť sedmnadsęť osmnadsęť devęťnadsęť dvadesęti Kotava nedoy tanoy toloy baroy balemoy aluboy tevoy peroy anhustoy lerdoy sanoy Lingua Franca Nova un du tre cuatro sinco ses sete oto nove des des - un des - du des - tre des - cuatro des - sinco des - ses des - sete des - oto des - nove dudes Novial sero un du tri quar sink six set ot nin dek Novoslovnica нôль nôl ' jеден јeden два dva три tri четыри četyri пѣт pět шест šest седем sedem осем osem девѣт devět десѣт desět jedennadesět dvanadesět trinadesět četyrinadesět pětnadesět šestnadesět sedemnadesět osemnadesět devětnadesět dvadesět Occidental ( Interlingue ) un du tri quar quin six sett ott nin deci deciun decidu decitri deciquar deciquin decisix decisett deciott decinin duant Solresol redodo remimi refafa resolsol relala resisi mimido mimire mimifa mimisol mimila mimisi midodo mirere mifafa misolsol milala misisi fafado fafare Spokil bal gel dil vol mul fal tel kil pol hal halbal halgel haldil halvol halmul halfal haltel halkil halpol genul Volapük ser bal tel kil fol lul mäl vel jöl zül deg deg bal deg tel deg kil deg fol deg lul deg mäl deg vel deg jöl deg zül teldeg Artistic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Brithenig sero / rhen yn dew trui cathr cinc sei seth oeth noe deg yndig dewddig truiddig cathorddig kindig yn e ghindig dew e ghindig dewnoe cathr e ghindig gweint D'ni fah bree sehn tor vaht vahgahfah vahgahbree vahgahsehn vahgahtor nayvoo Dothraki som ( som ) at ( at̪ ) akat ( akat̪ ) sen ( sen̪ ) tor ( t̪ɤɾ ) mek ( mek ) zhinda ( ʒin̪d̪a ) fekh ( fex ) ori ( oɾi ) qazat ( qɑzat̪ ) thi ( θi ) High Valyrian mēre ( meːɾe ) lanta ( lanta ) hāre ( haːɾe ) izula ( izula ) tōma ( toːma ) bȳre ( byːɾe ) sīkuda ( siːkuda ) jēnqa ( d͡ʒeɴqa ) vōre ( voːɾe ) ampa ( ampa ) Klingon    pagh ( phɑɣ )    wa ' ( wɑʔ )    cha ' ( t͡ʃɑʔ )    wej ( wɛd͡ʒ )    loS ( loʂ )    vagh ( vɑɣ )    jav ( d͡ʒɑv )    Soch ( ʂot͡ʃ )     chorgh ( t͡ʃorɣ )    Hut ( xuth )       wa'maH ( ˈwɑʔmɑx )          wa'maH wa ' ( ˈwɑʔmɑx wɑʔ )          wa'maH cha ' ( ˈwɑʔmɑx t͡ʃɑʔ )          wa'maH wej ( ˈwɑʔmɑx wɛd͡ʒ )          wa'maH loS ( ˈwɑʔmɑx loʂ )          wa'maH vagh ( ˈwɑʔmɑx vɑɣ )          wa'maH jav ( ˈwɑʔmɑx d͡ʒɑv )          wa'maH Soch ( ˈwɑʔmɑx ʂot͡ʃ )           wa'maH chorgh ( ˈwɑʔmɑx t͡ʃorɣ )          wa'maH Hut ( ˈwɑʔmɑx xuth )       cha'maH ( t͡ʃɑʔmɑx ) Klingonaase na kem bel tas res lob den tek zim sof pon Na'vi kew ' aw mune pxey tsìng mrr pukap kinä vol volaw vomun vopey vosìng vomrr vofu vohin mevol mevolaw mevomun mevopey mevosìng Quenya munta ( ˈmunta ) minë ( ˈminɛ ) atta ( ˈatːa ) neldë ( ˈnɛldɛ ) canta ( ˈkanta ) lempë ( ˈlɛmpɛ ) enquë ( ˈɛŋkwɛ ) otso ( ˈɔtsɔ ) toldo ( ˈtɔldɔ ) nertë ( ˈnɛrtɛ ) quain ( ˈkwajn ) minquë ( ˈmiŋkwɛ ) yunquë ( ˈjuŋkwɛ ) * nelquë ( ˈnɛlkwɛ ) canaquë ( ˈkanakwɛ ) lepenquë ( ˈlɛpɛŋkwɛ ) enenquë ( ˈɛnɛŋkwɛ ) otoquë ( ˈɔtɔkwɛ ) toloquë ( ˈtɔlɔkwɛ ) neterquë ( ˈnɛtɛrkwɛ ) * yúquain ( ˈjuːkwajn ) Sindarin min tad neledh canad leben eneg odog tolodh neder pae minib ýneg * neleb * canab Talossan viens douâ tres qator simcâ sex seifet vuit nouâ bisquinc Telerin min tat nelet canat lepen enece otos * tolod neter pai minipe yūnece nelpe campe lepempe enempe otospe tolpe neterpe * yūpai Teonaht uon tibro elen frem neighbor ksykso tsabre uyno temra dleyn Wenedyk zero wyn dwu trze kotry cząk szej sieć ocy nów dzecz wynsprzedczy dwusprzedczy trzesprzedczy kotrysprzedczy cząksprzedczy szejsprzedczy siećsprzedczy ocysprzedczy nówsprzedczy wijęć Engineered languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Láadan thero nede shin boó bim sham bath um nib bud thab Loglan ni ne to te fo fe so se vo ve neni nene neto nete nefo nefe neso nese nevo neve toni Lojban no pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi so pano papa pare paci pavo pamu paxa paze pabi paso reno Ro zax zab zac zad zaf zag zal zam zaq zar zabax zabab zabac zabad zabaf zabag zabal zabam zabaq zabar zacax Toki Pona -- ( ala ) wan tu mute ( tu wan ) mute ( tu tu ) mute ( luka ) mute ( luka wan ) mute ( luka tu ) mute ( luka tu wan ) mute ( luka tu tu ) mute ( luka luka ) mute ( luka luka wan ) mute ( luka luka tu ) mute ( luka luka wan tu ) mute ( luka luka tu tu ) mute ( luka luka luka ) mute ( luka luka luka wan ) mute ( luka luka luka tu ) mute ( luka luka luka tu wan ) mute ( luka luka luka tu tu ) mute ( luka luka luka luka )", "International auxiliary languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Communicationssprache una dua tria quatra quina sesta setta otta nona dia", "Esperanto nul unu du tri kvar kvin ses sep ok naŭ dek dek unu dek du dek tri dek kvar dek kvin dek ses dek sep dek ok dek naŭ dudek", "Glosa mo bi tri tet pen six seti ok nona deka", "Idiom Neutral un du tri kuatr kuink seks sept okt nov des desun desdu destri deskuatr deskuink desseks dessept desokt desnov dudes", "Ido zero un du tri quar kin sis sep ok non dek dek - e-un dek - e-du dek - e-tri dek - e-quar dek - e-kin dek - e-sis dek - e-sep dek - e-ok dek - e-non duadek", "Interlingua zero un duo tres quatro cinque sex septe octo nove dece dece - un dece - duo dece - tres dece - quatro dece - cinque dece - sex dece - septe dece - octo dece - nove vinti", "Interslavic nula нула jedin једин dva два tri три četyri четыри pęť петь šesť шесть sedm седм osm осм devęť деветь desęť десеть jedinnadsęť dvanadsęť trinadsęť četyrinadsęť pęťnadsęť šesťnadsęť sedmnadsęť osmnadsęť devęťnadsęť dvadesęti", "Kotava nedoy tanoy toloy baroy balemoy aluboy tevoy peroy anhustoy lerdoy sanoy", "Lingua Franca Nova un du tre cuatro sinco ses sete oto nove des des - un des - du des - tre des - cuatro des - sinco des - ses des - sete des - oto des - nove dudes", "Novial sero un du tri quar sink six set ot nin dek", "Novoslovnica нôль nôl ' jеден јeden два dva три tri четыри četyri пѣт pět шест šest седем sedem осем osem девѣт devět десѣт desět jedennadesět dvanadesět trinadesět četyrinadesět pětnadesět šestnadesět sedemnadesět osemnadesět devětnadesět dvadesět", "Occidental ( Interlingue ) un du tri quar quin six sett ott nin deci deciun decidu decitri deciquar deciquin decisix decisett deciott decinin duant", "Solresol redodo remimi refafa resolsol relala resisi mimido mimire mimifa mimisol mimila mimisi midodo mirere mifafa misolsol milala misisi fafado fafare", "Spokil bal gel dil vol mul fal tel kil pol hal halbal halgel haldil halvol halmul halfal haltel halkil halpol genul", "Volapük ser bal tel kil fol lul mäl vel jöl zül deg deg bal deg tel deg kil deg fol deg lul deg mäl deg vel deg jöl deg zül teldeg", "Artistic languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Brithenig sero / rhen yn dew trui cathr cinc sei seth oeth noe deg yndig dewddig truiddig cathorddig kindig yn e ghindig dew e ghindig dewnoe cathr e ghindig gweint", "D'ni fah bree sehn tor vaht vahgahfah vahgahbree vahgahsehn vahgahtor nayvoo", "Dothraki som ( som ) at ( at̪ ) akat ( akat̪ ) sen ( sen̪ ) tor ( t̪ɤɾ ) mek ( mek ) zhinda ( ʒin̪d̪a ) fekh ( fex ) ori ( oɾi ) qazat ( qɑzat̪ ) thi ( θi )", "( som )", "( at̪ )", "( akat̪ )", "( sen̪ )", "( t̪ɤɾ )", "( mek )", "( ʒin̪d̪a )", "( fex )", "( oɾi )", "( qɑzat̪ )", "( θi )", "High Valyrian mēre ( meːɾe ) lanta ( lanta ) hāre ( haːɾe ) izula ( izula ) tōma ( toːma ) bȳre ( byːɾe ) sīkuda ( siːkuda ) jēnqa ( d͡ʒeɴqa ) vōre ( voːɾe ) ampa ( ampa )", "( meːɾe )", "( lanta )", "( haːɾe )", "( izula )", "( toːma )", "( byːɾe )", "( siːkuda )", "( d͡ʒeɴqa )", "( voːɾe )", "( ampa )", "Klingon    pagh ( phɑɣ )    wa ' ( wɑʔ )    cha ' ( t͡ʃɑʔ )    wej ( wɛd͡ʒ )    loS ( loʂ )    vagh ( vɑɣ )    jav ( d͡ʒɑv )    Soch ( ʂot͡ʃ )     chorgh ( t͡ʃorɣ )    Hut ( xuth )       wa'maH ( ˈwɑʔmɑx )          wa'maH wa ' ( ˈwɑʔmɑx wɑʔ )          wa'maH cha ' ( ˈwɑʔmɑx t͡ʃɑʔ )          wa'maH wej ( ˈwɑʔmɑx wɛd͡ʒ )          wa'maH loS ( ˈwɑʔmɑx loʂ )          wa'maH vagh ( ˈwɑʔmɑx vɑɣ )          wa'maH jav ( ˈwɑʔmɑx d͡ʒɑv )          wa'maH Soch ( ˈwɑʔmɑx ʂot͡ʃ )           wa'maH chorgh ( ˈwɑʔmɑx t͡ʃorɣ )          wa'maH Hut ( ˈwɑʔmɑx xuth )       cha'maH ( t͡ʃɑʔmɑx )", "pagh ( phɑɣ )", "wa ' ( wɑʔ )", "cha ' ( t͡ʃɑʔ )", "wej ( wɛd͡ʒ )", "loS ( loʂ )", "vagh ( vɑɣ )", "jav ( d͡ʒɑv )", "Soch ( ʂot͡ʃ )", "chorgh ( t͡ʃorɣ )", "Hut ( xuth )", "wa'maH ( ˈwɑʔmɑx )", "wa'maH wa ' ( ˈwɑʔmɑx wɑʔ )", "wa'maH cha ' ( ˈwɑʔmɑx t͡ʃɑʔ )", "wa'maH wej ( ˈwɑʔmɑx wɛd͡ʒ )", "wa'maH loS ( ˈwɑʔmɑx loʂ )", "wa'maH vagh ( ˈwɑʔmɑx vɑɣ )", "wa'maH jav ( ˈwɑʔmɑx d͡ʒɑv )", "wa'maH Soch ( ˈwɑʔmɑx ʂot͡ʃ )", "wa'maH chorgh ( ˈwɑʔmɑx t͡ʃorɣ )", "wa'maH Hut ( ˈwɑʔmɑx xuth )", "cha'maH ( t͡ʃɑʔmɑx )", "Klingonaase na kem bel tas res lob den tek zim sof pon", "Na'vi kew ' aw mune pxey tsìng mrr pukap kinä vol volaw vomun vopey vosìng vomrr vofu vohin mevol mevolaw mevomun mevopey mevosìng", "Quenya munta ( ˈmunta ) minë ( ˈminɛ ) atta ( ˈatːa ) neldë ( ˈnɛldɛ ) canta ( ˈkanta ) lempë ( ˈlɛmpɛ ) enquë ( ˈɛŋkwɛ ) otso ( ˈɔtsɔ ) toldo ( ˈtɔldɔ ) nertë ( ˈnɛrtɛ ) quain ( ˈkwajn ) minquë ( ˈmiŋkwɛ ) yunquë ( ˈjuŋkwɛ ) * nelquë ( ˈnɛlkwɛ ) canaquë ( ˈkanakwɛ ) lepenquë ( ˈlɛpɛŋkwɛ ) enenquë ( ˈɛnɛŋkwɛ ) otoquë ( ˈɔtɔkwɛ ) toloquë ( ˈtɔlɔkwɛ ) neterquë ( ˈnɛtɛrkwɛ ) * yúquain ( ˈjuːkwajn )", "( ˈmunta )", "( ˈminɛ )", "( ˈatːa )", "( ˈnɛldɛ )", "( ˈkanta )", "( ˈlɛmpɛ )", "( ˈɛŋkwɛ )", "( ˈɔtsɔ )", "( ˈtɔldɔ )", "( ˈnɛrtɛ )", "( ˈkwajn )", "( ˈmiŋkwɛ )", "( ˈjuŋkwɛ )", "( ˈnɛlkwɛ )", "( ˈkanakwɛ )", "( ˈlɛpɛŋkwɛ )", "( ˈɛnɛŋkwɛ )", "( ˈɔtɔkwɛ )", "( ˈtɔlɔkwɛ )", "( ˈnɛtɛrkwɛ )", "( ˈjuːkwajn )", "Sindarin min tad neledh canad leben eneg odog tolodh neder pae minib ýneg * neleb * canab", "Talossan viens douâ tres qator simcâ sex seifet vuit nouâ bisquinc", "Telerin min tat nelet canat lepen enece otos * tolod neter pai minipe yūnece nelpe campe lepempe enempe otospe tolpe neterpe * yūpai", "Teonaht uon tibro elen frem neighbor ksykso tsabre uyno temra dleyn", "Wenedyk zero wyn dwu trze kotry cząk szej sieć ocy nów dzecz wynsprzedczy dwusprzedczy trzesprzedczy kotrysprzedczy cząksprzedczy szejsprzedczy siećsprzedczy ocysprzedczy nówsprzedczy wijęć", "Engineered languages 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20", "Láadan thero nede shin boó bim sham bath um nib bud thab", "Loglan ni ne to te fo fe so se vo ve neni nene neto nete nefo nefe neso nese nevo neve toni", "Lojban no pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi so pano papa pare paci pavo pamu paxa paze pabi paso reno", "Ro zax zab zac zad zaf zag zal zam zaq zar zabax zabab zabac zabad zabaf zabag zabal zabam zabaq zabar zacax", "Toki Pona -- ( ala ) wan tu mute ( tu wan ) mute ( tu tu ) mute ( luka ) mute ( luka wan ) mute ( luka tu ) mute ( luka tu wan ) mute ( luka tu tu ) mute ( luka luka ) mute ( luka luka wan ) mute ( luka luka tu ) mute ( luka luka wan tu ) mute ( luka luka tu tu ) mute ( luka luka luka ) mute ( luka luka luka wan ) mute ( luka luka luka tu ) mute ( luka luka luka tu wan ) mute ( luka luka luka tu tu ) mute ( luka luka luka luka )" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The decolonization of Africa took place in the mid-to - late 1950s , very suddenly , with little preparation . There was widespread unrest and organised revolts in both Northern and sub-Saharan colonies , especially in French Algeria , Portuguese Angola , the Belgian Congo and British Kenya .", "Belgian Italian British Portuguese French Spanish German Independent", "Belgian Italian", "British Portuguese", "French Spanish", "German Independent", "The `` Scramble for Africa '' between 1870 and 1900 ended with almost all of Africa being controlled by European states . Racing to secure as much land as possible while avoiding conflict amongst themselves , the partition of Africa was confirmed in the Berlin Agreement of 1885 , with little regard to local differences . By 1905 , control of almost all African soil was claimed by Western European governments , with the only exceptions being Liberia ( which had been settled by African - American former slaves ) and Ethiopia ( which had successfully resisted colonisation by Italy ) . Britain and France had the largest holdings , but Germany , Spain , Italy , Belgium , and Portugal also had colonies . As a result of colonialism and imperialism , a majority of Africa lost sovereignty and control of natural resources such as gold and rubber . The introduction of imperial policies surfacing around local economies led to the failing of local economies due to an exploitation of resources and cheap labor . Progress towards independence was slow up until the mid-20th century . By 1977 , 54 African countries had seceded from European colonial rulers .", "During the world wars , African soldiers were conscripted into imperial militaries . This led to a deeper political awareness and the expectation of greater respect and self - determination , which was left largely unfulfilled . During the 1941 Atlantic Conference , the British and the US leaders met to discuss ideas for the post-war world . One of the provisions added by President Roosevelt was that all people had the right to self - determination , inspiring hope in British colonies .", "On February 12 , 1941 , United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met to discuss the postwar world . The result was the Atlantic Charter . It was not a treaty and was not submitted to the British Parliament or the Senate of the United States for ratification , but it turned to be a widely acclaimed document . One of the provisions , introduced by Roosevelt , was the autonomy of imperial colonies . After World War II , the US and the African colonies put pressure on Britain to abide by the terms of the Atlantic Charter . After the war , some Britons considered African colonies to be childish and immature ; British colonisers introduced democratic government at local levels in the colonies . Britain was forced to agree but Churchill rejected universal applicability of self - determination for subject nations . He also stated that the Charter was only applicable to German occupied states , not to the British Empire .", "Furthermore , colonies such as Nigeria , Senegal and Ghana pushed for self - governance as colonial powers were exhausted by war efforts .", "For early African nationalists , decolonization was a moral imperative . In 1945 the Fifth Pan-African Congress demanded the end of colonialism . Delegates included future presidents of Ghana , Kenya , Malawi and national activists .", "Colonial economic exploitation led to European extraction of Ghana 's mining profits to shareholders , instead of internal development , causing major local socioeconomic grievances . Nevertheless , local African industry and towns expanded when U-boats patrolling the Atlantic Ocean reduced raw material transportation to Europe . In turn , urban communities , industries and trade unions grew , improving literacy and education , leading to pro-independence newspaper establishments .", "Indeed , in the 1930s , the colonial powers had cultivated , sometimes inadvertently , a small elite of leaders educated in Western universities and familiar with ideas such as self - determination . In some cases where the road to independence was fought , settled arrangements with the colonial powers were also being placed . These leaders came to lead the struggles for independence , and included leading nationalists such as Jomo Kenyatta ( Kenya ) , Kwame Nkrumah ( Gold Coast , now Ghana ) , Julius Nyerere ( Tanganyika , now Tanzania ) , Léopold Sédar Senghor ( Senegal ) , Nnamdi Azikiwe ( Nigeria ) , and Félix Houphouët - Boigny ( Côte d'Ivoire ) .", "The economic legacy of colonialism is difficult to quantify but is likely to have been negative . Modernisation theory emphasises that colonial powers built infrastructure to integrate Africa into the world economy , however , this was built mainly for extraction purposes . African economies were structured to benefit the coloniser and any surplus was likely to be ' drained ' , thereby stifling capital accumulation . Dependency theory suggests that most African economies continued to occupy a subordinate position in the world economy after independence with a reliance on primary commodities such as copper in Zambia and tea in Kenya . Despite this continued reliance and unfair trading terms , a meta - analysis of 18 African countries found that a third of countries experienced increased economic growth post-independence .", "The debts of African economies are external and one - sided . While the USA and the UK have gross external debts of 95 % and 400 % respectively , these debts are balanced by the countries being major lenders . This is not the case for African nations which do not own as many assets or debts to balance the burden . The debt situation in sub-Saharan Africa means that the world 's poorest countries were transferring $3 billion US dollars to developed countries between 1995 and 2000 . This is exacerbated by interest and principal arrears which made up over 27 % of total external debt for sub-Saharan nations in 1998 . This causes two main problems : firstly , servicing the debt means less money is available for importing goods , secondly debt creates uncertainty and risk which puts off investors and reduces business confidence .", "Over 2,000 distinct languages are spoken in the continent . Along with Africa 's indigenous dialects - Afro - Asiatic , Kordofanian and Khoisan languages , many colonial languages are spoken today . For example , English is spoken in Ghana , Gambia and Kenya , French in Benin , Burkina - Faso and Cameroon , and Portuguese in Guinea - Bissau , Angola , São Tomé and Príncipe . Scholars including Dellal ( 2013 ) , Miraftab ( 2012 ) and Bamgbose ( 2011 ) have argued that Africa 's linguistic diversity has been eroded . Language has been used by western colonial powers to divide territories and create new identities which has led to conflicts and tensions between African nations .", "Today , 93 % of South Africa 's land is still owned by ' descendants of white settlers ' despite the political negotiation of the Native Land Act in 1913 . King ( 1990 ) argued that ' space ' is a mode of segregations , creating forms of inclusions and exclusions . Evidence is represented through different architecture designs , and distinct segregation of spaces ( Zonification ) in cities are still a feature in the colonial present . For example , the new development of the business improvement district in Cape Town portrays a similar image of the colonial era with embedded struggles in class , race , ethnicity and hierarchical differences . Decolonization marks one of the historical moments in which African countries increased its autonomous status from the impetus Western colonial powers . Echoes of the colonial past are still visible in the African society today because Ferguson ( 2006 ) stated there are still widespread social stigmas associated with the continent such as phrases of ' darkness ' and ' troubled ' . The representation of Africa , therefore , reveals the continual Western legacies of the colonial past and the struggles embedded in the countries .", "Following World War II , rapid decolonization swept across the continent of Africa as many territories gained their independence from European colonization .", "In August 1941 , United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met to discuss their post-war goals . In that meeting , they agreed to the Atlantic Charter , which in part stipulated that they would , `` respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live ; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them . '' This agreement became the post-WWII stepping stone toward independence as nationalism grew throughout Africa .", "Consumed with post-war debt , European powers were no longer able to afford the resources needed to maintain control of their African colonies . This allowed for African nationalists to negotiate decolonization very quickly and with minimal casualties . Some territories , however , saw great death tolls as a result of their fight for independence .", "On 6 March 1957 , Ghana ( formerly the Gold Coast ) became the first sub-Saharan African country to gain its independence from European colonization in the twentieth century .", "Starting as early as the 1945 Pan-African Congress , Gold Coast 's American - educated , independence leader Kwame Nkrumah made his focus clear . In the conference 's declaration , he wrote , `` we believe in the rights of all peoples to govern themselves . We affirm the right of all colonial peoples to control their own destiny . All colonies must be free from foreign imperialist control , whether political or economic . ''", "Four years later in 1949 , the conflict would ramp up when British troops opened fire on African protesters . Riots broke out across the territory and while Nkrumah and other leaders ended up in prison , the event became a catalyst for the independence movement . After being released from prison , Nkrumah founded the , Convention People 's Party ( CPP ) , which launched a mass - based campaign for independence with the slogan ' Self Government Now ! ' '' Heightened nationalism within the country grew their power and the political party widely expanded . In February of 1951 , the Convention People 's Party gained political power by winning 34 of 38 elected seats , including one for Nkrumah who was imprisoned at the time . While the movement started with violence , it would end with political cooperation .", "In Algeria , anti-colonialism sentiment grew following World War II until it reached a boiling point . Unlike many territories that gained their independence through a smooth transition , France believed the African colony was important and never met their promise of self - governance in Algeria . As a result the Front de Liberation Nationale ( FLN ) began a guerrilla - style attack to win their freedom . Lasting more than eight years , the estimated death toll typically falls between 300,000 and 400,000 people . By 1958 , the FLN was able to negotiate peace accord with French President Charles de Gaulle and nearly 90 % of all Europeans had left the territory .", "This table is the arranged by the earliest date of independence in this graph ; 58 countries have seceded .", "Country Colonial name Colonial power Independence date First head of state Independence won through Liberia Liberia United States 26 July 1847 Joseph Jenkins Roberts Liberian Declaration of Independence South Africa Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony Transvaal Colony United Kingdom 31 May 1910 Louis Botha South Africa Act 1909 Egypt Sultanate of Egypt 28 February 1922 Fuad I Egyptian revolution of 1919 Eritrea Italian Eritrea Italy 10 February 1947 Haile Selassie - Libya British Military Administration Military Territory of Fezzan - Ghadames United Kingdom France 24 December 1951 Idris - Sudan Anglo - Egyptian Sudan United Kingdom Republic of Egypt 1 January 1956 Ismail al - Azhari - Tunisia French Protectorate of Tunisia France 20 March 1956 Muhammad VIII al - Amin Habib Bourguiba - Morocco French Protectorate in Morocco Tangier International Zone Spanish Protectorate in Morocco Spanish West Africa Ifni France Spain 2 March 1956 7 April 1956 10 April 1958 4 January 1969 Mohammed V Ifni War Ghana Gold Coast United Kingdom 6 March 1957 Kwame Nkrumah Gold Coast legislative election , 1956 Guinea French West Africa France 2 October 1958 Ahmed Sékou Touré Guinean constitutional referendum , 1958 Cameroon French Cameroons France 1 January 1960 Ahmadou Ahidjo - Togo French Togoland France 27 April 1960 Sylvanus Olympio - Mali French West Africa 20 June 1960 Modibo Keïta - Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor - Madagascar French Madagascar 26 June 1960 Philibert Tsiranana - Democratic Republic of the Congo Belgian Congo Belgium 30 June 1960 Patrice Lumumba Belgo - Congolese Round Table Conference Somalia British Somaliland Trust Territory of Somaliland United Kingdom Italy 26 June 1960 1 July 1960 Aden Abdullah Osman Daar - Benin French West Africa France 1 August 1960 Hubert Maga - Niger 3 August 1960 Hamani Diori - Burkina Faso 5 August 1960 Maurice Yaméogo - Ivory Coast 7 August 1960 Félix Houphouët - Boigny - Chad French Equatorial Africa 11 August 1960 François Tombalbaye - Central African Republic 13 August 1960 David Dacko - Republic of the Congo 15 August 1960 Fulbert Youlou - Gabon 17 August 1960 Léon M'ba - Nigeria Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria British Cameroons United Kingdom 1 October 1960 1 June 1961 1 October 1961 Nnamdi Azikiwe - Mauritania French West Africa France 28 November 1960 Moktar Ould Daddah - Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone United Kingdom 27 April 1961 Milton Margai - Tanganyika Tanganyika Territory 9 December 1961 Julius Nyerere - Burundi Ruanda - Urundi Belgium 1 July 1962 Mwambutsa IV of Burundi - Rwanda Grégoire Kayibanda Rwandan Revolution Algeria French Algeria France 5 July 1962 Ahmed Ben Bella Algerian War Uganda Protectorate of Uganda United Kingdom 9 October 1962 Milton Obote - Kenya Colony and Protectorate of Kenya 12 December 1963 Jomo Kenyatta - Sultanate of Zanzibar Sultanate of Zanzibar 10 December 1963 Jamshid bin Abdullah - Malawi Nyasaland 6 July 1964 Hastings Banda - Zambia Northern Rhodesia 24 October 1964 Kenneth Kaunda - The Gambia Gambia Colony and Protectorate 18 February 1965 Dawda Jawara - Rhodesia Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia 11 November 1965 17 April 1980 Ian Smith Robert Mugabe Rhodesia 's Unilateral Declaration of Independence Lancaster House Agreement Botswana Bechuanaland Protectorate 30 September 1966 Seretse Khama - Lesotho Territory of Basutoland 4 October 1966 Leabua Jonathan - Mauritius Mauritius 12 March 1968 Veerasamy Ringadoo - Swaziland Swaziland 6 September 1968 Sobhuza II - Equatorial Guinea Spanish Territories of the Gulf of Guinea Spain 12 October 1968 Francisco Macías Nguema - Guinea - Bissau Overseas Province of Guinea Portugal 10 September 1974 Luís Cabral Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambique State of Mozambique 25 June 1975 Samora Machel Mozambican War of Independence Cape Verde Overseas Province of Cape Verde 5 July 1975 Aristides Pereira Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Comoros French Comoros France 6 July 1975 Ahmed Abdallah Comorian independence referendum , 1974 São Tomé and Príncipe Overseas Province of São Tomé and Príncipe Portugal 12 July 1975 Manuel Pinto da Costa - Angola State of Angola 11 November 1975 Agostinho Neto Angolan War of Independence Seychelles Seychelles United Kingdom 29 June 1976 James Richard Marie Mancham - Djibouti French Territory of the Afars and the Issas France 27 June 1977 Hassan Gouled Aptidon Afars and Issas independence referendum , 1977 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Spanish Sahara Southern Provinces Spain Morocco 27 February 1976 independence not yet effectuated El - Ouali Mustapha Sayed Mohamed Abdelaziz Western Sahara War Western Sahara conflict", "Country Colonial name Colonial power Independence date First head of state Independence won through", "Liberia Liberia United States 26 July 1847 Joseph Jenkins Roberts Liberian Declaration of Independence", "South Africa Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony Transvaal Colony United Kingdom 31 May 1910 Louis Botha South Africa Act 1909", "Egypt Sultanate of Egypt 28 February 1922 Fuad I Egyptian revolution of 1919", "Eritrea Italian Eritrea Italy 10 February 1947 Haile Selassie -", "Libya British Military Administration Military Territory of Fezzan - Ghadames United Kingdom France 24 December 1951 Idris -", "Sudan Anglo - Egyptian Sudan United Kingdom Republic of Egypt 1 January 1956 Ismail al - Azhari -", "Tunisia French Protectorate of Tunisia France 20 March 1956 Muhammad VIII al - Amin Habib Bourguiba -", "Morocco French Protectorate in Morocco Tangier International Zone Spanish Protectorate in Morocco Spanish West Africa Ifni France Spain 2 March 1956 7 April 1956 10 April 1958 4 January 1969 Mohammed V Ifni War", "Ghana Gold Coast United Kingdom 6 March 1957 Kwame Nkrumah Gold Coast legislative election , 1956", "Guinea French West Africa France 2 October 1958 Ahmed Sékou Touré Guinean constitutional referendum , 1958", "Cameroon French Cameroons France 1 January 1960 Ahmadou Ahidjo -", "Togo French Togoland France 27 April 1960 Sylvanus Olympio -", "Mali French West Africa 20 June 1960 Modibo Keïta -", "Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor -", "Madagascar French Madagascar 26 June 1960 Philibert Tsiranana -", "Democratic Republic of the Congo Belgian Congo Belgium 30 June 1960 Patrice Lumumba Belgo - Congolese Round Table Conference", "Somalia British Somaliland Trust Territory of Somaliland United Kingdom Italy 26 June 1960 1 July 1960 Aden Abdullah Osman Daar -", "Benin French West Africa France 1 August 1960 Hubert Maga -", "Niger 3 August 1960 Hamani Diori -", "Burkina Faso 5 August 1960 Maurice Yaméogo -", "Ivory Coast 7 August 1960 Félix Houphouët - Boigny -", "Chad French Equatorial Africa 11 August 1960 François Tombalbaye -", "Central African Republic 13 August 1960 David Dacko -", "Republic of the Congo 15 August 1960 Fulbert Youlou -", "Gabon 17 August 1960 Léon M'ba -", "Nigeria Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria British Cameroons United Kingdom 1 October 1960 1 June 1961 1 October 1961 Nnamdi Azikiwe -", "Mauritania French West Africa France 28 November 1960 Moktar Ould Daddah -", "Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone United Kingdom 27 April 1961 Milton Margai -", "Tanganyika Tanganyika Territory 9 December 1961 Julius Nyerere -", "Burundi Ruanda - Urundi Belgium 1 July 1962 Mwambutsa IV of Burundi -", "Rwanda Grégoire Kayibanda Rwandan Revolution", "Algeria French Algeria France 5 July 1962 Ahmed Ben Bella Algerian War", "Uganda Protectorate of Uganda United Kingdom 9 October 1962 Milton Obote -", "Kenya Colony and Protectorate of Kenya 12 December 1963 Jomo Kenyatta -", "Sultanate of Zanzibar Sultanate of Zanzibar 10 December 1963 Jamshid bin Abdullah -", "Malawi Nyasaland 6 July 1964 Hastings Banda -", "Zambia Northern Rhodesia 24 October 1964 Kenneth Kaunda -", "The Gambia Gambia Colony and Protectorate 18 February 1965 Dawda Jawara -", "Rhodesia Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia 11 November 1965 17 April 1980 Ian Smith Robert Mugabe Rhodesia 's Unilateral Declaration of Independence Lancaster House Agreement", "Botswana Bechuanaland Protectorate 30 September 1966 Seretse Khama -", "Lesotho Territory of Basutoland 4 October 1966 Leabua Jonathan -", "Mauritius Mauritius 12 March 1968 Veerasamy Ringadoo -", "Swaziland Swaziland 6 September 1968 Sobhuza II -", "Equatorial Guinea Spanish Territories of the Gulf of Guinea Spain 12 October 1968 Francisco Macías Nguema -", "Guinea - Bissau Overseas Province of Guinea Portugal 10 September 1974 Luís Cabral Guinea - Bissau War of Independence", "Mozambique State of Mozambique 25 June 1975 Samora Machel Mozambican War of Independence", "Cape Verde Overseas Province of Cape Verde 5 July 1975 Aristides Pereira Guinea - Bissau War of Independence", "Comoros French Comoros France 6 July 1975 Ahmed Abdallah Comorian independence referendum , 1974", "São Tomé and Príncipe Overseas Province of São Tomé and Príncipe Portugal 12 July 1975 Manuel Pinto da Costa -", "Angola State of Angola 11 November 1975 Agostinho Neto Angolan War of Independence", "Seychelles Seychelles United Kingdom 29 June 1976 James Richard Marie Mancham -", "Djibouti French Territory of the Afars and the Issas France 27 June 1977 Hassan Gouled Aptidon Afars and Issas independence referendum , 1977", "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Spanish Sahara Southern Provinces Spain Morocco 27 February 1976 independence not yet effectuated El - Ouali Mustapha Sayed Mohamed Abdelaziz Western Sahara War Western Sahara conflict", "Jump up ^ Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonization was achieved jointly by multiple countries or where the current country is formed by the merger of previously decolonized countries . Although Ethiopia was administered as a colony in the aftermath of the Second Italo - Ethiopian War and was recognized by the international community as such at the time , it is not listed here as its brief period under Italian rule ( which lasted for a little more than five years and ended with the return of the previous native government ) is now usually seen as a military occupation . Jump up ^ Some territories changed hands multiple times , so in the list is mentioned the last colonial power . In addition , the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and UN Trust Territories . Jump up ^ The dates of decolonization for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonized independent countries are given in separate notes , as are dates when a commonwealth realm abolished its monarchy . Any discrepancies between dates listed here and public holidays celebrating the country 's independence ( and whether the date listed is celebrated as a holiday at all ) are noted , as well as the national day if the country does not have an independence day . Jump up ^ For countries that became independent either as a Commonwealth realm , a monarchy with a strong Prime Minister , or a parliamentary republic the head of government is listed instead . Jump up ^ Liberia would later annexed the Republic of Maryland , another settler colony made up of former African - American slaves , in 1857 . Liberia would not be recognized by the United States until 5 February 1862 . Jump up ^ Stephen Allen Benson was President on the date of the United States ' recognition . Jump up ^ As Union of South Africa . Jump up ^ The Union of South Africa was constituted through the South Africa Act entering into force on 31 May 1910 . On 11 December 1931 it got increased self - governance powers through the Statute of Westminster which was followed by transformation into republic after the 1960 referendum . Afterwards , South Africa was under apartheid until elections resulting from the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa on 27 April 1994 when Nelson Mandela became president . Jump up ^ As the Kingdom of Egypt . Transcontinental country , partially located in Asia . Jump up ^ Not celebrated as a holiday . On 28 February 1922 the British government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence . Through this declaration , the British government unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt and granted it nominal independence with the exception of four `` reserved '' areas : foreign relations , communications , the military and the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . The Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 reduced British involvement , but still was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists , who wanted full independence from Britain , which was not achieved until 23 July 1952 . The last British troops left Egypt after the Suez Crisis of 1956 . For this , the 23 July date , celebrated as Revolution Day , serves as Egypt 's national day . Jump up ^ Although the leaders of the 1952 revolution ( Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser ) became the de facto leaders of Egypt , neither would assume office until September 17 of that year when Naguib became Prime Minister , succeeding Aly Maher Pasha who was sworn in on the day of the revolution . Nasser would succeeded Naguib as Prime Minister on 25 February 1954 . Jump up ^ From 1 April 1941 to its eventual transfer to Ethiopia , Italian Eritrea was occupied by the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Date marking the de jure end of Italian rule . Not celebrated as a holiday . The transfer of Eritrea to the Ethiopian Empire occurred on 15 September 1952 . On 24 May 1993 after decades of fighting starting from 1 September 1961 , Eritrea formally seceded from Ethiopia . The 24 May date is celebrated as Eritrea 's date of independence . Jump up ^ Emperor of Ethiopia on the date of the transfer . Isaias Afwerki became President of Eritrea upon independence . Jump up ^ As the United Kingdom of Libya . Jump up ^ Part of the British Military Administration originally gained independence as the Cyrenaica Emirate ; it was only recognized by the United Kingdom . The Cyrenaica Emirate also merged to form the United Kingdom of Libya . Jump up ^ Anglo - Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899 , stated that Sudan should be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain , but with real power remaining in British hands . Jump up ^ As the Kingdom of Tunisia . Jump up ^ See Tunisian independence . Jump up ^ Cape Juby was ceded by Spain to Morocco on 2 April 1958 . Ifni was returned from Spain to Morocco on 4 January 1969 . Jump up ^ As the Dominion of Ghana . Jump up ^ The British Togoland mandate and trust territory was integrated into Gold Coast colony on 13 December 1956 . On 1 July 1960 Ghana formally abolished its Commonwealth monarchy and became a republic . ^ Jump up to : Originally as Prime Minister ; became President upon the monarchy 's abolition . Jump up ^ After the French Cameroun mandate and trust territory gained independence it was joined by part of the British Cameroons mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961 . The other part of British Cameroons joined Nigeria . Jump up ^ Minor armed insurgency from Union of the Peoples of Cameroon . Jump up ^ Senegal and French Sudan gained independence on 20 June 1960 as the Mali Federation , which dissolved a few months later into present day Senegal and Mali . Jump up ^ As the Malagasy Republic . Jump up ^ The Malagasy Uprising was an earlier armed uprising that failed to gain independence from France . Jump up ^ As the Republic of the Congo . Jump up ^ Joseph Kasa - Vubu became President upon independence . Jump up ^ The Congo Crisis occurred after independence . Jump up ^ As the Somali Republic . Jump up ^ The Trust Territory of Somalia ( former Italian Somaliland ) united with the State of Somaliland ( former British Somaliland ) on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic ( Somalia ) . Jump up ^ As the Republic of Dahomey . Jump up ^ As Upper Volta . Jump up ^ Part of the British Cameroons mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961 joined Nigeria . The other part of British Cameroons joined the previously decolonized French Cameroun mandate and territory . ^ Jump up to : After both gained independence Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged on 26 April 1964 as Tanzania . Jump up ^ As the Kingdom of Burundi . Jump up ^ Assumed office on September 27 , 1962 as Prime Minister . From the date of independence to Ben Bella 's inauguration , Abderrahmane Farès served as President of the Provisional Executive Council . Jump up ^ Abolished its commonwealth monarchy exactly one year later ; Jamhuri Day ( `` Republic Day '' ) is a celebration of both dates . Jump up ^ The Mau Mau Uprising was an earlier armed uprising that failed to gain independence from the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ The Sultanate of Zanzibar would later be overthrown within a month of sovereignty by the Zanzibar Revolution . Jump up ^ Abolished its commonwealth monarchy exactly two years later . Jump up ^ Abolished its commonwealth monarchy on 24 April 1970 . Jump up ^ Due the Rhodesia 's unwillingness to accommodate the British government 's request for black majority rule , the United Kingdom ( along with the rest of the international community ) refused to recognize the white - minority led government . The former self - governing colony would not be recognized as an independent state until the aftermath of the Rhodesian Bush War , under the name Zimbabwe . Jump up ^ Botswana Day Holiday is the second day of the two - day celebration of Botswana 's independence . The first day is also referred to as Botswana Day . Jump up ^ Moshoeshoe II became King upon independence . Jump up ^ Not celebrated as a holiday . The date 24 September 1973 ( when the PAIGC formally declared Guinea 's independence ) is celebrated as Guinea - Bissau 's date of independence . Jump up ^ As the People 's Republic of Mozambique Jump up ^ Pedro Pires was sworn in as Prime Minister three days after independence . Jump up ^ Although the fight for Cape Verdean independence was linked to the liberation movement occurring in Guinea - Bissau , the island country itself saw little fighting . Jump up ^ As the People 's Republic of Angola Jump up ^ The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara ( then Spanish Sahara ) , when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco ( which annexed the entire territory in 1979 ) . The decolonization of Western Sahara is still pending , while a declaration of independence has been proclaimed by the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic , which controls only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall . The UN still considers Spain the legal administrating country of the whole territory , awaiting the outcome of the ongoing Manhasset negotiations and resulting election to be overseen by the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara . However , the de facto administrator is Morocco ( see United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories ) .", "Jump up ^ Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonization was achieved jointly by multiple countries or where the current country is formed by the merger of previously decolonized countries . Although Ethiopia was administered as a colony in the aftermath of the Second Italo - Ethiopian War and was recognized by the international community as such at the time , it is not listed here as its brief period under Italian rule ( which lasted for a little more than five years and ended with the return of the previous native government ) is now usually seen as a military occupation .", "Jump up ^ Some territories changed hands multiple times , so in the list is mentioned the last colonial power . In addition , the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and UN Trust Territories .", "Jump up ^ The dates of decolonization for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonized independent countries are given in separate notes , as are dates when a commonwealth realm abolished its monarchy . Any discrepancies between dates listed here and public holidays celebrating the country 's independence ( and whether the date listed is celebrated as a holiday at all ) are noted , as well as the national day if the country does not have an independence day .", "Jump up ^ For countries that became independent either as a Commonwealth realm , a monarchy with a strong Prime Minister , or a parliamentary republic the head of government is listed instead .", "Jump up ^ Liberia would later annexed the Republic of Maryland , another settler colony made up of former African - American slaves , in 1857 . Liberia would not be recognized by the United States until 5 February 1862 .", "Jump up ^ Stephen Allen Benson was President on the date of the United States ' recognition .", "Jump up ^ As Union of South Africa .", "Jump up ^ The Union of South Africa was constituted through the South Africa Act entering into force on 31 May 1910 . On 11 December 1931 it got increased self - governance powers through the Statute of Westminster which was followed by transformation into republic after the 1960 referendum . Afterwards , South Africa was under apartheid until elections resulting from the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa on 27 April 1994 when Nelson Mandela became president .", "Jump up ^ As the Kingdom of Egypt . Transcontinental country , partially located in Asia .", "Jump up ^ Not celebrated as a holiday . On 28 February 1922 the British government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence . Through this declaration , the British government unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt and granted it nominal independence with the exception of four `` reserved '' areas : foreign relations , communications , the military and the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . The Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 reduced British involvement , but still was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists , who wanted full independence from Britain , which was not achieved until 23 July 1952 . The last British troops left Egypt after the Suez Crisis of 1956 . For this , the 23 July date , celebrated as Revolution Day , serves as Egypt 's national day .", "Jump up ^ Although the leaders of the 1952 revolution ( Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser ) became the de facto leaders of Egypt , neither would assume office until September 17 of that year when Naguib became Prime Minister , succeeding Aly Maher Pasha who was sworn in on the day of the revolution . Nasser would succeeded Naguib as Prime Minister on 25 February 1954 .", "Jump up ^ From 1 April 1941 to its eventual transfer to Ethiopia , Italian Eritrea was occupied by the United Kingdom .", "Jump up ^ Date marking the de jure end of Italian rule . Not celebrated as a holiday . The transfer of Eritrea to the Ethiopian Empire occurred on 15 September 1952 . On 24 May 1993 after decades of fighting starting from 1 September 1961 , Eritrea formally seceded from Ethiopia . The 24 May date is celebrated as Eritrea 's date of independence .", "Jump up ^ Emperor of Ethiopia on the date of the transfer . Isaias Afwerki became President of Eritrea upon independence .", "Jump up ^ As the United Kingdom of Libya .", "Jump up ^ Part of the British Military Administration originally gained independence as the Cyrenaica Emirate ; it was only recognized by the United Kingdom . The Cyrenaica Emirate also merged to form the United Kingdom of Libya .", "Jump up ^ Anglo - Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899 , stated that Sudan should be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain , but with real power remaining in British hands .", "Jump up ^ As the Kingdom of Tunisia .", "Jump up ^ See Tunisian independence .", "Jump up ^ Cape Juby was ceded by Spain to Morocco on 2 April 1958 . Ifni was returned from Spain to Morocco on 4 January 1969 .", "Jump up ^ As the Dominion of Ghana .", "Jump up ^ The British Togoland mandate and trust territory was integrated into Gold Coast colony on 13 December 1956 . On 1 July 1960 Ghana formally abolished its Commonwealth monarchy and became a republic .", "^ Jump up to : Originally as Prime Minister ; became President upon the monarchy 's abolition .", "Jump up ^ After the French Cameroun mandate and trust territory gained independence it was joined by part of the British Cameroons mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961 . The other part of British Cameroons joined Nigeria .", "Jump up ^ Minor armed insurgency from Union of the Peoples of Cameroon .", "Jump up ^ Senegal and French Sudan gained independence on 20 June 1960 as the Mali Federation , which dissolved a few months later into present day Senegal and Mali .", "Jump up ^ As the Malagasy Republic .", "Jump up ^ The Malagasy Uprising was an earlier armed uprising that failed to gain independence from France .", "Jump up ^ As the Republic of the Congo .", "Jump up ^ Joseph Kasa - Vubu became President upon independence .", "Jump up ^ The Congo Crisis occurred after independence .", "Jump up ^ As the Somali Republic .", "Jump up ^ The Trust Territory of Somalia ( former Italian Somaliland ) united with the State of Somaliland ( former British Somaliland ) on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic ( Somalia ) .", "Jump up ^ As the Republic of Dahomey .", "Jump up ^ As Upper Volta .", "Jump up ^ Part of the British Cameroons mandate and trust territory on 1 October 1961 joined Nigeria . The other part of British Cameroons joined the previously decolonized French Cameroun mandate and territory .", "^ Jump up to : After both gained independence Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged on 26 April 1964 as Tanzania .", "Jump up ^ As the Kingdom of Burundi .", "Jump up ^ Assumed office on September 27 , 1962 as Prime Minister . From the date of independence to Ben Bella 's inauguration , Abderrahmane Farès served as President of the Provisional Executive Council .", "Jump up ^ Abolished its commonwealth monarchy exactly one year later ; Jamhuri Day ( `` Republic Day '' ) is a celebration of both dates .", "Jump up ^ The Mau Mau Uprising was an earlier armed uprising that failed to gain independence from the United Kingdom .", "Jump up ^ The Sultanate of Zanzibar would later be overthrown within a month of sovereignty by the Zanzibar Revolution .", "Jump up ^ Abolished its commonwealth monarchy exactly two years later .", "Jump up ^ Abolished its commonwealth monarchy on 24 April 1970 .", "Jump up ^ Due the Rhodesia 's unwillingness to accommodate the British government 's request for black majority rule , the United Kingdom ( along with the rest of the international community ) refused to recognize the white - minority led government . The former self - governing colony would not be recognized as an independent state until the aftermath of the Rhodesian Bush War , under the name Zimbabwe .", "Jump up ^ Botswana Day Holiday is the second day of the two - day celebration of Botswana 's independence . The first day is also referred to as Botswana Day .", "Jump up ^ Moshoeshoe II became King upon independence .", "Jump up ^ Not celebrated as a holiday . The date 24 September 1973 ( when the PAIGC formally declared Guinea 's independence ) is celebrated as Guinea - Bissau 's date of independence .", "Jump up ^ As the People 's Republic of Mozambique", "Jump up ^ Pedro Pires was sworn in as Prime Minister three days after independence .", "Jump up ^ Although the fight for Cape Verdean independence was linked to the liberation movement occurring in Guinea - Bissau , the island country itself saw little fighting .", "Jump up ^ As the People 's Republic of Angola", "Jump up ^ The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara ( then Spanish Sahara ) , when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco ( which annexed the entire territory in 1979 ) . The decolonization of Western Sahara is still pending , while a declaration of independence has been proclaimed by the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic , which controls only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall . The UN still considers Spain the legal administrating country of the whole territory , awaiting the outcome of the ongoing Manhasset negotiations and resulting election to be overseen by the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara . However , the de facto administrator is Morocco ( see United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories ) ." ]

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[ "In Christian theology , baptism with the Holy Spirit ( also called baptism in the Holy Spirit or Spirit baptism ) is distinguished from baptism with water . It is frequently associated with incorporation into the Christian Church , the bestowal of spiritual gifts , and empowerment for Christian ministry .", "The term baptism with the Holy Spirit originates in the New Testament , and all Christian traditions accept it as a theological concept . Nevertheless , different Christian denominations and traditions have interpreted its meaning in a variety of ways due to differences in the doctrines of salvation and ecclesiology . As a result , Spirit baptism has been variously defined as part of the sacraments of initiation into the church , as being synonymous with regeneration , as being synonymous with Christian perfection , or as being a second work of grace that empowers a person for Christian life and service .", "Before the emergence of the holiness movement in the mid-19th century and Pentecostalism in the early 20th century , most denominations believed that Christians received the baptism with the Holy Spirit either upon conversion and regeneration or through rites of Christian initiation , such as water baptism and confirmation . Since the growth and spread of Pentecostal and charismatic churches , however , the belief that the baptism with the Holy Spirit is an experience distinct from Christian initiation has come into increasing prominence .", "In Christian theology , the work of the Holy Spirit under the Old Covenant is viewed as less extensive than that under the New Covenant inaugurated on the day of Pentecost . The Spirit was restricted to certain chosen individuals , such as high priests and prophets . Often termed the `` spirit of prophecy '' in rabbinic writings , the Holy Spirit was closely associated with prophecy and divine inspiration . It was anticipated that in the future messianic age God would pour out his spirit upon all of Israel , which would become a nation of prophets .", "While the exact phrase `` baptism with the Holy Spirit '' is not found in the New Testament , two forms of the phrase are found in the canonical gospels using the verb `` baptize '' , from the Greek word baptizein meaning to `` immerse '' or `` plunge '' . The baptism was spoken about by John the Baptist , who contrasted his water baptism for the forgiveness of sins with the baptism of Jesus . In Mark 1 and John 1 , the Baptist proclaimed that Jesus `` will baptize in ( the ) Holy Spirit '' ; while in Matthew 3 and Luke 3 , he `` will baptize with Holy Spirit and fire '' .", "Jesus is considered the first person to receive the baptism with the Holy Spirit . The Holy Spirit descended on Jesus during his baptism and anointed him with power . Afterward , Jesus began his ministry and displayed his power by casting out demons , healing the sick , and teaching with authority .", "The phrase `` baptized in the Holy Spirit '' occurs two times in Acts of the Apostles , first in Acts 1 : 4 -- 5 and second in Acts 11 : 16 . Other terminology is used in Acts to indicate Spirit baptism , such as `` filled '' . `` Baptized in the Spirit '' indicates an outward immersion into the reality of the Holy Spirit , while `` filled with the Spirit '' suggests an internal diffusion . Both terms speak to the totality of receiving the Spirit . The baptism with the Holy Spirit is described in various places as the Spirit `` poured out upon '' , `` falling upon '' , `` coming upon '' people . To `` pour out '' suggests abundance and reflects John 3 : 34 , `` God gives the Spirit without limit '' . Another expression , `` come upon '' is related to a statement by Jesus in Luke 24 : 49 , `` I am sending the promise of my Father upon you . But stay in the city until you are clothed with power from on high '' . The language of `` come on '' and `` clothed with '' suggest possession by and endowment with the Holy Spirit .", "The narrative of Acts begins after Jesus ' crucifixion and resurrection . The resurrected Jesus directed his disciples to wait in Jerusalem for the baptism in the Holy Spirit and promised , `` you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you , and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria , and to the end of the earth '' . After his ascension , he was given authority to pour out the Holy Spirit .", "In the New Testament , the messianic expectations found in early Judaism were fulfilled on the day of Pentecost as recorded in Acts . The Christian community was gathered together in Jerusalem when a sound from heaven like rushing wind was heard and tongues like tongues of flame rested on everyone . They were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in tongues , miraculously praising God in foreign languages . A crowd gathered and was addressed by the Apostle Peter who stated that the occurrence was the fulfillment of the prophecy of Joel 2 , `` And in the last days it shall be , God declares , that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh , and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy '' . He then explained how the Spirit came to be poured out , recounting Jesus ' ministry and passion and then proclaiming his resurrection and enthronement at the right hand of God . In response , the crowd asked Peter what they should do . He responded that they should repent and be baptized for the forgiveness of sins in order to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit . Peter finished his speech stating that the promise `` is for you and for your children and for all who are far off , everyone whom the Lord our God calls to himself '' .", "Baptism in the Holy Spirit occurs elsewhere in Acts . The gospel had been proclaimed in Samaria and the apostles Peter and John were sent from Jerusalem . The new believers had been baptized in water , but the Holy Spirit had not yet fallen on them . The Samaritans received the Holy Spirit when Peter and John laid their hands on them . The Apostle Paul was also filled with the Holy Spirit when Ananias of Damascus laid hands on him , and afterwards Paul was baptized with water .", "Later in Acts , Peter preached the gospel to the household of Cornelius the Centurion , a gentile . While he preached , the Holy Spirit fell on the gentiles , and they began to speak in tongues . The Jewish believers with Peter were amazed , and the household was water baptized . While the apostle Paul was in Ephesus , he found disciples there and discovered that they did not know of the existence of the Holy Spirit and had only received John the Baptist 's baptism . After baptizing them in Jesus ' name , Paul laid his hands on them , and they began to speak in tongues and prophesy .", "In the early Church , the laying on of hands on the newly baptized to impart the gift of the Holy Spirit was the origin of the sacrament of confirmation . In the Eastern church , confirmation continued to be celebrated immediately after water baptism . The two rites were separated in the Western church . According to Pentecostal historian H. Vinson Synan , `` the basic premise of Pentecostalism , that one may receive later effusions of the Spirit after initiation / conversion , can be clearly traced in Christian history to the beginnings of the rite of confirmation in the Western churches '' .", "Huldrych Zwingli , a leading Protestant Reformer in Switzerland , taught three distinct baptisms : water baptism , teaching baptism ( having been educated about the Christian religion ) and Spirit baptism . While full baptism included all three , Zwingli emphasized that the external baptisms of water and teaching could not provide salvation . The inner baptism of the Spirit alone could save because it conferred faith . According to Zwingli , the three baptisms could be given separately ; Spirit baptism could occur first or last in the sequence .", "Many Puritans believed that the experience of becoming a Christian was followed by a later and distinct experience of the Holy Spirit . This experience was characterized by receiving assurance of one 's salvation . English Puritan Thomas Goodwin equated this experience with the baptism in the Holy Spirit and the `` seal of the Spirit '' referenced in Ephesians 1 .", "Synan traces the influence of Catholic and Anglican mystical traditions on John Wesley 's doctrine of Christian perfection or entire sanctification , from which Pentecostal beliefs on Spirit baptism developed . Furthermore , theologian James Dunn notes early Methodist beliefs can be directly linked to Puritan teaching on the Holy Spirit .", "Wesley taught that while the new birth was the start of the Christian life , `` inbred sin '' remained and must be removed through a lifelong process of moral cleansing . John Fletcher , Wesley 's designated successor , called Christian perfection a `` baptism in the Holy Spirit '' . His Checks to Antinomianism later became a standard for Pentecostally - inclined holiness teachers . On the subject , Fletcher wrote :", "Lastly : if we will attain the full power of godliness , and be peaceable as the Prince of Peace , and merciful as our heavenly Father , let us go on to the perfection and glory of Christianity ; let us enter the full dispensation of the Spirit . Till we live in the pentecostal glory of the Church : till we are baptized with the Holy Ghost : till the Spirit of burning and the fire of Divine love have melted us down , and we have been truly cast into the softest mould of the Gospel : till we can say with St. Paul , `` We have received the Spirit of love , of power , and of a sound mind ; '' till then we shall be carnal rather than spiritual believers .", "In mid-19th century America , the Wesleyan holiness movement began to teach that entire sanctification was less a process and more of a state that one entered into by faith at a definite moment in time . This second blessing , as it was commonly called , allowed Christians to be freed from the power of sin . Among adherence of the holiness movement , baptism in the Holy Spirit was synonymous with second blessing sanctification .", "After his conversion in 1821 , Presbyterian minister and revivalist Charles Grandison Finney experienced what he called `` baptism in the Holy Spirit '' accompanied by `` unutterable gushings '' of praise . Finney and other Reformed writers , known as Oberlin perfectionists , agreed that there was a life altering experience after conversion , but unlike their Wesleyan holiness counterparts , they conceived of it as an ongoing process enabling believers to devote themselves wholly to Christ 's service . Similarly , the English Higher Life movement taught that the second blessing was an `` enduement of power '' . According to this view , Spirit baptism gave Christians the ability to be witnesses for the gospel and to perform Christian service . Wesleyan teachers emphasized purity while Oberlin and higher life advocates stressed power as the defining outcome of Spirit baptism .", "In the early 1890s , R.C. Horner , a Canadian holiness evangelist , introduced a theological distinction that would be important for the development of Pentecostalism . He argued in his books Pentecost ( 1891 ) and Bible Doctrines ( 1909 ) that the baptism in the Holy Spirit was not synonymous with the second blessing but was actually a third work of grace subsequent to salvation and sanctification that empowered the believer for service . Charles Fox Parham would build on this doctrinal foundation when he identified speaking in tongues as the Bible evidence of Spirit baptism .", "The diverse views on Spirit - baptism held among Christian traditions can be categorized into three main groups . These are baptism with the Spirit as sacramental initiation ( Orthodox and Catholic churches ) , regeneration ( Reformed tradition ) , and empowerment for witness and vocation ( Pentecostals and charismatics ) .", "Orthodox Churches believe that baptism in the Holy Spirit is conferred with water baptism . The individual is anointed with oil ( chrism ) immediately after baptism . According to Cyril of Jerusalem :", "This holy ointment is no more simple ointment , nor ( so to say ) common , after the invocation , but the gift of Christ ; and by the presence of His Godhead , it causes in us the Holy Ghost . It is symbolically applied to thy forehead and thy other senses and while thy body is anointed with visible ointment , thy soul is sanctified by the Holy and life - giving Spirit .", "The Catholic Church teaches that baptism , confirmation , and the Eucharist -- the sacraments of Christian initiation -- lay the foundations of the Christian life . The Christian life is based on baptism . It is `` the gateway to life in the Spirit '' and `` signifies and actually brings about the birth of water and the Spirit '' . The post-baptismal anointing ( Chrismation in the Eastern churches ) signifies the gift of the Holy Spirit and announces a second anointing to be conferred later in confirmation that completes the baptismal anointing .", "Confirmation , then , is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace . When confirmed , Catholics receive the `` special outpouring of the Holy Spirit as once granted to the apostles on the day of Pentecost '' . For the confirmand it increases the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit ( wisdom , understanding , counsel , fortitude , knowledge , piety , and fear of the Lord ) , unites more fully to Christ and the Church , and gives strength to confess Christ and defend the faith . The rite of confirmation orients toward mission , and many liturgical texts remind the initiate that the gift of the Holy Spirit should be used for service to the church and the world .", "The main position on Spirit baptism among the Reformed churches , dispensationalists , and many Baptists is that the baptism with the Holy Spirit occurs simultaneously with regeneration , when those who have faith in Jesus Christ receive the Holy Spirit and are incorporated into the body of Christ .", "Within Methodism and the broader Wesleyan tradition , baptism with the Holy Spirit has often been linked to living a sanctified life . The United Methodist Church has a sacramental view of baptism and confirmation . At the same time , the United Methodist Confession of Faith also affirms Wesley 's doctrine of Christian perfection ( also known as entire sanctification ) :", "Entire sanctification is a state of perfect love , righteousness and true holiness which every regenerate believer may obtain by being delivered from the power of sin , by loving God with all the heart , soul , mind and strength , and by loving one 's neighbor as one 's self . Through faith in Jesus Christ this gracious gift may be received in this life both gradually and instantaneously , and should be sought earnestly by every child of God .", "Similarly , the churches in the holiness movement emphasize entire sanctification as a definite experience linked to Spirit baptism . According to the Articles of Faith of the Church of the Nazarene , sanctification is a work of God after regeneration `` which transforms believers into the likeness of Christ '' and is made possible by `` initial sanctification '' ( which occurs simultaneously with regeneration and justification ) , entire sanctification , and `` the continued perfecting work of the Holy Spirit culminating in glorification '' . Entire sanctification ( as opposed to initial sanctification ) is an act of God in which a believer is made free from original sin and able to devote him or herself entirely to God :", "It is wrought by the baptism with or infilling of the Holy Spirit , and comprehends in one experience the cleansing of the heart from sin and the abiding , indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit , empowering the believer for life and service .", "In classical Pentecostalism , the baptism with the Holy Spirit is understood to be a separate and distinct experience occurring sometime after regeneration . It is an empowering experience , equipping Spirit - filled believers for witness and ministry . Extending from this is the belief that all the spiritual gifts mentioned in the New Testament are to be sought and exercised to build up the church . Pentecostals believe that Spirit baptism will be accompanied by the physical evidence of speaking in tongues ( glossolalia ) .", "According to Pentecostal biblical interpretation , the Gospel of John 20 : 22 shows that the disciples of Jesus were already born again before the Holy Spirit fell at Pentecost . They then cite biblical examples in the Book of Acts 2 , 8 , 10 , and 19 to show that it was common in the New Testament for Spirit baptism to occur after conversion . In following the biblical pattern , they argue , Christians today should also pray for this baptism which results in greater power for ministry and witness .", "On the subject of Spirit baptism , Donald Gee wrote of the Christians on the Day of Pentecost :", "With them it was not mere intellectual assent to some article in a creed defining an orthodox doctrine concerning the Holy Spirit . Neither were they satisfied to acquiescence to a vague idea that in some indefinite manner the Holy Spirit had been imparted to them upon conversion . They gladly and thankfully recognized His gracious operations in their regeneration and sanctification , but their own personal reception of the Holy Spirit was an intensely vivid experience . They knew when He came , where He came , and how he came . Nothing reveals this more than Paul 's searching question to certain disciples whom he immediately sensed to be spiritually lacking in a vital part of their Christian inheritance -- ' Have ye received the Holy Ghost ? ' ( Acts 19 : 2 ) . The challenge was to experience , not to doctrine . How significant ! An Ephesian ' Pentecost ' speedily rectified their shortcoming , and it was an experience as vivid as all the rest had received -- ' They spake with tongues and prophesied . '", "In Pentecostal experience , Spirit baptism can be quite dramatic , as shown by William Durham 's account of his Spirit baptism :", "I was overcome by the mighty fulness of power and went down under it . For three hours He wrought wonderfully in me . My body was worked in sections , a section at a time . And even the skin on my face was jerked and shaken , and finally I felt my lower jaw begin to quiver in a strange way . This continued for some little time , when finally my throat began to enlarge and I felt my vocal organs being , as it were , drawn into a different shape . O how strange and wonderful it was ! and how blessed it was to be thus in the hands of God . And last of all I felt my tongue begin to move and my lips to produce strange sounds which did not originate in my mind .", "In some accounts of Spirit baptism , Pentecostals report receiving visions , such as the account of Lucy Leatherman , an Azusa Street participant :", "While seeking for the Baptism with the Holy Ghost in Los Angeles , after Sister Ferrell ( sic ) laid hands on me I praised and praised God and saw my Savior in the heavens . And as I praised , I came closer and closer and I was so small . By and by I swept into the wound in His side , and He was not only in me but I in Him , and there I found that rest that passeth all understanding , and He said to me , you are in the bosom of the Father . He said I was clothed upon and in the secret place of the Most High . But I said , Father , I want the gift of the Holy Ghost , and the heavens opened and I was overshadowed , and such power came upon me and went through me . He said , Praise Me , and when I did , angels came and ministered unto me . I was passive in His hands working on my vocal cords , and I realized they were loosing me . I began to praise Him in an unknown language .", "Charismatics trace their historical origins to the charismatic movement of the 1960s and 1970s . They are distinguished from Pentecostals because they tend to allow for differing viewpoints on whether Spirit baptism is subsequent to conversion and whether tongues is always a sign of receiving the baptism .", "The Catholic Charismatic Renewal believes that there is a further experience of empowerment with the Holy Spirit . As stated by Rev. Fr . Raniero Cantalamessa , `` baptism in the Spirit is not a sacrament , but it is related to a sacrament ... to the sacraments of Christian initiation . The baptism in the Spirit makes real and in a way renews Christian initiation '' . Emphasis of the event is on the release of existing spiritual gifts already given to the individual through baptism in water and confirmation .", "During the 1980s , another renewal movement emerged called the `` Third Wave of the Holy Spirit '' ( the first wave was Pentecostalism and the second wave was the charismatic movement ) . Third wave charismatics stress that the preaching of the gospel , following the New Testament pattern , should be accompanied by `` signs , wonders , and miracles '' . They believe that all Christians are baptized with the Holy Spirit at conversion , and prefer to call subsequent experiences as `` filling '' with the Holy Spirit . John Wimber and the Vineyard churches are most prominently associated with this label .", "In the Latter Day Saint movement , the `` Baptism of fire and of the Holy Ghost '' refers to the experience of one who undergoes the ordinance of confirmation with the laying on of hands to receive the gift of the Holy Ghost . It follows baptism in water and is essential to salvation . The gift of the Holy Ghost is the privilege of receiving inspiration , divine manifestations , direction , spiritual gifts , and other blessings from the Holy Spirit . It begins the lifetime process of sanctification .", "Matthew 3 : 11 : ... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit ... '' Mark 1 : 8 : ... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit ... '' Luke 3 : 16 : `` He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit ... '' Luke 24 : 49 : ... stay here in the city until you have been clothed with power from on high . '' ( see fulfillment in Acts 2 ) . John 1 : 33 : ... the one who baptizes with the Holy Spirit . '' Acts 1 : 4 -- 5 : ... the Promise of the Father ... `` ; ... you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit ... '' Acts 2 : 1 -- 4 : `` All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages ... '' Acts 2 : 14 -- 18 : ... I will pour out my Spirit ... '' ( quoting Joel 2 : 28 -- 29 ) . Acts 4 : 31 : ... they were all filled with the Holy Spirit ... '' Acts 8 : 14 -- 17 : ... prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Spirit ... `` ; ... as yet the Spirit had not yet come upon any of them ... '' ; ... they received the Holy Spirit ... `` ; ... the Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles ' hands ... . '' Acts 9 : 17 : ... Jesus ... has sent me ... that you may ... be filled with the Holy Spirit . '' Acts 10 : 44 -- 48 : `` The Holy Spirit fell upon all who heard the word ... '' ; ... the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out ... `` ; ... people who have received the Holy Spirit ... '' Acts 11 : 15 -- 16 : ... the Holy Spirit fell upon them ... `` ; ... you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit ... '' Acts 19 : 1 -- 6 : `` Did you receive the Holy Spirit ... ? '' ; ... the Holy Spirit came upon them , and they spoke in tongues and prophesied ... '' 1 Cor 12 : 13 : `` For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body -- Jews or Greeks , slaves or free ... ''", "Matthew 3 : 11 : ... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit ... ''", "Mark 1 : 8 : ... He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit ... ''", "Luke 3 : 16 : `` He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit ... ''", "Luke 24 : 49 : ... stay here in the city until you have been clothed with power from on high . '' ( see fulfillment in Acts 2 ) .", "John 1 : 33 : ... the one who baptizes with the Holy Spirit . ''", "Acts 1 : 4 -- 5 : ... the Promise of the Father ... `` ; ... you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit ... ''", "Acts 2 : 1 -- 4 : `` All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages ... ''", "Acts 2 : 14 -- 18 : ... I will pour out my Spirit ... '' ( quoting Joel 2 : 28 -- 29 ) .", "Acts 4 : 31 : ... they were all filled with the Holy Spirit ... ''", "Acts 8 : 14 -- 17 : ... prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Spirit ... `` ; ... as yet the Spirit had not yet come upon any of them ... '' ; ... they received the Holy Spirit ... `` ; ... the Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles ' hands ... . ''", "Acts 9 : 17 : ... Jesus ... has sent me ... that you may ... be filled with the Holy Spirit . ''", "Acts 10 : 44 -- 48 : `` The Holy Spirit fell upon all who heard the word ... '' ; ... the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out ... `` ; ... people who have received the Holy Spirit ... ''", "Acts 11 : 15 -- 16 : ... the Holy Spirit fell upon them ... `` ; ... you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit ... ''", "Acts 19 : 1 -- 6 : `` Did you receive the Holy Spirit ... ? '' ; ... the Holy Spirit came upon them , and they spoke in tongues and prophesied ... ''", "1 Cor 12 : 13 : `` For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body -- Jews or Greeks , slaves or free ... ''" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Atlantic Ocean Coordinates 0 ° N 25 ° W  /  0 ° N 25 ° W  / 0 ; - 25 Coordinates : 0 ° N 25 ° W  /  0 ° N 25 ° W  / 0 ; - 25 Basin countries List of countries , ports Surface area 106,460,000 km ( 41,100,000 sq mi ) North Atlantic : 41,490,000 km ( 16,020,000 sq mi ) , South Atlantic 40,270,000 km ( 15,550,000 sq mi ) Average depth 3,646 m ( 11,962 ft ) Max . depth 8,486 m ( 27,841 ft ) Water volume 310,410,900 km ( 74,471,500 cu mi ) Shore length 111,866 km ( 69,510 mi ) including marginal seas Islands List of islands Trenches Puerto Rico ; South Sandwich ; Romanche Shore length is not a well - defined measure .", "Atlantic Ocean", "Coordinates 0 ° N 25 ° W  /  0 ° N 25 ° W  / 0 ; - 25 Coordinates : 0 ° N 25 ° W  /  0 ° N 25 ° W  / 0 ; - 25", "Basin countries List of countries , ports", "Surface area 106,460,000 km ( 41,100,000 sq mi ) North Atlantic : 41,490,000 km ( 16,020,000 sq mi ) , South Atlantic 40,270,000 km ( 15,550,000 sq mi )", "Average depth 3,646 m ( 11,962 ft )", "Max . depth 8,486 m ( 27,841 ft )", "Water volume 310,410,900 km ( 74,471,500 cu mi )", "Shore length 111,866 km ( 69,510 mi ) including marginal seas", "Islands List of islands", "Trenches Puerto Rico ; South Sandwich ; Romanche", "Shore length is not a well - defined measure .", "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world 's oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometers ( 41,100,000 square miles ) . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth 's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the `` Old World '' from the `` New World '' .", "The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated , S - shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east , and the Americas to the west . As one component of the interconnected global ocean , it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean , to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest , the Indian Ocean in the southeast , and the Southern Ocean in the south ( other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica ) . The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean at about 8 ° N .", "Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition , the German Meteor expedition , Columbia University 's Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office .", "The oldest known mentions of an `` Atlantic '' sea come from Stesichorus around mid-sixth century BC ( Sch . A.R. 1 . 211 ) : Atlantikoi pelágei ( Greek : Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει ; English : ' the Atlantic sea ' ; etym . ' Sea of Atlantis ' ) and in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC ( Hdt. 1.202. 4 ) : Atlantis thalassa ( Greek : Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα ; English : ' Sea of Atlantis ' or ' the Atlantis sea ' ) where the name refers to `` the sea beyond the pillars of Heracles '' which is said to be part of the ocean that surrounds all land . Thus , on one hand , the name refers to Atlas , the Titan in Greek mythology , who supported the heavens and who later appeared as a frontispiece in Medieval maps and also lent his name to modern atlases . On the other hand , to early Greek sailors and in Ancient Greek mythological literature such as the Iliad and the Odyssey , this all - encompassing ocean was instead known as Oceanus , the gigantic river that encircled the world ; in contrast to the enclosed seas well - known to the Greeks : the Mediterranean and the Black Sea . In contrast , the term `` Atlantic '' originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast . The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of million years ago .", "The term `` Aethiopian Ocean '' , derived from Ancient Ethiopia , was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century .", "The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) defined the limits of the oceans and seas in 1953 , but some of these definitions have been revised since then and some are not used by various authorities , institutions , and countries , see for example the CIA World Factbook . Correspondingly , the extent and number of oceans and seas varies .", "The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America . It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait , Greenland Sea , Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea . To the east , the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe : the Strait of Gibraltar ( where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea -- one of its marginal seas -- and , in turn , the Black Sea , both of which also touch upon Asia ) and Africa .", "In the southeast , the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean . The 20 ° East meridian , running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border . In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica , while in later maps it is bounded at the 60 ° parallel by the Southern Ocean .", "The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays , gulfs , and seas . These include the Baltic Sea , Black Sea , Caribbean Sea , Davis Strait , Denmark Strait , part of the Drake Passage , Gulf of Mexico , Labrador Sea , Mediterranean Sea , North Sea , Norwegian Sea , almost all of the Scotia Sea , and other tributary water bodies . Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km ( 69,510 mi ) compared to 135,663 km ( 84,297 mi ) for the Pacific .", "Including its marginal seas , the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km ( 41,100,000 sq mi ) or 23.5 % of the global ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km ( 74,471,500 cu mi ) or 23.3 % . Excluding its marginal seas , the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km ( 31,570,000 sq mi ) and has a volume of 305,811,900 km ( 73,368,200 cu mi ) . The North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km ( 16,020,000 sq mi ) ( 11.5 % ) and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km ( 15,550,000 sq mi ) ( 11.1 % ) . The average depth is 3,646 m ( 11,962 ft ) and the maximum depth , the Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench , is 8,486 m ( 27,841 ft ) .", "The bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( MAR ) . It runs from 87 ° N or 300 km ( 190 mi ) south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42 ° S .", "The MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves , in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary , transverse ridges . The MAR reaches above 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) along most of its length , but is interrupted by larger transform faults at two places : the Romanche Trench near the Equator and the Gibbs Fracture Zone at 53 ° N. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water , but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other .", "The MAR rises 2 -- 3 km ( 1.2 -- 1.9 mi ) above the surrounding ocean floor and its rift valley is the divergent boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates in the North Atlantic and the South American and African plates in the South Atlantic . The MAR produces basaltic volcanoes in Eyjafjallajökull , Iceland , and pillow lava on the ocean floor . The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 m ( 1,500 fathoms ; 8,900 ft ) in most places , while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep .", "The MAR is intersected by two perpendicular ridges : the Azores -- Gibraltar Transform Fault , the boundary between the Nubian and Eurasian plates , intersects the MAR at the Azores Triple Junction , on either side of the Azores microplate , near the 40 ° N. A much vaguer , nameless boundary , between the North American and South American plates , intersects the MAR near or just north of the Fifteen - Twenty Fracture Zone , approximately at 16 ° N .", "In the 1870s , the Challenger expedition discovered parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , or :", "An elevated ridge rising to an average height of about 1,900 fathoms ( 3,500 m ; 11,400 ft ) below the surface traverses the basins of the North and South Atlantic in a meridianal direction from Cape Farewell , probably its far south at least as Gough Island , following roughly the outlines of the coasts of the Old and the New Worlds .", "The remainder of the ridge was discovered in the 1920s by the German Meteor expedition using echo - sounding equipment . The exploration of the MAR in the 1950s lead to the general acceptance of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics .", "Most of the MAR runs under water but where it reaches the surfaces it has produced volcanic islands . While nine of these have collectively been nominated a World Heritage Site for their geological value , four of them are considered of `` Outstanding Universal Value '' based on their cultural and natural criteria : Þingvellir , Iceland ; Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture , Portugal ; Gough and Inaccessible Islands , United Kingdom ; and Brazilian Atlantic Islands : Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves , Brazil .", "Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland , southern-most South America , and north - eastern Europe . In the western Atlantic carbonate platforms dominate large areas , for example the Blake Plateau and Bermuda Rise . The Atlantic is surrounded by passive margins except at a few locations where active margins form deep trenches : the Puerto Rico Trench ( 8,414 m or 27,605 ft maximum depth ) in the western Pacific and South Sandwich Trench ( 8,264 m or 27,113 ft ) in the South Atlantic . There are numerous submarine canyons off north - eastern North America , western Europe , and north - western Africa . Some of these canyons extend along the continental rises and farther into the abyssal plains as deep - sea channels .", "In 1922 a historic moment in cartography and oceanography occurred . The USS Stewart used a Navy Sonic Depth Finder to draw a continuous map across the bed of the Atlantic . This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straight forward with pulses being sent from the vessel , which bounce off the ocean floor , then return to the vessel . The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps , abyssal plains , trenches , seamounts , basins , plateaus , canyons , and some guyots . Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11 % of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise .", "The mean depth between 60 ° N and 60 ° S is 3,730 m ( 12,240 ft ) , or close to the average for the global ocean , with a modal depth between 4,000 and 5,000 m ( 13,000 and 16,000 ft ) .", "In the South Atlantic the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise form barriers to ocean currents . The Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada .", "Surface water temperatures , which vary with latitude , current systems , and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy , range from below − 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) to over 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator , and minimum values are found in the polar regions . In the middle latitudes , the area of maximum temperature variations , values may vary by 7 -- 8 ° C ( 13 -- 14 ° F ) .", "From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea , Denmark Strait , and Baltic Sea .", "The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction , whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise . The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal ; that is , two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours . In latitudes above 40 ° North some east - west oscillation , known as the North Atlantic oscillation , occurs .", "On average , the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean ; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand ( 3.3 -- 3.7 % ) by mass and varies with latitude and season . Evaporation , precipitation , river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values . Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator ( because of heavy tropical rainfall ) , in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter . Maximum salinity values occur at about 25 ° north and south , in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation .", "The high surface salinity in the Atlantic , on which the Atlantic thermohaline circulation is dependent , is maintained by two processes : the Agulhas Leakage / Rings , which brings salty Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic , and the `` Atmospheric Bridge '' , which evaporates subtropical Atlantic waters and exports it to the Pacific .", "Temperature - salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses Water mass Temperature Salinity Upper waters ( 0 -- 500 m or 0 -- 1,600 ft ) Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water ( ASUW ) 0.0 -- 4.0 ° C 34.0 -- 35.0 Western North Atlantic Central Water ( WNACW ) 7.0 -- 20 ° C 35.0 -- 36.7 Eastern North Atlantic Central Water ( ENACW ) 8.0 -- 18.0 ° C 35.2 -- 36.7 South Atlantic Central Water ( SACW ) 5.0 -- 18.0 ° C 34.3 -- 35.8 Intermediate waters ( 500 -- 1,500 m or 1,600 -- 4,900 ft ) Western Atlantic Subarctic Intermediate Water ( WASIW ) 3.0 -- 9.0 ° C 34.0 -- 35.1 Eastern Atlantic Subarctic Intermediate Water ( EASIW ) 3.0 -- 9.0 ° C 34.4 -- 35.3 Mediterranean Water ( MW ) 2.6 -- 11.0 ° C 35.0 -- 36.2 Arctic Intermediate Water ( AIW ) − 1.5 -- 3.0 ° C 34.7 -- 34.9 Deep and abyssal waters ( 1,500 m -- bottom or 4,900 ft -- bottom ) North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) 1.5 -- 4.0 ° C 34.8 -- 35.0 Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) − 0.9 -- 1.7 ° C 34.64 -- 34.72 Arctic Bottom Water ( ABW ) − 1.8 to − 0.5 ° C 34.85 -- 34.94", "Water mass Temperature Salinity", "Upper waters ( 0 -- 500 m or 0 -- 1,600 ft )", "Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water ( ASUW ) 0.0 -- 4.0 ° C 34.0 -- 35.0", "Western North Atlantic Central Water ( WNACW ) 7.0 -- 20 ° C 35.0 -- 36.7", "Eastern North Atlantic Central Water ( ENACW ) 8.0 -- 18.0 ° C 35.2 -- 36.7", "South Atlantic Central Water ( SACW ) 5.0 -- 18.0 ° C 34.3 -- 35.8", "Intermediate waters ( 500 -- 1,500 m or 1,600 -- 4,900 ft )", "Western Atlantic Subarctic Intermediate Water ( WASIW ) 3.0 -- 9.0 ° C 34.0 -- 35.1", "Eastern Atlantic Subarctic Intermediate Water ( EASIW ) 3.0 -- 9.0 ° C 34.4 -- 35.3", "Mediterranean Water ( MW ) 2.6 -- 11.0 ° C 35.0 -- 36.2", "Arctic Intermediate Water ( AIW ) − 1.5 -- 3.0 ° C 34.7 -- 34.9", "Deep and abyssal waters ( 1,500 m -- bottom or 4,900 ft -- bottom )", "North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) 1.5 -- 4.0 ° C 34.8 -- 35.0", "Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) − 0.9 -- 1.7 ° C 34.64 -- 34.72", "Arctic Bottom Water ( ABW ) − 1.8 to − 0.5 ° C 34.85 -- 34.94", "The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major , upper water masses with distinct temperature and salinity . The Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water in the northern-most North Atlantic is the source for Subarctic Intermediate Water and North Atlantic Intermediate Water . North Atlantic Central Water can be divided into the Eastern and Western North Atlantic central Water since the western part is strongly affected by the Gulf Stream and therefore the upper layer is closer to underlying fresher subpolar intermediate water . The eastern water is saltier because of its proximity to Mediterranean Water . North Atlantic Central Water flows into South Atlantic Central Water at 15 ° N .", "There are five intermediate waters : four low - salinity waters formed at subpolar latitudes and one high - salinity formed through evaporation . Arctic Intermediate Water , flows from north to become the source for North Atlantic Deep Water south of the Greenland - Scotland sill . These two intermediate waters have different salinity in the western and eastern basins . The wide range of salinities in the North Atlantic is caused by the asymmetry of the northern subtropical gyre and the large number of contributions from a wide range of sources : Labrador Sea , Norwegian - Greenland Sea , Mediterranean , and South Atlantic Intermediate Water .", "The North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) is a complex of four water masses , two that form by deep convection in the open ocean -- Classical and Upper Labrador Sea Water -- and two that form from the inflow of dense water across the Greenland - Iceland - Scotland sill -- Denmark Strait and Iceland - Scotland Overflow Water . Along its path across Earth the composition of the NADW is affected by other water masses , especially Antarctic Bottom Water and Mediterranean Overflow Water . The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe . Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past . Since man - made substances were introduced into the environment , the path of the NADW can be traced throughout its course by measuring tritium and radiocarbon from nuclear weapon tests in the 1960s and CFCs .", "The clockwise warm - water North Atlantic Gyre occupies the northern Atlantic , and the counter-clockwise warm - water South Atlantic Gyre appears in the southern Atlantic .", "In the North Atlantic surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents : the Gulf Stream which flows north - east from the North American coast at Cape Hatteras ; the North Atlantic Current , a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the Grand Banks ; and the Subpolar Front , an extension of the North Atlantic Current , a wide , vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre . This system of currents transport warm water into the North Atlantic , without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically .", "North of the North Atlantic Gyre , the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays a key role in climate variability . It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography , rather than being steered by wind , both in the deep ocean and at sea level . The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation . Its eastern portion includes eddying branches of the North Atlantic Current which transport warm , saline waters from the subtropics to the north - eastern Atlantic . There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense ( 40 -- 50 Sv ) current which flows around the continental margins of the Labrador Sea . A third of this water become parts of the deep portion of the North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) . The NADW , in its turn , feed the meridional overturning circulation ( MOC ) , the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change . Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade - century scale , associated with the North Atlantic oscillation , are especially pronounced in Labrador Sea Water , the upper layers of the MOC .", "The South Atlantic is dominated by the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre . The South Atlantic Central Water originates in this gyre , while Antarctic Intermediate Water originates in the upper layers of the circumpolar region , near the Drake Passage and Falkland Islands . Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean . On the African east coast the small cyclonic Angola Gyre lies embedded in the large subtropical gyre . The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind - induced Ekman layer . The residence time of the gyre is 4.4 -- 8.5 years . North Atlantic Deep Water flows southerward below the thermocline of the subtropical gyre .", "The Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic can be defined as the area where two species of Sargassum ( S. fluitans and natans ) float , an area 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) wide and encircled by the Gulf Stream , North Atlantic Drift , and North Equatorial Current . This population of seaweed probably originated from Tertiary ancestors on the European shores of the former Tethys Ocean and has , if so , maintained itself by vegetative growth , floating in the ocean for millions of years .", "Other species endemic to the Sargasso Sea include the sargassum fish , a predator with algae - like appendages who hovers motionless among the Sargassum . Fossils of similar fishes have been found in fossil bays of the former Tethys Ocean , in what is now the Carpathian region , that were similar to the Sargasso Sea . It is possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma . The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries . The fossils found in the Carpathians in the mid-20th century , often called the `` quasi-Sargasso assemblage '' , finally showed that this assemblage originated in the Carpathian Basin from were it migrated over Sicily to the Central Atlantic where it evolved into modern species of the Sargasso Sea .", "The location of the spawning ground for European eels remained unknown for decades . In the early 19th century it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the European and American eel and that the former migrate more than 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ) and the latter 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) . Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream transport eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea to foraging areas in North America , Europe , and Northern Africa . Recent but disputed research suggests that eels possibly use Earth 's magnetic field to navigate through the ocean both as larvae and as adults .", "Climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds . Because of the ocean 's great capacity to store and release heat , maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates . Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures .", "The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation . Climatic zones vary with latitude ; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator . The coldest zones are in high latitudes , with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice . Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions . The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas .", "The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe , the North Atlantic Drift is thought to have at least some influence on climate . For example , the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America , keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas . The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula . In the higher latitudes , the North Atlantic Drift , warms the atmosphere over the oceans , keeping the British Isles and north - western Europe mild and cloudy , and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude . The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada ( the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area ) and Africa 's north - western coast . In general , winds transport moisture and air over land areas .", "Icebergs are common from February to August in the Davis Strait , Denmark Strait , and the northwestern Atlantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and Madeira . Ships are subject to superstructure icing in the extreme north from October to May . Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September , as can hurricanes north of the equator ( May to December ) .", "The United States ' southeast coast , especially the Virginia and North Carolina coasts , has a long history of shipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs .", "The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents because of unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes , but Coast Guard records do not support this belief .", "Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic , but mainly in the northern part of the ocean , rarely tropical cyclones form in the southern parts . Hurricanes usually form annually between June and November .", "The break - up of Pangaea began in the Central Atlantic , between North America and Northwest Africa , where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic . This period also saw the first stages of the uplift of the Atlas Mountains . The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging from 200 to 170 Ma .", "The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break - up of the supercontinent Pangaea , both of which were initiated by the eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province ( CAMP ) , one of the most extensive and voluminous large igneous provinces in Earth 's history associated with the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event , one of Earth 's major extinction events . Theoliitic dikes , sills , and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa , eastern North America , and northern South America . The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5 × 10 km ( 1.7 × 10 sq mi ) of which 2.5 × 10 km ( 9.7 × 10 sq mi ) covered what is now northern and central Brazil .", "The formation of the Central American Isthmus closed the Central American Seaway at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago . The formation of the isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land - living animals , known as the Great American Interchange , but the closure of the seaway resulted in a `` Great American Schism '' as it affected ocean currents , salinity , and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific . Marine organisms on both sides of the isthmus became isolated and either diverged or went extinct .", "Geologically the Northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins , Newfoundland and Iberia , and to the north by the Arctic Eurasian Basin . The opening of the Northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor , the Iapetus Ocean , and spread from the Central Atlantic in six stages : Iberia -- Newfoundland , Porcupine -- North America , Eurasia -- Greenland , Eurasia -- North America . Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the Iceland hotspot .", "West Gondwana ( South America and Africa ) broke up in the Early Cretaceous to form the South Atlantic . The apparent fit between the coastlines of the two continents was noted on the first maps that included the South Atlantic and it was also the subject of the first computer - assisted plate tectonic reconstructions in 1965 . This magnificent fit , however , has since then proven problematic and later reconstructions have introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward - propagating break - up . Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates .", "Geologically the South Atlantic can be divided into four segments : Equatorial segment , from 10 ° N to the Romanche Fracture Zone ( RFZ ) ; ; Central segment , from RFZ to Florianopolis Fracture Zone ( FFZ , north of Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise ) ; Southern segment , from FFZ to the Agulhas - Falkland Fracture Zone ( AFFZ ) ; and Falkland segment , south of AFFZ .", "In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous ( 133 -- 130 Ma ) intensive magmatism of the Paraná -- Etendeka Large Igneous Province produced by the Tristan hotspot resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5 × 10 to 2.0 × 10 km ( 3.6 × 10 to 4.8 × 10 cu mi ) . It covered an area of 1.2 × 10 to 1.6 × 10 km ( 4.6 × 10 to 6.2 × 10 sq mi ) in Brazil , Paraguay , and Uruguay and 0.8 × 10 km ( 3.1 × 10 sq mi ) in Africa . Dyke swarms in Brazil , Angola , eastern Paraguay , and Namibia , however , suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas . Associated offshore basaltic flows reach as far south as the Falkland Islands and South Africa . Traces of magmatism in both offshore and onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147 -- 49 Ma with two peaks between 143 -- 121 Ma and 90 -- 60 Ma .", "In the Falkland segment rifting began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic ( 190 Ma ) and the Early Cretaceous ( 126.7 Ma ) . Around 150 Ma sea - floor spreading propagated northward into the southern segment . No later than 130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis Ridge -- Rio Grande Rise .", "In the central segment rifting started to break Africa in two by opening the Benue Trough around 118 Ma . Rifting in the central segment , however , coincided with the Cretaceous Normal Superchron ( also known as the Cretaceous quiet period ) , a 40 Ma period without magnetic reversals , which makes it difficult to date sea - floor spreading in this segment .", "The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break - up , but , because it is located on the Equator , magnetic anomalies can not be used for dating . Various estimates date the propagation of sea - floor spreading in this segment to the period 120 -- 96 Ma . This final stage , nevertheless , coincided with or resulted in the end of continental extension in Africa .", "About 50 Ma the opening of the Drake Passage resulted from a change in the motions and separation rate of the South American and Antarctic plates . First small ocean basins opened and a shallow gateway appeared during the Middle Eocene. 34 -- 30 Ma a deeper seaway developed , followed by an Eocene -- Oligocene climatic deterioration and the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet .", "An embryonic subduction margin is potentially developing west of Gibraltar . The Gibraltar Arc in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the Central Atlantic where it joins the converging African and Eurasian plates . Together these three tectonic forces are slowly developing into a new subduction system in the eastern Atlantic Basin . Meanwhile , the Scotia Arc and Caribbean Plate in the western Atlantic Basin are eastward - propagating subduction systems that might , together with the Gibraltar system , represent the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic Wilson Cycle .", "Humans evolved in Africa ; first by diverging from other apes around 7 Ma ; then developing stone tools around 2.6 Ma ; to finally evolve as modern humans around 100 kya . The earliest evidences for the complex behavior associated with this behavioral modernity has been found in the Greater Cape Floristic Region ( GCFR ) along the coast of South Africa . During the latest glacial stages the now - submerged plains of the Agulhas Bank were exposed above sea level , extending the South African coastline farther south by hundreds of kilometers . A small population of modern humans -- probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals -- survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by these Palaeo - Agulhas plains . The GCFR is delimited to the north by the Cape Fold Belt and the limited space south of it resulted in the development of social networks out of which complex Stone Age technologies emerged . Human history thus begins on the coasts of South Africa where the Atlantic Benguela Upwelling and Indian Ocean Agulhas Current meet to produce an intertidal zone on which shellfish , fur seal , fishes and sea birds provided the necessary protein sources . The African origin of this modern behaviour is evidenced by 70,000 years - old engravings from Blombos Cave , South Africa .", "Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) studies indicate that 80 -- 60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa , derived from a single , small population , coincided with the emergence of behavioral complexity and the rapid MIS 5 -- 4 environmental changes . This group of people not only expanded over the whole of Africa , but also started to disperse out of Africa into Asia , Europe , and Australasia around 65,000 years ago and quickly replaced the archaic humans in these regions . During the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) 20,000 years ago humans had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean . Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by Magdalenian culture . Other hunter - gatherers followed in waves interrupted by large - scale hazards such as the Laacher See volcanic eruption , the inundation of Doggerland ( now the North Sea ) , and the formation of the Baltic Sea . The European coasts of the North Atlantic were permanently populated about 9 -- 8.5 thousand years ago .", "This human dispersal left abundant traces along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean . 50 ka - old , deeply stratified shell middens found in Ysterfontein on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age ( MSA ) . The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations . While their middens resemble 12 -- 11 ka - old Late Stone Age ( LSA ) middens found on every inhabited continent , the 50 -- 45 ka - old Enkapune Ya Muto in Kenya probably represents the oldest traces of the first modern humans to disperse out of Africa .", "The same development can be seen in Europe . In La Riera Cave ( 23 -- 13 ka ) in Asturias , Spain , only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 ka . In contrast , 8 -- 7 ka - old shell middens in Portugal , Denmark , and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts . The Ertebølle middens in Denmark , for example , accumulated 2,000 m ( 71,000 cu ft ) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years . This intensification in the exploitation of marine resources has been described as accompanied by new technologies -- such as boats , harpoons , and fish - hooks -- because many caves found in the Mediterranean and on the European Atlantic coast have increased quantities of marine shells in their upper levels and reduced quantities in their lower . The earliest exploitation , however , took place on the now submerged shelves , and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves . The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland .", "During the LGM the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of northern North America while Beringia connected Siberia to Alaska . In 1973 late U.S. geoscientist Paul S. Martin proposed a `` blitzkrieg '' colonization of America by which Clovis hunters migrated into North America around 13,000 years ago in a single wave through an ice - free corridor in the ice sheet and `` spread southward explosively , briefly attaining a density sufficiently large to overkill much of their prey . '' Others later proposed a `` three - wave '' migration over the Bering Land Bridge . These hypotheses remained the long - held view regarding the settlement of the Americas , a view challenged by more recent archaeological discoveries : the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas have been found in South America ; sites in north - east Siberia report virtually no human presence there during the LGM ; and most Clovis artefacts have been found in eastern North America along the Atlantic coast . Furthermore , colonisation models based on mtDNA , yDNA , and atDNA data respectively support neither the `` blitzkrieg '' nor the `` three - wave '' hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results . Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will , eventually , confirm each other . A proposed route across the Pacific to South America could explain early South American finds and another hypothesis proposes a northern path , through the Canadian Arctic and down the North American Atlantic coast . Early settlements across the Atlantic have been suggested by alternative theories , ranging from purely hypothetical to mostly disputed , including the Solutrean hypothesis and some of the Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories .", "The Norse settlement of the Faroe Islands and Iceland began during the 9th and 10th centuries . A settlement on Greenland was established before 1000 CE , but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early Little Ice Age . This setback was caused by a range of factors : an unsustainable economy resulted in erosion and denudation , while conflicts with the local Inuit resulted in the failure to adapt their Arctic technologies ; a colder climate resulted in starvation ; and the colony got economically marginalized as the Great Plague and Barbary pirates harvested its victims on Iceland in the 15th century . Iceland was initially settled 865 -- 930 CE following a warm period when winter temperatures hovered around 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) which made farming favorable at high latitudes . This did not last , however , and temperatures quickly dropped ; at 1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) . The Landnámabók ( Book of Settlement ) records disastrous famines during the first century of settlement -- `` men ate foxes and ravens '' and `` the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs '' -- and by the early 1200s hay had to be abandoned for short - season crops such as barley .", "Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in 1492 under Spanish flag . Six years later Vasco da Gama reached India under Portuguese flag , by navigating south around the Cape of Good Hope , thus proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are connected . In 1500 , in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama , Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil , taken by the currents of the South Atlantic Gyre . Following these explorations , Spain and Portugal quickly conquered and colonized large territories in the New World and forced the Native American population into slavery in order to explore the vast quantities of silver and gold they found . Spain and Portugal monopolized this trade in order to keep other European nations out , but conflicting interests nevertheless lead to a series of Spanish - Portuguese wars . A peace treaty mediated by the Pope divided the conquered territories into Spanish and Portuguese sectors while keeping other colonial powers away . England , France , and the Dutch Republic enviously watched the Spanish and Portuguese wealth grow and allied themselves with pirates such as Henry Mainwaring and Alexandre Exquemelin . They could explore the convoys leaving America because prevailing winds and currents made the transport of heavy metals slow and predictable .", "In the American colonies depredation , disease , and slavery quickly reduced the indigenous American population to the extent that the Atlantic slave trade had to be introduced to replace them -- a trade that became norm and an integral part of the colonization . Between the 15th century and 1888 , when Brazil became the last part of America to end slave trade , an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves , most of them destined for agricultural labour . The slave trade was officially abolished in the British Empire and the United States in 1808 , and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the U.S. in 1865 after the Civil War .", "From Columbus to the Industrial Revolution Trans - Atlantic trade , including colonialism and slavery , became crucial for Western Europe . For European countries with a direct access to the Atlantic ( including Britain , France , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain ) 1500 -- 1800 was a period of sustained growth during which these countries grew richer than those in Eastern Europe and Asia . Colonialism evolved as part of the Trans - Atlantic trade , but this trade also strengthened the position of merchant groups at the expense of monarchs . Growth was more rapid in non-absolutist countries , such as Britain and the Netherlands , and more limited in absolutist monarchies , such as Portugal , Spain , and France , where profit mostly or exclusively benefited the monarchy and its allies .", "Trans - Atlantic trade also resulted in an increasing urbanization : in European countries facing the Atlantic urbanization grew from 8 % in 1300 , 10.1 % in 1500 , to 24.5 % in 1850 ; in other European countries from 10 % in 1300 , 11.4 % in 1500 , to 17 % in 1850 . Likewise , GDP doubled in Atlantic countries but rose by only 30 % in the rest of Europe . By end of the 17th century the volume of the Trans - Atlantic trade had surpassed that of the Mediterranean trade .", "The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries . Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes , the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves .", "The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields , fish , marine mammals ( seals and whales ) , sand and gravel aggregates , placer deposits , polymetallic nodules , and precious stones . Gold deposits are a mile or two under water on the ocean floor , however the deposits are also encased in rock that must be mined through . Currently , there is no cost - effective way to mine or extract gold from the ocean to make a profit .", "Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills , marine debris , and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea .", "The shelves of the Atlantic hosts one of the world 's richest fishing resources . The most productive areas include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , the Scotian Shelf , Georges Bank off Cape Cod , the Bahama Banks , the waters around Iceland , the Irish Sea , the Bay of Fundy , the Dogger Bank of the North Sea , and the Falkland Banks . Fisheries have , however , undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic : fisheries in the Eastern Central and South - West Atlantic oscillate around a globally stable value , the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks . The third group , `` continuously increasing trend since 1950 '' , is only found in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific .", "In the North - East Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013 . Blue whiting reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013 . Recovery plans for cod , sole , and plaice have reduced mortality in these species . Arctic cod reached its lowest levels in the 1960s -- 1980s but is now recovered . Arctic saithe and haddock are considered fully fished ; Sand eel is overfished as was capelin which has now recovered to fully fished . Limited data makes the state of redfishes and deep - water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing . Stocks of northern shrimp and Norwegian lobster are in good condition . In the North - East Atlantic 21 % of stocks are considered overfished .", "In the North - West Atlantic landings have decreased from 4.2 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.9 million tons in 2013 . During the 21th century some species have shown weak signs of recovery , including Greenland halibut , yellowtail flounder , Atlantic halibut , haddock , spiny dogfish , while other stocks shown no such signs , including cod , witch flounder , and redfish . Stocks of invertebrates , in contrast , remain at record levels of abundance . 31 % of stocks are overfished in the North - west Atlantic .", "In 1497 John Cabot became the first to explore mainland North America and one of his major discoveries was the abundant resources of Atlantic cod off Newfoundland . Referred to as `` Newfoundland Currency '' this discovery supplied mankind with some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries started to exploit haddock , mackerel , and lobster . From the 1950s to the 1970s the introduction of European and Asian distant - water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and number of exploited species . It also expanded the exploited areas from near - shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep - water species such as redfish , Greenland halibut , witch flounder , and grenadiers . Overfishing in the area was recognised as early as the 1960s but , because this was occurring on international waters , it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made . In the early 1990s this finally resulted in the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery . The population of a number of deep - sea fishes also collapsed in the process , including American plaice , redfish , and Greenland halibut , together with flounder and grenadier .", "In the Eastern Central Atlantic small pelagic fishes constitute about 50 % of landings with sardine reaching 0.6 -- 1.0 million tons per year . Pelagic fish stocks are considered fully fishes or overfished , with sardines south of Cape Bojador the notable exception . Almost half of stocks are fished at biologically unsustainable levels . Total catches have been fluctuating since the 1970s ; reaching 3.9 million tons in 2013 or slightly less than the peak production in 2010 .", "In the Western Central Atlantic catches have been decreasing since 2000 and reached 1.3 million tons in 2013 . The most important species in the area , Gulf menhaden , reached a million tons in the mid-1980s but only half a million tons in 2013 and is now considered fully fished . Round sardinella was an important species in the 1990s but is now considered overfished . Groupers and snappers are overfished and northern brown shrimp and American cupped oyster are considered fully fished approaching overfished. 44 % of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels .", "In the South - East Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013 . Horse mackerel and hake are the most important species , together representing almost half of the landings . Off South Africa and Namibia deep - water hake and shallow - water Cape hake have recovered to sustainable levels since regulations were introduced in 2006 and the states of Southern African pilchard and anchovy have improved to fully fished in 2013 .", "In the South - West Atlantic a peak was reached in the mid-1980s and catches now fluctuate between 1.7 and 2.6 million tons . The most important species , the Argentine shortfin squid , which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value , is considered fully fished to overfished . Another important species was the Brazilian sardinella , with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished . Half the stocks in this area are being fished at unsustainable levels : Whitehead 's round herring has not yet reached fully fished but Cunene horse mackerel is overfished . The sea snail perlemoen abalone is targeted by illegal fishing and remain overfished .", "Endangered marine species include the manatee , seals , sea lions , turtles , and whales . Drift net fishing can kill dolphins , albatrosses and other seabirds ( petrels , auks ) , hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes . Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States , southern Brazil , and eastern Argentina ; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico , Lake Maracaibo , Mediterranean Sea , and North Sea ; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea , North Sea , and Mediterranean Sea .", "North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased sea surface temperature ( SST ) at tropical latitudes , changes that can be attributed to either the natural Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) or to anthropogenic climate change . A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation ( AMOC ) slowed down by 30 % between 1957 and 2004 . If the AMO was responsible for SST variability then the AMOC would have increased in strength , which is apparently not the case . Furthermore , it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity . Therefore , these changes in SST must be caused by human activities .", "The ocean mixed layer plays an important role heat storage over seasonal and decadal time - scales , whereas deeper layers are affected over millennia and has a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer . This heat uptake provides a time - lag for climate change but it also results in a thermal expansion of the oceans which contribute to sea - level rise . 21st century global warming will probably result in an equilibrium sea - level rise five times greater than today , whilst melting of glaciers , including that of the Greenland ice - sheet , expected to have virtually no effect during the 21st century , will probably result in a sea - level rise of 3 -- 6 m over a millennium .", "On 7 June 2006 , Florida 's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off the state 's endangered species list . Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature .", "Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles . The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste . The excess of oxygen - depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone .", "Marine debris , which is also known as marine litter , describes human - created waste floating in a body of water . Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines , frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter ." ]

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[ "5 Centimeters per Second Theatrical release poster 秒速 5 センチ メートル ( Byōsoku Go Senchimētoru ) Anime film Directed by Makoto Shinkai Produced by Makoto Shinkai Written by Makoto Shinkai Music by Tenmon Studio CoMix Wave Inc . Licensed by Madman Entertainment Discotek Media Manga Entertainment Released 3 March 2007 Runtime 63 minutes Novel Written by Makoto Shinkai Published by Media Factory Published 19 November 2007 Manga Written by Makoto Shinkai Illustrated by Seike Yukiko Published by Kodansha English publisher Vertical Inc . Demographic Seinen Magazine Monthly Afternoon Original run July 2010 -- June 2011 Volumes Anime and Manga portal", "5 Centimeters per Second", "Theatrical release poster", "秒速 5 センチ メートル ( Byōsoku Go Senchimētoru )", "Anime film", "Directed by Makoto Shinkai", "Produced by Makoto Shinkai", "Written by Makoto Shinkai", "Music by Tenmon", "Studio CoMix Wave Inc .", "Licensed by Madman Entertainment Discotek Media Manga Entertainment", "Released 3 March 2007", "Runtime 63 minutes", "Novel", "Written by Makoto Shinkai", "Published by Media Factory", "Published 19 November 2007", "Manga", "Written by Makoto Shinkai", "Illustrated by Seike Yukiko", "Published by Kodansha", "English publisher Vertical Inc .", "Demographic Seinen", "Magazine Monthly Afternoon", "Original run July 2010 -- June 2011", "Volumes", "Anime and Manga portal", "5 Centimeters per Second ( Japanese : 秒速 5 センチ メートル , Hepburn : Byōsoku Go Senchimētoru ) is a 2007 Japanese animated film produced , written and directed by Makoto Shinkai . The film was finished on 22 January 2007 . The first part of the film was released on Yahoo ! Japan as streaming video to Yahoo ! Premium members from 16 to 19 February 2007 . On 3 March 2007 , the full length featured film had its theatrical premiere at Cinema Rise in Shibuya , Tokyo . The film consists of three segments : `` Cherry Blossom '' ( 桜花 抄 , Ōkashō ) , `` Cosmonaut '' ( コスモナウト , Kosumonauto ) , and `` 5 Centimeters per Second '' ( 秒速 5 センチ メートル , Byōsoku Go Senchimētoru ) , totaling about an hour of runtime . As in Shinkai 's previous works , Tenmon composed this film 's soundtrack . The film was awarded Best Animated Feature Film at the 2007 Asia Pacific Screen Awards . The DVD was released on 19 July 2007 .", "A novelization of 5 Centimeters per Second was released in November 2007 , expanding on the film . In the July 2010 issue of the manga anthology Afternoon , a manga adaptation started serialization , illustrated by Seike Yukiko .", "The story is set in Japan , beginning in the 1990s up until the present day ( 2008 ) , with each act centered on a boy named Takaki Tōno . The first act takes place during a time when cell phones are uncommon and email had not yet reached the general population .", "Takaki Tōno quickly befriends Akari Shinohara when she transfers to his elementary school in Tokyo . They grow closer to each other due to similar interests and attitudes ; for instance , they both prefer to stay inside during recess due to their seasonal allergies . As a result , they form a strong bond ; they speak to each other using their given names without any form of honorifics , which is a sign of deep friendship and familiarity in Japan .", "Upon graduating from elementary school , Akari moves to the nearby prefecture of Tochigi , due to her parents ' jobs . The two keep in contact by writing letters but eventually begin to drift apart . When Takaki learns that his family will be moving to Kagoshima on the other side of the country , he decides to personally go see Akari , since they will be too far apart to visit each other at all after moving . He also prepares a letter for Akari confessing his feelings for her . However , Takaki loses the letter during the journey and a severe snowstorm continuously delays his train for several hours . As the two finally meet and share their first kiss , Takaki realizes they will never be together again . Stranded in a shed due to the snowstorm , they fall asleep after talking late into the night . Takaki departs from the train station the next morning , and the two promise to continue writing to each other . As the train rolls away , Takaki decides that the loss of his letter is not important anymore after the kiss , while Akari silently looks at her own letter addressed to Takaki .", "In 1999 , Takaki is now in the third year of senior high in Tanegashima , where the Tanegashima Space Center is located . Kanae Sumida , a classmate of Takaki , has been in love with him ever since meeting him in middle school but has never had the courage to confess her feelings . She tries to spend time with him , waiting long after school for the chance to travel home together . However , Takaki appears ignorant to Kanae 's feelings and only treats her as a good friend . Kanae observes that Takaki is always writing emails to someone or staring off into the distance as if searching for something far away . It is later shown that Takaki 's emails are not being sent to anyone , and that he has had recurring dreams which feature Akari . After a failed attempt to tell Takaki she loves him , Kanae eventually realizes that he is looking for something far beyond what she can offer and decides not to , though she believes she will always love him . With such thoughts , she cries herself to sleep .", "It is 2008 . Takaki is now a programmer in Tokyo . Meanwhile , Akari is preparing to get married to another man . Takaki still longs for Akari to the detriment of his lifestyle . He receives a call from his current girlfriend but does not answer , signifying the relationship 's end . Depressed , Takaki quits his job , unable to cope with his feelings for Akari . Akari goes through a box of her old possessions and finds the letter she had written to Takaki many years ago . Takaki finds himself in a convenience store reading a magazine about the rocket launched in Episode 2 : Cosmonaut . Takaki and Akari begin a dual narration , both recalling a recent dream . In this dream , they relive their last meeting in the snow - filled Iwafune , and remember the wish to someday watch the cherry blossoms together again .", "One day while walking down the same road they had while they were children , Takaki and Akari appear to pass and recognize each other at the train crossing , the same place they had promised to watch the cherry blossoms together thirteen years ago , just before Akari moved to Tochigi . On opposite sides of the tracks , they stop and begin to look back , but passing trains cut off their view . Takaki waits for the trains to pass and finds that Akari is gone . After a moment , he smiles to himself and continues walking as the cherry blossoms stir in the train 's wake .", "Takaki Tōno ( 遠野 貴樹 , Tōno Takaki ) Voiced by : Kenji Mizuhashi ( Japanese ) ; David Matranga ( ADV Films release ) and Johnny Yong Bosch ( Bang Zoom ! Entertainment release ) ( English ) Takaki is the central character of the film . Because of his parents ' jobs , he is forced to move a lot . He and Akari become close friends , but when Akari moves away , they end up attending different junior high schools . In the second arc , he is shown to be an apt kyūdō practitioner and a member of his school 's kyūdō club . Akari Shinohara ( 篠原 明里 , Shinohara Akari ) Voiced by : Yoshimi Kondō ( Act 1 ) and Ayaka Onouei ( Act 3 ) ( Japanese ) ; Hilary Haag ( ADV ) , Erika Weinstein ( Act 1 , Bang Zoom ! ) and Tara Platt ( Act 3 , Bang Zoom ! ) ( English ) Takaki 's best friend and love interest in elementary school . Like Takaki , she and her family move a lot . After elementary school , she moves to Iwafune . Apparently she suggests living with her aunt in Tokyo in order to stay with Takaki , but her parents forbid this . For a while , she and Takaki keep in touch via post . Kanae Sumida ( 澄田 花苗 , Sumida Kanae ) Voiced by : Satomi Hanamura ( Japanese ) ; Serena Varghese ( ADV ) and Kira Buckland ( Bang Zoom ! ) ( English ) A classmate of Takaki in high school . She has been in love with Takaki since he began attending her junior high school , but can not express her feelings to him . Kanae loves to surf and rides a moped to school . She does n't know what she wants to do with her future . Her older sister is a teacher at her high school . Alternatively in the manga , she is seen working as a nurse after the events on the film . She decides to go looking for Takaki at Tokyo and after arriving and wandering aimlessly for a while she finally gets his phone number . Just as she decides to go back and not see him , he seems to walk in front of the park bench where she is , presumably noticing her and her noticing him .", "Takaki Tōno ( 遠野 貴樹 , Tōno Takaki )", "Voiced by : Kenji Mizuhashi ( Japanese ) ; David Matranga ( ADV Films release ) and Johnny Yong Bosch ( Bang Zoom ! Entertainment release ) ( English )", "Takaki is the central character of the film . Because of his parents ' jobs , he is forced to move a lot . He and Akari become close friends , but when Akari moves away , they end up attending different junior high schools . In the second arc , he is shown to be an apt kyūdō practitioner and a member of his school 's kyūdō club .", "Akari Shinohara ( 篠原 明里 , Shinohara Akari )", "Voiced by : Yoshimi Kondō ( Act 1 ) and Ayaka Onouei ( Act 3 ) ( Japanese ) ; Hilary Haag ( ADV ) , Erika Weinstein ( Act 1 , Bang Zoom ! ) and Tara Platt ( Act 3 , Bang Zoom ! ) ( English )", "Takaki 's best friend and love interest in elementary school . Like Takaki , she and her family move a lot . After elementary school , she moves to Iwafune . Apparently she suggests living with her aunt in Tokyo in order to stay with Takaki , but her parents forbid this . For a while , she and Takaki keep in touch via post .", "Kanae Sumida ( 澄田 花苗 , Sumida Kanae )", "Voiced by : Satomi Hanamura ( Japanese ) ; Serena Varghese ( ADV ) and Kira Buckland ( Bang Zoom ! ) ( English )", "A classmate of Takaki in high school . She has been in love with Takaki since he began attending her junior high school , but can not express her feelings to him . Kanae loves to surf and rides a moped to school . She does n't know what she wants to do with her future . Her older sister is a teacher at her high school .", "Alternatively in the manga , she is seen working as a nurse after the events on the film . She decides to go looking for Takaki at Tokyo and after arriving and wandering aimlessly for a while she finally gets his phone number . Just as she decides to go back and not see him , he seems to walk in front of the park bench where she is , presumably noticing her and her noticing him .", "Makoto Shinkai had expressed that , unlike his past works , there would be no fantasy or science fiction elements in this film . Instead , the feature film would attempt to present the real world from a different perspective . Makoto 's film gives a realistic view of the struggles many face against : time , space , people , and love . The title 5 Centimeters per Second comes from the speed at which cherry blossoms petals fall , petals being a metaphorical representation of humans , reminiscent of the slowness of life and how people often start together but slowly drift into their separate ways . The movie marks the first time Shinkai has worked closely with a full staff of animators and artists .", "Director , Writer and Original Creator : Makoto Shinkai Character Design and Chief Animation Director : Takayo Nishimura Background Art : Takumi Tanji , Ryoko Majima Music : Tenmon Production and Distribution : CoMix Wave , Inc .", "Director , Writer and Original Creator : Makoto Shinkai", "Character Design and Chief Animation Director : Takayo Nishimura", "Background Art : Takumi Tanji , Ryoko Majima", "Music : Tenmon", "Production and Distribution : CoMix Wave , Inc .", "The DVD was released on 19 July 2007 in Japan . The title was licensed by ADV Films and scheduled for a December 2007 release , but the release was delayed until March 2008 . The film 's Region 2 DVD release date was pushed back from 4 March 2008 to April 2008 . The official Russian release by Reanimedia was already in stock in January 2008 . The film is also licensed in Taiwan by Proware Multimedia International . On 11 July 2008 , ADV announced that it was discontinuing print of the DVD . Bang Zoom ! Entertainment has re-dubbed the entire film at the request of its original Japanese distributor , and the new dub was first streamed via Crunchyroll as part of their Day of Makoto Shinkai on 28 February 2009 . On 13 August 2010 , Crunchyroll CEO Kun Gao announced plans to release titles on DVD , starting with 5 Centimeters per Second . Bandai Entertainment manufactured and distributed the DVDs , which included the Bang Zoom ! dub . This version was released 22 February 2011 . In 2015 , Discotek Media announced that it had licensed 5 Centimeters per Second for a DVD release on 2 June that year .", "On 29 March 2009 the distribution company Madman Entertainment announced plans to release 5 Centimetres Per Second in Australia . The film 's ending theme was `` One More Time , One More Chance '' by Masayoshi Yamazaki . The Blu - ray version of the film has been released on 18 April 2008 in Japan . The HD DVD version of the film has also been released on 18 April 2008 , which is region - free by default .", "The novel version of 5 Centimeters per Second , licensed by Media Factory , was released on 16 November 2007 in Japan . It was the first novel written by Makoto Shinkai . The photographs in the novel were also taken by Shinkai . Another version of the novel , One more side , was released on 20 May 2011 in Japan . The author is Shinta Kanou , who wrote the novels for Voices of a Distant Star and The Place Promised in Our Early Days which are both Makoto Shinkai 's films .", "The manga adaptation of the film , illustrated by manga artist Yukiko Seike , started serialization in Kodansha 's seinen magazine Afternoon in July 2010 and has been published in English as a single volume omnibus by Vertical Inc . In the manga adaption , the second two sections of the story are expanded upon . Akari , Kanae , and Risa all receive much more individual time .", "The producers of the popular Chinese animated series Xin Ling Zhi Chuang ( Spirit 's Window ) have been accused of copying several backgrounds from 5 Centimeters per Second with minor modification . The program 's introduction describes it as `` a program produced for the youth of China , and animation to raise wholesome minds and teach a noble view of life . ''", "Natsuki Imai , a Japanese television and film director known for her 2007 film Koizora , views 5 Centimeters per Second as a film `` completely for adults even though it is an anime '' .", "The film won the Lancia Platinum Grand Prize at the Future Film Festival for best movie in animation or special effects . It won the Award for Best Animated Feature Film at the 2007 Asia Pacific Screen Awards . The limited edition DVD of the film was ranked 3rd on the Tohan charts between 18 -- 24 July 2007 , while the regular edition of the film was ranked 7th . The film was Japan 's fourth most popular Blu - ray film in 2008 .", "Shinkai has been hailed as the next Miyazaki , and his dreamy mindscapes often equal or surpass the anime maestro in breadth of detail and depth of emotion . Shinkai extends the innate possibilities of the anime dynamic , reapplying its principles of lush effects , inflated background detail and sometimes undernourished character animation to mirror the interiority of the characters in every nuance of their surroundings . '' -- Ronnie Scheib from Variety", "Mania.com lists 5 Centimeters per Second as the best anime not by Hayao Miyazaki . The Japan Times 's Mark Schilling commends Shinkai saying that he is better than Miyazaki `` at piercing the veil of the everyday to reveal a poignant , evanescent beauty most of us notice only in rare moments . '' Anime News Network 's Bamboo Dong commends the anime for its `` heartbreakingly gorgeous '' piano score composed by Tenmon , which `` contributes to the dreamlike quality that the film has '' . She also comments that film `` never comes out and tells you what the characters are feeling . It never follows a strict storyline , but between the interactions on the screen and well - timed shots of lonely landscapes , everything is as clear as night and day '' . Mania. com 's Chris Beveridge criticises the anime for its aliasing as well as it `` seems to get a fairly low bitrate during a lot of it which leads to some noisy and overly grainy feeling areas . The film has so many lush colors to it that a lot of them start to show too much noise at times which is almost as distracting as the aliasing . '' Theron Martin reviewing for Anime News Network commends `` The production ( which ) also excels in its use of sound effects , especially in the bow - shooting scenes in Part 2 '' .", "Taken individually , the parts offer nice little vignettes , but taken as a whole they paint a broader picture about the progression of life and love . The ending , which is where this work differs most from Shinkai 's previous efforts , will doubtless be controversial and may leave some fans unsatisfied , as it opens itself to multiple interpretations . Some may feel as if it just ends without resolving anything , but if one considers Takaki 's few lines of narration in part two , how that part ends , and how everything fits together , it becomes clearer that actually resolving things was never the point . Whereas Voices was about trying to maintain a connection and Place Promised was about reestablishing one , Five Centimeters is ultimately about moving on from past connections instead of just living in the past , about finding a way to become happy in the present rather than just pining for what has been lost over time . In that sense Five Centimeters is Shinkai 's most mature and complicated work yet . '' -- Theron Martin , Anime News Network" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' Single by Gerry and the Pacemakers from the album Ferry Cross the Mersey B - side `` You , You , You '' ( UK ) `` Pretend '' ( USA ) Released December 1964 Format 7 '' single Recorded May 27 , 1964 , EMI Studios , London ( `` You , You , You '' : September 28 ) Genre Merseybeat , pop Length 2 : 24 Label Columbia ( UK ) Laurie 3284 ( USA ) Capitol 72216 ( Canada ) Songwriter ( s ) Gerry Marsden Producer ( s ) George Martin Gerry and the Pacemakers singles chronology `` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1964 ) `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1965 ) `` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1964 ) `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1965 )", "`` Ferry Cross the Mersey ''", "Single by Gerry and the Pacemakers", "from the album Ferry Cross the Mersey", "B - side `` You , You , You '' ( UK ) `` Pretend '' ( USA )", "Released December 1964", "Format 7 '' single", "Recorded May 27 , 1964 , EMI Studios , London ( `` You , You , You '' : September 28 )", "Genre Merseybeat , pop", "Length 2 : 24", "Label Columbia ( UK ) Laurie 3284 ( USA ) Capitol 72216 ( Canada )", "Songwriter ( s ) Gerry Marsden", "Producer ( s ) George Martin", "Gerry and the Pacemakers singles chronology", "`` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1964 ) `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1965 )", "`` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1964 ) `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1965 )", "`` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1964 ) `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1965 )", "`` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1964 ) `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1965 )", "`` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1964 ) `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1965 )", "`` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' ( 1964 ) `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1965 )", "`` Ferry ' Cross the Mersey '' Single by The Christians , Holly Johnson , Paul McCartney , Gerry Marsden and Stock Aitken Waterman B - side `` Abide with Me '' by Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral Choir Released 8 May 1989 Format 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl , Mini CD , CD Length 3 : 58 Label PWL Songwriter ( s ) Gerry Marsden Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman", "`` Ferry ' Cross the Mersey ''", "Single by The Christians , Holly Johnson , Paul McCartney , Gerry Marsden and Stock Aitken Waterman", "B - side `` Abide with Me '' by Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral Choir", "Released 8 May 1989", "Format 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl , Mini CD , CD", "Length 3 : 58", "Label PWL", "Songwriter ( s ) Gerry Marsden", "Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman", "`` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' ( sometimes written Ferry ' Cross the Mersey ) is a song written by Gerry Marsden . It was first recorded by his band Gerry and the Pacemakers and released in late 1964 in the UK and in 1965 in the United States . It was a hit on both sides of the Atlantic , reaching number six in the United States and number eight in the UK . The song is from the film of the same name and was released on its soundtrack album . In the mid-1990s a musical theatre production also titled Ferry Cross the Mersey related Gerry Marsden 's Merseybeat days ; it premiered in Liverpool and played in the UK , Australia , and Canada .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "`` Mersey '' refers to the River Mersey in northwest England , a river that flows into the Irish Sea at Liverpool .", "The song is often misspelled as `` Ferry ' Cross the Mersey '' , but according to the song 's lyrics , the track is correctly titled `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' . `` Cross '' is not a contraction of the preposition `` across '' but rather an imperative verb -- `` Ferry , cross the Mersey . '' The Mersey Ferry runs between Liverpool and Birkenhead and Seacombe on the Wirral .", "In the US , the title was rendered on all 45s -- even reissues from decades after the original release -- as `` Ferry Across The Mersey '' .", "Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 8 US Billboard Hot 100 6", "Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position", "UK Singles Chart 8", "US Billboard Hot 100 6", "In May 1989 , a charity version of `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' was released in aid of those affected by the Hillsborough disaster , which claimed the lives of 95 Liverpool fans the previous month ( a 96th , Tony Bland , died in 1993 as a consequence of that disaster ) . The song was recorded by Liverpool artists The Christians , Holly Johnson , Paul McCartney , Gerry Marsden and Stock Aitken Waterman . The single held the # 1 spot in the UK chart for three weeks and the Irish chart for two weeks .", "Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart Australian ARIA Singles Chart 45 Austrian Singles Chart 15 Dutch GfK chart 21 Dutch Top 40 20 German Singles Chart 5 Irish Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 11", "Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position", "UK Singles Chart", "Australian ARIA Singles Chart 45", "Austrian Singles Chart 15", "Dutch GfK chart 21", "Dutch Top 40 20", "German Singles Chart 5", "Irish Singles Chart", "Norwegian Singles Chart", "Swiss Singles Chart 11", "Preceded by `` Hand on Your Heart '' by Kylie Minogue UK number - one single 20 May 1989 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Sealed With a Kiss '' by Jason Donovan Ireland number - one single 18 May 1989 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Heart & Soul '' by No Sweat", "Preceded by `` Hand on Your Heart '' by Kylie Minogue UK number - one single 20 May 1989 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Sealed With a Kiss '' by Jason Donovan", "Ireland number - one single 18 May 1989 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Heart & Soul '' by No Sweat", "Frankie Goes to Hollywood recorded a cover of `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' for the B - side of the 12 - inch single `` Relax '' , released in October 1983 . This was subsequently included on their album Welcome to the Pleasuredome ( 1984 ) and later compilations Bang ! ... The Greatest Hits of Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( 1993 ) and Maximum Joy ( 2000 ) . Also in 1983 the Norwegian group Vazelina Bilopphøggers recorded a cover of `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' in a Norwegian dialect , called `` Ferje over Mjøsa '' ( Ferry Cross Mjøsa ) ) , for the album På tur . Canadian popular musician Burton Cummings ( of The Guess Who ) recorded a solo version on his 1996 live album `` Up Close and Alone . '' In 2003 , Pat Metheny included an instrumental cover of this song on his acoustic album One Quiet Night . In 2008 Norwegian band Farmers Market recorded a Bulgarian version , titled `` Lodtschitze Mini Maritza '' , for the album Surfin ' USSR .", "Frankie Goes to Hollywood recorded a cover of `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' for the B - side of the 12 - inch single `` Relax '' , released in October 1983 . This was subsequently included on their album Welcome to the Pleasuredome ( 1984 ) and later compilations Bang ! ... The Greatest Hits of Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( 1993 ) and Maximum Joy ( 2000 ) .", "Also in 1983 the Norwegian group Vazelina Bilopphøggers recorded a cover of `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' in a Norwegian dialect , called `` Ferje over Mjøsa '' ( Ferry Cross Mjøsa ) ) , for the album På tur .", "Canadian popular musician Burton Cummings ( of The Guess Who ) recorded a solo version on his 1996 live album `` Up Close and Alone . ''", "In 2003 , Pat Metheny included an instrumental cover of this song on his acoustic album One Quiet Night .", "In 2008 Norwegian band Farmers Market recorded a Bulgarian version , titled `` Lodtschitze Mini Maritza '' , for the album Surfin ' USSR ." ]

[ [ "Philadelphia Phillies" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "2009 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season New York Yankees ( 4 ) Joe Girardi 103 -- 59 , . 636 , GA : 8 Philadelphia Phillies ( 2 ) Charlie Manuel 93 -- 69 , . 574 , GA : 6 Dates October 28 -- November 4 MVP Hideki Matsui ( New York ) Umpires Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Jeff Nelson , Brian Gorman , Mike Everitt , Dana DeMuth , Joe West Hall of Famers Yankees : None Phillies : Pedro Martínez ALCS New York Yankees defeated Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , 4 -- 2 NLCS Philadelphia Phillies defeated Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Radio ESPN WCBS ( Yankees ) WPHT ( Phillies ) Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan ( ESPN ) John Sterling and Suzyn Waldman ( Yankees ) Scott Franzke , Tom McCarthy , Chris Wheeler , Larry Andersen , and Gary Matthews ( Phillies ) ← 2008 World Series 2010 →", "2009 World Series", "Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season New York Yankees ( 4 ) Joe Girardi 103 -- 59 , . 636 , GA : 8 Philadelphia Phillies ( 2 ) Charlie Manuel 93 -- 69 , . 574 , GA : 6", "Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season New York Yankees ( 4 ) Joe Girardi 103 -- 59 , . 636 , GA : 8 Philadelphia Phillies ( 2 ) Charlie Manuel 93 -- 69 , . 574 , GA : 6", "Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season", "New York Yankees ( 4 ) Joe Girardi 103 -- 59 , . 636 , GA : 8", "Philadelphia Phillies ( 2 ) Charlie Manuel 93 -- 69 , . 574 , GA : 6", "Dates October 28 -- November 4", "MVP Hideki Matsui ( New York )", "Umpires Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Jeff Nelson , Brian Gorman , Mike Everitt , Dana DeMuth , Joe West", "Hall of Famers Yankees : None Phillies : Pedro Martínez", "ALCS New York Yankees defeated Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , 4 -- 2", "NLCS Philadelphia Phillies defeated Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 1", "Broadcast", "Television Fox", "TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver", "Radio ESPN WCBS ( Yankees ) WPHT ( Phillies )", "Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan ( ESPN ) John Sterling and Suzyn Waldman ( Yankees ) Scott Franzke , Tom McCarthy , Chris Wheeler , Larry Andersen , and Gary Matthews ( Phillies )", "← 2008 World Series 2010 →", "← 2008 World Series 2010 →", "← 2008 World Series 2010 →", "The 2009 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2009 season . The 105th edition of the World Series , it was a best - of - seven playoff contested between the Philadelphia Phillies , champions of the National League ( NL ) and defending World Series champions , and the New York Yankees , champions of the American League ( AL ) . The Yankees defeated the Phillies , 4 games to 2 , to win their 27th World Series championship . The series was played between October 28 and November 4 , broadcast on Fox , and watched by an average of roughly 19 million viewers . Due to the start of the season being pushed back by the 2009 World Baseball Classic in March , this was the first World Series regularly scheduled to be played into the month of November . This series was a rematch of the 1950 World Series .", "Home field advantage for the Series went to the AL for the eighth straight year as a result of its 4 -- 3 win in the All - Star Game . The Phillies earned their berth into the playoffs by winning the National League East . The Yankees won the American League East to earn their berth , posting the best record in the Major Leagues . The Phillies reached the World Series by defeating the Colorado Rockies in the best - of - five National League Division Series , and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the best - of - seven NL Championship Series ( NLCS ) . The Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins in the American League Division Series and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the AL Championship Series ( ALCS ) to advance to their first World Series since 2003 . As a result of their loss , the Phillies became the first team since the 2001 Yankees to lose the World Series after winning it the previous year .", "Cliff Lee pitched a complete game in the Phillies ' Game 1 victory , allowing only one unearned run , while Chase Utley hit two home runs . In Game 2 , solo home runs by Mark Teixeira and Hideki Matsui helped the Yankees win by a score of 3 -- 1 . After a rain delayed start , Game 3 featured more offense , with a combined six home runs and thirteen total runs en route to a Yankee victory . The Yankees won Game 4 by scoring the decisive three runs in the ninth inning after an alert base running play by Johnny Damon . The Phillies avoided elimination with a win in Game 5 , aided by Utley 's second two -- home run game of the series . The Yankees secured their World Series championship with a Game 6 victory in which Matsui hit his third home run of the series . He was named Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the series , making him the first Japanese - born player and the first full - time designated hitter to win the award ; Matsui was the series ' MVP despite starting only the three games that were played at Yankee Stadium , since the designated hitter position is not used in NL ballparks .", "Several records were tied , extended , or broken during this World Series , including team championships ( Yankees with 27 ) , career postseason wins ( Andy Pettitte with 18 ) , career World Series saves ( Mariano Rivera with 11 ) , home runs in a World Series ( Utley with five ) , strikeouts by a hitter in a World Series ( Ryan Howard with 13 ) , and runs batted in in a single World Series game ( Matsui with six ) .", "During the off - season the Phillies promoted assistant general manager Rubén Amaro , Jr. to general manager , succeeding Pat Gillick who retired at the end of a three - year contract . Their most notable offseason player change was in left field , as Pat Burrell departed due to free agency and was replaced by free agent Raúl Ibañez . Another notable acquisition was free agent pitcher Chan Ho Park . Park was originally signed as a backup option for the bullpen , as reliever J.C. Romero was assigned a 50 - game suspension after violating the Major League Baseball drug policy , but Park won the fifth starter 's job in Spring Training .", "In July 2009 , Phillies scouts evaluated pitcher Pedro Martínez in two simulated games against the Phillies DSL team , leading to a one - year , $1 - million contract . Replacing Jamie Moyer as a starter in the Phillies rotation on August 12 , 2009 , Philadelphia won each of Martínez 's first seven starts , the first time in franchise history that this had occurred with any debuting Phillies pitcher . The Phillies made one large acquisition at the trade deadline , trading four minor league players to the Cleveland Indians for pitcher Cliff Lee and outfielder Ben Francisco . Lee won seven of his twelve regular season starts for Philadelphia in 2009 .", "During the regular season , the Phillies led the National League East for most of the year , taking first place for good on May 30 . Ibáñez had started the year strongly , batting well over . 300 with 17 home runs and 46 runs batted in ( RBI ) in the first two months of the season , which led the New York Post to call him an `` early MVP candidate '' . He was placed on the disabled list in mid-June for a groin injury , however , and though he returned he did not bat above . 260 for any other month that season . Although Ibáñez did not receive MVP votes his teammates Ryan Howard and Chase Utley had successful years , finishing 3rd and 8th in the balloting respectively . The Phillies finished the season with a record of 93 -- 69 (. 574 ) , six games above the second - place Florida Marlins in their division .", "The Phillies defeated the wild card Colorado Rockies in the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) , three games to one , advancing to the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . Facing the Los Angeles Dodgers , the Phillies won the NLCS , four games to one , becoming the first team to repeat as National League champions since the 1995 -- 96 Atlanta Braves . Ryan Howard won the NLCS MVP for his strong offensive performance during the series . Howard tied Lou Gehrig 's postseason record by having at least one RBI in eight straight games across the NLDS and NLCS . They became the first World Series champion to return to the World Series the following year since the 2000 -- 01 New York Yankees .", "The Yankees ' offseason began in November 2008 with control over their organization shifting from long - time owner George Steinbrenner to his son Hal Steinbrenner . Notable player departures included Mike Mussina -- who announced his retirement on November 20 , 2008 -- as well as Bobby Abreu , Jason Giambi , and Carl Pavano , who all left as free agents . Notable free agent acquisitions included starting pitchers CC Sabathia and A.J. Burnett , and first baseman Mark Teixeira . Another major addition was outfielder Nick Swisher , acquired in a trade with the Chicago White Sox .", "The Yankees played the 2009 season in Yankee Stadium , their first year in that park after playing for 84 years in `` Old '' Yankee Stadium . They won the American League East with an eight - game lead over their rivals , the Boston Red Sox , compiling a record of 103 -- 59 . Sabathia won 19 games and position players Alex Rodriguez and Teixeira both had strong seasons offensively , Rodriguez with 30 home runs and 100 RBI and Teixeira with 39 and 122 respectively . Closing pitcher Mariano Rivera earned his 500th save against the Yankees ' cross-town rival New York Mets , becoming the second pitcher in history to do so . On September 11 , 2009 , shortstop Derek Jeter recorded his 2,722 nd career hit , passing Lou Gehrig to become the all - time leader in career hits recorded as a Yankee .", "The Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins in three games in the American League Division Series and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in six games in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) to win their first American League pennant since 2003 . Sabathia was named MVP of the ALCS with two wins in the series . The Yankees ' victory in the ALCS earned them their 40th World Series appearance in franchise history , and their first since losing to the Florida Marlins in 2003 .", "Jimmy Rollins , discussing the potential of a Yankees -- Phillies World Series on May 24 , 2009 .", "The two teams played a three - game interleague series at Yankee Stadium in May 2009 , with the Phillies winning two of the three games . The series included two blown saves by Phillies ' closer Brad Lidge in games 2 and 3 , although the Phillies came back to win the final game in extra innings .", "The Yankees had home field advantage for the Series as the American League had won that year 's All - Star Game . The team match - up was heavily discussed and analyzed in the media , per the east coast bias , prior to the beginning of the series . Both teams ' offensive lineups were heavily touted , with the Yankees and Phillies leading their respective leagues in runs scored per game . Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez drew particular focus in the media for his success in earlier rounds of the 2009 playoffs in contrast to past postseason performances . The two lineups featured twenty former All - Stars and three former MVP award winners . Only one regular starter between both teams , Phillies catcher Carlos Ruiz , did not have at least ten home runs during the 2009 regular season . The two teams combined for 468 home runs during the season , more than any pair of opponents in World Series history .", "The pitching staffs were also the subject of significant discussion prior to the series . The starting pitchers for Game 1 , CC Sabathia and Cliff Lee , were regarded as aces who dominated the 2009 postseason with a 0.96 earned run average ( ERA ) between them . This matchup was of particular note , as Sabathia and Lee were former teammates from the Cleveland Indians and each had won a Cy Young Award with that franchise . Yankees manager Joe Girardi had been using a three - man starting rotation during the playoffs , in contrast to the four - pitcher rotation used by the Phillies . This difference led USA Today to give the Phillies ' starting rotation the `` edge '' in the series , as the World Series had one fewer day off than previous rounds of the playoffs , making the series less conducive to using a three - man rotation . Gene Wojciechowski of ESPN criticized Girardi 's strategy , arguing that Chad Gaudin should have pitched in Game 5 or 6 , instead of A.J. Burnett or Andy Pettitte on reduced , three days ' rest . Wojciechowski argued that while Sabathia had proven his ability to pitch on shorter rest , Burnett and Pettitte should have been given their regular time between starts . Burnett had drawn some criticism , as he performed poorly in his last appearance before the World Series , a start in Game 5 of the ALCS in which he allowed six runs over six innings . However , Burnett had previously been successful on short rest , going 4 -- 0 with a 2.33 ERA in four career starts on short rest before this game . Some believed Girardi settled on a three - man rotation because he had limited options for a fourth starting pitcher , either Gaudin or Joba Chamberlain , who had been inconsistent as starters in the regular season and had been shifted into the bullpen for the postseason .", "The matchup of closers , Mariano Rivera and Brad Lidge , also drew attention . Rivera and Lidge were the only closers who had not blown a save during the 2009 postseason , whereas closers on other postseason teams blew 11 saves in the 24 postseason games before the World Series in 2009 . Both had performed well during the postseason , but Lidge had posted a 7.21 ERA during the 2009 regular season , in contrast to Rivera 's 1.76 . Lidge 's 2009 numbers were in stark contrast to the previous season ( 41 out of 41 save opportunities , a 1.95 ERA , and 92 strikeouts in 62 games ) . As a result , USA Today gave the Yankees the edge , noting that Lidge had blown two saves against the Yankees during their regular season series earlier that year .", "The Series started on October 28 , 2009 , which was the latest start in World Series history . Game 4 was played on Sunday , November 1 and the series - winning Game 6 took place on November 4 . The Series was only the third to end in a month other than October . The first came in 1918 , which was played entirely in September after the regular season was cut short due to World War I . The other such series was in 2001 when the September 11 attacks caused a delay in the baseball season that eventually forced the end of the World Series into November .", "Earlier in the season Commissioner Bud Selig expressed interest in scheduling a World Series game during daylight hours instead of the evening . The starting times were ultimately moved before 8 p.m. ET for the first time in 30 years , but no day games were played . The Philadelphia Eagles and New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) played across the street from Citizens Bank Park at Lincoln Financial Field on the day of Game 4 . The NFL moved that game 's kickoff time to 1 p.m. to avoid it ending too close to the start of Game 4 . Similarly , Game 5 was played at Citizens Bank Park on the same day as the Philadelphia Flyers hosted the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) at the Wachovia Center . The opening faceoff of the hockey game was scheduled for 7 p.m. but the NHL moved it to 5 p.m. to avoid conflict .", "The umpires for the series were Joe West , Dana DeMuth , Gerry Davis , Brian Gorman , Jeff Nelson , and Mike Everitt . The World Series crew had included at least 1 umpire who had never worked the World Series in 24 of the past 25 series ; however , following several mistakes by umpires in earlier rounds of the playoffs , this crew did not .", "The Phillies had won the previous season 's World Series against the Tampa Bay Rays for the franchise 's second championship . The Yankees had lost their previous World Series appearance to the Florida Marlins in 2003 and had not won since 2000 against the New York Mets . This was the fifth Series played between teams from New York and Philadelphia , and was the first Yankees -- Phillies matchup since 1950 . The series also was the fourth consecutive time that the Phillies would have faced a team from the current AL East in the World Series , while the Yankees had faced a NL East opponent in four of their five most recent World Series appearances .", "This Series had two unofficial nicknames : `` Turnpike Series '' , for the New Jersey Turnpike , which connects New York to Philadelphia through the state of New Jersey , and `` Liberty Series '' , based on the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and the Statue of Liberty in New York .", "Wednesday , October 28 , 2009 7 : 57 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 WP : Cliff Lee ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : CC Sabathia ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PHI : Chase Utley 2 ( 2 ) NYY : None", "Team 5 6 7 8 9", "Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 6 9", "New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0", "WP : Cliff Lee ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : CC Sabathia ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PHI : Chase Utley 2 ( 2 ) NYY : None", "First Lady Michelle Obama and Second Lady Jill Biden escorted former Yankees catcher and World War II veteran Yogi Berra to the mound , where the ceremonial first pitch was thrown by a veteran of the Iraq War . The Phillies ' Ryan Howard got the first hit of the 2009 World Series by doubling in the first inning . Howard was stranded in the first and the game was scoreless after two innings . The Phillies scored first with a two - out home run by Chase Utley in the top of the third inning . Through the first five innings , Philadelphia starting pitcher Cliff Lee allowed no runs and three hits , striking out seven Yankees batters . In the top of the sixth , Utley hit another home run to give the Phillies a 2 -- 0 lead . The starting pitchers Lee and CC Sabathia continued to pitch until the top of the eighth when Sabathia was replaced by Phil Hughes . Hughes walked the first two batters and was replaced by Dámaso Marte . Marte got two quick outs and was relieved by David Robertson , who walked Jayson Werth and gave up a two - run single to Raúl Ibañez . The Phillies added two more runs in the ninth with an RBI single by Shane Victorino and an RBI double by Howard . Lee finished with a complete game allowing one unearned run on six hits and striking out ten batters , not walking any of the hitters he faced .", "Lee 's pitching performance made history in several ways :", "This was the fourth postseason start of Lee 's career . In all four starts , he went at least seven innings and gave up no more than one earned run . The only other starting pitcher ever to begin his postseason career with four such starts was Christy Mathewson . He was also the first left - handed starter to beat the Yankees in The Bronx to open a World Series since Sandy Koufax in 1963 . He was the first starting pitcher to throw a complete game without giving up an earned run against the Yankees in Game 1 of a postseason series . Lee was the first pitcher ever to strike out at least ten , walk no one , and give up no earned runs in a World Series start .", "This was the fourth postseason start of Lee 's career . In all four starts , he went at least seven innings and gave up no more than one earned run . The only other starting pitcher ever to begin his postseason career with four such starts was Christy Mathewson .", "He was also the first left - handed starter to beat the Yankees in The Bronx to open a World Series since Sandy Koufax in 1963 .", "He was the first starting pitcher to throw a complete game without giving up an earned run against the Yankees in Game 1 of a postseason series .", "Lee was the first pitcher ever to strike out at least ten , walk no one , and give up no earned runs in a World Series start .", "Thursday , October 29 , 2009 7 : 57 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 0 WP : A.J. Burnett ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Pedro Martínez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mariano Rivera ( 1 ) Home runs : PHI : None NYY : Mark Teixeira ( 1 ) , Hideki Matsui ( 1 )", "Team 5 6 7 8 9", "Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0", "New York 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 0", "WP : A.J. Burnett ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Pedro Martínez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mariano Rivera ( 1 ) Home runs : PHI : None NYY : Mark Teixeira ( 1 ) , Hideki Matsui ( 1 )", "Prior to the game , Jay - Z and Alicia Keys performed the song `` Empire State of Mind '' for the Yankee Stadium crowd . This game marked the first postseason appearance of Pedro Martínez against the Yankees since the 2004 American League Championship Series , when he was with the Boston Red Sox and a part of the two teams ' long standing rivalry ; it was also the second - ever World Series start that Martínez made . There was much media interest in Martínez 's `` return to Yankee Stadium '' for Game 2 , as he told reporters at a pre-game press conference `` When you have 60,000 people chanting your name , waiting for you to throw the ball , you have to consider yourself someone special , someone that really has a purpose out there . ''", "The Phillies scored first for the second game in a row , with Raúl Ibañez hitting a ground rule double and then scoring on a Matt Stairs RBI single off A.J. Burnett in the second inning .", "Mark Teixeira tied the game with a home run in the fourth inning , and Hideki Matsui broke the tie in the sixth with another homer . Martínez departed the game after giving up consecutive hits to Jerry Hairston , Jr. and Melky Cabrera to start the seventh inning , and reliever Chan Ho Park gave up an RBI single to Jorge Posada . With Cabrera at second base and Posada at first , Johnny Damon hit a low line drive at Phillies first baseman Ryan Howard . Howard grabbed the ball and threw to second where Posada was tagged and called out while standing on the base . First - base umpire Brian Gorman ruled that Howard had caught the ball in the air and thus the result was an inning - ending double play . This was the first of two calls by Gorman in this game which were later shown to have been wrong by video replays .", "Burnett left after seven innings and was replaced by Mariano Rivera in the eighth . The Phillies put two runners on with a walk to Jimmy Rollins and a single by Shane Victorino with one out in the eighth . However , Chase Utley grounded into an inning - ending double play ending on a close play at first base , the second close call made by the first base umpire Brian Gorman . Gorman himself later admitted he missed this call , saying `` on a freeze frame , it looks like there 's a little bit of a ball outside his glove when he hits the bag . '' Ultimately , Rivera threw 39 pitches and got six outs for his 38th postseason save , his tenth in World Series play .", "Saturday , October 31 , 2009 9 : 17 pm ( EDT ) at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 8 8 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 WP : Andy Pettitte ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Cole Hamels ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NYY : Alex Rodriguez ( 1 ) , Nick Swisher ( 1 ) , Hideki Matsui ( 2 ) PHI : Jayson Werth 2 ( 2 ) , Carlos Ruiz ( 1 )", "Team 5 6 7 8 9", "New York 0 0 0 0 8 8", "Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0", "WP : Andy Pettitte ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Cole Hamels ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NYY : Alex Rodriguez ( 1 ) , Nick Swisher ( 1 ) , Hideki Matsui ( 2 ) PHI : Jayson Werth 2 ( 2 ) , Carlos Ruiz ( 1 )", "The start of the game was postponed 80 minutes due to a no - dome delay , pushing the start time to 9 : 17 p.m. The cast of the television series Glee ( with Amber Riley singing lead ) performed the national anthem as part of a ceremony featuring a large American flag and several members of the armed services . The Phillies scored first with Jayson Werth 's lead - off home run , which was followed by a bases - loaded walk and a sacrifice fly to make the score 3 -- 0 in the bottom of the second inning . Following Mark Teixeira 's walk in the top of the fourth inning , Alex Rodriguez hit a deep ball down the right field line . It was originally ruled a double so Teixeira held at third base . The play was reviewed using MLB instant replay , which revealed that the ball had struck a camera sticking over the top of the wall , so the ball was ruled a two - run home run , giving Rodriguez his first World Series hit . This was the first home run reviewed by instant replay in postseason play . Specifically , the ball hit a camera owned by Fox and MLB which extended slightly over the right field wall . The camera was moved back for Game 4 such that its lens was in line with the wall . Coincidentally , Alex Rodriguez also had the first regular season home run reviewed by replay .", "Nick Swisher opened the top of the fifth inning with a double and scored on a single to center field by Andy Pettitte . This was Pettitte 's first career postseason RBI and the first RBI by a Yankees pitcher in a World Series since Jim Bouton in 1964 . Derek Jeter followed Pettitte with another single , and both runners scored on a two - run double by Johnny Damon . Cole Hamels then walked Teixeira and was relieved by J. A. Happ . Happ closed out the fifth without allowing further scoring , but Nick Swisher added to the Yankees lead with a home run off of him in the sixth . Werth hit his second home run of the game leading off the bottom of the sixth to close the Yankees lead to 6 -- 4 , becoming the second Phillies player to hit multiple home runs in this World Series .", "Chad Durbin relieved Happ in the top of the seventh . He walked Johnny Damon , who then stole second base . Rodriguez was then hit by a pitch , and Damon scored on a single by Jorge Posada . Joba Chamberlain relieved Pettitte in the bottom of the seventh and retired the side in order . Brett Myers retired the first two batters in the top of the eighth , but Hideki Matsui then hit a home run pinch hitting for Chamberlain . Phil Hughes pitched a third of an inning in the bottom of the ninth and allowed a solo home run to Carlos Ruiz before being relieved by Mariano Rivera . Rivera closed out the game , throwing just five pitches to record the final two outs . This game was Pettitte 's 17th career postseason win , extending his MLB record .", "Sunday , November 1 , 2009 8 : 20 pm ( EST ) at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 9 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 8 WP : Joba Chamberlain ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brad Lidge ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mariano Rivera ( 2 ) Home runs : NYY : None PHI : Chase Utley ( 3 ) , Pedro Feliz ( 1 )", "Team 5 6 7 8 9", "New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 9", "Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 8", "WP : Joba Chamberlain ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brad Lidge ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mariano Rivera ( 2 ) Home runs : NYY : None PHI : Chase Utley ( 3 ) , Pedro Feliz ( 1 )", "Prior to the start of the game , Derek Jeter and Albert Pujols were named winners of the Hank Aaron Award for their offensive performances in 2009 . This was the first game to test manager Joe Girardi 's decision to use a three - man starting rotation , as CC Sabathia started the game on three days rest , a shorter period than he normally got during the regular season . Jeter led the game off with a single and advanced to third base on a double by Johnny Damon . Jeter scored via a Mark Teixeira ground out and Alex Rodriguez was hit by a pitch . Rodriguez was hit twice the night before and the umpires issued warnings to both benches . Jorge Posada then added to the Yankees lead that inning with a sacrifice fly . The Phillies answered quickly , scoring a run on successive doubles by Shane Victorino and Chase Utley in the bottom of the first . Sabathia intentionally walked Jayson Werth , but escaped the inning without further scoring . The Phillies tied the game in the bottom of the fourth as Ryan Howard singled , stole second , and scored on a single by Pedro Feliz . Although the run counted , instant replay of Howard 's slide later showed that he did not touch home plate .", "Nick Swisher walked to lead off the fifth inning and advanced to second on a Melky Cabrera single . Swisher restored the Yankees ' lead , scoring on a single by Jeter , and Cabrera added to it by scoring a run on a Damon single . Brett Gardner replaced Cabrera in center field as a defensive substitution in the bottom of the sixth inning after Cabrera left the game due to a hamstring injury . Chan Ho Park relieved Phillies starter Joe Blanton in the seventh and held the Yankees scoreless in that inning . Chase Utley hit his third home run of the series in the bottom of the seventh with two outs , bringing the game to 4 -- 3 . Dámaso Marte relieved Sabathia and got the final out of the seventh without further scoring .", "Ryan Madson relieved Park in the eighth and allowed a walk and a single but held the Yankees scoreless . Joba Chamberlain replaced Marte in the bottom of the inning . He struck out the first two batters he faced but allowed a game - tying home run to Feliz before closing the inning .", "Brad Lidge came into the game for the ninth inning , popping out Matsui and striking out Jeter before surrendering a two - out single to Damon -- after a nine - pitch at bat with two strikes and four foul balls . Then , with Teixeira batting , Damon stole second and , on the same play , also stole third as the base was uncovered due to a defensive shift against Teixeira . Several news outlets referred to this as a `` mad dash '' , which Mike Vaccaro of the New York Post compared to Enos Slaughter 's `` Mad Dash '' in the 1946 World Series . Some believed that Damon 's play caused Lidge to avoid throwing his best pitch -- a slider with sharp downward movement -- for the rest of the inning , as it risked a wild pitch that would have allowed Damon to score from third base . Teixeira was then hit by a pitch and Rodriguez put the Yankees ahead with a double , scoring Damon . Posada added to that lead with a single that scored Teixeira and Rodriguez , but was thrown out at second to end the inning . Mariano Rivera entered in the bottom of the ninth and saved the game for the Yankees on eight pitches for his second save of the series .", "Monday , November 2 , 2009 7 : 57 pm ( EST ) at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 0 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 9 0 WP : Cliff Lee ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : A.J. Burnett ( 1 -- 1 ) Sv : Ryan Madson ( 1 ) Home runs : NYY : None PHI : Chase Utley 2 ( 5 ) , Raúl Ibañez ( 1 )", "Team 5 6 7 8 9", "New York 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 0", "Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 9 0", "WP : Cliff Lee ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : A.J. Burnett ( 1 -- 1 ) Sv : Ryan Madson ( 1 ) Home runs : NYY : None PHI : Chase Utley 2 ( 5 ) , Raúl Ibañez ( 1 )", "The Yankees replaced Melky Cabrera on their postseason roster with Ramiro Peña due to his injury in Game 4 , while Brett Gardner took Cabrera 's place in center field . A.J. Burnett , the Yankees ' Game 2 starter , started Game 5 on three days rest , one less than the Phillies ' Cliff Lee . The Yankees scored first in the first inning , with Johnny Damon reaching base with a single and then scoring on a two - out double by Alex Rodriguez . The Phillies responded in the bottom of the inning with a single by Jimmy Rollins , Shane Victorino reaching after being hit by a pitch , and finally a three - run home run by Chase Utley to take the lead . The Phillies added to their lead in the third inning with Utley and Ryan Howard drawing walks followed by RBI singles by Jayson Werth and Raúl Ibañez . With no outs in the inning , Burnett was relieved by David Robertson , who allowed another run to score on a Carlos Ruiz ground out .", "Robertson held the Phillies scoreless for a second inning in the fourth . Jorge Posada entered as a pinch hitter in the fifth inning for José Molina and grounded out . Eric Hinske then pinch hit for Robertson and walked , advanced to third on a Derek Jeter single , and scored on a ground out by Damon . Alfredo Aceves entered as the new Yankee pitcher in the bottom of the fifth . The first batter he faced , Jayson Werth , hit a deep drive to center field but it was caught for an out by Gardner , who collided with the outfield wall to complete the play . Aceves completed the inning without a run scoring , inducing ground outs from Ibáñez and Ruiz . Phil Coke relieved Aceves in the seventh inning and allowed two Phillies players to tie World Series records . First , Utley tied Reggie Jackson 's record for most home runs in a World Series with a home run , his fifth of the series . Coke then struck out Howard , Howard 's 12th strikeout in the series , tying Willie Wilson 's record for most strikeouts in a World Series . Finally , Coke was driven from the game after allowing another home run , this time to Ibáñez , and was relieved by Phil Hughes .", "Victorino was replaced defensively in the eighth inning by Ben Francisco . Lee was driven from the game after allowing a single to Damon , followed by a double by Mark Teixeira , and then a double by Rodriguez that scored both runners . Chan Ho Park relieved Lee and induced a ground out from Nick Swisher , which advanced Rodriguez to third base . Rodriguez scored on a sacrifice fly by Robinson Canó . Ryan Madson entered in the ninth to close the game , allowing a double to Posada and a single to Hideki Matsui without recording an out . Batting with men on first and third base , Jeter grounded into a double play , allowing Posada to score but emptying the bases . Damon singled to bring Teixeira to bat as the potential tying run , but Madson struck him out to record his first World Series save . Members of the news media , such as Gene Wojciechowski , were critical of the three - man starting rotation strategy following Game 3 , and contended that Burnett 's poor performance was caused by insufficient rest in between starts . However , Burnett had been successful up to this point in such situations , going 4 -- 0 with a 2.33 ERA in four career starts on short rest ( less than the normal four days between starts ) before this game .", "Wednesday , November 4 , 2009 7 : 57 pm ( EST ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 8 0 WP : Andy Pettitte ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Pedro Martínez ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : PHI : Ryan Howard ( 1 ) NYY : Hideki Matsui ( 3 )", "Team 5 6 7 8 9", "Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0", "New York 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 8 0", "WP : Andy Pettitte ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Pedro Martínez ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : PHI : Ryan Howard ( 1 ) NYY : Hideki Matsui ( 3 )", "This game was the first Game 6 in a World Series since the 2003 World Series six years earlier , the longest such gap in the history of the World Series . Mary J. Blige , a Bronx native , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Andy Pettitte started on three days rest , the third straight game in which the Yankees fielded a pitcher on short rest . The Phillies started Pedro Martínez , who called himself and opposing pitcher Andy Pettitte `` old goats '' and acknowledged that Red Sox fans were rooting for him : `` I know that they do n't like the Yankees to win , not even in Nintendo games . ''", "The Yankees scored first with an Alex Rodriguez walk opening the bottom of the second inning followed by a two - run home run by designated hitter Hideki Matsui . The Phillies quickly responded with a triple by Carlos Ruiz who then scored on a sacrifice fly from Jimmy Rollins in the top of the third . Matsui answered back , adding to the Yankees lead again with a single with the bases loaded in the bottom of the third , scoring Derek Jeter and Johnny Damon . Damon , injured running the bases while scoring , was replaced defensively in the top of the fourth by Jerry Hairston , Jr .", "Phillies starter Pedro Martínez was removed after allowing four runs in four innings , relieved in the fifth by Chad Durbin . Durbin allowed a ground rule double to Jeter , who advanced to third on a sacrifice bunt by Hairston and scored on a single by Mark Teixeira . Durbin then hit Rodriguez with a pitch and was relieved by J. A. Happ after recording just one out . Happ allowed a two - run double to Matsui , his fifth and sixth RBI of the game , which tied a World Series record for most RBI in a single game set by Bobby Richardson in the 1960 World Series .", "The Phillies made the game closer in the top of the sixth inning , as Chase Utley drew a walk and Ryan Howard followed him with a two - run home run , bringing the score to 7 -- 3 . After Raúl Ibañez hit a double into right field , Joba Chamberlain relieved Andy Pettitte and closed the sixth without allowing the Phillies to score . Chan Ho Park came in for Happ , ending any Yankees threat that inning . Chamberlain was relieved by Dámaso Marte in the top of the seventh after allowing two baserunners , but Marte struck out Utley to end the inning scoreless . After Park allowed a single to Rodriguez , Scott Eyre replaced him . Eyre allowed Rodriguez to steal second and intentionally walked Jorge Posada but escaped the inning without allowing a run .", "Marte recorded one out , a strikeout of Howard , in the top of the eighth inning . With it Howard set a new World Series record for most strikeouts by a hitter in a single series with a total of 13 . After the out , Marte was relieved by Yankees closer Mariano Rivera in a non-save situation . Rivera allowed a double to Ibáñez , but no runs , in the eighth . After retiring the first two batters in the eighth , Eyre gave way to Ryan Madson , who allowed a single to Jeter before ending the bottom of the eighth inning . Matt Stairs led off the ninth as a pinch hitter , but lined out . Ruiz worked a walk from Rivera , but successive outs by Rollins and Victorino ended the game 7 -- 3 to clinch the World Series for the Yankees . Pettitte added to his own record for most playoff wins , bringing his career total to 18 .", "New York won the series , 4 -- 2 .", "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 28 Philadelphia Phillies -- 6 , New York Yankees -- 1 Yankee Stadium 3 : 27 50,207 October 29 Philadelphia Phillies -- 1 , New York Yankees -- 3 Yankee Stadium 3 : 25 50,181 October 31 New York Yankees -- 8 , Philadelphia Phillies -- 5 Citizens Bank Park 3 : 25 46,061 November 1 New York Yankees -- 7 , Philadelphia Phillies -- 4 Citizens Bank Park 3 : 25 46,145 5 November 2 New York Yankees -- 6 , Philadelphia Phillies -- 8 Citizens Bank Park 3 : 26 46,178 6 November 4 Philadelphia Phillies -- 3 , New York Yankees -- 7 Yankee Stadium 3 : 52 50,315", "Game Date Score Location Time Attendance", "October 28 Philadelphia Phillies -- 6 , New York Yankees -- 1 Yankee Stadium 3 : 27 50,207", "October 29 Philadelphia Phillies -- 1 , New York Yankees -- 3 Yankee Stadium 3 : 25 50,181", "October 31 New York Yankees -- 8 , Philadelphia Phillies -- 5 Citizens Bank Park 3 : 25 46,061", "November 1 New York Yankees -- 7 , Philadelphia Phillies -- 4 Citizens Bank Park 3 : 25 46,145", "5 November 2 New York Yankees -- 6 , Philadelphia Phillies -- 8 Citizens Bank Park 3 : 26 46,178", "6 November 4 Philadelphia Phillies -- 3 , New York Yankees -- 7 Yankee Stadium 3 : 52 50,315", "Team 5 6 7 8 9 Philadelphia Phillies 5 0 27 44 New York Yankees 9 5 32 49 Total attendance : 289,087 Average attendance : 48,181 Winning player 's share : $350,029.99 Losing player 's share : $265,357.50", "Team 5 6 7 8 9", "Philadelphia Phillies 5 0 27 44", "New York Yankees 9 5 32 49", "Total attendance : 289,087 Average attendance : 48,181 Winning player 's share : $350,029.99 Losing player 's share : $265,357.50", "For the tenth consecutive year in the United States , Fox Sports televised the Series . Joe Buck called play - by - play and Tim McCarver provided analysis . The Series was also broadcast on ESPN Radio , with Jon Miller and Joe Morgan calling the action . Fox Sports en Español also broadcast the Series for the US Spanish - speaking audience . The flagship radio stations of the respective teams broadcast all Series games with their local announcers . In Philadelphia , WPHT carried the Phillies ' English - language broadcasts , with Scott Franzke , Larry Andersen , Tom McCarthy , Gary Matthews , and Chris Wheeler announcing , while WUBA aired the team 's Spanish broadcasts . In New York , WCBS - AM carried the Yankees ' English broadcasts with John Sterling and Suzyn Waldman announcing . This broadcast made Waldman the first woman to announce a World Series game on radio . XM Satellite Radio offered multiple feeds of each game to its subscribers .", "Television ratings for the 2009 World Series were excellent . Game 1 attracted 19.5 million viewers , second only to the opening of the 2004 World Series for a series opener since 2000 and 29 % higher than 2008 's opening game . Game 4 produced the highest total viewership of the series with 22.8 million viewers , the highest for any World Series game since 2004 and the highest for a `` non-decisive Game 4 '' since 2001 . At 11.7 overall , the 2009 World Series remains comfortably the highest rated World Series since 2004 and the only World Series to average double digits since 2007 .", "Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 11.9 19 19.5 11.7 19 18.9 9.1 18 15.4 13.5 22 22.8 5 10.6 16 17.1 6 13.4 22 22.3", "Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) American audience ( in millions )", "11.9 19 19.5", "11.7 19 18.9", "9.1 18 15.4", "13.5 22 22.8", "5 10.6 16 17.1", "6 13.4 22 22.3", "Many players with both teams won awards for their performances during the 2009 season . Teixeira and Jeter each won a Gold Glove and Silver Slugger Award ; Jimmy Rollins and Shane Victorino won Gold Gloves , as well ; and Chase Utley won a Silver Slugger Award . Rivera was named the 2009 DHL Delivery Man of the Year , as well as Sporting News ' Pro Athlete of the Year . Along with the Hank Aaron Award announced before Game 4 , Jeter won the Roberto Clemente Award and was named Sports Illustrated 's Sportsman of the Year for 2009 . Matsui won the World Series MVP for his play , becoming the first Japanese player and first full - time designated hitter to win the award . Several items related to the series were sent to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum including bats from Jeter and Matsui ; caps from Rivera , Lee , and Pettitte ; and Johnny Damon 's cleats .", "Matsui also joined Minnesota Twins radio analyst Dan Gladden as members from the 1994 world championship Yomiuri Giants team as players who have won championships in North America and Japan .", "The series win brought the Yankees ' franchise championship total to 27 , more than any other North American professional sports franchise . This championship came in the Yankees ' first year in their new stadium . They had also won the 1923 World Series , the opening year of the previous Yankee Stadium . The victory was noted by some sportswriters as a personal success for Alex Rodriguez , winning his first championship and succeeding in the playoffs where some had previously claimed he was a `` choker and a loser '' . Prior to this series , Rodriguez had appeared in 2,166 regular season games without a World Series appearance , then the second-most among active players to Ken Griffey , Jr .", "The Yankees ' victory was credited to a number of different sources . Many players drew praise for their performances , including Series MVP Hideki Matsui ; free agents signed the previous offseason including Mark Teixeira , CC Sabathia , and A.J. Burnett ; and the so - called `` Core Four '' of Derek Jeter , Mariano Rivera , Andy Pettitte , and Jorge Posada , who had all played a large role in the Yankees ' past success in the 1990s . Manager Joe Girardi was also credited for his management of the team , particularly in his decision to use only three starting pitchers in the Yankees postseason starting rotation . The Yankees were the first team to use only three starters in a World Series since the San Diego Padres in the 1998 Series .", "Several members of the Yankees franchise dedicated the World Series in part to team owner George Steinbrenner , who had recently stepped back from his once prominent position with the team . Steinbrenner died on the day of the All - Star Game the following season at the age of 80 . On November 6 , a victory parade took place for the Yankees in the `` Canyon of Heroes '' in Manhattan , New York City . The Yankees sent a group of players , coach Tony Peña , and team Senior Vice President Felix Lopez with the Commissioner 's Trophy to the Dominican Republic in early January 2010 to meet with President Leonel Fernández . Most of the 2009 Yankees received their championship rings on Opening Day the next season . Matsui was on the Angels in 2010 and when the Angels played their first series of the season in the Bronx , the Yankees home opener , they presented him with his ring . They also visited U.S. President Barack Obama in the White House in April 2010 , presenting him with a signed jersey .", "The Yankees returned to the playoffs the following season , as the wild card . They lost to the Texas Rangers in the 2010 ALCS ; which included an 8 - 0 shutout in Yankee Stadium by former Phillie ace Cliff Lee ; it was Lee 's seventh straight postseason win which included three victories against the Yankees ( two as a Phillie in the 2009 World Series , and in 2010 during the ALCS ) .", "Following Game 4 , after the Yankees took a 3 -- 1 series lead , The Philadelphia Inquirer accidentally printed a three - quarters - page Macy 's advertisement congratulating the Phillies for winning the World Series , along with a picture of a Phillies championship T - shirt . The newspaper subsequently apologized for the mistake .", "Lee Jenkins of Sports Illustrated attributed Philadelphia 's loss to a lack of pitching depth , noting that three different Yankees starters managed to win games in the series , while only Cliff Lee won games for the Phillies . The Phillies ' 2008 postseason star pitchers , starter Cole Hamels and closer Brad Lidge , struggled in their only appearances of the 2009 World Series . The Phillies bullpen which did well in the NLCS performed poorly in the World Series , allowing seven runs in just 11 2 / 3 innings with a 5.40 ERA . Jorge Arangure Jr. of ESPN partially attributed the Phillies ' loss to their lack of offensive production , citing the team 's . 227 batting average in the World Series . Only Chase Utley performed well with 5 home runs and 22 of the Phillies ' 90 bases , while Shane Victorino and Jimmy Rollins struggled at the plate , and Ryan Howard struck out a record 13 times in the World Series after his NLCS MVP performance .", "Before the start of the 2010 season , the Phillies traded away their 2009 postseason ace pitcher Cliff Lee . The Phillies posted the league 's best record in 2010 , and returned to the playoffs where they lost to the eventual champions the San Francisco Giants in the NLCS .", "Among those in attendance during Game 1 was New York Governor David Paterson , whose party had five tickets behind home plate . On March 3 , 2010 , the New York Commission on Public Integrity found that Paterson had violated state laws concerning gifts to public officials , and that he lied under oath to the commission about his intent to pay for the tickets . The commission further found that Paterson used his position to solicit and receive the five tickets -- valued at US $425 each -- free of charge from the Yankees , that he had never intended to pay for the tickets despite testimony to the contrary , and that he or a person acting on his behalf wrote a backdated check to pay for them only after scrutiny in the case arose . The Commission ultimately fined Paterson $62,125 for his actions ." ]

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[ "Hurricane Alicia Category 3 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Alicia intensifying on August 17 Formed August 15 , 1983 ( 1983 - 08 - 15 ) Dissipated August 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 08 - 22 ) ( Extratropical after August 20 , 1983 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) Lowest pressure 962 mbar ( hPa ) ; 28.41 inHg Fatalities 21 direct Damage $1.7 billion ( 1983 USD ) Areas affected Mississippi , Louisiana , Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , Nebraska , Upper Midwest Part of the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season", "Category 3 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS )", "Hurricane Alicia intensifying on August 17", "Formed August 15 , 1983 ( 1983 - 08 - 15 )", "Dissipated August 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 08 - 22 )", "( Extratropical after August 20 , 1983 )", "Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 115 mph ( 185 km / h )", "Lowest pressure 962 mbar ( hPa ) ; 28.41 inHg", "Fatalities 21 direct", "Damage $1.7 billion ( 1983 USD )", "Areas affected Mississippi , Louisiana , Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , Nebraska , Upper Midwest", "Part of the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season", "Hurricane Alicia was the costliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic since Hurricane Agnes in 1972 . Alicia was the third depression , the first tropical storm , and the only major hurricane of the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season . It struck Galveston and Houston , Texas directly , causing $1.7 billion ( 1983 USD ) in damage and killing 21 people ; this made it the worst Texas hurricane since Hurricane Carla in 1961 . In addition , Alicia was the first billion - dollar tropical cyclone in Texas history .", "Hurricane Alicia was the first hurricane to hit the United States mainland since Hurricane Allen in August 1980 . The time between the two storms totaled three years and eight days ( 1,103 days ) . Hurricane Alicia became the last major hurricane ( Category 3 or higher ) to strike Texas until the stronger Hurricane Bret in 1999 made landfall . Alicia was the first storm for which the National Hurricane Center issued landfall probabilities .", "Hurricane Alicia was notable for the delayed post storm evacuation of Galveston Island ( since the eye of the storm traveled the evacuation route up Interstate 45 from Galveston to Houston ) . The hurricane was also notable for the shattering of many windows in downtown Houston by loose gravel from the roofs of new skyscrapers and by other debris , prompting changes to rooftop construction codes .", "The origins of Hurricane Alicia were from a cold front that extended from New England through the central Gulf of Mexico . On August 14 , mesoscale low - pressure area developed off the Alabama and Mississippi coastlines . Around 0100 UTC on August 15 , the low had maintained convection , or area of thunderstorms , for 12 hours , as well as a circulation for six hours ; as a result , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began issuing Dvorak classifications on the system . By a few hours later , the deep convection became organized in the circulation 's southern semicircle , which prompted a Hurricane Hunters flight into the system . At 1200 UTC that day , the system developed into Tropical Depression Three about 350 miles ( 560 km ) south - southwest of the Mississippi River Delta . A few hours later , the Hurricane Hunters confirmed its development . Such development along the tail end of a cold front is more typical earlier or later in the hurricane season .", "After becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression was moving slowly westward , due to a ridge to its north . A Hurricane Hunters flight late on August 15 reported that the depression reached winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) ; as a result , the NHC upgraded the cyclone to Tropical Storm Alicia . At the time of its upgrade , the storm was located in an area of higher than normal atmospheric pressure , although conditions favored further development . Due to high pressures surrounding the storm , Alicia was a smaller than normal tropical cyclone ; as a result , it produced stronger than normal winds , in comparison to its minimum central pressure . The storm continued slowly to the west - northwest , and by August 17 attained hurricane status , about 160 miles ( 255 km ) southeast of Galveston , Texas . Shortly thereafter , an eye became visible on radar , as the hurricane executed several small loops . Its slow movement over warm waters , in addition to an anticyclone becoming established over the hurricane , caused Alicia to undergo rapid deepening .", "At 0600 UTC on August 18 , the winds reached 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) , just before Alicia made landfall about 25 mi ( 40 km ) southwest of Galveston , Texas . Upon moving ashore , the gale - force winds extended 125 mi ( 201 km ) from the center , and hurricane - force winds spread across an area from Freeport to 60 mi ( 97 km ) northeast . Its atmospheric pressure was 962 mbar ( hPa ; 28.41 inHg ) around the time of landfall , and radar imagery indicated the presence of a rare double - eye structure . Alicia quickly weakened , passing over central Houston with sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . It accelerated toward the northwest , weakening to tropical storm status late on August 18 and to tropical depression status twelve hours later . Tropical Depression Alicia moved into Oklahoma and interacted with an approaching frontal trough . By 0600 UTC on August 20 , Alicia had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over northwestern Oklahoma , and by the next day it was no longer identifiable after merging with the trough over eastern Nebraska .", "Several watches and warnings were issued in association with Alicia . The first ones were a gale warning and a hurricane watch for the area between Corpus Christi , Texas , and Grand Isle , Louisiana , issued on August 16 . On August 17 , a hurricane warning was issued for the coastline from Corpus Christi to Morgan City , Louisiana , and later for Port Arthur , Texas , southward . Initially , however , residents did not take the warnings seriously . Galveston Mayor E. Gus Manuel , against the advice of Texas Governor Mark White , ordered the evacuation of only low - lying areas . As a result , only 10 percent of the population living behind the seawall chose to leave when Alicia came ashore . In contrast , about 30 percent of Galveston 's population evacuated the island when Hurricane Allen threatened the eastern Texas coastline in 1980 . Throughout the day , however , as the increasing winds began to cause damage in Galveston , people grew more concerned . The mayor finally ordered a widespread evacuation of the island after midnight on August 18 , but by then , the bridges to the mainland were uncrossable .", "Galveston reported 7 ⁄ in ( 197 mm ) of rain , Liberty reported 9 ⁄ in ( 241 mm ) of rain , and Greens Bayou reported almost 10 in ( 250 mm ) . Centerville reported over 8 inches ( 200 mm ) , with Normangee and Mexia reporting over 7 in ( 180 mm ) . Maximum rainfall in the Houston area in Harris County was about 10 -- 11 in ( 250 -- 280 mm ) , while 8 in ( 200 mm ) of rain was reported in Leon County and 9 in ( 230 mm ) in the Sabine River area . High gusts were reported throughout Texas , with a maximum gust of 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) reported on the Coast Guard cutter Buttonwood ( WLB - 306 ) stationed at the northeastern tip of Galveston Island . Pleasure Pier reported tides of 8.67 ft ( 2.64 m ) , with Pier 21 reporting a little over 5.5 ft ( 1.7 m ) . Baytown , Texas , reported 10 -- 12 ft ( 3.0 -- 3.7 m ) tides , and Morgan City reported 12.1 ft ( 3.7 m ) , the highest recorded as a result of Alicia . The storm also caused extensive disruption of power services . A Paul Simon - Art Garfunkel reunion concert scheduled for the Houston Astrodome was canceled due to the coming storm .", "Twenty - three tornadoes were reported in association with Alicia . Fourteen of those were located in the Galveston and Hobby Airport area . The other nine were concentrated around Tyler to Houston , Texas , ranging around F2 on the Fujita scale .", "A major oil spill occurred around Texas City , and an ocean - going tugboat capsized 50 miles ( 80 km ) off the Sabine Pass coast . The Coast Guard Air Station Houston ( AIRSTA ) weathered Alicia with little damage , and afterwards AIRSTA 's helicopters assisted residents with evacuation , supply , and survey flights .", "Sixty gallons of water had to be removed from the National Weather Service ( NWS ) office in Galveston ; this weather office also temporarily lost its radar . Houston suffered billions of dollars in damage . Thousands of glass panes in downtown skyscrapers were shattered by gravel blown off rooftops . Although Alicia was a small Category 3 hurricane , a total of 2,297 dwellings were destroyed by Alicia , with another 3,000 + experiencing major damage . Over ten thousand dwellings had minor damage .", "In Galveston , the western beach had its public beach boundary shifted back about 150 ft ( 46 m ) . About 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) of sand was scoured , leaving beachfront homes in a natural vegetation state . This moved many beachfront homes onto public beach , and the Attorney General 's office declared that they were in violation of the Texas Open Beaches Act and forbade the repair or rebuilding of those homes . The Corps of Engineers stated that if the Galveston Sea Wall had not been there , that another $100 million ( 1983 USD ; $240 million 2017 USD ) in damage could have occurred . Also , if Alicia had been the size of Hurricane Carla from 1961 , damage could have easily doubled or possibly tripled . Alicia damaged chemical and petrochemical plants in Houston .", "As Alicia progressed northward , it produced heavy precipitation in several other areas . In Oklahoma , the rain amounted to 5.51 in ( 140 mm ) in south - central portions of the state . Parts of Kansas and Nebraska received 1 to 3 in ( 25 to 76 mm ) of rainfall . Other states , including Michigan , Iowa , Minnesota , Louisiana and Wisconsin experienced light rainfall from the remnants of the storm .", "The Red Cross provided food and shelter to 63,000 people in the hurricane 's wake , costing about $166 million ( 1983 USD ; $399 million 2017 USD ) . FEMA gave out $32 million ( 1983 USD ; $76.9 million 2017 USD ) to Alicia 's victims and local governments ; $23 million ( 1983 USD ; $55.3 million 2017 USD ) of that was for picking up debris spread after the storm . More than 16,000 people sought help from FEMA 's disaster service centers . The Small Business Administration , aided with 56 volunteers , interviewed over 16,000 victims , and it was predicted that about 7,000 loan applications would be submitted . The Federal Insurance Agency had closed over 1,318 flood insurance cases from Alicia 's aftermath , however only 782 received final payment .", "On September 23 and September 24 , 1983 , in the wake of Alicia , two subcommittees of the U.S. House of Representatives held hearings in Houston . The hearing on September 23 were to examine the primary issues of the NWS during Alicia , the effectiveness of the NWS in current procedures , and the use of the NWS . The second hearing , which occurred on September 24 , was to discuss the damage and recovery efforts during Alicia . During the September 23 hearing , witnesses agreed that the NWS did well before and during the emergency caused by Alicia . NWS forecasters also testified in which they said they gratified themselves that their predictions were well `` on target '' and that the local emergency plans had worked so well , which saved many lives . Mayor Gus Manuel on Galveston claimed that the NWS did an excellent job during Alicia . He was also very impressed about their landfall predictions on August 17 . During the September 24 hearing , evidence was presented which demonstrated the need for improving readiness to cope with disasters , such as Alicia . Mayor Manuel mentioned that his town needed stronger building codes , which were under review .", "Due to the severe damage , the name `` Alicia '' was retired in the spring of 1984 by the World Meteorological Organization , and will never be used again for an Atlantic hurricane . It was the first name to be retired since Hurricane Allen in 1980 . It was replaced with `` Allison '' for the 1989 season .", "The approach and eventual landfall of Alicia is a central plot point in a Season 1 episode of the AMC television drama Halt and Catch Fire ." ]

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[ "Dominion of New England in America Colony of the Kingdom of England ↓ 1686 ( 1686 ) -- 1689 ( 1689 ) ↓ Seal Motto `` Nunquam libertas gratior extat '' `` Never does liberty appear in a more gracious form '' Map of the Dominion , as of 1688 Capital Boston , Massachusetts 42 ° 21 ′ N 71 ° 3 ′ W  /  42.350 ° N 71.050 ° W  / 42.350 ; - 71.050 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ N 71 ° 3 ′ W  /  42.350 ° N 71.050 ° W  / 42.350 ; - 71.050 Government Constitutional monarchy Governor 1686 ( 1686 ) Joseph Dudley 1686 ( 1686 ) -- 1689 ( 1689 ) Edmund Andros Lieutenant Governor 1688 ( 1688 ) -- 1689 ( 1689 ) Francis Nicholson Legislature Council of New England Historical era Colonial history of the United States Established 1686 ( 1686 ) Boston revolt April 18 , 1689 ( 1689 - 04 - 18 ) New York revolt May 31 , 1689 ( 1689 - 05 - 31 ) Disestablished 1689 ( 1689 ) Preceded by Succeeded by Massachusetts Bay Colony Province of New Hampshire Connecticut Colony Plymouth Colony Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Province of New York Province of East Jersey Province of West Jersey Massachusetts Bay Colony Province of New Hampshire Connecticut Colony Plymouth Colony Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Province of New York Province of East Jersey Province of West Jersey Today part of United States", "Dominion of New England in America", "Colony of the Kingdom of England", "↓ 1686 ( 1686 ) -- 1689 ( 1689 ) ↓", "↓ 1686 ( 1686 ) -- 1689 ( 1689 ) ↓", "↓ 1686 ( 1686 ) -- 1689 ( 1689 ) ↓", "Seal", "Motto `` Nunquam libertas gratior extat '' `` Never does liberty appear in a more gracious form ''", "Map of the Dominion , as of 1688", "Capital Boston , Massachusetts 42 ° 21 ′ N 71 ° 3 ′ W  /  42.350 ° N 71.050 ° W  / 42.350 ; - 71.050 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ N 71 ° 3 ′ W  /  42.350 ° N 71.050 ° W  / 42.350 ; - 71.050", "Government Constitutional monarchy", "Governor", "1686 ( 1686 ) Joseph Dudley", "1686 ( 1686 ) -- 1689 ( 1689 ) Edmund Andros", "Lieutenant Governor", "1688 ( 1688 ) -- 1689 ( 1689 ) Francis Nicholson", "Legislature Council of New England", "Historical era Colonial history of the United States", "Established 1686 ( 1686 )", "Boston revolt April 18 , 1689 ( 1689 - 04 - 18 )", "New York revolt May 31 , 1689 ( 1689 - 05 - 31 )", "Disestablished 1689 ( 1689 )", "Preceded by Succeeded by Massachusetts Bay Colony Province of New Hampshire Connecticut Colony Plymouth Colony Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Province of New York Province of East Jersey Province of West Jersey Massachusetts Bay Colony Province of New Hampshire Connecticut Colony Plymouth Colony Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Province of New York Province of East Jersey Province of West Jersey", "Preceded by Succeeded by Massachusetts Bay Colony Province of New Hampshire Connecticut Colony Plymouth Colony Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Province of New York Province of East Jersey Province of West Jersey Massachusetts Bay Colony Province of New Hampshire Connecticut Colony Plymouth Colony Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Province of New York Province of East Jersey Province of West Jersey", "Preceded by Succeeded by", "Massachusetts Bay Colony Province of New Hampshire Connecticut Colony Plymouth Colony Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Province of New York Province of East Jersey Province of West Jersey Massachusetts Bay Colony Province of New Hampshire Connecticut Colony Plymouth Colony Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Province of New York Province of East Jersey Province of West Jersey", "Today part of United States", "The Dominion of New England in America ( 1686 -- 89 ) was an administrative union of English colonies covering New England and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies ( except for the Colony of Pennsylvania ) . Its political structure represented centralized control similar to the model used by the Spanish monarchy through the Viceroyalty of New Spain . The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists , because they deeply resented being stripped of their rights and having their colonial charter revoked . Governor Sir Edmund Andros tried to make legal and structural changes , but most of these were undone and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James had left the throne in England . One notable change was the introduction of the Church of England into Massachusetts , whose Puritan leaders had previously refused to allow it any sort of foothold .", "The Dominion encompassed a very large area from the Delaware River in the south to Penobscot Bay in the north , composed of present - day New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , and New Jersey , plus a small portion of Maine . It was too large for a single governor to manage . Governor Andros was highly unpopular , and was seen as a threat by most political factions . News of the Glorious Revolution in England reached Boston in 1689 , and the Puritans launched a revolt against Andros , arresting him and his officers .", "Leisler 's Rebellion in New York City deposed the dominion 's lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson . After these events , the colonies that had been assembled into the dominion reverted to their previous forms of government , although some governed formally without a charter . New charters were eventually issued by the new joint rulers William III of England and Queen Mary II .", "A number of English colonies were established in North America and in the West Indies during the first half of the 17th century , with varying attributes . Some originated as commercial ventures , such as the Virginia Colony , while others were founded for religious reasons , such as Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay . The governments of the colonies also varied . Virginia became a crown colony , despite its corporate beginning , while Massachusetts and other New England colonies had corporate charters and a great deal of administrative freedom . Other areas were proprietary colonies , such as Maryland and Carolina , owned and operated by one or a few individuals .", "Following the English Restoration in 1660 , King Charles II sought to streamline the administration of these colonial territories . Charles and his government began a process that brought a number of the colonies under direct crown control . One reason for these actions was the cost of administration of individual colonies ; another significant reason was the regulation of trade . Throughout the 1660s , the English Parliament passed a number of laws to regulate the trade of the colonies , collectively called the Navigation Acts . These laws were resisted , particularly in the New England colonies which had established significant trading networks with other English colonies and with other European countries and their colonies , especially Spain and the Dutch Republic . The laws outlawed some existing New England practices , in effect turning merchants into smugglers , and the payment of additional duties would have significantly increased their shipping costs .", "Some of the New England colonies presented specific problems for the king , and combining those colonies into a single administrative entity was seen as a way to resolve those problems . The Plymouth Colony had never been formally chartered , and the New Haven Colony had sheltered two of the regicides of Charles I , the king 's father . The territory of Maine was disputed by competing grantees and by Massachusetts , and New Hampshire was a very small , recently established crown colony .", "Massachusetts had a long history of virtually theocratic rule , in addition to their widespread resistance to the Navigation Acts , and they exhibited little tolerance for non-Puritans , including supporters of the Church of England ( which was most important for the king ) . Charles II repeatedly sought to change the Massachusetts government , but they resisted all substantive attempts at reform . In 1683 , legal proceedings began to vacate the Massachusetts charter ; it was formally annulled in June 1684 .", "The primary motivation in London was not to attain efficiency in administration , but to guarantee that the purpose of the colonies was to make England richer . England 's desire for colonies that produced agricultural staples worked well for the southern colonies , which produced tobacco , rice , and indigo , but not so well for New England due to the geology of the region . Lacking a suitable staple , the New Englanders engaged in trade and became successful competitors to English merchants . They were now starting to develop workshops that threatened to deprive England of its lucrative colonial market for manufactured articles : textiles , leather goods , and ironware . The plan , therefore , was to establish a uniform all - powerful government over the northern colonies so that the people would be diverted away from manufacturing and foreign trade .", "Following the revocation of the Massachusetts charter , Charles II and the Lords of Trade moved forward with plans to establish a unified administration over at least some of the New England colonies . The specific objectives of the dominion included the regulation of trade , reformation of land title practices to conform more to English methods and practices , coordination on matters of defense , and a streamlining of the administration into fewer centers . The Dominion initially comprised the territories of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , the Plymouth Colony , the Province of New Hampshire , the Province of Maine , and the Narraganset Country ( present - day Washington County , Rhode Island ) .", "Charles II had chosen Colonel Percy Kirke to govern the dominion , but Charles died before the commission was approved . King James II approved Kirke 's commission in 1685 , but Kirke came under harsh criticism for his role in putting down Monmouth 's Rebellion , and his commission was withdrawn . A provisional commission was issued on October 8 , 1685 to Massachusetts Bay native Joseph Dudley as President of the Council of New England , due to delays in developing the commission for Kirke 's intended successor Sir Edmund Andros .", "Dudley 's limited commission specified that he would rule with an appointed council and no representative legislature . The councillors named as members of this body included a cross-section of politically moderate men from the old colonial governments . Edward Randolph had served as the crown agent investigating affairs in New England , and he was appointed to the council , as well . Randolph was also commissioned with a long list of other posts , including secretary of the dominion , collector of customs , and deputy postmaster .", "Dudley 's charter arrived in Boston in May 14 , 1686 , and he formally took charge of Massachusetts on May 25 . His rule did not begin auspiciously , since a number of Massachusetts magistrates refused to serve who had been named to his council . According to Edward Randolph , the Puritan magistrates `` were of opinion that God would never suffer me to land again in this country , and thereupon began in a most arbitrary manner to assert their power higher than at any time before . '' Elections of colonial military officers were also compromised when many of them refused to serve . Dudley made a number of judicial appointments , generally favoring the political moderates who had supported accommodation of the king 's wishes in the battle over the old charter .", "Dudley was significantly hampered by the inability to raise revenues in the dominion . His commission did not allow the introduction of new revenue laws , and the Massachusetts government had repealed all such laws in 1683 , anticipating the loss of the charter . Furthermore , many refused to pay the few remaining taxes on the grounds that they had been enacted by the old government and were thus invalid . Attempts by Dudley and Randolph were largely unsuccessful at introducing the Church of England due to a lack of funding , but were also hampered by the perceived political danger of imposing on the existing churches for their use .", "Dudley and Randolph enforced the Navigation Acts , although they did not adhere entirely to the laws . Some variations were overlooked , understanding that certain provisions of the acts were unfair ( some resulted in the payments of multiple duties ) , and they suggested to the Lords of Trade that the laws be modified to ameliorate these conditions . However , the Massachusetts economy suffered , also negatively affected by external circumstances . A dispute eventually occurred between Dudley and Randolph over matters related to trade .", "During Dudley 's administration , the Lords of Trade decided on September 9 , 1686 to include into the dominion the colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut , based on a petition from Dudley 's council . Andros 's commission had been issued in June , and he was given an annex to his commission to incorporate them into the dominion .", "Andros had previously been governor of New York ; he arrived in Boston on December 20 , 1686 and immediately assumed power . He took a hard - line position , claiming that the colonists had left behind all their rights as Englishmen when they left England . The Reverend John Wise rallied his parishioners in 1687 to protest and resist taxes ; Andros had him arrested , convicted , and fined . An Andros official explained , `` Mr. Wise , you have no more privileges Left you then not to be Sold for Slaves . ''", "His commission called for governance by himself , again with a council . The initial composition of the council included representatives from each of the colonies which the dominion absorbed , but the council 's quorums were dominated by representatives from Massachusetts and Plymouth because of the inconvenience of travel and the fact that travel costs were not reimbursed .", "Shortly after his arrival , Andros asked each of the Puritan churches in Boston if its meetinghouse could be used for services of the Church of England , but he was consistently rebuffed . He then demanded keys to Samuel Willard 's Third Church in 1687 , and services were held there under the auspices of Robert Ratcliff until 1688 , when King 's Chapel was built .", "After Andros ' arrival , the council began a long process of harmonizing laws throughout the dominion to conform more closely to English laws . This work was so time - consuming that Andros issued a proclamation in March 1687 stating that pre-existing laws would remain in effect until they were revised . Massachusetts had no pre-existing tax laws , so a scheme of taxation was developed that would apply to the entire dominion , developed by a committee of landowners . The first proposal derived its revenues from import duties , principally alcohol . After much debate , a different proposal was abruptly put forward and adopted , in essence reviving previous Massachusetts tax laws . These laws had been unpopular with farmers who felt that the taxes were too high on livestock . In order to bring in immediate revenue , Andros also received approval to increase the import duties on alcohol .", "The first attempts to enforce the revenue laws were met by stiff resistance from a number of Massachusetts communities . Several towns refused to choose commissioners to assess the town population and estates , and officials from a number of them were consequently arrested and brought to Boston . Some were fined and released , while others were imprisoned until they promised to perform their duties . The leaders of Ipswich had been most vocal in their opposition to the law ; they were tried and convicted of misdemeanor offenses .", "The other provinces did not resist the imposition of the new law , even though the rates were higher than they had been under the previous colonial administration , at least in Rhode Island . Plymouth 's relatively poor landowners were hard hit because of the high rates on livestock .", "One consequence of the tax protest was that Andros sought to restrict town meetings , since these were where that protest had begun . He , therefore , introduced a law that limited meetings to a single annual meeting , solely for the purpose of electing officials , and explicitly banning meetings at other times for any reason . This loss of local power was widely hated . Many protests were made that the town meeting and tax laws were violations of the Magna Carta , which guaranteed taxation by representatives of the people .", "Andros dealt a major blow to the colonists by challenging their title to the land ; unlike England , the great majority of Americans were land - owners . Taylor says that , because they `` regarded secure real estate as fundamental to their liberty , status , and prosperity , the colonists felt horrified by the sweeping and expensive challenge to their land titles . '' Andros had been instructed to bring colonial land title practices more in line with those in England , and to introduce quit - rents as a means of raising colonial revenues . Titles issued in Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Maine under the colonial administration often suffered from defects of form ( for example , lacking an imprint of the colonial seal ) , and most of them did not include a quit - rent payment . Land grants in colonial Connecticut and Rhode Island had been made before either colony had a charter , and there were conflicting claims in a number of areas .", "The manner was doubly divisive in which Andros approached the issue , since it threatened any landowner whose title was in any way dubious . Some landowners went through the confirmation process , but many refused , since they did not want to face the possibility of losing their land , and they viewed the process as a thinly veiled land grab . The Puritans of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were among the latter , some of whom had extensive landholdings . All of the existing land titles in Massachusetts had been granted under the now - vacated colonial charter ; in essence , Andros declared them to be void , and required landowners to recertify their ownership , paying fees to the dominion and becoming subject to the charge of a quit - rent .", "Andros attempted to compel the certification of ownership by issuing writs of intrusion , but large landowners who owned many parcels contested these individually , rather than recertifying all of their lands . The number was small of new titles issued during the Andros regime ; 200 applications were made , but only about 20 of those were approved .", "Andros ' commission included Connecticut , and he asked Connecticut Governor Robert Treat to surrender the colonial charter not long after his arrival in Boston . Connecticut officials formally acknowledged Andros ' authority , unlike Rhode Island , whose officials acceded to the dominion but in fact did little to assist him . Connecticut continued to run their government according to the charter , holding quarterly meetings of the legislature and electing colony - wide officials , while Treat and Andros negotiated over the surrender of the charter . In October 1687 , Andros finally decided to travel to Connecticut to personally see to the matter . He arrived in Hartford on October 31 , accompanied by an honor guard , and met that evening with the colonial leadership . According to legend , the charter was laid out on the table for all to see during this meeting . The lights in the room unexpectedly went out and , when they were relit , the charter had disappeared . It was said to have been hidden in a nearby oak tree ( referred to afterward as the Charter Oak ) so that a search of nearby buildings could not locate the document .", "Whatever the truth of the legend , Connecticut records show that its government formally surrendered its seals and ceased operation that day . Andros then traveled throughout the colony , making judicial and other appointments , before returning to Boston . On December 29 , 1687 , the dominion council formally extended its laws over Connecticut , completing the assimilation of the New England colonies .", "On May 7 , 1688 , the provinces of New York , East Jersey , and West Jersey were added to the Dominion . They were remote from Boston where Andros had his seat , so New York and the Jerseys were run by Lieutenant Governor Francis Nicholson from New York City . Nicholson was an army captain and protégé of colonial secretary William Blathwayt who came to Boston in early 1687 as part of Andros ' honor guard and had been promoted to his council . During the summer of 1688 , Andros traveled first to New York and then to the Jerseys to establish his commission . Dominion governance of the Jerseys was complicated by the fact that the proprietors ' charters had been revoked , yet they had retained their property and petitioned Andros for what were traditional manorial rights . The dominion period in the Jerseys was relatively uneventful because of their distance from the power centers and the unexpected end of the Dominion in 1689 .", "In 1687 , governor of New France Jacques - René de Brisay de Denonville , Marquis de Denonville launched an attack against Seneca villages in what is now western New York . His objective was to disrupt trade between the English at Albany and the Iroquois confederation , to which the Seneca belonged , and to break the Covenant Chain , a peace that Andros had negotiated in 1677 while he was governor of New York . New York Governor Thomas Dongan appealed for help , and King James ordered Andros to render assistance . James also entered into negotiations with Louis XIV of France , which resulted in an easing of tensions on the northwestern frontier .", "On New England 's northeastern frontier , however , the Abenaki harbored grievances against English settlers , and they began an offensive in early 1688 . Andros made an expedition into Maine early in the year , in which he raided a number of Indian settlements . He also raided the trading outpost and home of Jean - Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint - Castin on Penobscot Bay . His careful preservation of the Catholic Castin 's chapel was a source of later accusations of `` popery '' against Andros .", "Andros took over the administration of New York in August 1688 , and he met with the Iroquois at Albany to renew the covenant . In this meeting , he annoyed the Iroquois by referring to them as `` children '' ( that is , subservient to the English ) rather than `` brethren '' ( that is , equals ) . He returned to Boston amid further attacks on the New England frontier by Abenaki parties , who admitted that they were doing so in part because of French encouragement . The situation in Maine had also deteriorated again , with English colonists raiding Indian villages and shipping the captives to Boston . Andros castigated the Mainers for this unwarranted act and ordered the Indians released and returned to Maine , earning the hatred of the Maine settlers . He then returned to Maine with a significant force , and began the construction of additional fortifications to protect the settlers . Andros spent the winter in Maine , and returned to Boston in March upon hearing rumors of revolution in England and discontent in Boston .", "The religious leaders of Massachusetts , led by Cotton and Increase Mather , were opposed to the rule of Andros , and organized dissent targeted to influence the court in London . After King James published the Declaration of Indulgence in May 1687 , Increase Mather sent a letter to the king thanking him for the declaration , and then he suggested to his peers that they also express gratitude to the king as a means to gain favor and influence . Ten pastors agreed to do so , and they decided to send Mather to England to press their case against Andros . Edward Randolph attempted to stop him ; Mather was arrested , tried , and exonerated on one charge , but Randolph made a second arrest warrant with new charges . Mather was clandestinely spirited aboard a ship bound for England in April 1688 . He and other Massachusetts agents were well received by James , who promised in October 1688 that the colony 's concerns would be addressed . However , the events of the Glorious Revolution took over , and by December James had been deposed by William III and Mary II .", "The Massachusetts agents then petitioned the new monarchs and the Lords of Trade for restoration of the old Massachusetts charter . Mather furthermore convinced the Lords of Trade to delay notifying Andros of the revolution . He had already dispatched a letter to previous colonial governor Simon Bradstreet containing news that a report ( prepared before the revolution ) stated that the charter had been illegally annulled , and that the magistrates should `` prepare the minds of the people for a change . '' News of the revolution apparently reached some individuals as early as late March , and Bradstreet is one of several possible organizers of the mob that formed in Boston in April 18 , 1689 . He and other pre-Dominion magistrates and some members of Andros ' council addressed an open letter to Andros on that day calling for his surrender in order to quiet the mob . Andros , Randolph , Dudley , and other dominion supporters were arrested and imprisoned in Boston .", "In effect , the dominion then collapsed , as local authorities in each colony seized dominion representatives and reasserted their earlier power . In Plymouth , dominion councilor Nathaniel Clark was arrested on April 22 , and previous governor Thomas Hinckley was reinstated . Rhode Island authorities organized a resumption of its charter with elections on May 1 , but previous governor Walter Clarke refused to serve , and the colony continued without one . In Connecticut , the earlier government was also rapidly readopted . New Hampshire was temporarily left without formal government , and came under de facto rule by Massachusetts Governor Simon Bradstreet .", "News of the Boston revolt reached New York by April 26 , but Lieutenant Governor Nicholson did not take any immediate action . Andros managed during his captivity to have a message sent to Nicholson . Nicholson received the request for assistance in mid-May , but he was unable to take any effective action due to rising tensions in New York , combined with the fact that most of Nicholson 's troops had been sent to Maine . At the end of May , Nicholson was overthrown by local colonists supported by the militia in Leisler 's Rebellion , and he fled to England . Leisler governed New York until 1691 , when King William commissioned Colonel Henry Sloughter as its governor . Sloughter had Leisler tried on charges of high treason ; he was convicted in a trial presided over by Joseph Dudley and then executed .", "The dissolution of the dominion presented legal problems for both Massachusetts and Plymouth . Plymouth never had a royal charter , and that of Massachusetts had been legally vacated . As a result , the restored governments lacked legal foundations for their existence , an issue that the political opponents of the leadership made it a point to raise . This was particularly problematic in Massachusetts , whose long frontier with New France saw its defenders recalled in the aftermath of the revolt , and was exposed to French and Indian raids after the outbreak of King William 's War in 1689 . The cost of colonial defense resulted in a heavy tax burden , and the war also made it difficult to rebuild the colony 's trade .", "Agents for both colonies worked in England to rectify the charter issues , with Increase Mather petitioning the Lords of Trade for a restoration of the old Massachusetts charter . ( Massachusetts Bay 's charter was issued in 1691 and began operating in 1692 under governor Sir William Phips . ) King William was informed that this would result in a return of the hard - line Puritan government , and he acted to prevent that from happening . Instead , the Lords of Trade decided to solve the issue by combining the two provinces . The resulting Province of Massachusetts Bay combined the territories of those two provinces , along with the islands south of Cape Cod ( Martha 's Vineyard , Nantucket , and the Elizabeth Islands ) that had been Dukes County in the colony of New York .", "The word dominion was later used to describe the 1867 Dominion of Canada and other self - governing British colonies , although no precedent from the Dominion of New England was cited in these cases .", "This is a list of the chief administrators of the Dominion of New England in America from 1684 to 1689 :", "Name Title Date of commission Date office assumed Date term ended Percy Kirke Governor in Chief ( designate ) of the Dominion of New England 1684 Appointment withdrawn in 1685 Not applicable Joseph Dudley President of the Council of New England October 8 , 1685 May 25 , 1686 December 20 , 1686 Sir Edmund Andros Governor in Chief of the Dominion of New England June 3 , 1686 December 20 , 1686 April 18 , 1689", "Name Title Date of commission Date office assumed Date term ended", "Percy Kirke Governor in Chief ( designate ) of the Dominion of New England 1684 Appointment withdrawn in 1685 Not applicable", "Joseph Dudley President of the Council of New England October 8 , 1685 May 25 , 1686 December 20 , 1686", "Sir Edmund Andros Governor in Chief of the Dominion of New England June 3 , 1686 December 20 , 1686 April 18 , 1689" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 18 Directed by Victor Nelli , Jr . Written by Mindy Kaling Production code 2018 Original air date March 16 , 2006 Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson Jake Kalender as Young Michael Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor Paul Lieberstein as Toby Flenderson Episode chronology ← Previous `` Dwight 's Speech '' Next → `` Michael 's Birthday '' The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes", "`` Take Your Daughter to Work Day ''", "The Office episode", "Episode no . Season 2 Episode 18", "Directed by Victor Nelli , Jr .", "Written by Mindy Kaling", "Production code 2018", "Original air date March 16 , 2006", "Running time 22 minutes", "Guest appearance ( s )", "Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson Jake Kalender as Young Michael Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor Paul Lieberstein as Toby Flenderson", "Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson Jake Kalender as Young Michael Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor Paul Lieberstein as Toby Flenderson", "Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer", "Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson", "Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin", "Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton", "Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson", "Jake Kalender as Young Michael", "Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor", "Paul Lieberstein as Toby Flenderson", "Episode chronology", "← Previous `` Dwight 's Speech '' Next → `` Michael 's Birthday ''", "← Previous `` Dwight 's Speech '' Next → `` Michael 's Birthday ''", "← Previous `` Dwight 's Speech '' Next → `` Michael 's Birthday ''", "The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes", "`` Take Your Daughter To Work Day '' is the eighteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's twenty - fourth episode overall . It was written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Victor Nelli , Jr . It first aired on March 16 , 2006 on NBC . The episode guest stars Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson , Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson , Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer , and Jake Kalender as a young Michael Scott .", "The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Take Your Daughter to Work Day results in four children spending the day at the office -- Toby Flenderson 's ( Paul Lieberstein ) daughter Sasha , Stanley Hudson 's ( Leslie David Baker ) daughter Melissa , Kevin Malone 's ( Brian Baumgartner ) fiancée 's daughter Abby , and Meredith Palmer 's ( Kate Flannery ) son Jake . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) tries to befriend at least one child , Melissa develops a crush on Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) tries to impress the children by claiming he was a child star , and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) struggles to show secret girlfriend Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) that he can be stern with Jake .", "`` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' was one of the last episodes filmed for the season . Due to the presence of actual children on the set , all of the main cast members had to tone down their behavior , making sure that no one cursed or told inappropriate jokes . The installment received largely positive reviews from television critics . `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' received a Nielsen rating of 4.2 and was seen by 8.8 million viewers .", "Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is frustrated that Take Your Daughter to Work Day will force him to tone down his office antics . Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) and Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) bring their daughters , Sasha ( Delaney Ruth Farrell ) and Melissa ( Jazz Raycole ) respectively , Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) brings his fiancée 's daughter , Abby , and Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) brings her son , Jake ( Spencer Daniels ) . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) is determined to befriend one child by the end of the day . She tries with Abby , who instead takes a liking to Jim . Jim enlists Abby in emotionally conning her relatives into buying paper from him . Sasha walks into Michael 's office and plays with his toys , and after he jokes she becomes quite fond of him . Melissa develops a crush on Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) and asks for his number . Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) alerts Stanley that Ryan may be up to something . Stanley angrily reprimands a confused Ryan for his `` motives '' , which Ryan later describes as `` one of the most frightening experiences '' of his life .", "Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) begins to read one of his childhood horror stories to the children , but Michael enters and insists that he stop upsetting the kids . Michael shows the children and the office a video of him as a child ( Jake Kalender ) during an appearance on a kid 's show , where he revealed his dream was to `` get married and have 100 kids , so I can have 100 friends , and no one can say ' no ' to being my friend . '' He retreats into his office when he realizes that he never came close to that dream . Toby talks to Michael , who decides to start online dating ( with the user name `` Little Kid Lover '' ) . After being tormented by Jake all day , Dwight upsets him with a childish insult , which quietly pleases Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) . Pam wins over Jake with the paper shredder . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) leaves the office early to go on a date , to Pam 's chagrin . Michael and Dwight end the party by singing to the children .", "`` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' was written by Mindy Kaling , who portrayed Kelly Kapoor on the series . The entry was directed by Victor Nelli Jr. , making it his second directoral credit after the earlier episode `` The Carpet '' . The episode was one of the last installments filmed for the season . In addition , the episode took five days to film . Each day , over twelve hours was devoted to filming . The episode guest stars Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson , Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson , Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer , and Jake Kalender as a young Michael Scott .", "Jenna Fischer noted that , due to the presence of actual children on the set , `` everyone had to be on their best behavior '' , meaning that there was no `` cursing and no dirty jokes allowed '' . She later said that `` we are n't a ' G - rated ' bunch by nature . '' Fischer later joked that `` candy is one of my weaknesses '' , but she was able to get through the filming of the episode without eating any of it . She explained that during the filming of the earlier second season episodes `` Halloween '' and `` Valentine 's Day '' , she had eaten a majority of the candy the crew put on her desk .", "The second season DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include the Party Planning Committee squabbling over what food to serve , Stanley complaining that his daughter is spoiled , Dwight discovering an eraser in his coffee courtesy of Jake , Kelly complaining to Pam that `` Stanley 's daughter is such a slut '' , and Jim giving Abby an official certificate of appreciation .", "Pam notes that by putting out candy to lure in children , she is acting just like the witch in the fairy tale `` Hansel and Gretel '' . Michael complains about having to censor himself with children around ; he compares himself to Eddie Murphy in his movie Raw and notes `` they '' want to make him into Murphy in Daddy Day Care . Michael , Jim , Dwight get into an argument about super heroes . Michael claims that he is like Superman defending Gotham City . Both Jim and Dwight correct him , and he says that he is more like Aquaman .", "Jim and Abby discuss the book From the Mixed - Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler and talk whether they would want to spend a night in the Metropolitan Museum of Art or an aquarium . Sasha asks Phyllis if she is Mother Goose . Dwight later reads the short story `` Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher '' from Heinrich Hoffmann 's 1845 book Struwwelpeter . Michael later refers to it as a book that Dwight 's `` Nazi war - criminal '' grandmother read to him . This starts a short discussion about Nazis . Michael argues that Dunder Mifflin is better than Office Depot with the children . He later shows them his performance on Fundle Bundle , a parody of `` those crappy little local kids ' shows that used to fill time on Saturday mornings before there were such things as infomercials '' . Michael and Dwight end the party by performing Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young 's `` Teach Your Children '' .", "`` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' originally aired on NBC on the March 16 , 2006 . The episode received a 4.2 rating / 11 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 4.2 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 11 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode was viewed by 8.8 million viewers , and retained 93 percent of its lead - in My Name is Earl audience .", "The episode received largely positive reviews from critics . Francis Rizzo III of DVD Talk called the scene where the office realizes Michael 's loneliness `` absolutely one of the saddest moments I 've seen in recent memory '' and noted that `` you ca n't help but feel for him '' . M. Giant of Television Without Pity gave the episode an `` A '' . Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict called the entry `` another great episode '' for the series and awarded it an `` A -- '' . He noted that by bringing the supporting characters ' kids into the office `` hilarity ensues '' . Babish applauded the lack of an arching plot , allowing `` Michael 's faux pas '' to take center stage . Michael Sciannamea of AOLTV called `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' the `` best episode yet this season '' and noted that `` the writers will be hard - pressed to come up with a better story than this one . '' Sciannamea called `` the transformation of Michael 's indifference over the kids to one of acceptance and pure enjoyment of having them around '' as the `` most interesting aspect of the episode '' . He also called Dwight and Michael 's sing - along near the end `` the single funniest moment of the season '' ." ]

[ [ "Jiji" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Kiki 's Delivery Service Theatrical release poster Japanese 魔女 の 宅急便 Hepburn Majo no takkyūbin Directed by Hayao Miyazaki Produced by Hayao Miyazaki Written by Hayao Miyazaki Based on Kiki 's Delivery Service by Eiko Kadono Starring Minami Takayama Rei Sakuma Kappei Yamaguchi Music by Joe Hisaishi Cinematography Shigeo Sugimura Edited by Takeshi Seyama Production company Tokuma Shoten Yamato Transport Nippon Television Network Studio Ghibli Distributed by Toei Company Release date July 29 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 29 ) Running time 102 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Budget ¥ 800 million ( estimated ) ( US $ 6.9 million ) Box office ¥ 2.2 billion ( estimated ) ( US $18 million )", "Kiki 's Delivery Service", "Theatrical release poster", "Japanese 魔女 の 宅急便", "Hepburn Majo no takkyūbin", "Directed by Hayao Miyazaki", "Produced by Hayao Miyazaki", "Written by Hayao Miyazaki", "Based on Kiki 's Delivery Service by Eiko Kadono", "Starring Minami Takayama Rei Sakuma Kappei Yamaguchi", "Music by Joe Hisaishi", "Cinematography Shigeo Sugimura", "Edited by Takeshi Seyama", "Production company Tokuma Shoten Yamato Transport Nippon Television Network Studio Ghibli", "Distributed by Toei Company", "Release date July 29 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 29 )", "July 29 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 29 )", "July 29 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 29 )", "Running time 102 minutes", "Country Japan", "Language Japanese", "Budget ¥ 800 million ( estimated ) ( US $ 6.9 million )", "Box office ¥ 2.2 billion ( estimated ) ( US $18 million )", "Kiki 's Delivery Service ( Japanese : 魔女 の 宅急便 , Hepburn : Majo no Takkyūbin , `` Witch 's Delivery Service '' ) is a 1989 Japanese animated fantasy film produced by Studio Ghibli and written , produced , and directed by Hayao Miyazaki as an adaptation of the 1985 novel of the same name by Eiko Kadono . The film tells the story of a young witch , Kiki , who moves to a new town and uses her flying ability to earn a living . According to Miyazaki , the movie portrays the gulf between independence and reliance in teenage Japanese girls .", "Kiki 's Delivery Service was released in Japan on July 29 , 1989 , and won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize . It was the first Studio Ghibli film released under the 15 year distribution partnership between The Walt Disney Company and Studio Ghibli ; Buena Vista Home Video recorded an English dub in 1997 , which premiered in United States theaters at the Seattle International Film Festival on May 23 , 1998 . The film was released on home video in the U.S. and Canada on September 15 , 1998 .", "It is traditional for 13 - year - old witches to leave home for a year on the night of a full moon to pursue their skill through training . Thirteen - year - old trainee witch Kiki leaves home with her familiar spirit , a talking black cat named Jiji . She flies on her broomstick to the port city of Koriko . While trying to find somewhere to live , Kiki is pursued by Tombo , a geeky boy obsessed with aviation who admires her flying ability .", "In exchange for accommodation , Kiki helps Osono , the kindly and heavily pregnant owner of a bakery . She opens a `` Witch Delivery Business '' , delivering goods by broomstick . Her first delivery goes badly ; she is caught in wind and loses the black cat toy she is supposed to deliver . Jiji pretends to be the toy until Kiki can retrieve the real item . She finds it in the home of a young painter , Ursula , who repairs and returns it to Kiki so she can complete the delivery and rescue Jiji .", "Kiki accepts a party invitation from Tombo , but is delayed by her work and , exhausted , falls ill . When she recovers , Osono clandestinely arranges for Kiki to see Tombo again by assigning her a delivery addressed to him . After Kiki apologizes for missing the party , Tombo takes her for a test ride on the flying machine he is working on fashioned from a bicycle . Kiki warms to Tombo but is intimidated by his friends , and walks home .", "Kiki becomes depressed and discovers she can no longer understand Jiji , who has befriended a pretty white cat . She has also lost her flying ability and is forced to suspend her delivery business . Kiki has a surprise visit from Ursula , who determines that Kiki 's crisis is a form of artist 's block . Ursula suggests that if Kiki can find a new purpose , she will regain her powers .", "While Kiki is visiting a customer , she witnesses an airship accident on television which leaves Tombo hanging from one of the drifting vessel 's mooring lines . Kiki regains her flying power and manages to rescue him . She regains her confidence , can understand Jiji again , resumes her delivery service , and writes a letter home saying that she and Jiji are happy .", "Character name Japanese voice actor English voice actor ( Streamline / Tokuma , 1990 ) English voice actor ( Disney , 1998 ) Kiki Minami Takayama Lisa Michelson Kirsten Dunst Jiji Rei Sakuma Kerrigan Mahan Phil Hartman Osono Keiko Toda Alexandra Kenworthy Tress MacNeille Ursula Minami Takayama Edie Mirman Janeane Garofalo Tombo Kappei Yamaguchi Eddie Frierson Matthew Lawrence Fukuo Kōichi Yamadera Greg Snegoff Brad Garrett ( uncredited ) Kokiri ( Kiki 's mother ) Mieko Nobusawa Barbara Goodson Kath Soucie Okino ( Kiki 's father ) Kōichi Miura John Dantona Jeff Bennett Madame Haruko Kato Melanie MacQueen Debbie Reynolds Barsa Hiroko Seki Edie Mirman Edie McClurg Senior Witch Yūko Kobayashi Wendee Lee Debi Derryberry Madame 's Granddaughter Keiko Kagimoto Sherry Lynn Ket Yuriko Fuchizaki Lara Cody Pamela Adlon Maki ( Ket 's aunt ) Kikuko Inoue Julia Fletcher Ket 's mother Mika Doi Diane Michelle Miss Dora Sho Saito Fay Dewitt Policeman Koichi Yamadera Steve Kramer Matt K. Miller Radio Announcer Carl Macek Corey Burton Clock Tower Caretaker Tomomichi Nishimura Greg Snegoff Lewis Arquette", "Character name Japanese voice actor English voice actor ( Streamline / Tokuma , 1990 ) English voice actor ( Disney , 1998 )", "Kiki Minami Takayama Lisa Michelson Kirsten Dunst", "Jiji Rei Sakuma Kerrigan Mahan Phil Hartman", "Osono Keiko Toda Alexandra Kenworthy Tress MacNeille", "Ursula Minami Takayama Edie Mirman Janeane Garofalo", "Tombo Kappei Yamaguchi Eddie Frierson Matthew Lawrence", "Fukuo Kōichi Yamadera Greg Snegoff Brad Garrett ( uncredited )", "Kokiri ( Kiki 's mother ) Mieko Nobusawa Barbara Goodson Kath Soucie", "Okino ( Kiki 's father ) Kōichi Miura John Dantona Jeff Bennett", "Madame Haruko Kato Melanie MacQueen Debbie Reynolds", "Barsa Hiroko Seki Edie Mirman Edie McClurg", "Senior Witch Yūko Kobayashi Wendee Lee Debi Derryberry", "Madame 's Granddaughter Keiko Kagimoto Sherry Lynn", "Ket Yuriko Fuchizaki Lara Cody Pamela Adlon", "Maki ( Ket 's aunt ) Kikuko Inoue Julia Fletcher", "Ket 's mother Mika Doi Diane Michelle", "Miss Dora Sho Saito Fay Dewitt", "Policeman Koichi Yamadera Steve Kramer Matt K. Miller", "Radio Announcer Carl Macek Corey Burton", "Clock Tower Caretaker Tomomichi Nishimura Greg Snegoff Lewis Arquette", "Several aspects of Kiki 's behavior and appearance have been the focus of commentary . One major theme is Kiki 's transition into adulthood . While being raised by loving parents who support her independence , Kiki is faced with problems common in adolescence such as finding a job , seeking acceptance , and taking care of herself . The concept of vulnerability is also examined closely in the film . Critic Mark Schilling noted a scene during Kiki 's first night away from home , staying with the bakers : Early in the morning , she quickly steps out of her room into the outhouses and peers out to see the husband , Fukuo , stretching his muscles . After he leaves the scene , Kiki rushes back to her room and slams the door behind her while gasping for air . `` The scene does absolutely nothing to advance the plot and the humor in it is low ... but ... it wordlessly -- and eloquently -- expresses Kiki 's youth , vulnerability , and isolation . ''", "Another theme is the transition from traditional to contemporary . Kiki is shown to balance both of these qualities . For instance , Kiki observes the tradition of witches wearing black , but adorns her hair with a bright red bow . Kiki also engages in other traditional methods , such as baking with a wood - burning stove and flying her mother 's old broom .", "Kiki 's loss of her ability to fly is also the subject of discussion . It is considered the worst crisis Kiki has to face during the film . The loss of flight reflects the harm dealt to Kiki by her own self - doubts . However , this hardship is what causes Kiki to realize that being vulnerable does not always lead to failure . In essence , the experience demonstrates that such vulnerability can help one learn valuable lessons and better understand oneself . Kiki in fact does not face any external adversaries in the film , though some have argued that the crashing dirigible is a feasible example . Kiki also loses her ability to talk with her cat , Jiji .", "In relation to Kiki 's portrayal as a witch , some have drawn comparisons to historical or contemporary views on witches and witchcraft . The film incorporates some conventions from fairy - tales such as a black cat companion for Kiki , Kiki 's use of a broom for flight , and her black dress . While girls with magical powers are common in Japanese television , Miyazaki noted that , `` the witchcraft has always merely been the means to fulfill the dreams of young girls . They have always become idols with no difficulties . '' In contrast , Kiki can not use her powers as a means of wish fulfillment .", "Kiki has also been compared to other characters in Miyazaki 's films . While there are overt differences in demeanor between Kiki and San from Princess Mononoke , a character who is motivated by anger , both characters take control over their own lives . This theme of remarkable independence is also seen in Miyazaki 's earlier works , such as in Nausicaä in Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind . Kiki is also compared to Chihiro of Spirited Away in the sense that they are both young girls attempting to seek independence without being rebellious . Chihiro is able to develop her independence through her friends and parents , just as Kiki leaves her village with her parents ' blessings .", "In 1987 , Group Fudosha asked Kadono 's publishers for the rights to adapt Kadono 's novel into a feature film directed by either Hayao Miyazaki or Isao Takahata of Studio Ghibli . However , both of the chosen directors were busy , working on My Neighbor Totoro and Grave of the Fireflies respectively . Miyazaki accepted the role of producer while the studio continued to search for a director . Near the end of Totoro 's production , members of Studio Ghibli were being recruited as senior staff for Kiki 's Delivery Service . The character design position was given to Katsuya Kondo , who was working with Miyazaki on Totoro . Hiroshi Ohno , who would later work on projects such as Jin - Roh , was hired as art director at the request of Kazuo Oga .", "Miyazaki chose Sunao Katabuchi as director . Katabuchi had worked with Miyazaki on Sherlock Hound ; Kiki 's Delivery Service would be his directorial debut . Studio Ghibli hired Nobuyuki Isshiki as script writer , but Miyazaki was dissatisfied by the first draft , finding it dry and too divergent from his own vision of the film . Since the novel was based in a fictional country in northern Europe , Miyazaki and the senior staff went to research landscapes and other elements of the setting . Their main stops were Stockholm and Visby at the Swedish island Gotland .", "Upon their return to Japan , Miyazaki and the creative team worked on conceptual art and character designs . Miyazaki began significantly modifying the story , creating new ideas and changing existing ones . Majo no Takkyūbin , the original children 's book by Kadono that the movie was based on , is very different from Miyazaki 's finished film . Kadono 's novel is more episodic , consisting of small stories about various people and incidents Kiki encounters while making deliveries . Kiki overcomes many challenges in the novel based on `` her good heart '' and consequently expands her circle of friends . She faces no particular traumas or crises . Many of the more dramatic elements , such as Kiki losing her powers or the airship incident at the film 's climax , are not present in the original story . However , in order to more clearly illustrate the themes of struggling with independence and growing up in the film , Miyazaki intended to have Kiki face tougher challenges and create a more potent sense of loneliness . One such challenge is Kiki 's sudden loss of ability to fly . This event is only loosely paralleled in the novel , in which Kiki 's broom breaks and merely requires her to fix it . Miyazaki remarked , `` As movies always create a more realistic feeling , Kiki will suffer stronger setbacks and loneliness than in the original '' . Kadono was unhappy with the changes that made between the book and film , to the point that the project was in danger of being shelved at the screenplay stage . Miyazaki and Toshio Suzuki , the producer of Ghibli , went to the author 's home and invited her to the film 's studio . After her visit to the studio , Kadono decided to let the project continue .", "Miyazaki finished the rough draft of the screenplay in June 1988 and presented it in July 1988 . It was at this time that Miyazaki revealed that he had decided to direct the film , because he had influenced the project so much . Kiki 's Delivery Service was originally intended to be a 60 - minute special , but expanded into a feature film running 102 minutes after Miyazaki completed storyboarding and scripting it .", "The word takkyūbin ( 宅急便 , literally `` home - fast - mail '' ) in the Japanese title is a trademark of Yamato Transport , though it is used today as a synonym for takuhaibin ( 宅配 便 , `` home - delivery - mail '' ) . The company not only approved the use of its trademark , though its permission was not required under Japanese trademark laws , but also enthusiastically sponsored the film , as the company uses a stylized depiction of a black mother cat carrying her kitten as its corporate logo .", "The first official English dub of Kiki 's Delivery Service was produced by Carl Macek of Streamline Pictures at the request of Tokuma Shoten for Japan Airlines ' international flights . Kiki was portrayed by voice actress Lisa Michelson , who voiced Satuski in the Streamline Dub of My Neighbor Totoro . This dub is only available in the Ghibli Laserdisc Box Set .", "Kirsten Dunst voiced Kiki in Disney 's 1997 English dub , released in 1998 . This dub was also Canadian comedian and actor Phil Hartman 's last voice - acting performance ( as Jiji ) before his death in 1998 . The dub is dedicated to his memory .", "The Disney English dub of Kiki 's Delivery Service premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival on May 23 , 1998 . It was released to VHS on September 15 , 1998 . A few weeks later , Disney released another VHS of the movie , this time with the original Japanese soundtrack and with both English and Japanese subtitles . A Laserdisc version of the English dub also became available at this time . The Region 1 DVD was released on April 15 , 2003 alongside the releases of Spirited Away and Castle in the Sky . It was again reissued on Region 1 DVD in March 2010 along with My Neighbor Totoro and Castle in the Sky as a tribute to the home release of Ponyo . This version of this 2010 release was slightly edited to match the original Japanese version , removing some of Hartman 's ad - libbed lines and replacing Sydney Forest 's opening and ending songs with the original Japanese songs . 2 years later , on 1 July 2013 , StudioCanal released a Blu - ray , followed by a Grave of the Fireflies release except in that same format , only in the United Kingdom . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Kiki 's Delivery Service on Blu - ray Disc on November 18 , 2014 . GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu - ray & DVD on October 17 , 2017 .", "Disney 's English dub of Kiki 's Delivery Service contained some changes , which have been described as `` pragmatic '' . The changes were approved by Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli .", "There are a number of additions and embellishments to the film 's musical score , and several lavish sound effects over sections that are silent in the Japanese original . The extra pieces of music , composed by Paul Chihara , range from soft piano music to a string - plucked rendition of Edvard Grieg 's In the Hall of the Mountain King . The original Japanese opening theme is `` Rouge no Dengon '' ( ルージュ の 伝言 , Rūju no Dengon , `` Message of Rouge '' ) , and the ending theme is `` Yasashisa ni Tsutsumareta nara '' ( やさしさ に 包 まれ た なら , `` Wrapped in Kindness '' ) , both performed by Yumi Matsutoya ( credited as Yumi Arai ) . The original opening and ending theme songs were replaced by two new songs , `` Soaring '' and `` I 'm Gonna Fly '' , written and performed for the English dub by Sydney Forest .", "The depiction of the cat , Jiji , changed significantly in the Disney version . In the Japanese version Jiji is voiced by Rei Sakuma , while in the English version Jiji is voiced by comedian Phil Hartman . In Japanese culture , cats are usually depicted with feminine voices , whereas in American culture their voices are more gender - specific . A number of Hartman 's lines exist where Jiji simply says nothing in the original . Jiji 's personality is notably different between the two versions , showing a more cynical and sarcastic attitude in the Disney English version as opposed to cautious and conscientious in the original Japanese .", "In the original Japanese script , Kiki loses her ability to communicate with Jiji permanently , but the American version adds a line that implies that she is once again able to understand him at the end of the film . Miyazaki has said that Jiji is the immature side of Kiki , and this implies that Kiki , by the end of the original Japanese version , has matured beyond talking to her cat .", "More minor changes to appeal to the different teenage habits of the day include Kiki drinking hot chocolate instead of coffee and referring to `` cute boys '' instead of to `` the disco '' .", "However , as outlined in the Release notes section above , the 2010 English release is once again quite different ; many elements have reverted more towards the original Japanese version . For example , JiJi once again does not talk at the very end , and many of the sound effects added to the `` traditional '' English version have been removed .", "The English subtitled script used for the original VHS subbed release and the later DVD release more closely adheres to the Japanese script , but still contains a few alterations . Tokuma mistakenly believed the Streamline dub was an accurate translation of the film and offered it to Disney to use as subtitles . As a result , several additions from the dub appear in the subtitles regardless of whether or not they are present in the film .", "In Spain , Kiki was renamed `` Nicky '' because in Castilian Spanish the phonetically similar `` quiqui '' is commonly used in the slang expression `` echar un quiqui '' , which means `` to have intercourse '' . The film was re-titled Nicky la aprendiz de bruja ( Nicky the Apprentice Witch ) .", "A manga book series using stills from the film was published in Japan by Tokuma Shoten . An English translation was published in 2006 by VIZ Media , in 4 volumes .", "In 1993 , a musical version of the story was produced . Yukio Ninagawa wrote the script and Kensuke Yokouchi directed the show . The role of Kiki was portrayed by Youki Kudoh and the role of Tombo was portrayed by Akira Akasaka . Akasaka was replaced by Katsuyuki Mori within the year . A cast recording was produced by the original cast , and the show was revived in 1995 and 1996 .", "Kiki 's Delivery Service premiered on July 29 , 1989 in Japanese theaters . The total distribution receipts were ¥ 2,170,000,000 ( US $ 18,000,000 ) . The film proved to be a financial success and was the highest - grossing film in Japan in 1989 . The Japanese DVD was the best selling anime DVD for February 7 , 2001 .", "Buena Vista Home Video 's VHS release became the 8th-most - rented title at Blockbuster stores during its first week of availability . This video release also sold over a million copies .", "On September 4 , 1998 , Entertainment Weekly rated it as Video of the Year , and on September 12 , 1998 , it was the first video release to be reviewed as a normal film on Siskel and Ebert rather than on the `` Video Pick of the Week '' section . Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave it `` two thumbs up '' and Ebert went on to rank it as one of the best animated films of 1989 . The film ranked # 12 on Wizard 's Anime Magazine 's list of the `` Top 50 Anime released in North America '' . Other reviews were very positive as well . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Kiki 's Delivery Service has a score of 97 % based on 29 reviews with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 , the website 's consensus reads , `` Kiki 's Delivery Service is a heartwarming , gorgeously - rendered tale of a young witch discovering her place in the world . '' The conservative Christian group Concerned Women for America boycotted Kiki 's Delivery Service screenings and released a press release on February 5 , 1998 , titled `` Disney Reverts to Witchcraft in Japanese Animation '' . Calling for a boycott of The Walt Disney Company , the group said the company `` is still not family friendly , but continues to have a darker agenda '' .", "Year Award Category Result Recipient 12th Anime Grand Prix Best Anime Won Kiki 's Delivery Service Best Female Character Won Kiki Best Anime Theme Song Won Yasashisa ni Tsutsumaretanara 44th Mainichi Film Award Best Animated Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service Kinema Junpo Awards Readers ' Choice Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service 13th Japan Academy Prize Special Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service Popularity Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service 7th Annual Golden Gross Award Gold , Japanese Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service The Movie 's Day Special Achievement Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service The Erandole Award Special Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service Japan Cinema Association Award Best Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service Best Director Won Hayao Miyazaki Japanese Agency of Cultural Affairs Best Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service Tokyo Metropolitan Cultural Honor Best Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service 7th Annual Money Making Director 's Award Best Director Won Hayao Miyazaki", "Year Award Category Result Recipient", "12th Anime Grand Prix Best Anime Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "Best Female Character Won Kiki", "Best Anime Theme Song Won Yasashisa ni Tsutsumaretanara", "44th Mainichi Film Award Best Animated Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "Kinema Junpo Awards Readers ' Choice Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "13th Japan Academy Prize Special Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "Popularity Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "7th Annual Golden Gross Award Gold , Japanese Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "The Movie 's Day Special Achievement Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "The Erandole Award Special Award Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "Japan Cinema Association Award Best Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "Best Director Won Hayao Miyazaki", "Japanese Agency of Cultural Affairs Best Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "Tokyo Metropolitan Cultural Honor Best Film Won Kiki 's Delivery Service", "7th Annual Money Making Director 's Award Best Director Won Hayao Miyazaki", "Adachi , Reito ( 2012 ) , A Study of Japanese Animation As Translation : A Descriptive Analysis of Hayao Miyazaki and Other Anime Dubbed Into English , ( S.l. ) : Universal Publishers , ISBN 1612339484 Camp , Brian ( 2007 ) , Anime Classics Zettai ! : 100 Must - See Japanese Animation Masterpieces , Berkeley , Calif. : Stone Bridge Press , ISBN 1933330228 Cavallaro , Dani ( 2006 ) , The Animé Art of Hayao Miyazaki , Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company , ISBN 0786451297 McCarthy , Helen ( 1999 ) , Hayao Miyazaki : Master of Japanese Animation : Films , Themes , Artistry , Stone Bridge Press , ISBN 1880656418 Napier , Susan J. ( 2005 ) , Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke : Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 1403970521 Odell , Colin ( 2009 ) , `` Kiki 's Delivery Service ( Majo no Takkyūbin ) ( 1989 ) '' , Studio Ghibli the Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. , Harpenden : Oldcastle Books , ISBN 184243358X Yamanaka , Hiroshi ( 2008 ) , `` The Utopian ' Power to Live ' : The Significance of the Miyazaki Phenomenon '' , in Mark Wheeler Macwilliams , Japanese Visual Culture : Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime , M.E. Sharpe , p. 245 , ISBN 0765633086", "Adachi , Reito ( 2012 ) , A Study of Japanese Animation As Translation : A Descriptive Analysis of Hayao Miyazaki and Other Anime Dubbed Into English , ( S.l. ) : Universal Publishers , ISBN 1612339484", "Camp , Brian ( 2007 ) , Anime Classics Zettai ! : 100 Must - See Japanese Animation Masterpieces , Berkeley , Calif. : Stone Bridge Press , ISBN 1933330228", "Cavallaro , Dani ( 2006 ) , The Animé Art of Hayao Miyazaki , Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company , ISBN 0786451297", "McCarthy , Helen ( 1999 ) , Hayao Miyazaki : Master of Japanese Animation : Films , Themes , Artistry , Stone Bridge Press , ISBN 1880656418", "Napier , Susan J. ( 2005 ) , Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke : Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 1403970521", "Odell , Colin ( 2009 ) , `` Kiki 's Delivery Service ( Majo no Takkyūbin ) ( 1989 ) '' , Studio Ghibli the Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. , Harpenden : Oldcastle Books , ISBN 184243358X", "Yamanaka , Hiroshi ( 2008 ) , `` The Utopian ' Power to Live ' : The Significance of the Miyazaki Phenomenon '' , in Mark Wheeler Macwilliams , Japanese Visual Culture : Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime , M.E. Sharpe , p. 245 , ISBN 0765633086" ]

[ [ "Om Prakash Rawat" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Chief Election Commissioner of India Incumbent Om Prakash Rawat since 23 January 2018 Election Commission of India Nominator Government of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age ( whichever is earlier ) Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India Salary ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) per month Website Election Commission of India", "Chief Election Commissioner of India", "Incumbent Om Prakash Rawat since 23 January 2018", "Election Commission of India", "Nominator Government of India", "Appointer President of India", "Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age ( whichever is earlier )", "Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India", "Salary ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) per month", "Website Election Commission of India", "India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas", "India", "This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India", "Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement", "Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights", "Basic structure doctrine", "-- -- -- -- -- -- --", "Code of Civil Procedure , 1908", "Code of Civil Procedure , 1908", "Uniform civil code", "Uniform civil code", "Uniform civil code", "Uniform civil code", "Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement", "Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973", "Indian Penal Code", "Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts", "President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List )", "President ( Head of state ) ( List )", "Vice president ( List )", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive :", "Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary", "Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List )", "Union Council of Ministers", "Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home )", "Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home )", "Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home )", "Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home )", "Civil services", "All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS )", "All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS )", "All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS )", "All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS )", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature :", "Parliament", "Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker )", "Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker )", "Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker )", "Rajya Sabha ( Chairman )", "Lok Sabha ( Speaker )", "Supreme court ( Chief justice )", "Supreme court ( Chief justice )", "High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts", "High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts", "High courts ( Chief justices )", "High courts ( Chief justices )", "District courts", "District courts", "District courts", "Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA )", "Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019", "Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019", "Recent general elections : 2009", "Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Recent state elections : 2017", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties", "National parties State parties", "National coalitions :", "National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA )", "National Democratic Alliance ( NDA )", "United Progressive Alliance ( UPA )", "Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats", "Administrative divisions", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments", "Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries )", "Governors ( List )", "Chief ministers ( List )", "Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries )", "Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Field - level officers", "Field - level officers", "Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies :", "District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats", "Urban bodies :", "Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats", "Other countries Atlas", "Other countries Atlas", "", "", "The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India , a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures and of President and Vice-President . Chief Election Commissioner of India is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service . It is very difficult to remove the authority of the Chief Election Commissioner once appointed by the president , as two - thirds of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha need to vote against him for disorderly conduct or improper actions .", "Despite the recent changes in the hierarchy , the system always had powers to impose unambiguous rules and guidelines that applied across the entire nation e.g. as to how the ballots will be cast and counted , what will be regarded as ' unqualified ' vote . India was probably one of the first countries in the World to go for a completely electronic ballot in the last elections . What made this remarkable was that the Election Commission of India had successfully implemented this across the entire diverse Indian population that also consisted of the rural illiterate people .", "While the office has always been an important one in the machinery of the Indian political process , it gained significant public attention during the tenure of T.N. Seshan , from 1990 to 1996 . Seshan is widely credited with undertaking a zealous effort to end corruption and manipulation in Indian elections . Though he made significant progress , several politicians attempted to derail these efforts . In particular , the expansion of the Election Commission to include the two Election Commissioners ( in addition to the Chief Commissioner ) was seen as a move to curtail the commissioner 's ability to act aggressively .", "In June 2012 , Lal Krishna Advani , a veteran Indian politician and former Deputy Prime Minister of India ( as well as former Leader of the Opposition in Indian Parliament ) , suggested that appointment of CEC ( as well as the Comptroller and Auditor General of India ( CAG ) ) should be made by a bipartisan collegium consisting of the Prime Minister , the Chief Justice , the Law Minister and the Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha . Subsequently , M Karunanidhi , the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) party and five times Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu supported the suggestion . Advani made this demand to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because , according to him , the current system was open to `` manipulation and partisanship '' . Similar demand was made by many former CEC 's such as BB Tandon , N Gopalaswamy and SY Quraishi .", "By the `` Election Commission ( Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business ) Act , 1991 '' , the salary of the chief election commissioner is the same as salary of a Judge of Supreme Court of India .", "Salary of the Chief Election Commissioner Salary ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) monthly", "Salary", "₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) monthly", "The following have held the post of the Chief Election Commissioner of India .", "List of Chief Election Commissioners No . Name Took office Left office Sukumar Sen 21 March 1950 19 December 1958 Kalyan Sundaram 20 December 1958 30 September 1967 SP Sen Verma 1 October 1967 30 September 1972 Nagendra Singh 1 October 1972 6 February 1973 T. Swaminathan 7 February 1973 17 June 1977 6 S.L. Shakdhar 18 June 1977 17 June 1982 7 R.K. Trivedi 18 June 1982 31 December 1985 8 R.V.S. Peri Sastri 1 January 1986 25 November 1990 9 V.S. Ramadevi 26 November 1990 11 December 1990 10 T.N. Seshan 12 December 1990 11 December 1996 11 M.S. Gill 12 December 1996 13 June 2001 12 J.M. Lyngdoh 14 June 2001 7 February 2004 13 T.S. Krishnamurthy 8 February 2004 15 May 2005 14 B.B. Tandon 16 May 2005 29 June 2006 15 N. Gopalaswami 30 June 2006 20 April 2009 16 Navin Chawla 21 April 2009 29 July 2010 17 S.Y. Quraishi 30 July 2010 10 June 2012 18 V.S. Sampath 11 June 2012 15 January 2015 19 H.S. Brahma 16 January 2015 18 April 2015 20 Nasim Zaidi 19 April 2015 5 July 2017 21 Achal Kumar Jyoti 6 July 2017 22 January 2018 22 Om Prakash Rawat 23 January 2018 Incumbent", "No . Name Took office Left office", "Sukumar Sen 21 March 1950 19 December 1958", "Kalyan Sundaram 20 December 1958 30 September 1967", "SP Sen Verma 1 October 1967 30 September 1972", "Nagendra Singh 1 October 1972 6 February 1973", "T. Swaminathan 7 February 1973 17 June 1977", "6 S.L. Shakdhar 18 June 1977 17 June 1982", "7 R.K. Trivedi 18 June 1982 31 December 1985", "8 R.V.S. Peri Sastri 1 January 1986 25 November 1990", "9 V.S. Ramadevi 26 November 1990 11 December 1990", "10 T.N. Seshan 12 December 1990 11 December 1996", "11 M.S. Gill 12 December 1996 13 June 2001", "12 J.M. Lyngdoh 14 June 2001 7 February 2004", "13 T.S. Krishnamurthy 8 February 2004 15 May 2005", "14 B.B. Tandon 16 May 2005 29 June 2006", "15 N. Gopalaswami 30 June 2006 20 April 2009", "16 Navin Chawla 21 April 2009 29 July 2010", "17 S.Y. Quraishi 30 July 2010 10 June 2012", "18 V.S. Sampath 11 June 2012 15 January 2015", "19 H.S. Brahma 16 January 2015 18 April 2015", "20 Nasim Zaidi 19 April 2015 5 July 2017", "21 Achal Kumar Jyoti 6 July 2017 22 January 2018", "22 Om Prakash Rawat 23 January 2018 Incumbent" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "How to Win Friends and Influence People First edition , 11th printing ( February 1937 ) Author Dale Carnegie Country United States Language English Subject Self - help Genre Non-fiction Publisher Simon and Schuster ( 1936 ) Publication date October 1936 Media type Print ( hardcover / paperback ) Pages 291 pp ISBN 1 - 4391 - 6734 - 6 OCLC 40137494", "First edition , 11th printing ( February 1937 )", "Author Dale Carnegie", "Country United States", "Language English", "Subject Self - help", "Genre Non-fiction", "Publisher Simon and Schuster ( 1936 )", "Publication date October 1936", "Media type Print ( hardcover / paperback )", "Pages 291 pp", "ISBN 1 - 4391 - 6734 - 6", "OCLC 40137494", "How to Win Friends and Influence People is a self - help book written by Dale Carnegie , published in 1936 . Over 30 million copies have been sold world - wide , making it one of the best - selling books of all time . In 2011 , it was number 19 on Time Magazine 's list of the 100 most influential books .", "In 1934 , Leon Shimkin of the publishing firm Simon & Schuster took one of Carnegie 's 14 - week courses ; afterward , Shimkin persuaded Carnegie to let a stenographer take notes from the course to be revised for publication . The original book contained colorful anecdotes and insightful wisdom , and gave instruction in handling people , `` winning '' friends , bringing people to your way of thinking , being a great leader , and successfully navigating home life . Carnegie combined age - old truisms with the emerging field of psychology to present a handbook in human relations which was interesting and accessible . Emphasizing using others ' egotistical tendencies to one 's advantage , Carnegie maintained that success could be found by charm , appreciation , and personality . The book sold exceptionally well from the start , going through 17 editions in its first year alone .", "In 1981 , a revised edition containing updated language and anecdotes was released . The revised edition reduced the number of sections from six to four , eliminating sections on effective business letters and improving marital satisfaction .", "In 2011 , a third edition was released , How to Win Friends and Influence People in the Digital Age . Written by Dale Carnegie & Associates , it applies Carnegie 's prescription for relationship and business success to the digital age .", "Get you out of a mental rut , give you new thoughts , new visions , new ambitions . Enable you to make friends quickly and easily . Increase your popularity . Help you to win people to your way of thinking . Increase your influence , your prestige , your ability to get things done . Enable you to win new clients , new customers . Increase your earning power . Make you a better salesman , a better executive . Help you to handle complaints , avoid arguments , keep your human contacts smooth and pleasant . Make you a better speaker , a more entertaining conversationalist . Make the principles of psychology easy for you to apply in your daily contacts . Help you to arouse enthusiasm among your associates .", "Get you out of a mental rut , give you new thoughts , new visions , new ambitions .", "Enable you to make friends quickly and easily .", "Increase your popularity .", "Help you to win people to your way of thinking .", "Increase your influence , your prestige , your ability to get things done .", "Enable you to win new clients , new customers .", "Increase your earning power .", "Make you a better salesman , a better executive .", "Help you to handle complaints , avoid arguments , keep your human contacts smooth and pleasant .", "Make you a better speaker , a more entertaining conversationalist .", "Make the principles of psychology easy for you to apply in your daily contacts .", "Help you to arouse enthusiasm among your associates .", "The book has six major sections . The core principles of each section are explained and quoted from below .", "Do n't criticize , condemn , or complain . Human nature does not like to admit fault . When people are criticized or humiliated , they rarely respond well and will often become defensive and resent their critic . To handle people well , we must never criticize , condemn or complain because it will never result in the behavior we desire . Give honest and sincere appreciation . Appreciation is one of the most powerful tools in the world . People will rarely work at their maximum potential under criticism , but honest appreciation brings out their best . Appreciation , though , is not simple flattery , it must be sincere , meaningful and with love . Arouse in the other person an eager want . To get what we want from another person , we must forget our own perspective and begin to see things from the point of view of others . When we can combine our desires with their wants , they become eager to work with us and we can mutually achieve our objectives .", "Do n't criticize , condemn , or complain . Human nature does not like to admit fault . When people are criticized or humiliated , they rarely respond well and will often become defensive and resent their critic . To handle people well , we must never criticize , condemn or complain because it will never result in the behavior we desire .", "Give honest and sincere appreciation . Appreciation is one of the most powerful tools in the world . People will rarely work at their maximum potential under criticism , but honest appreciation brings out their best . Appreciation , though , is not simple flattery , it must be sincere , meaningful and with love .", "Arouse in the other person an eager want . To get what we want from another person , we must forget our own perspective and begin to see things from the point of view of others . When we can combine our desires with their wants , they become eager to work with us and we can mutually achieve our objectives .", "Become genuinely interested in other people . `` You can make more friends in two months by being interested in them , than in two years by making them interested in you . '' The only way to make quality , lasting friendships is to learn to be genuinely interested in them and their interests . Smile . Happiness does not depend on outside circumstances , but rather on inward attitudes . Smiles are free to give and have an amazing ability to make others feel wonderful . Smile in everything that you do . Remember that a person 's name is , to that person , the sweetest and most important sound in any language . `` The average person is more interested in their own name than in all the other names in the world put together . '' People love their names so much that they will often donate large amounts of money just to have a building named after themselves . We can make people feel extremely valued and important by remembering their name . Be a good listener . Encourage others to talk about themselves . The easiest way to become a good conversationalist is to become a good listener . To be a good listener , we must actually care about what people have to say . Many times people do n't want an entertaining conversation partner ; they just want someone who will listen to them . Talk in terms of the other person 's interest . The royal road to a person 's heart is to talk about the things he or she treasures most . If we talk to people about what they are interested in , they will feel valued and value us in return . Make the other person feel important -- and do it sincerely . The golden rule is to treat other people how we would like to be treated . We love to feel important and so does everyone else . People will talk to us for hours if we allow them to talk about themselves . If we can make people feel important in a sincere and appreciative way , then we will win all the friends we could ever dream of .", "Become genuinely interested in other people . `` You can make more friends in two months by being interested in them , than in two years by making them interested in you . '' The only way to make quality , lasting friendships is to learn to be genuinely interested in them and their interests .", "Smile . Happiness does not depend on outside circumstances , but rather on inward attitudes . Smiles are free to give and have an amazing ability to make others feel wonderful . Smile in everything that you do .", "Remember that a person 's name is , to that person , the sweetest and most important sound in any language . `` The average person is more interested in their own name than in all the other names in the world put together . '' People love their names so much that they will often donate large amounts of money just to have a building named after themselves . We can make people feel extremely valued and important by remembering their name .", "Be a good listener . Encourage others to talk about themselves . The easiest way to become a good conversationalist is to become a good listener . To be a good listener , we must actually care about what people have to say . Many times people do n't want an entertaining conversation partner ; they just want someone who will listen to them .", "Talk in terms of the other person 's interest . The royal road to a person 's heart is to talk about the things he or she treasures most . If we talk to people about what they are interested in , they will feel valued and value us in return .", "Make the other person feel important -- and do it sincerely . The golden rule is to treat other people how we would like to be treated . We love to feel important and so does everyone else . People will talk to us for hours if we allow them to talk about themselves . If we can make people feel important in a sincere and appreciative way , then we will win all the friends we could ever dream of .", "The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it . Whenever we argue with someone , no matter if we win or lose the argument , we still lose . The other person will either feel humiliated or strengthened and will only seek to bolster their own position . We must try to avoid arguments whenever we can . Show respect for the other person 's opinions . Never say `` You 're wrong . '' We must never tell people flat out that they are wrong . It will only serve to offend them and insult their pride . No one likes to be humiliated , we must not be so blunt . If you 're wrong , admit it quickly and emphatically . Whenever we are wrong we should admit it immediately . When we fight we never get enough , but by yielding we often get more than we expected . When we admit that we are wrong people trust us and begin to sympathize with our way of thinking . Begin in a friendly way . `` A drop of honey can catch more flies than a gallon of gall . '' If we begin our interactions with others in a friendly way , people will be more receptive . Even if we are greatly upset , we must be friendly to influence people to our way of thinking . Start with questions to which the other person will answer yes . Do not begin by emphasizing the aspects in which we and the other person differ . Begin by emphasizing and continue emphasizing the things on which we agree . People must be started in the affirmative direction and they will often follow readily . Never tell someone they are wrong , but rather lead them where we would like them to go with questions that they will answer `` yes '' to . Let the other person do a great deal of the talking . People do not like listening to us boast , they enjoy doing the talking themselves . Let them rationalize and talk about the idea , because it will taste much sweeter to them in their own mouth . Let the other person feel the idea is his or hers . People inherently like ideas they come to on their own better than those that are handed to them on a platter . Ideas can best be carried out by allowing others to think they arrived at it themselves . Try honestly to see things from the other person 's point of view . Other people may often be wrong , but we can not condemn them . We must seek to understand them . Success in dealing with people requires a sympathetic grasp of the other person 's viewpoint . Be sympathetic with the other person 's ideas and desires . People are hungering for sympathy . They want us to recognize all that they desire and feel . If we can sympathize with others , they will appreciate our side as well and will often come around to our way of thinking . Appeal to the nobler motives . Everyone likes to be glorious in their own eyes . People believe that they do things for noble and morally upright reasons . If we can appeal to others ' noble motives we can successfully convince them to follow our ideas . Dramatize your ideas . In this fast paced world , simply stating a truth is n't enough . The truth must be made vivid , interesting , and dramatic . Television has been doing it for years . Sometimes ideas are not enough and we must dramatize them . Throw down a challenge . The thing that most motivates people is the game . Everyone desires to excel and prove their worth . If we want someone to do something , we must give them a challenge and they will often rise to meet it .", "The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it . Whenever we argue with someone , no matter if we win or lose the argument , we still lose . The other person will either feel humiliated or strengthened and will only seek to bolster their own position . We must try to avoid arguments whenever we can .", "Show respect for the other person 's opinions . Never say `` You 're wrong . '' We must never tell people flat out that they are wrong . It will only serve to offend them and insult their pride . No one likes to be humiliated , we must not be so blunt .", "If you 're wrong , admit it quickly and emphatically . Whenever we are wrong we should admit it immediately . When we fight we never get enough , but by yielding we often get more than we expected . When we admit that we are wrong people trust us and begin to sympathize with our way of thinking .", "Begin in a friendly way . `` A drop of honey can catch more flies than a gallon of gall . '' If we begin our interactions with others in a friendly way , people will be more receptive . Even if we are greatly upset , we must be friendly to influence people to our way of thinking .", "Start with questions to which the other person will answer yes . Do not begin by emphasizing the aspects in which we and the other person differ . Begin by emphasizing and continue emphasizing the things on which we agree . People must be started in the affirmative direction and they will often follow readily . Never tell someone they are wrong , but rather lead them where we would like them to go with questions that they will answer `` yes '' to .", "Let the other person do a great deal of the talking . People do not like listening to us boast , they enjoy doing the talking themselves . Let them rationalize and talk about the idea , because it will taste much sweeter to them in their own mouth .", "Let the other person feel the idea is his or hers . People inherently like ideas they come to on their own better than those that are handed to them on a platter . Ideas can best be carried out by allowing others to think they arrived at it themselves .", "Try honestly to see things from the other person 's point of view . Other people may often be wrong , but we can not condemn them . We must seek to understand them . Success in dealing with people requires a sympathetic grasp of the other person 's viewpoint .", "Be sympathetic with the other person 's ideas and desires . People are hungering for sympathy . They want us to recognize all that they desire and feel . If we can sympathize with others , they will appreciate our side as well and will often come around to our way of thinking .", "Appeal to the nobler motives . Everyone likes to be glorious in their own eyes . People believe that they do things for noble and morally upright reasons . If we can appeal to others ' noble motives we can successfully convince them to follow our ideas .", "Dramatize your ideas . In this fast paced world , simply stating a truth is n't enough . The truth must be made vivid , interesting , and dramatic . Television has been doing it for years . Sometimes ideas are not enough and we must dramatize them .", "Throw down a challenge . The thing that most motivates people is the game . Everyone desires to excel and prove their worth . If we want someone to do something , we must give them a challenge and they will often rise to meet it .", "Begin with praise and honest appreciation . People will do things begrudgingly for criticism and an iron - fisted leader , but they will work wonders when they are praised and appreciated . Call attention to people 's mistakes indirectly . No one likes to make mistakes , especially in front of others . Scolding and blaming only serves to humiliate . If we subtly and indirectly show people mistakes , they will appreciate us and be more likely to improve . Talk about your own mistakes before criticizing the other person . When something goes wrong , taking responsibility can help win others to your side . People do not like to shoulder all the blame and taking credit for mistakes helps to remove the sting from our critiques of others . Ask questions instead of giving direct orders . No one likes to take orders . If we offer suggestions , rather than orders , it will boost others confidence and allow them to learn quickly from their mistakes . Let the other person save face . Nothing diminishes the dignity of a man quite like an insult to his pride . If we do n't condemn our employees in front of others and allow them to save face , they will be motivated to do better in the future and confident that they can . Praise every improvement . People love to receive praise and admiration . If we truly want someone to improve at something , we must praise their every advance . `` Abilities wither under criticism , they blossom under encouragement . '' Give the other person a fine reputation to live up to . If we give people a great reputation to live up to , they will desire to embody the characteristics with which we have described them . People will work with vigor and confidence if they believe they can be better . Use encouragement . Make the fault seem easy to correct . If a desired outcome seems like a momentous task , people will give up and lose heart . But if a fault seems easy to correct , they will readily jump at the opportunity to improve . If we frame objectives as small and easy improvements , we will see dramatic increases in desire and success in our employees . Make the other person happy about doing what you suggest . People will most often respond well when they desire to do the behavior put forth . If we want to influence people and become effective leaders , we must learn to frame our desires in terms of others ' desires .", "Begin with praise and honest appreciation . People will do things begrudgingly for criticism and an iron - fisted leader , but they will work wonders when they are praised and appreciated .", "Call attention to people 's mistakes indirectly . No one likes to make mistakes , especially in front of others . Scolding and blaming only serves to humiliate . If we subtly and indirectly show people mistakes , they will appreciate us and be more likely to improve .", "Talk about your own mistakes before criticizing the other person . When something goes wrong , taking responsibility can help win others to your side . People do not like to shoulder all the blame and taking credit for mistakes helps to remove the sting from our critiques of others .", "Ask questions instead of giving direct orders . No one likes to take orders . If we offer suggestions , rather than orders , it will boost others confidence and allow them to learn quickly from their mistakes .", "Let the other person save face . Nothing diminishes the dignity of a man quite like an insult to his pride . If we do n't condemn our employees in front of others and allow them to save face , they will be motivated to do better in the future and confident that they can .", "Praise every improvement . People love to receive praise and admiration . If we truly want someone to improve at something , we must praise their every advance . `` Abilities wither under criticism , they blossom under encouragement . ''", "Give the other person a fine reputation to live up to . If we give people a great reputation to live up to , they will desire to embody the characteristics with which we have described them . People will work with vigor and confidence if they believe they can be better .", "Use encouragement . Make the fault seem easy to correct . If a desired outcome seems like a momentous task , people will give up and lose heart . But if a fault seems easy to correct , they will readily jump at the opportunity to improve . If we frame objectives as small and easy improvements , we will see dramatic increases in desire and success in our employees .", "Make the other person happy about doing what you suggest . People will most often respond well when they desire to do the behavior put forth . If we want to influence people and become effective leaders , we must learn to frame our desires in terms of others ' desires .", "In this chapter , the shortest in the book , Carnegie analyzes two letters and describes how to appeal to someone with the term `` do me a favor '' as opposed to directly asking for something which does not offer the same feeling of importance to the recipient of the request .", "In this chapter , the shortest in the book , Carnegie analyzes two letters and describes how to appeal to someone with the term `` do me a favor '' as opposed to directly asking for something which does not offer the same feeling of importance to the recipient of the request .", "Do n't nag . Do n't try to make your partner over . Do n't criticize . Give honest appreciation . Pay little attentions . Be courteous . Read a good book on the sexual side of marriage .", "Do n't nag .", "Do n't try to make your partner over .", "Do n't criticize .", "Give honest appreciation .", "Pay little attentions .", "Be courteous .", "Read a good book on the sexual side of marriage .", "Before How to Win Friends and Influence People was released , the genre of self - help books had an ample heritage . Authors such as Napoleon Hill , Orison Swett Marden , and Samuel Smiles had enormous success with their self - help books in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Dale Carnegie began his career not as a writer , but as a teacher of public speaking . He started out teaching night classes at a YMCA in New York and his classes became wildly popular and highly attended . The success of the classes in New York prompted YMCAs in Philadelphia and Baltimore to begin hosting the course as well . After even greater success , Carnegie decided to begin teaching the courses on his own at hotels in London , Paris , New York , Boston , Philadelphia , and Baltimore . Because he could not find any satisfactory handbook already in publication , Carnegie originally began writing small booklets to go along with his courses . After one of his 14 - week courses , he was approached by publisher Leon Shimkin of the publishing house Simon & Schuster . Shimkin urged Carnegie to write a book , but he was not initially persuaded . Shimken then hired a stenographer to type up what he heard in one of Carnegie 's long lectures and presented the transcript to Carnegie . Dale Carnegie liked the transcript so much he decided to edit and revise it into a final form . He wanted it to be extremely practical and interesting to read . To market the book , Shimkin decided to send 500 copies of the book to former graduates of the Dale Carnegie Course , with a note that pointed out the utility of the book for refreshing students with the advice they had learned . The 500 mailed copies brought orders for over 5,000 more copies of the book and Simon & Schuster had to increase the original print order of 1,200 quickly . Shimkin also ran a full page ad in the New York Times complete with quotes by Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller on the importance of human relations . Originally published in November 1936 , the book reached the New York Times best - seller list by the end of the year , and did not fall off for the next two years . Simon & Schuster continued to advertise the book relying heavily on testimonials as well as the testable approach the book offered . Carnegie had created a new kind of book , one that was not read with passive interest , but rather a manual of active participation .", "How to Win Friends and Influence People became one of the most successful books in American history . It went through 17 print editions in its first year of publishing and sold 250,000 copies in the first three months . The book has sold over 30 million copies worldwide since and annually sells in excess of 100,000 copies . A recent Library of Congress survey ranked Carnegie 's volume as the seventh most influential book in American history .", "The book met widespread popularity , but also stark criticism in many cases . Despite many of the negative comments from his critics , Carnegie 's book established a new genre . Carnegie described his book as an `` action - book '' but the category he created has since become known as the self - help genre . Almost every self - help book since has borrowed some type of style or form from Carnegie 's `` path - breaking best seller . ''", "Although How to Win Friends and Influence People ascended quickly on best - seller lists , the New York Times did not review it until February 1937 . They offered a balanced critique arguing that Carnegie indeed offered insightful advice in dealing with people , but that his wisdom was extremely simple and should not overrule the foundation of actual knowledge .", "The satirical writer Sinclair Lewis waited a year to offer his scathing critique . He described Carnegie 's method as teaching people to `` smile and bob and pretend to be interested in other people 's hobbies precisely so that you may screw things out of them . '' However , despite the criticism , sales continued to soar and the book was talked about and reviewed as it rapidly became mainstream .", "Scholarly critique however , was little and oscillated over time . Due to the book 's lay appeal , it was not significantly discussed in academic journals . In the early stages of the book 's life , the few scholarly reviews that were written explained the contents of the book and attempted to describe what made the book popular . As time passed however , scholarly reviews became more critical , chiding Carnegie for being insincere and manipulative .", "Despite the lack of attention in academic circles , How to Win Friends and Influence People was written for a popular audience and Carnegie successfully captured the attention of his target . The book experienced mass consumption and appeared in many popular periodicals , including garnering 10 pages in the January 1937 edition of Reader 's Digest .", "The book continued to remain at the top of best - seller lists and was even noted in the New York Times to have been extremely successful in Nazi Germany , much to the writer 's bewilderment . He wrote that Carnegie would rate `` butter higher than guns as a means of winning friends '' something `` diametrically opposite to the official German view . ''", "How to Win Friends and Influence People continues to have success even into the 21st century . The book ranks as the 11th highest selling non-fiction book on Amazon of all time and shows no signs of slowing down .", "Warren Buffett took the Dale Carnegie course `` How to Win Friends and Influence People '' when he was 20 years old , and to this day has the diploma in his office . Charles Manson used what he learned from the book in prison to manipulate women into killing on his behalf . The title of Lenny Bruce 's autobiography , How to Talk Dirty and Influence People is a parody of the title of this book . English rock band Terrorvision titled their second album How to Make Friends and Influence People in reference to the book . In August 2015 , the book was featured on Showtime 's Masters of Sex , with portions recited in a voiceover as a main character studies the text . The title of Toby Young 's memoir How to Lose Friends & Alienate People is a parody of the title of this book . The memoir was also adapted into a 2008 film of the same name starring Simon Pegg . An episode from season 7 of Cheers is called `` How to Win Friends and Electrocute People '' as a play on the title of the book . Season 7 episode 9 of Supernatural is titled `` How to Win Friends and Influence Monsters '' , in reference to the title of the book . Season 2 episode 3 of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is titled `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' , in reference to this book . It aired October 7th , 2014 . The book is referenced in the 2016 film Imperium , in which an undercover FBI agent uses principles from the book to infiltrate an extremist group . In the November 2 , 2017 episode of Young Sheldon , `` Rockets , Communists , and the Dewey Decimal System '' , Sheldon reads the book and attempts to apply its advice . The book is said to have greatly influenced the life of television and film actress Donna Reed . It was given to her by her high school chemistry teacher Edward Tompkins to read as a sophomore at Denison ( Iowa ) High School in 1936 . Upon reading it she won the lead in the school play , was voted Campus Queen and was in the top 10 of the 1938 graduating class .", "Warren Buffett took the Dale Carnegie course `` How to Win Friends and Influence People '' when he was 20 years old , and to this day has the diploma in his office .", "Charles Manson used what he learned from the book in prison to manipulate women into killing on his behalf .", "The title of Lenny Bruce 's autobiography , How to Talk Dirty and Influence People is a parody of the title of this book .", "English rock band Terrorvision titled their second album How to Make Friends and Influence People in reference to the book .", "In August 2015 , the book was featured on Showtime 's Masters of Sex , with portions recited in a voiceover as a main character studies the text .", "The title of Toby Young 's memoir How to Lose Friends & Alienate People is a parody of the title of this book . The memoir was also adapted into a 2008 film of the same name starring Simon Pegg .", "An episode from season 7 of Cheers is called `` How to Win Friends and Electrocute People '' as a play on the title of the book .", "Season 7 episode 9 of Supernatural is titled `` How to Win Friends and Influence Monsters '' , in reference to the title of the book .", "Season 2 episode 3 of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is titled `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' , in reference to this book . It aired October 7th , 2014 .", "The book is referenced in the 2016 film Imperium , in which an undercover FBI agent uses principles from the book to infiltrate an extremist group .", "In the November 2 , 2017 episode of Young Sheldon , `` Rockets , Communists , and the Dewey Decimal System '' , Sheldon reads the book and attempts to apply its advice .", "The book is said to have greatly influenced the life of television and film actress Donna Reed . It was given to her by her high school chemistry teacher Edward Tompkins to read as a sophomore at Denison ( Iowa ) High School in 1936 . Upon reading it she won the lead in the school play , was voted Campus Queen and was in the top 10 of the 1938 graduating class ." ]

[ [ "a Spartanburg-area blind piano tuner" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Marshall Tucker Band The Marshall Tucker Band on July 4 , 2006 Background information Origin Spartanburg , South Carolina , USA Genres Southern rock blues rock country rock jazz - rock Years active 1972 -- present Labels Capricorn , Warner Bros. , Mercury , Cabin Fever , Ramblin ' Associated acts Charlie Daniels , The Allman Brothers Band , Eric Quincy Tate , Lynyrd Skynyrd Website www.marshalltucker.com Members Doug Gray ( original member ) Marcus James Henderson Chris Hicks Rick Willis Tony Black B.B. Borden Past members Jerry Eubanks ( original member ) Toy Caldwell ( original member ) ( d. 1993 ) George McCorkle ( original member ) ( d. 2007 ) Paul Riddle ( original member ) Tommy Caldwell ( original member ) ( d. 1980 ) Franklin Wilkie Stuart Swanlund Rusty Milner Tim Lawter Ronnie Godfrey Bobby Ogdin Bob Wray James Stroud Tom Robb Ace Allen Don Cameron Frank Toler Mark Pettey Ronald Radford Todd Davis Paul Thompson Garry Guzzardo David Muse Clay Cook Tony Heatherly Pat Elwood", "The Marshall Tucker Band", "The Marshall Tucker Band on July 4 , 2006", "Background information", "Origin Spartanburg , South Carolina , USA", "Genres Southern rock blues rock country rock jazz - rock", "Southern rock blues rock country rock jazz - rock", "jazz - rock", "Years active 1972 -- present", "Labels Capricorn , Warner Bros. , Mercury , Cabin Fever , Ramblin '", "Associated acts Charlie Daniels , The Allman Brothers Band , Eric Quincy Tate , Lynyrd Skynyrd", "Website www.marshalltucker.com", "Members Doug Gray ( original member ) Marcus James Henderson Chris Hicks Rick Willis Tony Black B.B. Borden", "Past members Jerry Eubanks ( original member ) Toy Caldwell ( original member ) ( d. 1993 ) George McCorkle ( original member ) ( d. 2007 ) Paul Riddle ( original member ) Tommy Caldwell ( original member ) ( d. 1980 ) Franklin Wilkie Stuart Swanlund Rusty Milner Tim Lawter Ronnie Godfrey Bobby Ogdin Bob Wray James Stroud Tom Robb Ace Allen Don Cameron Frank Toler Mark Pettey Ronald Radford Todd Davis Paul Thompson Garry Guzzardo David Muse Clay Cook Tony Heatherly Pat Elwood", "The Marshall Tucker Band is an American rock band from Spartanburg , South Carolina . Noted for incorporating blues , country and jazz into its eclectic sound , The Marshall Tucker Band helped establish the Southern rock genre in the early 1970s . While the band had reached the height of its commercial success by the end of the decade , the band has recorded and performed continuously under various lineups for 45 years .", "The original lineup of the Marshall Tucker Band , formed in 1972 , included lead guitarist , vocalist , and primary songwriter Toy Caldwell ( 1947 -- 1993 ) , lead vocalist Doug Gray ( born 1948 ) , keyboard player , saxophone player , and flautist Jerry Eubanks ( born 1950 ) , rhythm guitarist George McCorkle ( 1947 -- 2007 ) , drummer Paul Riddle ( born 1953 ) , and bassist Tommy Caldwell ( 1949 -- 1980 ) . They signed with Capricorn Records and in 1973 released their first LP , The Marshall Tucker Band .", "After Tommy Caldwell was killed in an automobile accident in 1980 , he was replaced by bassist Franklin Wilkie . Most of the original band members had left by the mid-1980s to pursue other projects . The band 's current lineup consists of Gray on vocals , keyboard player , saxophonist and flautist Marcus James Henderson , guitarists Chris Hicks and Rick Willis , bassist Tony Black and drummer B.B. Borden .", "The `` Marshall Tucker '' in the band 's name does not refer to a band member , but rather a Spartanburg - area blind piano tuner . While the band was discussing possible band names one evening in an old warehouse they had rented for rehearsal space , someone noticed that the warehouse 's door key had the name `` Marshall Tucker '' inscribed on it , and suggested they call themselves `` The Marshall Tucker Band , '' not realizing it referred to an actual person . It later came to light that Marshall Tucker , the blind piano tuner , had rented the space before the band , and his name was inscribed on the key . Music historian Joel Whitburn erroneously attributes `` Marshall Tucker '' to the owner of the band 's rehearsal hall in his book , Top Pop Singles , 1955 - 2002 .", "The original members ( and some later members ) of the Marshall Tucker Band had been playing in various lineups under different band names around the Spartanburg area since the early 1960s . In 1966 , members of several such bands merged to form the Toy Factory , named after guitarist Toy Caldwell . The Toy Factory 's constantly shifting lineup included , at times , Caldwell , his younger brother Tommy , Doug Gray , Jerry Eubanks , George McCorkle , and Franklin Wilkie . In the late 1960s , four of the bandmembers served in the U.S. Armed Forces ; Toy Caldwell was wounded in Vietnam .", "By the 1970s , Toy Caldwell and George McCorkle had returned to Spartanburg , and the Toy Factory had resumed playing in area clubs . In 1970 the Toy Factory was the opening act for the Allman Brothers when the Allmans played at the `` Sitar '' music lounge in Spartanburg .", "In 1972 , Caldwell and McCorkle once again revamped the band 's lineup , eventually settling on Tommy Caldwell on bass , George McCorkle rhythm guitar , vocalist Doug Gray , and Jerry Eubanks , flute / tenor sax , while adding Paul Riddle on drums ; the new lineup adopted the name `` Marshall Tucker Band . '' Wet Willie lead singer Jimmy Hall told Toy Caldwell to book the band at Grant 's Lounge in Macon which he did . After hearing the band play at Grant 's , Buddy Thornton and Paul Hornsby recorded the band 's demo at Capricorn Studios in Macon , Ga . Frank Fenter and Phil Walden signed The Marshall Tucker Band based on those demos .", "The Marshall Tucker Band 's self - titled debut , produced by Paul Hornsby , was released in 1973 , and certified gold in 1975 . All of the tracks were written by Toy Caldwell , including `` Ca n't You See '' , which was released in 1973 on Capricorn 0023 ( `` Bubbled Under '' at No. 108 on 1 September 1973 ) and re-released in 1977 on Capricorn 0278 ( peaked at No. 75 on 24 September 1977 ) . After the album 's release , the band began touring , playing upwards of 300 shows per year throughout the decade . Southern rock fiddler Charlie Daniels later recalled that the Marshall Tucker Band `` came onstage and just blew it out from start to finish . ''", "Daniels ' first of many collaborations with the Marshall Tucker Band came on the band 's second album , A New Life , which was released in 1974 , and certified gold in 1977 . Daniels and blues guitarist Elvin Bishop were among several musicians that joined the band for Where We All Belong , a double - album ( one studio album and one live album ) released by the band in 1974 and certified gold that same year . The following year the band 's Searchin ' for a Rainbow was also certified gold the year of its release , and contained the track `` Fire on the Mountain , '' which peaked at No. 38 on the Billboard charts . Long Hard Ride , the band 's fifth consecutive gold album , was released in 1976 , and its instrumental title track ( which again features Charlie Daniels on fiddle ) was nominated for a Grammy . Carolina Dreams , released in 1977 and certified platinum that same year , proved to be the band 's most commercially successful album , and included the track `` Heard It in a Love Song , '' which reached No. 14 on the Billboard charts . The band 's final Capricorn release came with 1978 's Together Forever , which was produced by Stewart Levine . Following the bankruptcy of Capricorn , The Marshall Tucker Band moved to Warner Bros. Records for their ninth album , Running Like the Wind ( the band 's eighth release was a compilation album entitled Greatest Hits ) , and they retained Levine as the album 's producer .", "Following the completion of the band 's tenth album , entitled Tenth , tragedy struck The Marshall Tucker Band . On April 22 , 1980 , the band 's bassist and co-founder , Tommy Caldwell , suffered massive head trauma in a car wreck and died six days later . Former Toy Factory bassist Franklin Wilkie replaced Caldwell , but the band was never able to recapture its commercial success of the 1970s . On 1982 's Tuckerized , only two songs were written by band members ; ' Sea , Dreams & Fairy Tales ' by Toy Caldwell and ' Sweet Elaine ' by George McCorkle . Main songwriter Toy Caldwell only contributed three songs to each of the two albums released in 1983 ; Just Us and Greetings from South Carolina . After 1983 's Greetings from South Carolina , all the rest of the original band members split , sans Doug Gray and Jerry Eubanks .", "In 1988 Gray and Eubanks recorded the album Still Holdin ' On , their one and only release on the Mercury Records label . Although Gray and Eubanks added new members Rusty Milner , Stuart Swanlund , and Tim Lawter , Still Holdin ' On was primarily recorded with studio musicians . The newer members ( including newly added keyboardist Don Cameron ) had a much greater role , however , on the band 's 1990 album , Southern Spirit , released on the Sisaspa label . The album marked a return to the band 's country and blues roots .", "In 1992 , the Marshall Tucker Band produced its first album for the Cabin Fever label , Still Smokin ' , which managed to crack the top 70 on the Billboard charts . The band 's 1993 release , Walk Outside the Lines , marked a transition to a more country sound , relying less on long improvised jams that were the trademark of the band 's early career . The album 's title track was co-written by country music star Garth Brooks , a long - time fan of the band who considered writing a track for them a `` milestone '' in his career .", "For 1998 's Face Down In the Blues , the band added Spartanburg - area guitarist Ronald Radford and Firefall 's multi-instrumentalist David Muse , the latter replacing Jerry Eubanks , who had retired in 1996 . Gospel , the band 's 1999 album , featured the band 's rendition of traditional songs such as The Wayfaring Stranger and Will the Circle Be Unbroken , and several original tracks .", "The Marshall Tucker Band continued recording and performing into the 21st century , playing between 150 and 200 shows per year . The band reissued many of its albums from the 1970s on its new Ramblin ' Records label , as well as two two - disc compilations , the first ( Anthology ) being a 30 - year retrospective and the second ( Where a Country Boy Belongs ) being a collection of the band 's country songs . In 2004 , they released another studio album , Beyond the Horizon , and the following year released a Christmas album , Carolina Christmas .", "Ca n't You See was used for the opening and closing credits of the Kevin Costner 2008 motion picture Swing Vote . Take the Highway was also used in the movie .", "`` Ca n't You See '' is also used in the 2001 film Blow , and the 2017 film I , Tonya .", "The band has incorporated throughout its career elements of diverse genres into its sound , most frequently blues , country and jazz . The band has also drawn from boogie , psychedelic , R&B , gospel , folk and rock and roll . According to Allmusic 's Jeff Tamarkin , Toy Caldwell 's guitar playing style was categorized by `` flashy , jazzy llicks ; the band has also been noted for extensive jamming .", "The band 's eclectic musical style has predominately been categorized as Southern rock . The band 's music has also been categorized as blues rock , country rock , jazz rock and as a `` proto - jam band '' . Billboard charts have categorized the band as country , blues and adult contemporary .", "The band 's self - titled debut album was categorized as country rock , progressive rock and `` a Southern rock classic '' . Guitarist / songwriter Toy Caldwell drew heavily from bluegrass and country while writing songs for the band 's debut . The follow - up album , A New Life , was categorized as having more of a country sound . Where We All Belong has been described as a `` classic rock and roll album '' . The band 's 1979 album Running Like the Wind features a pop rock and jazz fusion sound . The follow - up Tenth album featured a boogie rock sound . The band 's 1998 album Face Down in the Blues consisted , as its title implies , entirely of blues music .", "Year Album Chart positions RIAA Label US US Country CAN 1973 The Marshall Tucker Band 29 -- -- Gold Capricorn A New Life 37 -- 35 Gold Where We All Belong 54 -- 91 Gold Searchin ' for a Rainbow 15 21 -- Gold 1976 Long Hard Ride 32 21 64 -- 1977 Carolina Dreams 23 22 7 Platinum 1978 Together Forever 22 26 24 Gold 1979 Running Like the Wind 30 -- -- -- Warner Bros . 1980 Tenth 32 -- -- -- 1981 Dedicated 53 -- -- -- 1982 Tuckerized 95 -- -- -- Just Us 204 -- -- -- Greetings from South Carolina 202 -- -- -- 1988 Still Holdin ' On -- -- -- -- Mercury 1990 Southern Spirit -- -- -- -- Capitol 1992 Still Smokin ' -- -- -- -- Cabin Fever 1993 Walk Outside the Lines -- -- -- -- 1998 Face Down in the Blues -- -- -- -- K - Tel 1999 Gospel -- -- -- -- 2003 Stompin ' Room Only -- -- -- -- Shout ! Factory Beyond the Horizon -- -- -- -- 2005 Carolina Christmas -- -- -- -- 2007 The Next Adventure -- -- -- --", "Year Album Chart positions RIAA Label", "US US Country CAN", "1973 The Marshall Tucker Band 29 -- -- Gold Capricorn", "A New Life 37 -- 35 Gold", "Where We All Belong 54 -- 91 Gold", "Searchin ' for a Rainbow 15 21 -- Gold", "1976 Long Hard Ride 32 21 64 --", "1977 Carolina Dreams 23 22 7 Platinum", "1978 Together Forever 22 26 24 Gold", "1979 Running Like the Wind 30 -- -- -- Warner Bros .", "1980 Tenth 32 -- -- --", "1981 Dedicated 53 -- -- --", "1982 Tuckerized 95 -- -- --", "Just Us 204 -- -- --", "Greetings from South Carolina 202 -- -- --", "1988 Still Holdin ' On -- -- -- -- Mercury", "1990 Southern Spirit -- -- -- -- Capitol", "1992 Still Smokin ' -- -- -- -- Cabin Fever", "1993 Walk Outside the Lines -- -- -- --", "1998 Face Down in the Blues -- -- -- -- K - Tel", "1999 Gospel -- -- -- --", "2003 Stompin ' Room Only -- -- -- -- Shout ! Factory", "Beyond the Horizon -- -- -- --", "2005 Carolina Christmas -- -- -- --", "2007 The Next Adventure -- -- -- --", "Year Album Chart positions RIAA Label US US Country CAN 2006 Live on Long Island 04 - 18 - 80 -- -- -- -- Shout ! Factory 2008 Carolina Dreams Tour ' 77 -- -- -- -- Way Out West ! Live From San Francisco 1973 -- -- -- -- 2013 Live ! From Spartanburg , South Carolina -- -- -- -- 2015 Live in the UK 1976 -- -- -- -- Ramblin '", "Year Album Chart positions RIAA Label", "US US Country CAN", "2006 Live on Long Island 04 - 18 - 80 -- -- -- -- Shout ! Factory", "2008 Carolina Dreams Tour ' 77 -- -- -- --", "Way Out West ! Live From San Francisco 1973 -- -- -- --", "2013 Live ! From Spartanburg , South Carolina -- -- -- --", "2015 Live in the UK 1976 -- -- -- -- Ramblin '", "Year Album Chart positions RIAA Label US US Country CAN 1978 Greatest Hits 67 19 68 Platinum Capricorn The Capricorn Years -- -- -- -- Era Country Tucker -- -- -- -- K - Tel The Encore Collection -- -- -- -- BMG MT Blues -- -- -- -- K - Tel 2005 Anthology -- -- -- -- Shout ! Factory 2006 Where a Country Boy Belongs -- -- -- -- 2008 Collector 's Edition -- -- -- -- Madacy 2009 Love Songs -- -- -- -- Shout ! Factory Essential 3.0 -- -- -- -- 2011 Greatest Hits -- -- -- -- Ramblin '", "Year Album Chart positions RIAA Label", "US US Country CAN", "1978 Greatest Hits 67 19 68 Platinum Capricorn", "The Capricorn Years -- -- -- -- Era", "Country Tucker -- -- -- -- K - Tel", "The Encore Collection -- -- -- -- BMG", "MT Blues -- -- -- -- K - Tel", "2005 Anthology -- -- -- -- Shout ! Factory", "2006 Where a Country Boy Belongs -- -- -- --", "2008 Collector 's Edition -- -- -- -- Madacy", "2009 Love Songs -- -- -- -- Shout ! Factory", "Essential 3.0 -- -- -- --", "2011 Greatest Hits -- -- -- -- Ramblin '", "Year Single Peak chart positions Album US US Country US Rock CAN CAN Country CAN AC 1973 `` Ca n't You See '' 108 -- -- -- -- -- The Marshall Tucker Band `` Take the Highway '' -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Another Cruel Love '' -- -- -- -- -- -- A New Life `` This Ol ' Cowboy '' 78 -- -- -- -- -- Where We All Belong `` Fire on the Mountain '' 38 -- -- 81 -- -- Searchin ' for a Rainbow 1976 `` Searchin ' for a Rainbow '' 104 82 -- -- -- -- `` Long Hard Ride '' -- 63 -- -- -- -- Long Hard Ride 1977 `` Heard It in a Love Song '' 14 51 25 5 38 24 Carolina Dreams `` Ca n't You See '' ( Re-release ) 75 -- -- 57 -- 39 Greatest Hits 1978 `` Dream Lover '' 75 -- -- 80 -- -- Together Forever `` I 'll Be Loving You '' -- -- -- -- -- -- 1979 `` Last of the Singing Cowboys '' 42 -- -- 97 -- -- Running Like the Wind `` Running Like the Wind '' -- -- -- -- -- -- 1980 `` It Takes Time '' 79 -- -- -- -- -- Tenth `` Without You '' -- -- -- -- -- -- 1981 `` This Time I Believe '' 106 -- -- -- -- -- Dedicated `` Silverado '' -- -- 60 -- -- -- `` Tell the Blues to Take Off the Night '' -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Love Some '' -- -- -- -- -- -- 1982 `` Mr. President '' -- -- -- -- -- -- Tuckerized `` Reachin ' for a Little Bit More '' -- -- -- -- -- -- `` A Place I 've Never Been '' -- 62 -- -- -- -- Just Us `` Hangin ' Out in Smokey Places '' -- 44 -- -- -- -- Still Holdin ' On 1988 `` Once You Get the Feel of It '' -- 79 -- -- -- -- `` Still Holdin ' On '' -- -- -- -- -- -- 1990 `` Stay in the Country '' -- 26 -- -- -- -- Southern Spirit 1992 `` Driving You Out of My Mind '' -- 68 -- -- -- -- Still Smokin ' 1993 `` Walk Outside the Lines '' -- 71 -- -- -- -- Walk Outside the Lines `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart", "Year Single Peak chart positions Album", "US US Country US Rock CAN CAN Country CAN AC", "1973 `` Ca n't You See '' 108 -- -- -- -- -- The Marshall Tucker Band", "`` Take the Highway '' -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Another Cruel Love '' -- -- -- -- -- -- A New Life", "`` This Ol ' Cowboy '' 78 -- -- -- -- -- Where We All Belong", "`` Fire on the Mountain '' 38 -- -- 81 -- -- Searchin ' for a Rainbow", "1976 `` Searchin ' for a Rainbow '' 104 82 -- -- -- --", "`` Long Hard Ride '' -- 63 -- -- -- -- Long Hard Ride", "1977 `` Heard It in a Love Song '' 14 51 25 5 38 24 Carolina Dreams", "`` Ca n't You See '' ( Re-release ) 75 -- -- 57 -- 39 Greatest Hits", "1978 `` Dream Lover '' 75 -- -- 80 -- -- Together Forever", "`` I 'll Be Loving You '' -- -- -- -- -- --", "1979 `` Last of the Singing Cowboys '' 42 -- -- 97 -- -- Running Like the Wind", "`` Running Like the Wind '' -- -- -- -- -- --", "1980 `` It Takes Time '' 79 -- -- -- -- -- Tenth", "`` Without You '' -- -- -- -- -- --", "1981 `` This Time I Believe '' 106 -- -- -- -- -- Dedicated", "`` Silverado '' -- -- 60 -- -- --", "`` Tell the Blues to Take Off the Night '' -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Love Some '' -- -- -- -- -- --", "1982 `` Mr. President '' -- -- -- -- -- -- Tuckerized", "`` Reachin ' for a Little Bit More '' -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` A Place I 've Never Been '' -- 62 -- -- -- -- Just Us", "`` Hangin ' Out in Smokey Places '' -- 44 -- -- -- -- Still Holdin ' On", "1988 `` Once You Get the Feel of It '' -- 79 -- -- -- --", "`` Still Holdin ' On '' -- -- -- -- -- --", "1990 `` Stay in the Country '' -- 26 -- -- -- -- Southern Spirit", "1992 `` Driving You Out of My Mind '' -- 68 -- -- -- -- Still Smokin '", "1993 `` Walk Outside the Lines '' -- 71 -- -- -- -- Walk Outside the Lines", "`` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart", "Year Video Director 1981 `` Even a Fool Would Let Go '' 1990 `` Stay in the Country '' 1992 `` Driving You Out of My Mind '' George Bloom `` Frontline '' `` Tan Yard Road '' 1993 `` Walk Outside the Lines '' D. Gray , J. Gerik `` Down We Go '' D. Gray , J. Gerik , K. Mandel", "Year Video Director", "1981 `` Even a Fool Would Let Go ''", "1990 `` Stay in the Country ''", "1992 `` Driving You Out of My Mind '' George Bloom", "`` Frontline ''", "`` Tan Yard Road ''", "1993 `` Walk Outside the Lines '' D. Gray , J. Gerik", "`` Down We Go '' D. Gray , J. Gerik , K. Mandel" ]

[ [ "stratosphere" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth 's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun 's ultraviolet radiation . It contains high concentrations of ozone ( O ) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere , although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere . The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone , while the average ozone concentration in Earth 's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million . The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere , from approximately 20 to 30 kilometers ( 12 to 19 mi ) above Earth , although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically .", "The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson . Measurements of the sun showed that the radiation sent out from its surface and reaching the ground on Earth is usually consistent with the spectrum of a black body with a temperature in the range of 5,500 -- 6,000 K ( 5,227 to 5,727 ° C ) , except that there was no radiation below a wavelength of about 310 nm at the ultraviolet end of the spectrum . It was deduced that the missing radiation was being absorbed by something in the atmosphere . Eventually the spectrum of the missing radiation was matched to only one known chemical , ozone . Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G.M.B. Dobson , who developed a simple spectrophotometer ( the Dobsonmeter ) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground . Between 1928 and 1958 , Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations , which continue to operate to this day . The `` Dobson unit '' , a convenient measure of the amount of ozone overhead , is named in his honor .", "The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent of the Sun 's medium - frequency ultraviolet light ( from about 200 nm to 315 nm wavelength ) , which otherwise would potentially damage exposed life forms near the surface .", "In 1976 atmospheric research revealed that the ozone layer was being depleted by chemicals released by industry , mainly chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) . Concerns that increased UV radiation due to ozone depletion threatened life on Earth led to bans on the chemicals , and the latest evidence is that ozone depletion has slowed or stopped . The United Nations General Assembly has designated September 16 as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer .", "Venus also has a thin ozone layer at an altitude of 100 kilometers from the planet 's surface .", "The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were discovered by the British physicist Sydney Chapman in 1930 . Ozone in the Earth 's stratosphere is created by ultraviolet light striking ordinary oxygen molecules containing two oxygen atoms ( O ) , splitting them into individual oxygen atoms ( atomic oxygen ) ; the atomic oxygen then combines with unbroken O to create ozone , O . The ozone molecule is unstable ( although , in the stratosphere , long - lived ) and when ultraviolet light hits ozone it splits into a molecule of O and an individual atom of oxygen , a continuing process called the ozone - oxygen cycle . Chemically , this can be described as :", "O + hν → 2O O + O ↔ O", "O + hν → 2O", "O + O ↔ O", "About 90 percent of the ozone in the atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . Ozone concentrations are greatest between about 20 and 40 kilometres ( 66,000 and 131,000 ft ) , where they range from about 2 to 8 parts per million . If all of the ozone were compressed to the pressure of the air at sea level , it would be only 3 millimetres ( ⁄ inch ) thick .", "Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small , it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation coming from the sun . Extremely short or vacuum UV ( 10 -- 100 nm ) is screened out by nitrogen . UV radiation capable of penetrating nitrogen is divided into three categories , based on its wavelength ; these are referred to as UV - A ( 400 -- 315 nm ) , UV - B ( 315 -- 280 nm ) , and UV - C ( 280 -- 100 nm ) .", "UV - C , which is very harmful to all living things , is entirely screened out by a combination of dioxygen ( < 200 nm ) and ozone ( > about 200 nm ) by around 35 kilometres ( 115,000 ft ) altitude . UV - B radiation can be harmful to the skin and is the main cause of sunburn ; excessive exposure can also cause cataracts , immune system suppression , and genetic damage , resulting in problems such as skin cancer . The ozone layer ( which absorbs from about 200 nm to 310 nm with a maximal absorption at about 250 nm ) is very effective at screening out UV - B ; for radiation with a wavelength of 290 nm , the intensity at the top of the atmosphere is 350 million times stronger than at the Earth 's surface . Nevertheless , some UV - B , particularly at its longest wavelengths , reaches the surface , and is important for the skin 's production of vitamin D .", "Ozone is transparent to most UV - A , so most of this longer - wavelength UV radiation reaches the surface , and it constitutes most of the UV reaching the Earth . This type of UV radiation is significantly less harmful to DNA , although it may still potentially cause physical damage , premature aging of the skin , indirect genetic damage , and skin cancer .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The thickness of the ozone layer -- that is , the total amount of ozone in a column overhead -- varies by a large factor worldwide , being in general smaller near the equator and larger towards the poles . It also varies with season , being in general thickest during the autumn and thinner during the early spring . The reasons for this latitude and seasonal dependence are complicated , which involve in atmospheric circulation patterns as well as solar intensity . But in general , bitterly cold temperatures mixed with sunlight assist in maximum ozone depletion , which occurs in early spring .", "Since stratospheric ozone is produced by solar UV radiation , one might expect to find the highest ozone levels over the tropics and the lowest over polar regions . The same argument would lead one to expect the highest ozone levels in the summer and the lowest in the winter . The observed behavior is very different : most of the ozone is found in the mid-to - high latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres , and the highest levels are found in the spring , not summer , and the lowest in the autumn , not winter in the northern hemisphere . During winter , the ozone layer actually increases in depth . This puzzle is explained by the prevailing stratospheric wind patterns , known as the Brewer - Dobson circulation . While most of the ozone is indeed created over the tropics , the stratospheric circulation then transports it poleward and downward to the lower stratosphere of the high latitudes . However , owing to the ozone hole phenomenon , the lowest amounts of column ozone found anywhere in the world are over the Antarctic in the southern spring period of September and October and to a lesser extent over the Arctic in the northern spring period of March , April , and May .", "The ozone layer is higher in altitude in the tropics , and lower in altitude outside the tropics , especially in the polar regions . This altitude variation of ozone results from the slow circulation that lifts the ozone - poor air out of the troposphere into the stratosphere . As this air slowly rises in the tropics , ozone is produced as the sun overhead photolyzes oxygen molecules . As this slow circulation levels off and flows towards the mid-latitudes , it carries the ozone - rich air from the tropical middle stratosphere to the lower stratosphere middle and high latitudes . The high ozone concentrations at high latitudes are due to the accumulation of ozone at lower altitudes .", "The Brewer - Dobson circulation moves very slowly . The time needed to lift an air parcel by 1 km in the lower tropical stratosphere is about 2 months ( 18 m per day ) . However , horizontal poleward transport in the lower stratosphere is much faster and amounts to approximately 100 km per day in the northern hemisphere whilst it is only half as much in the southern hemisphere ( ~ 51 km per day ) . Even though ozone in the lower tropical stratosphere is produced at a very slow rate , the lifting circulation is so slow that ozone can build up to relatively high levels by the time it reaches 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) .", "Ozone amounts over the continental United States ( 25 ° N to 49 ° N ) are highest in the northern spring ( April and May ) . These ozone amounts fall over the course of the summer to their lowest amounts in October , and then rise again over the course of the winter . Again , wind transport of ozone is principally responsible for the seasonal changes of these higher latitude ozone patterns .", "The total column amount of ozone generally increases as we move from the tropics to higher latitudes in both hemispheres . However , the overall column amounts are greater in the northern hemisphere high latitudes than in the southern hemisphere high latitudes . In addition , while the highest amounts of column ozone over the Arctic occur in the northern spring ( March -- April ) , the opposite is true over the Antarctic , where the lowest amounts of column ozone occur in the southern spring ( September -- October ) .", "The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts , including nitric oxide ( NO ) , nitrous oxide ( N O ) , hydroxyl ( OH ) , atomic chlorine ( Cl ) , and atomic bromine ( Br ) . While there are natural sources for all of these species , the concentrations of chlorine and bromine increased markedly in recent decades because of the release of large quantities of man - made organohalogen compounds , especially chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) and bromofluorocarbons . These highly stable compounds are capable of surviving the rise to the stratosphere , where Cl and Br radicals are liberated by the action of ultraviolet light . Each radical is then free to initiate and catalyze a chain reaction capable of breaking down over 100,000 ozone molecules . By 2009 , nitrous oxide was the largest ozone - depleting substance ( ODS ) emitted through human activities .", "The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation . Consequently , unabsorbed and dangerous ultraviolet radiation is able to reach the Earth 's surface at a higher intensity . Ozone levels have dropped by a worldwide average of about 4 percent since the late 1970s . For approximately 5 percent of the Earth 's surface , around the north and south poles , much larger seasonal declines have been seen , and are described as `` ozone holes '' . The discovery of the annual depletion of ozone above the Antarctic was first announced by Joe Farman , Brian Gardiner and Jonathan Shanklin , in a paper which appeared in Nature on May 16 , 1985 .", "To support successful regulation attempts , the ozone case was communicated to lay persons `` with easy - to - understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture '' and related to `` immediate risks with everyday relevance '' . The specific metaphors used in the discussion ( ozone shield , ozone hole ) proved quite useful and , compared to global climate change , the ozone case was much more seen as a `` hot issue '' and imminent risk . Lay people were cautious about a depletion of the ozone layer and the risks of skin cancer .", "In 1978 , the United States , Canada and Norway enacted bans on CFC - containing aerosol sprays that damage the ozone layer . The European Community rejected an analogous proposal to do the same . In the U.S. , chlorofluorocarbons continued to be used in other applications , such as refrigeration and industrial cleaning , until after the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985 . After negotiation of an international treaty ( the Montreal Protocol ) , CFC production was capped at 1986 levels with commitments to long - term reductions . Since that time , the treaty was amended to ban CFC production after 1995 in the developed countries , and later in developing countries . Today , all of the world 's 197 countries have signed the treaty . Beginning January 1 , 1996 , only recycled and stockpiled CFCs were available for use in developed countries like the US . This production phaseout was possible because of efforts to ensure that there would be substitute chemicals and technologies for all ODS uses .", "On August 2 , 2003 , scientists announced that the global depletion of the ozone layer may be slowing down because of the international regulation of ozone - depleting substances . In a study organized by the American Geophysical Union , three satellites and three ground stations confirmed that the upper - atmosphere ozone - depletion rate slowed down significantly during the previous decade . Some breakdown can be expected to continue because of ODSs used by nations which have not banned them , and because of gases which are already in the stratosphere . Some ODSs , including CFCs , have very long atmospheric lifetimes , ranging from 50 to over 100 years . It has been estimated that the ozone layer will recover to 1980 levels near the middle of the 21st century . A gradual trend toward `` healing '' was reported in 2016 .", "Compounds containing C -- H bonds ( such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons , or HCFCs ) have been designed to replace CFCs in certain applications . These replacement compounds are more reactive and less likely to survive long enough in the atmosphere to reach the stratosphere where they could affect the ozone layer . While being less damaging than CFCs , HCFCs can have a negative impact on the ozone layer , so they are also being phased out . These in turn are being replaced by hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) and other compounds that do not destroy stratospheric ozone at all .", "The residual effects of CFCs accumulating within the atmosphere lead to a concentration gradient between the atmosphere and the ocean . This organohalogen compound is able to dissolve into the ocean 's surface waters and is able to act as a time - dependent tracer . This tracer helps scientists study ocean circulation by tracing biological , physical and chemical pathways", "As ozone in the atmosphere prevents most energetic ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the Earth , astronomical data in these wavelengths have to be gathered from satellites orbiting above the atmosphere and ozone layer . Most of the light from young hot stars is in the ultraviolet and so study of these wavelengths is important for studying the origins of galaxies . The Galaxy Evolution Explorer , GALEX , is an orbiting ultraviolet space telescope launched on April 28 , 2003 , which operated until early 2012 .", "This GALEX image of the Cygnus Loop nebula could not have been taken from the surface of the Earth because the ozone layer blocks the ultra-violet radiation emitted by the nebula .", "This GALEX image of the Cygnus Loop nebula could not have been taken from the surface of the Earth because the ozone layer blocks the ultra-violet radiation emitted by the nebula .", "This GALEX image of the Cygnus Loop nebula could not have been taken from the surface of the Earth because the ozone layer blocks the ultra-violet radiation emitted by the nebula ." ]

[ [ "Washington Capitals", "Vegas Golden Knights", "Tampa Bay Lightning", "Winnipeg Jets" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "2018 Stanley Cup playoffs Tournament details Dates April 11 -- June 7 , 2018 Teams 16 Final positions Champions Washington Capitals Runner - up Vegas Golden Knights Conference runners - up Tampa Bay Lightning Winnipeg Jets Tournament statistics Scoring leader ( s ) Evgeny Kuznetsov ( Capitals ) ( 32 points ) MVP Alexander Ovechkin ( Capitals ) ← 2017 2019 →", "Tournament details", "Dates April 11 -- June 7 , 2018", "Teams 16", "Final positions", "Champions Washington Capitals", "Runner - up Vegas Golden Knights", "Conference runners - up Tampa Bay Lightning Winnipeg Jets", "Tampa Bay Lightning Winnipeg Jets", "Tampa Bay Lightning", "Tournament statistics", "Scoring leader ( s ) Evgeny Kuznetsov ( Capitals ) ( 32 points )", "MVP Alexander Ovechkin ( Capitals )", "← 2017 2019 →", "The 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The playoffs began on April 11 , 2018 , after the 2017 -- 18 regular season ended , and concluded on June 7 , 2018 , with the Washington Capitals winning their first Stanley Cup in franchise history defeating the Vegas Golden Knights four games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals .", "The Nashville Predators made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e. best record ) during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins increased their post-season appearance streak to twelve seasons , the current longest streak .", "The Vegas Golden Knights became the first team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league since the 1979 -- 80 Hartford Whalers and the Edmonton Oilers . They also became the first expansion team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season since the 1967 NHL expansion . From there , they eventually became the first team since the 1967 -- 68 St. Louis Blues to win their respective conference , and reach the Stanley Cup Finals in their inaugural season . The only difference is that the 1967 -- 68 season through to the 1969 -- 70 season ensured that an expansion team would be able to reach the Stanley Cup Finals . For the fourth time in league history ( 2000 , 2001 , 2007 ) , only two Original Six teams , the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs , clinched a berth for the playoffs . For the first time since 1966 , no playoff games were played in the state of New York . For the fifth time in eight years , all three California - based teams made the playoffs . For the first time in league history , the Montreal Canadiens and the Detroit Red Wings missed the playoffs in the same year . For the first time since 1969 , both the Chicago Blackhawks and the Detroit Red Wings missed the playoffs in the same season . For the first time since 2009 , no California - based team reached the Conference Finals .", "The playoffs featured ten overtime games , the fewest since 2000 .", "This was the fifth year in which the top three teams in each division made the playoffs , along with two wild cards in each conference ( for a total of eight playoff teams from each conference ) .", "The following teams qualified for the playoffs :", "Tampa Bay Lightning , Atlantic Division champions , Eastern Conference regular season champions -- 113 points Boston Bruins -- 112 points Toronto Maple Leafs -- 105 points", "Tampa Bay Lightning , Atlantic Division champions , Eastern Conference regular season champions -- 113 points", "Boston Bruins -- 112 points", "Toronto Maple Leafs -- 105 points", "Washington Capitals , Metropolitan Division champions -- 105 points Pittsburgh Penguins -- 100 points Philadelphia Flyers -- 98 points", "Washington Capitals , Metropolitan Division champions -- 105 points", "Pittsburgh Penguins -- 100 points", "Philadelphia Flyers -- 98 points", "Columbus Blue Jackets -- 97 points ( 39 ROWs , 6 points head - to - head vs. New Jersey ) New Jersey Devils -- 97 points ( 39 ROWs , 2 points head - to - head vs. Columbus )", "Columbus Blue Jackets -- 97 points ( 39 ROWs , 6 points head - to - head vs. New Jersey )", "New Jersey Devils -- 97 points ( 39 ROWs , 2 points head - to - head vs. Columbus )", "Nashville Predators , Central Division champions , Western Conference regular season champions , Presidents ' Trophy winners -- 117 points Winnipeg Jets -- 114 points Minnesota Wild -- 101 points", "Nashville Predators , Central Division champions , Western Conference regular season champions , Presidents ' Trophy winners -- 117 points", "Winnipeg Jets -- 114 points", "Minnesota Wild -- 101 points", "Vegas Golden Knights , Pacific Division champions -- 109 points Anaheim Ducks -- 101 points San Jose Sharks -- 100 points", "Vegas Golden Knights , Pacific Division champions -- 109 points", "Anaheim Ducks -- 101 points", "San Jose Sharks -- 100 points", "Los Angeles Kings -- 98 points Colorado Avalanche -- 95 points", "Los Angeles Kings -- 98 points", "Colorado Avalanche -- 95 points", "In each round , teams compete in a best - of - seven series following a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( scores in the bracket indicate the number of games won in each best - of - seven series ) . The team with home ice advantage plays at home for games one and two ( and games five and seven , if necessary ) , and the other team is at home for games three and four ( and game six , if necessary ) . The top three teams in each division make the playoffs , along with two wild cards in each conference , for a total of eight teams from each conference .", "In the First Round , the lower seeded wild card in the conference plays against the division winner with the best record while the other wild card plays against the other division winner , and both wild cards are de facto # 4 seeds . The other series match the second and third place teams from the divisions . In the first two rounds , home ice advantage is awarded to the team with the better seed . Thereafter , it is awarded to the team that had the better regular season record .", "view talk", "First Round Second Round Conference Finals Stanley Cup Finals A1 Tampa Bay WC New Jersey A1 Tampa Bay A2 Boston A2 Boston A3 Toronto A1 Tampa Bay Eastern Conference M1 Washington M1 Washington WC Columbus M1 Washington M2 Pittsburgh M2 Pittsburgh M3 Philadelphia M1 Washington P1 Vegas C1 Nashville WC Colorado C1 Nashville C2 Winnipeg C2 Winnipeg C3 Minnesota C2 Winnipeg Western Conference P1 Vegas P1 Vegas WC Los Angeles 0 P1 Vegas P3 San Jose P2 Anaheim 0 P3 San Jose", "First Round Second Round Conference Finals Stanley Cup Finals", "", "A1 Tampa Bay", "WC New Jersey", "A1 Tampa Bay", "", "A2 Boston", "A2 Boston", "A3 Toronto", "A1 Tampa Bay", "Eastern Conference", "M1 Washington", "M1 Washington", "WC Columbus", "M1 Washington", "", "M2 Pittsburgh", "M2 Pittsburgh", "M3 Philadelphia", "M1 Washington", "", "P1 Vegas", "C1 Nashville", "WC Colorado", "C1 Nashville", "", "C2 Winnipeg", "C2 Winnipeg", "C3 Minnesota", "C2 Winnipeg", "Western Conference", "P1 Vegas", "P1 Vegas", "WC Los Angeles 0", "P1 Vegas", "", "P3 San Jose", "P2 Anaheim 0", "P3 San Jose", "Legend", "A1 , A2 , A3 -- The first , second , and third place teams from the Atlantic Division , respectively M1 , M2 , M3 -- The first , second , and third place teams from the Metropolitan Division , respectively C1 , C2 , C3 -- The first , second , and third place teams from the Central Division , respectively P1 , P2 , P3 -- The first , second , and third place teams from the Pacific Division , respectively WC -- Wild Card teams", "A1 , A2 , A3 -- The first , second , and third place teams from the Atlantic Division , respectively", "M1 , M2 , M3 -- The first , second , and third place teams from the Metropolitan Division , respectively", "C1 , C2 , C3 -- The first , second , and third place teams from the Central Division , respectively", "P1 , P2 , P3 -- The first , second , and third place teams from the Pacific Division , respectively", "WC -- Wild Card teams", "The Tampa Bay Lightning finished first in the Atlantic Division earning 113 points . New Jersey finished as the Eastern Conference 's second wild card , earning 97 points . This was the third playoff meeting between these teams with New Jersey winning both previous series . They last met in the 2007 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals , which New Jersey won in six games . New Jersey won all three games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Lightning defeated the Devils in five games . Although Taylor Hall scored his first playoff goal in game one , the Devils were beaten 5 -- 2 as Ondrej Palat recorded three points for Tampa Bay . In game two , a four - goal barrage by the Lightning during the second period forced Devils goaltender Keith Kinkaid to be pulled . Tampa won the game 5 -- 3 . The Devils recovered in game three as Taylor Hall scored a goal and two assists in a 5 -- 2 victory . J.T. Miller and Nikita Kucherov both had three points in a 3 -- 1 victory for the Lightning in game four . In game five , Kucherov 's goal was the series - winner as the Lightning held off a late attack by the Devils to win 3 -- 1 .", "April 12 New Jersey Devils 2 -- 5 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap No scoring First period 15 : 00 -- Ondrej Palat ( 1 ) 19 : 31 -- Tyler Johnson ( 1 ) Taylor Hall ( 1 ) -- 13 : 55 Second period 01 : 54 -- pp -- Yanni Gourde ( 1 ) Travis Zajac ( 1 ) -- pp -- 09 : 35 Third period 12 : 14 -- Alex Killorn ( 1 ) 18 : 48 -- en -- Nikita Kucherov ( 1 ) Keith Kinkaid 27 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 29 saves / 31 shots", "April 12 New Jersey Devils 2 -- 5 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 15 : 00 -- Ondrej Palat ( 1 ) 19 : 31 -- Tyler Johnson ( 1 )", "Taylor Hall ( 1 ) -- 13 : 55 Second period 01 : 54 -- pp -- Yanni Gourde ( 1 )", "Travis Zajac ( 1 ) -- pp -- 09 : 35 Third period 12 : 14 -- Alex Killorn ( 1 ) 18 : 48 -- en -- Nikita Kucherov ( 1 )", "Keith Kinkaid 27 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 29 saves / 31 shots", "April 14 New Jersey Devils 3 -- 5 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap Nico Hischier ( 1 ) -- 13 : 38 First period 12 : 15 -- Brayden Point ( 1 ) Sami Vatanen ( 1 ) -- 19 : 34 Second period 03 : 14 -- pp -- Alex Killorn ( 2 ) 04 : 36 -- Tyler Johnson ( 2 ) 06 : 01 -- Nikita Kucherov ( 2 ) 13 : 12 -- pp -- Alex Killorn ( 3 ) Blake Coleman ( 1 ) -- 11 : 57 Third period No scoring Keith Kinkaid 10 saves / 15 shots Cory Schneider 10 saves / 10 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 41 saves / 44 shots", "April 14 New Jersey Devils 3 -- 5 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "Nico Hischier ( 1 ) -- 13 : 38 First period 12 : 15 -- Brayden Point ( 1 )", "Sami Vatanen ( 1 ) -- 19 : 34 Second period 03 : 14 -- pp -- Alex Killorn ( 2 ) 04 : 36 -- Tyler Johnson ( 2 ) 06 : 01 -- Nikita Kucherov ( 2 ) 13 : 12 -- pp -- Alex Killorn ( 3 )", "Blake Coleman ( 1 ) -- 11 : 57 Third period No scoring", "Keith Kinkaid 10 saves / 15 shots Cory Schneider 10 saves / 10 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 41 saves / 44 shots", "April 16 Tampa Bay Lightning 2 -- 5 New Jersey Devils Prudential Center Recap No scoring First period No scoring Alex Killorn ( 4 ) -- pp -- 00 : 42 Second period 12 : 24 -- Taylor Hall ( 2 ) Steven Stamkos ( 1 ) -- pp -- 00 : 38 Third period 04 : 03 -- pp -- Will Butcher ( 1 ) 12 : 55 -- Stefan Noesen ( 1 ) 19 : 02 -- sh - en -- Blake Coleman ( 2 ) 19 : 22 -- en -- Ben Lovejoy ( 1 ) Andrei Vasilevskiy 36 saves / 39 shots Goalie stats Cory Schneider 34 saves / 36 shots", "April 16 Tampa Bay Lightning 2 -- 5 New Jersey Devils Prudential Center Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Alex Killorn ( 4 ) -- pp -- 00 : 42 Second period 12 : 24 -- Taylor Hall ( 2 )", "Steven Stamkos ( 1 ) -- pp -- 00 : 38 Third period 04 : 03 -- pp -- Will Butcher ( 1 ) 12 : 55 -- Stefan Noesen ( 1 ) 19 : 02 -- sh - en -- Blake Coleman ( 2 ) 19 : 22 -- en -- Ben Lovejoy ( 1 )", "Andrei Vasilevskiy 36 saves / 39 shots Goalie stats Cory Schneider 34 saves / 36 shots", "April 18 Tampa Bay Lightning 3 -- 1 New Jersey Devils Prudential Center Recap J.T. Miller ( 1 ) -- 11 : 30 Nikita Kucherov ( 3 ) -- 15 : 02 First period 08 : 23 -- pp -- Kyle Palmieri ( 1 ) No scoring Second period No scoring Nikita Kucherov ( 4 ) -- en -- 18 : 52 Third period No scoring Andrei Vasilevskiy 27 saves / 28 shots Goalie stats Cory Schneider 34 saves / 36 shots", "April 18 Tampa Bay Lightning 3 -- 1 New Jersey Devils Prudential Center Recap", "J.T. Miller ( 1 ) -- 11 : 30 Nikita Kucherov ( 3 ) -- 15 : 02 First period 08 : 23 -- pp -- Kyle Palmieri ( 1 )", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "Nikita Kucherov ( 4 ) -- en -- 18 : 52 Third period No scoring", "Andrei Vasilevskiy 27 saves / 28 shots Goalie stats Cory Schneider 34 saves / 36 shots", "April 21 New Jersey Devils 1 -- 3 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap No scoring First period 08 : 07 -- Mikhail Sergachev ( 1 ) No scoring Second period No scoring Patrick Maroon ( 1 ) -- 17 : 00 Third period 12 : 27 -- Nikita Kucherov ( 5 ) 19 : 58 -- en -- Ryan Callahan ( 1 ) Cory Schneider 35 saves / 37 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 26 saves / 27 shots", "April 21 New Jersey Devils 1 -- 3 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 08 : 07 -- Mikhail Sergachev ( 1 )", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "Patrick Maroon ( 1 ) -- 17 : 00 Third period 12 : 27 -- Nikita Kucherov ( 5 ) 19 : 58 -- en -- Ryan Callahan ( 1 )", "Cory Schneider 35 saves / 37 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 26 saves / 27 shots", "Tampa Bay won series 4 -- 1", "Tampa Bay won series 4 -- 1", "", "The Boston Bruins finished second in the Atlantic Division earning 112 points . The Toronto Maple Leafs earned 105 points to finish third in the Atlantic Division . This was the fifteenth playoff meeting between these two teams with Toronto winning eight of the fourteen previous series . They last met in the 2013 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals , which Boston won in seven games . Toronto won three of the four games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Bruins defeated the Maple Leafs in seven games . Tuukka Rask made 26 saves for the Bruins in game one , winning the game 5 -- 1 . During the game , Maple Leafs forward Nazem Kadri was given a five - minute major for a charging penalty for his hit on Tommy Wingels ; he would later be suspended for three games . David Pastrnak had a hat trick and three assists in a 7 -- 3 victory for the Bruins in game two , becoming the first player since Claude Giroux in 2012 to score a hat trick and three assists . In game three , Patrick Marleau scored twice for the Maple Leafs in a 4 -- 2 victory . Pastrnak assisted twice on two goals in a 3 -- 1 triumph for the Bruins , taking a 3 -- 1 series lead in the process . In game five , Toronto prevented a come - back by Boston , fending off the Bruins 4 -- 3 as Frederik Andersen made 42 saves for the Maple Leafs . Nikita Zaitsev assisted twice in a 3 -- 1 Maple Leafs victory , forcing a seventh game in the series . In game seven , Bruins forward Patrice Bergeron scored a goal and recorded two assists in a 7 -- 4 victory to advance his team to the second round .", "April 12 Toronto Maple Leafs 1 -- 5 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap Zach Hyman ( 1 ) -- 16 : 52 First period 05 : 28 -- pp -- Brad Marchand ( 1 ) No scoring Second period 15 : 43 -- pp -- David Backes ( 1 ) 19 : 22 -- David Pastrnak ( 1 ) No scoring Third period 07 : 41 -- Sean Kuraly ( 1 ) 11 : 29 -- pp -- David Krejci ( 1 ) Frederik Andersen 35 saves / 40 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 26 saves / 27 shots", "April 12 Toronto Maple Leafs 1 -- 5 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap", "Zach Hyman ( 1 ) -- 16 : 52 First period 05 : 28 -- pp -- Brad Marchand ( 1 )", "No scoring Second period 15 : 43 -- pp -- David Backes ( 1 ) 19 : 22 -- David Pastrnak ( 1 )", "No scoring Third period 07 : 41 -- Sean Kuraly ( 1 ) 11 : 29 -- pp -- David Krejci ( 1 )", "Frederik Andersen 35 saves / 40 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 26 saves / 27 shots", "April 14 Toronto Maple Leafs 3 -- 7 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap No scoring First period 05 : 26 -- David Pastrnak ( 2 ) 09 : 46 -- pp -- Jake DeBrusk ( 1 ) 12 : 13 -- Kevan Miller ( 1 ) 15 : 00 -- pp -- Rick Nash ( 1 ) Mitchell Marner ( 1 ) -- 01 : 22 Tyler Bozak ( 1 ) -- 09 : 02 Second period 03 : 46 -- David Krejci ( 2 ) James van Riemsdyk ( 1 ) -- pp -- 14 : 53 Third period 12 : 34 -- David Pastrnak ( 3 ) 18 : 24 -- David Pastrnak ( 4 ) Frederik Andersen 2 saves / 5 shots Curtis McElhinney 19 saves / 23 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 30 saves / 33 shots", "April 14 Toronto Maple Leafs 3 -- 7 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap", "No scoring First period 05 : 26 -- David Pastrnak ( 2 ) 09 : 46 -- pp -- Jake DeBrusk ( 1 ) 12 : 13 -- Kevan Miller ( 1 ) 15 : 00 -- pp -- Rick Nash ( 1 )", "Mitchell Marner ( 1 ) -- 01 : 22 Tyler Bozak ( 1 ) -- 09 : 02 Second period 03 : 46 -- David Krejci ( 2 )", "James van Riemsdyk ( 1 ) -- pp -- 14 : 53 Third period 12 : 34 -- David Pastrnak ( 3 ) 18 : 24 -- David Pastrnak ( 4 )", "Frederik Andersen 2 saves / 5 shots Curtis McElhinney 19 saves / 23 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 30 saves / 33 shots", "April 16 Boston Bruins 2 -- 4 Toronto Maple Leafs Air Canada Centre Recap No scoring First period 17 : 05 -- pp -- James van Riemsdyk ( 2 ) Adam McQuaid ( 1 ) -- 03 : 06 Zdeno Chara ( 1 ) -- 06 : 19 Second period 03 : 49 -- Patrick Marleau ( 1 ) 14 : 47 -- Auston Matthews ( 1 ) No scoring Third period 16 : 25 -- Patrick Marleau ( 2 ) Tuukka Rask 26 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Frederik Andersen 40 saves / 42 shots", "April 16 Boston Bruins 2 -- 4 Toronto Maple Leafs Air Canada Centre Recap", "No scoring First period 17 : 05 -- pp -- James van Riemsdyk ( 2 )", "Adam McQuaid ( 1 ) -- 03 : 06 Zdeno Chara ( 1 ) -- 06 : 19 Second period 03 : 49 -- Patrick Marleau ( 1 ) 14 : 47 -- Auston Matthews ( 1 )", "No scoring Third period 16 : 25 -- Patrick Marleau ( 2 )", "Tuukka Rask 26 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Frederik Andersen 40 saves / 42 shots", "April 19 Boston Bruins 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs Air Canada Centre Recap Torey Krug ( 1 ) -- 00 : 28 First period 07 : 43 -- Tomas Plekanec ( 1 ) Brad Marchand ( 2 ) -- 16 : 55 Second period No scoring Jake DeBrusk ( 2 ) -- 04 : 17 Third period No scoring Tuukka Rask 31 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Frederik Andersen 18 saves / 21 shots", "April 19 Boston Bruins 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs Air Canada Centre Recap", "Torey Krug ( 1 ) -- 00 : 28 First period 07 : 43 -- Tomas Plekanec ( 1 )", "Brad Marchand ( 2 ) -- 16 : 55 Second period No scoring", "Jake DeBrusk ( 2 ) -- 04 : 17 Third period No scoring", "Tuukka Rask 31 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Frederik Andersen 18 saves / 21 shots", "April 21 Toronto Maple Leafs 4 -- 3 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap Connor Brown ( 1 ) -- 06 : 36 Andreas Johnsson ( 1 ) -- 10 : 12 First period No scoring Tyler Bozak ( 2 ) -- 10 : 36 James van Riemsdyk ( 3 ) -- pp -- 11 : 55 Second period 09 : 45 -- pp -- David Backes ( 2 ) 17 : 18 -- Sean Kuraly ( 2 ) No scoring Third period 05 : 56 -- Noel Acciari ( 1 ) Frederik Andersen 42 saves / 45 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 9 saves / 13 shots Anton Khudobin 8 saves / 8 shots", "April 21 Toronto Maple Leafs 4 -- 3 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap", "Connor Brown ( 1 ) -- 06 : 36 Andreas Johnsson ( 1 ) -- 10 : 12 First period No scoring", "Tyler Bozak ( 2 ) -- 10 : 36 James van Riemsdyk ( 3 ) -- pp -- 11 : 55 Second period 09 : 45 -- pp -- David Backes ( 2 ) 17 : 18 -- Sean Kuraly ( 2 )", "No scoring Third period 05 : 56 -- Noel Acciari ( 1 )", "Frederik Andersen 42 saves / 45 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 9 saves / 13 shots Anton Khudobin 8 saves / 8 shots", "April 23 Boston Bruins 1 -- 3 Toronto Maple Leafs Air Canada Centre Recap No scoring First period No scoring Jake DeBrusk ( 3 ) -- 01 : 02 Second period 01 : 37 -- William Nylander ( 1 ) 13 : 25 -- Mitchell Marner ( 2 ) No scoring Third period 18 : 46 -- en -- Tomas Plekanec ( 2 ) Tuukka Rask 27 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Frederik Andersen 32 saves / 33 shots", "April 23 Boston Bruins 1 -- 3 Toronto Maple Leafs Air Canada Centre Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Jake DeBrusk ( 3 ) -- 01 : 02 Second period 01 : 37 -- William Nylander ( 1 ) 13 : 25 -- Mitchell Marner ( 2 )", "No scoring Third period 18 : 46 -- en -- Tomas Plekanec ( 2 )", "Tuukka Rask 27 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Frederik Andersen 32 saves / 33 shots", "April 25 Toronto Maple Leafs 4 -- 7 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap Patrick Marleau ( 3 ) -- pp -- 02 : 01 Patrick Marleau ( 4 ) -- 06 : 12 First period 04 : 47 -- pp -- Jake DeBrusk ( 4 ) 09 : 10 -- Danton Heinen ( 1 ) 19 : 23 -- Patrice Bergeron ( 1 ) Travis Dermott ( 1 ) -- 02 : 07 Kasperi Kapanen ( 1 ) -- sh -- 06 : 05 Second period No scoring No scoring Third period 01 : 10 -- Torey Krug ( 2 ) 05 : 25 -- Jake DeBrusk ( 5 ) 11 : 39 -- David Pastrnak ( 5 ) 19 : 09 -- en -- Brad Marchand ( 3 ) Frederik Andersen 29 saves / 35 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 20 saves / 24 shots", "April 25 Toronto Maple Leafs 4 -- 7 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap", "Patrick Marleau ( 3 ) -- pp -- 02 : 01 Patrick Marleau ( 4 ) -- 06 : 12 First period 04 : 47 -- pp -- Jake DeBrusk ( 4 ) 09 : 10 -- Danton Heinen ( 1 ) 19 : 23 -- Patrice Bergeron ( 1 )", "Travis Dermott ( 1 ) -- 02 : 07 Kasperi Kapanen ( 1 ) -- sh -- 06 : 05 Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period 01 : 10 -- Torey Krug ( 2 ) 05 : 25 -- Jake DeBrusk ( 5 ) 11 : 39 -- David Pastrnak ( 5 ) 19 : 09 -- en -- Brad Marchand ( 3 )", "Frederik Andersen 29 saves / 35 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 20 saves / 24 shots", "Boston won series 4 -- 3", "Boston won series 4 -- 3", "", "The Washington Capitals finished first in the Metropolitan Division earning 105 points . The Columbus Blue Jackets finished as the Eastern Conference 's first wild card earning 97 points . This was the first playoff meeting between these two teams . Washington won three of the four games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Capitals came back from a 2 -- 0 series deficit to defeat the Blue Jackets in six games . Columbus came back from a two - goal deficit in game one to force overtime , during which Artemi Panarin scored 6 : 02 into the extra session to give the Blue Jackets their first lead in a playoff series . The Blue Jackets overcame another two - goal deficit in game two , taking the game into overtime yet again . Matt Calvert scored the game - winning goal for Columbus as they took a 2 -- 0 series lead . The Capitals took game three 3 -- 2 in double - overtime as Lars Eller scored the game winner . The Capitals tied the series after game four as Washington 's Alexander Ovechkin had a goal and an assist in a 4 -- 1 victory . Nicklas Backstrom 's tip - in was the overtime - winner for the Capitals in game five as they prevented a two - goal comeback by the Blue Jackets . In game six , Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin scored twice to seal the series for Washington , winning the affair 6 -- 3 . With playoff series victories by Winnipeg and Vegas this season , Columbus is now the only NHL franchise without a playoff series win .", "April 12 Columbus Blue Jackets 4 -- 3 OT Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap No scoring First period 17 : 52 -- pp -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 1 ) 18 : 21 -- pp -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 2 ) Alexander Wennberg ( 1 ) -- 04 : 48 Second period No scoring Thomas Vanek ( 1 ) -- pp -- 01 : 31 Seth Jones ( 1 ) -- pp -- 15 : 34 Third period 05 : 12 -- Devante Smith - Pelly ( 1 ) Artemi Panarin ( 1 ) -- 06 : 02 First overtime period No scoring Sergei Bobrovsky 27 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Philipp Grubauer 23 saves / 27 shots", "April 12 Columbus Blue Jackets 4 -- 3 OT Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 17 : 52 -- pp -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 1 ) 18 : 21 -- pp -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 2 )", "Alexander Wennberg ( 1 ) -- 04 : 48 Second period No scoring", "Thomas Vanek ( 1 ) -- pp -- 01 : 31 Seth Jones ( 1 ) -- pp -- 15 : 34 Third period 05 : 12 -- Devante Smith - Pelly ( 1 )", "Artemi Panarin ( 1 ) -- 06 : 02 First overtime period No scoring", "Sergei Bobrovsky 27 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Philipp Grubauer 23 saves / 27 shots", "April 15 Columbus Blue Jackets 5 -- 4 OT Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap Cam Atkinson ( 1 ) -- 18 : 25 First period 02 : 12 -- Jay Beagle ( 1 ) 13 : 26 -- pp -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 1 ) Josh Anderson ( 1 ) -- 08 : 49 Cam Atkinson ( 2 ) -- pp -- 11 : 13 Zach Werenski ( 1 ) -- pp -- 18 : 52 Second period 04 : 09 -- pp -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 2 ) No scoring Third period 16 : 25 -- pp -- T.J. Oshie ( 1 ) Matt Calvert ( 1 ) -- 12 : 22 First overtime period No scoring Sergei Bobrovsky 54 saves / 58 shots Goalie stats Philipp Grubauer 18 saves / 22 shots Braden Holtby 7 saves / 8 shots", "April 15 Columbus Blue Jackets 5 -- 4 OT Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "Cam Atkinson ( 1 ) -- 18 : 25 First period 02 : 12 -- Jay Beagle ( 1 ) 13 : 26 -- pp -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 1 )", "Josh Anderson ( 1 ) -- 08 : 49 Cam Atkinson ( 2 ) -- pp -- 11 : 13 Zach Werenski ( 1 ) -- pp -- 18 : 52 Second period 04 : 09 -- pp -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 2 )", "No scoring Third period 16 : 25 -- pp -- T.J. Oshie ( 1 )", "Matt Calvert ( 1 ) -- 12 : 22 First overtime period No scoring", "Sergei Bobrovsky 54 saves / 58 shots Goalie stats Philipp Grubauer 18 saves / 22 shots Braden Holtby 7 saves / 8 shots", "April 17 Washington Capitals 3 -- 2 2OT Columbus Blue Jackets Nationwide Arena Recap No scoring First period No scoring Tom Wilson ( 1 ) -- 05 : 52 John Carlson ( 1 ) -- pp -- 14 : 43 Second period 11 : 18 -- Pierre - Luc Dubois ( 1 ) No scoring Third period 04 : 12 -- Artemi Panarin ( 2 ) Lars Eller ( 1 ) -- 09 : 00 Second overtime period No scoring Braden Holtby 33 saves / 35 shots Goalie stats Sergei Bobrovsky 42 saves / 45 shots", "April 17 Washington Capitals 3 -- 2 2OT Columbus Blue Jackets Nationwide Arena Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Tom Wilson ( 1 ) -- 05 : 52 John Carlson ( 1 ) -- pp -- 14 : 43 Second period 11 : 18 -- Pierre - Luc Dubois ( 1 )", "No scoring Third period 04 : 12 -- Artemi Panarin ( 2 )", "Lars Eller ( 1 ) -- 09 : 00 Second overtime period No scoring", "Braden Holtby 33 saves / 35 shots Goalie stats Sergei Bobrovsky 42 saves / 45 shots", "April 19 Washington Capitals 4 -- 1 Columbus Blue Jackets Nationwide Arena Recap Tom Wilson ( 2 ) -- 06 : 16 First period No scoring T.J. Oshie ( 2 ) -- pp -- 09 : 19 Second period No scoring Alexander Ovechkin ( 3 ) -- 02 : 49 Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 3 ) -- en -- 17 : 41 Third period 06 : 22 -- Boone Jenner ( 1 ) Braden Holtby 23 saves / 24 shots Goalie stats Sergei Bobrovsky 29 saves / 32 shots", "April 19 Washington Capitals 4 -- 1 Columbus Blue Jackets Nationwide Arena Recap", "Tom Wilson ( 2 ) -- 06 : 16 First period No scoring", "T.J. Oshie ( 2 ) -- pp -- 09 : 19 Second period No scoring", "Alexander Ovechkin ( 3 ) -- 02 : 49 Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 3 ) -- en -- 17 : 41 Third period 06 : 22 -- Boone Jenner ( 1 )", "Braden Holtby 23 saves / 24 shots Goalie stats Sergei Bobrovsky 29 saves / 32 shots", "April 21 Columbus Blue Jackets 3 -- 4 OT Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap Matt Calvert ( 2 ) -- sh -- 10 : 08 First period 13 : 22 -- Nicklas Backstrom ( 1 ) Matt Calvert ( 3 ) -- 04 : 45 Second period 03 : 21 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 4 ) 16 : 42 -- pp -- T.J. Oshie ( 3 ) Oliver Bjorkstrand ( 1 ) -- 02 : 30 Third period No scoring No scoring First overtime period 11 : 53 -- Nicklas Backstrom ( 2 ) Sergei Bobrovsky 25 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 39 saves / 42 shots", "April 21 Columbus Blue Jackets 3 -- 4 OT Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "Matt Calvert ( 2 ) -- sh -- 10 : 08 First period 13 : 22 -- Nicklas Backstrom ( 1 )", "Matt Calvert ( 3 ) -- 04 : 45 Second period 03 : 21 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 4 ) 16 : 42 -- pp -- T.J. Oshie ( 3 )", "Oliver Bjorkstrand ( 1 ) -- 02 : 30 Third period No scoring", "No scoring First overtime period 11 : 53 -- Nicklas Backstrom ( 2 )", "Sergei Bobrovsky 25 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 39 saves / 42 shots", "April 23 Washington Capitals 6 -- 3 Columbus Blue Jackets Nationwide Arena Recap Dmitry Orlov ( 1 ) -- 12 : 12 First period No scoring Alexander Ovechkin ( 4 ) -- 12 : 50 Alexander Ovechkin ( 5 ) -- pp -- 18 : 23 Second period 08 : 40 -- Nick Foligno ( 1 ) Devante Smith - Pelly ( 2 ) -- 03 : 56 Chandler Stephenson ( 1 ) -- sh -- 05 : 30 Lars Eller ( 2 ) -- en -- 19 : 46 Third period 02 : 25 -- Pierre - Luc Dubois ( 2 ) 08 : 22 -- Nick Foligno ( 2 ) Braden Holtby 35 saves / 38 shots Goalie stats Sergei Bobrovsky 22 saves / 27 shots", "April 23 Washington Capitals 6 -- 3 Columbus Blue Jackets Nationwide Arena Recap", "Dmitry Orlov ( 1 ) -- 12 : 12 First period No scoring", "Alexander Ovechkin ( 4 ) -- 12 : 50 Alexander Ovechkin ( 5 ) -- pp -- 18 : 23 Second period 08 : 40 -- Nick Foligno ( 1 )", "Devante Smith - Pelly ( 2 ) -- 03 : 56 Chandler Stephenson ( 1 ) -- sh -- 05 : 30 Lars Eller ( 2 ) -- en -- 19 : 46 Third period 02 : 25 -- Pierre - Luc Dubois ( 2 ) 08 : 22 -- Nick Foligno ( 2 )", "Braden Holtby 35 saves / 38 shots Goalie stats Sergei Bobrovsky 22 saves / 27 shots", "Washington won series 4 -- 2", "Washington won series 4 -- 2", "", "The Pittsburgh Penguins finished second in the Metropolitan Division earning 100 points . The Philadelphia Flyers earned 98 points to finish third in the Metropolitan . This was the seventh playoff meeting between these two rivals with Philadelphia winning four of the six previous series . They last met in the 2012 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals , which Philadelphia won in six games . Pittsburgh won all four games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Penguins defeated the Flyers in six games . In game one , Sidney Crosby capped off a hat trick to end a 7 -- 0 rout over the Flyers . The Flyers defeated the Penguins in game two , riding on Sean Couturier 's goal and two assists in a 5 -- 1 victory . Pittsburgh took game three 5 -- 1 as Crosby recorded a goal and three assists . Matt Murray recorded a shutout in game four stopping all 26 shots he faced in a 5 -- 0 victory for Pittsburgh . Prior to game five , Flyers captain Claude Giroux guaranteed his team a victory . Giroux scored the first goal of the game , and Couturier scored game - winning goal with 1 : 15 left in regulation time to force a sixth game in a 4 -- 2 victory for Philadelphia . In game six , Jake Guentzel recorded a natural hat trick and scored four goals in total , including two within ten seconds of each other , to seal the series for the Penguins in an 8 -- 5 victory .", "April 11 Philadelphia Flyers 0 -- 7 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap No scoring First period 02 : 38 -- Bryan Rust ( 1 ) 10 : 07 -- Carl Hagelin ( 1 ) 14 : 09 -- Evgeni Malkin ( 1 ) No scoring Second period 07 : 50 -- pp -- Jake Guentzel ( 1 ) 09 : 01 -- Sidney Crosby ( 1 ) No scoring Third period 07 : 41 -- Sidney Crosby ( 2 ) 10 : 42 -- Sidney Crosby ( 3 ) Brian Elliott 14 saves / 19 shots Petr Mrazek 12 saves / 14 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 24 saves / 24 shots", "April 11 Philadelphia Flyers 0 -- 7 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 02 : 38 -- Bryan Rust ( 1 ) 10 : 07 -- Carl Hagelin ( 1 ) 14 : 09 -- Evgeni Malkin ( 1 )", "No scoring Second period 07 : 50 -- pp -- Jake Guentzel ( 1 ) 09 : 01 -- Sidney Crosby ( 1 )", "No scoring Third period 07 : 41 -- Sidney Crosby ( 2 ) 10 : 42 -- Sidney Crosby ( 3 )", "Brian Elliott 14 saves / 19 shots Petr Mrazek 12 saves / 14 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 24 saves / 24 shots", "April 13 Philadelphia Flyers 5 -- 1 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap Shayne Gostisbehere ( 1 ) -- pp -- 19 : 23 First period No scoring Sean Couturier ( 1 ) -- 00 : 47 Second period No scoring Travis Konecny ( 1 ) -- 01 : 29 Nolan Patrick ( 1 ) -- pp -- 05 : 10 Andrew MacDonald ( 1 ) -- en -- 19 : 44 Third period 05 : 27 -- Patric Hornqvist ( 1 ) Brian Elliott 34 saves / 35 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 15 saves / 19 shots", "April 13 Philadelphia Flyers 5 -- 1 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap", "Shayne Gostisbehere ( 1 ) -- pp -- 19 : 23 First period No scoring", "Sean Couturier ( 1 ) -- 00 : 47 Second period No scoring", "Travis Konecny ( 1 ) -- 01 : 29 Nolan Patrick ( 1 ) -- pp -- 05 : 10 Andrew MacDonald ( 1 ) -- en -- 19 : 44 Third period 05 : 27 -- Patric Hornqvist ( 1 )", "Brian Elliott 34 saves / 35 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 15 saves / 19 shots", "April 15 Pittsburgh Penguins 5 -- 1 Philadelphia Flyers Wells Fargo Center Recap Sidney Crosby ( 4 ) -- 10 : 25 First period No scoring Derick Brassard ( 1 ) -- pp -- 02 : 48 Evgeni Malkin ( 2 ) -- pp -- 06 : 48 Brian Dumoulin ( 1 ) -- 06 : 53 Second period 13 : 42 -- Travis Sanheim ( 1 ) Justin Schultz ( 1 ) -- pp -- 07 : 08 Third period No scoring Matt Murray 26 saves / 27 shots Goalie stats Brian Elliott 21 saves / 26 shots", "April 15 Pittsburgh Penguins 5 -- 1 Philadelphia Flyers Wells Fargo Center Recap", "Sidney Crosby ( 4 ) -- 10 : 25 First period No scoring", "Derick Brassard ( 1 ) -- pp -- 02 : 48 Evgeni Malkin ( 2 ) -- pp -- 06 : 48 Brian Dumoulin ( 1 ) -- 06 : 53 Second period 13 : 42 -- Travis Sanheim ( 1 )", "Justin Schultz ( 1 ) -- pp -- 07 : 08 Third period No scoring", "Matt Murray 26 saves / 27 shots Goalie stats Brian Elliott 21 saves / 26 shots", "April 18 Pittsburgh Penguins 5 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers Wells Fargo Center Recap Evgeni Malkin ( 3 ) -- pp -- 04 : 33 Phil Kessel ( 1 ) -- 14 : 37 First period No scoring Kris Letang ( 1 ) -- 08 : 04 Sidney Crosby ( 5 ) -- 10 : 56 Second period No scoring Riley Sheahan ( 1 ) -- 15 : 46 Third period No scoring Matt Murray 26 saves / 26 shots Goalie stats Brian Elliott 14 saves / 17 shots Michal Neuvirth 11 saves / 13 shots", "April 18 Pittsburgh Penguins 5 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers Wells Fargo Center Recap", "Evgeni Malkin ( 3 ) -- pp -- 04 : 33 Phil Kessel ( 1 ) -- 14 : 37 First period No scoring", "Kris Letang ( 1 ) -- 08 : 04 Sidney Crosby ( 5 ) -- 10 : 56 Second period No scoring", "Riley Sheahan ( 1 ) -- 15 : 46 Third period No scoring", "Matt Murray 26 saves / 26 shots Goalie stats Brian Elliott 14 saves / 17 shots Michal Neuvirth 11 saves / 13 shots", "April 20 Philadelphia Flyers 4 -- 2 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap Claude Giroux ( 1 ) -- 17 : 29 First period No scoring Valtteri Filppula ( 1 ) -- sh -- 18 : 15 Second period 12 : 00 -- Bryan Rust ( 2 ) 16 : 45 -- Jake Guentzel ( 2 ) Sean Couturier ( 2 ) -- 18 : 45 Matt Read ( 1 ) -- en -- 19 : 42 Third period No scoring Michal Neuvirth 30 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 21 saves / 24 shots", "April 20 Philadelphia Flyers 4 -- 2 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap", "Claude Giroux ( 1 ) -- 17 : 29 First period No scoring", "Valtteri Filppula ( 1 ) -- sh -- 18 : 15 Second period 12 : 00 -- Bryan Rust ( 2 ) 16 : 45 -- Jake Guentzel ( 2 )", "Sean Couturier ( 2 ) -- 18 : 45 Matt Read ( 1 ) -- en -- 19 : 42 Third period No scoring", "Michal Neuvirth 30 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 21 saves / 24 shots", "April 22 Pittsburgh Penguins 8 -- 5 Philadelphia Flyers Wells Fargo Center Recap Sidney Crosby ( 6 ) -- 06 : 30 Carl Hagelin ( 2 ) -- 07 : 17 First period 02 : 15 -- Sean Couturier ( 3 ) 15 : 48 -- Andrew MacDonald ( 2 ) Patric Hornqvist ( 2 ) -- 13 : 35 Jake Guentzel ( 3 ) -- 19 : 06 Second period 00 : 40 -- Sean Couturier ( 4 ) 12 : 14 -- Scott Laughton ( 1 ) Jake Guentzel ( 4 ) -- 00 : 30 Jake Guentzel ( 5 ) -- 12 : 48 Jake Guentzel ( 6 ) -- 12 : 58 Bryan Rust ( 3 ) -- en -- 19 : 29 Third period 17 : 07 -- Sean Couturier ( 5 ) Matt Murray 21 saves / 26 shots Goalie stats Michal Neuvirth 20 saves / 27 shots", "April 22 Pittsburgh Penguins 8 -- 5 Philadelphia Flyers Wells Fargo Center Recap", "Sidney Crosby ( 6 ) -- 06 : 30 Carl Hagelin ( 2 ) -- 07 : 17 First period 02 : 15 -- Sean Couturier ( 3 ) 15 : 48 -- Andrew MacDonald ( 2 )", "Patric Hornqvist ( 2 ) -- 13 : 35 Jake Guentzel ( 3 ) -- 19 : 06 Second period 00 : 40 -- Sean Couturier ( 4 ) 12 : 14 -- Scott Laughton ( 1 )", "Jake Guentzel ( 4 ) -- 00 : 30 Jake Guentzel ( 5 ) -- 12 : 48 Jake Guentzel ( 6 ) -- 12 : 58 Bryan Rust ( 3 ) -- en -- 19 : 29 Third period 17 : 07 -- Sean Couturier ( 5 )", "Matt Murray 21 saves / 26 shots Goalie stats Michal Neuvirth 20 saves / 27 shots", "Pittsburgh won series 4 -- 2", "Pittsburgh won series 4 -- 2", "", "The Nashville Predators earned the Presidents ' Trophy as the NHL 's best regular season team with 117 points . The Colorado Avalanche finished as the Western Conference 's second wild card earning 95 points . This was the first playoff meeting between these two teams . Nashville won all four games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Predators defeated the Avalanche in six games . Filip Forsberg scored twice in Nashville 's 5 -- 2 game one victory , one of which was considered a highlight - reel goal . Nashville had five different players score in their 5 -- 4 victory over Colorado in game two to take a 2 -- 0 series lead. Nathan MacKinnon scored twice and Gabriel Landeskog had a goal and two assists in game three to take game three for the Avalanche 5 -- 3 . In game four , Pekka Rinne made 31 saves for the Predators who took a 3 -- 1 series lead with a 3 -- 2 win . Andrew Hammond made 44 saves and Sven Andrighetto scored with 1 : 28 left in the third period to force a sixth game for the Avalanche in a 2 -- 1 triumph . The Predators shut out the Avalanche in game six , with Rinne stopping all 22 shots he faced in a 5 -- 0 victory .", "April 12 Colorado Avalanche 2 -- 5 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap Nikita Zadorov ( 1 ) -- 06 : 36 First period No scoring Blake Comeau ( 1 ) -- 04 : 51 Second period 03 : 16 -- Austin Watson ( 1 ) 08 : 50 -- pp -- Craig Smith ( 1 ) No scoring Third period 06 : 08 -- Filip Forsberg ( 1 ) 12 : 10 -- Filip Forsberg ( 2 ) 18 : 03 -- en -- Colton Sissons ( 1 ) Jonathan Bernier 26 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 25 saves / 27 shots", "April 12 Colorado Avalanche 2 -- 5 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap", "Nikita Zadorov ( 1 ) -- 06 : 36 First period No scoring", "Blake Comeau ( 1 ) -- 04 : 51 Second period 03 : 16 -- Austin Watson ( 1 ) 08 : 50 -- pp -- Craig Smith ( 1 )", "No scoring Third period 06 : 08 -- Filip Forsberg ( 1 ) 12 : 10 -- Filip Forsberg ( 2 ) 18 : 03 -- en -- Colton Sissons ( 1 )", "Jonathan Bernier 26 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 25 saves / 27 shots", "April 14 Colorado Avalanche 4 -- 5 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap Gabriel Bourque ( 1 ) -- 02 : 34 First period No scoring Nathan MacKinnon ( 1 ) -- 17 : 08 Second period 01 : 01 -- pp -- Kevin Fiala ( 1 ) 12 : 36 -- Viktor Arvidsson ( 1 ) 16 : 32 -- Ryan Johansen ( 1 ) Gabriel Landeskog ( 1 ) -- pp -- 09 : 14 Alexander Kerfoot ( 1 ) -- 19 : 24 Third period 07 : 16 -- Austin Watson ( 2 ) 18 : 51 -- en -- Ryan Hartman ( 1 ) Jonathan Bernier 28 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 26 saves / 30 shots", "April 14 Colorado Avalanche 4 -- 5 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap", "Gabriel Bourque ( 1 ) -- 02 : 34 First period No scoring", "Nathan MacKinnon ( 1 ) -- 17 : 08 Second period 01 : 01 -- pp -- Kevin Fiala ( 1 ) 12 : 36 -- Viktor Arvidsson ( 1 ) 16 : 32 -- Ryan Johansen ( 1 )", "Gabriel Landeskog ( 1 ) -- pp -- 09 : 14 Alexander Kerfoot ( 1 ) -- 19 : 24 Third period 07 : 16 -- Austin Watson ( 2 ) 18 : 51 -- en -- Ryan Hartman ( 1 )", "Jonathan Bernier 28 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 26 saves / 30 shots", "April 16 Nashville Predators 3 -- 5 Colorado Avalanche Pepsi Center Recap No scoring First period 01 : 50 -- Blake Comeau ( 2 ) 13 : 24 -- Gabriel Bourque ( 2 ) 18 : 07 -- Nathan MacKinnon ( 2 ) Ryan Johansen ( 2 ) -- pp -- 10 : 23 Second period 04 : 25 -- Nathan MacKinnon ( 3 ) Colton Sissons ( 2 ) -- 07 : 12 Austin Watson ( 3 ) -- 18 : 45 Third period 18 : 24 -- en -- Gabriel Landeskog ( 2 ) Pekka Rinne 11 saves / 15 shots Juuse Saros 18 saves / 18 shots Goalie stats Jonathan Bernier 29 saves / 32 shots", "April 16 Nashville Predators 3 -- 5 Colorado Avalanche Pepsi Center Recap", "No scoring First period 01 : 50 -- Blake Comeau ( 2 ) 13 : 24 -- Gabriel Bourque ( 2 ) 18 : 07 -- Nathan MacKinnon ( 2 )", "Ryan Johansen ( 2 ) -- pp -- 10 : 23 Second period 04 : 25 -- Nathan MacKinnon ( 3 )", "Colton Sissons ( 2 ) -- 07 : 12 Austin Watson ( 3 ) -- 18 : 45 Third period 18 : 24 -- en -- Gabriel Landeskog ( 2 )", "Pekka Rinne 11 saves / 15 shots Juuse Saros 18 saves / 18 shots Goalie stats Jonathan Bernier 29 saves / 32 shots", "April 18 Nashville Predators 3 -- 2 Colorado Avalanche Pepsi Center Recap Filip Forsberg ( 3 ) -- 15 : 33 First period No scoring Colton Sissons ( 3 ) -- 07 : 18 Craig Smith ( 2 ) -- 11 : 49 Second period No scoring No scoring Third period 05 : 20 -- pp -- Gabriel Landeskog ( 3 ) 11 : 01 -- Alexander Kerfoot ( 2 ) Pekka Rinne 31 saves / 33 shots Goalie stats Jonathan Bernier 23 saves / 26 shots Andrew Hammond 8 saves / 8 shots", "April 18 Nashville Predators 3 -- 2 Colorado Avalanche Pepsi Center Recap", "Filip Forsberg ( 3 ) -- 15 : 33 First period No scoring", "Colton Sissons ( 3 ) -- 07 : 18 Craig Smith ( 2 ) -- 11 : 49 Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period 05 : 20 -- pp -- Gabriel Landeskog ( 3 ) 11 : 01 -- Alexander Kerfoot ( 2 )", "Pekka Rinne 31 saves / 33 shots Goalie stats Jonathan Bernier 23 saves / 26 shots Andrew Hammond 8 saves / 8 shots", "April 20 Colorado Avalanche 2 -- 1 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap No scoring First period No scoring No scoring Second period No scoring Gabriel Landeskog ( 4 ) -- 15 : 49 Sven Andrighetto ( 1 ) -- 18 : 32 Third period 10 : 18 -- Nick Bonino ( 1 ) Andrew Hammond 44 saves / 45 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 25 saves / 27 shots", "April 20 Colorado Avalanche 2 -- 1 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "Gabriel Landeskog ( 4 ) -- 15 : 49 Sven Andrighetto ( 1 ) -- 18 : 32 Third period 10 : 18 -- Nick Bonino ( 1 )", "Andrew Hammond 44 saves / 45 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 25 saves / 27 shots", "April 22 Nashville Predators 5 -- 0 Colorado Avalanche Pepsi Center Recap Mattias Ekholm ( 1 ) -- 07 : 02 Austin Watson ( 4 ) -- 10 : 19 First period No scoring Filip Forsberg ( 4 ) -- 00 : 38 Nick Bonino ( 2 ) -- 08 : 26 Second period No scoring Viktor Arvidsson ( 2 ) -- 02 : 36 Third period No scoring Pekka Rinne 22 saves / 22 shots Goalie stats Andrew Hammond 32 saves / 37 shots", "April 22 Nashville Predators 5 -- 0 Colorado Avalanche Pepsi Center Recap", "Mattias Ekholm ( 1 ) -- 07 : 02 Austin Watson ( 4 ) -- 10 : 19 First period No scoring", "Filip Forsberg ( 4 ) -- 00 : 38 Nick Bonino ( 2 ) -- 08 : 26 Second period No scoring", "Viktor Arvidsson ( 2 ) -- 02 : 36 Third period No scoring", "Pekka Rinne 22 saves / 22 shots Goalie stats Andrew Hammond 32 saves / 37 shots", "Nashville won series 4 -- 2", "Nashville won series 4 -- 2", "", "The Winnipeg Jets finished second in the Central Division earning 114 points . The Minnesota Wild earned 101 points to finish third in the Central . This was the first playoff meeting between these two teams . Winnipeg won three of the four games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Jets defeated the Wild in five games and earned their first playoff series victory in franchise history after entering the league in 1999 as the Atlanta Thrashers . The Jets also became the first Winnipeg - based NHL team to advance past the opening round of the playoffs since 1987 . After firing 40 shots on Minnesota goaltender Devan Dubnyk , the Jets won game one 3 -- 2 , winning their first playoff game in franchise history and the city 's first playoff victory since 1996 . In game two , Patrik Laine had a goal and an assist to provide the Jets a 4 -- 1 victory as well as a 2 -- 0 series lead . In game three , the Wild scored four goals in the second period to chase Jets goaltender Connor Hellebuyck in a 6 -- 2 affair . Hellebuyck came back in game four , stopping all 30 shots he faced in a 2 -- 0 victory . Hellebuyck continued his shutout streak in game five , stopping another 30 shots after a first period blitz by the Jets to win the series - clinching game 5 -- 0 .", "April 11 Minnesota Wild 2 -- 3 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap No scoring First period No scoring No scoring Second period 17 : 37 -- pp -- Mark Scheifele ( 1 ) Matt Cullen ( 1 ) -- 01 : 46 Zach Parise ( 1 ) -- 03 : 58 Third period 04 : 51 -- Patrik Laine ( 1 ) 12 : 47 -- Joe Morrow ( 1 ) Devan Dubnyk 37 saves / 40 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 18 saves / 20 shots", "April 11 Minnesota Wild 2 -- 3 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "No scoring Second period 17 : 37 -- pp -- Mark Scheifele ( 1 )", "Matt Cullen ( 1 ) -- 01 : 46 Zach Parise ( 1 ) -- 03 : 58 Third period 04 : 51 -- Patrik Laine ( 1 ) 12 : 47 -- Joe Morrow ( 1 )", "Devan Dubnyk 37 saves / 40 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 18 saves / 20 shots", "April 13 Minnesota Wild 1 -- 4 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap No scoring First period No scoring No scoring Second period 08 : 41 -- Tyler Myers ( 1 ) Zach Parise ( 2 ) -- pp -- 19 : 15 Third period 07 : 42 -- Paul Stastny ( 1 ) 09 : 24 -- Andrew Copp ( 1 ) 17 : 58 -- Patrik Laine ( 2 ) Devan Dubnyk 40 saves / 44 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 16 saves / 17 shots", "April 13 Minnesota Wild 1 -- 4 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "No scoring Second period 08 : 41 -- Tyler Myers ( 1 )", "Zach Parise ( 2 ) -- pp -- 19 : 15 Third period 07 : 42 -- Paul Stastny ( 1 ) 09 : 24 -- Andrew Copp ( 1 ) 17 : 58 -- Patrik Laine ( 2 )", "Devan Dubnyk 40 saves / 44 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 16 saves / 17 shots", "April 15 Winnipeg Jets 2 -- 6 Minnesota Wild Xcel Energy Center Recap Blake Wheeler ( 1 ) -- pp -- 04 : 50 First period 09 : 47 -- pp -- Mikael Granlund ( 1 ) 17 : 50 -- pp -- Zach Parise ( 3 ) Tyler Myers ( 2 ) -- 06 : 42 Second period 03 : 32 -- Matt Dumba ( 1 ) 14 : 40 -- Eric Staal ( 1 ) 15 : 00 -- Jordan Greenway ( 1 ) 18 : 23 -- Marcus Foligno ( 1 ) No scoring Third period No scoring Connor Hellebuyck 16 saves / 22 shots Steve Mason 7 saves / 7 shots Goalie stats Devan Dubnyk 29 saves / 31 shots", "April 15 Winnipeg Jets 2 -- 6 Minnesota Wild Xcel Energy Center Recap", "Blake Wheeler ( 1 ) -- pp -- 04 : 50 First period 09 : 47 -- pp -- Mikael Granlund ( 1 ) 17 : 50 -- pp -- Zach Parise ( 3 )", "Tyler Myers ( 2 ) -- 06 : 42 Second period 03 : 32 -- Matt Dumba ( 1 ) 14 : 40 -- Eric Staal ( 1 ) 15 : 00 -- Jordan Greenway ( 1 ) 18 : 23 -- Marcus Foligno ( 1 )", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "Connor Hellebuyck 16 saves / 22 shots Steve Mason 7 saves / 7 shots Goalie stats Devan Dubnyk 29 saves / 31 shots", "April 17 Winnipeg Jets 2 -- 0 Minnesota Wild Xcel Energy Center Recap Mark Scheifele ( 2 ) -- 19 : 32 First period No scoring No scoring Second period No scoring Mark Scheifele ( 3 ) -- en -- 19 : 49 Third period No scoring Connor Hellebuyck 30 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Devan Dubnyk 26 saves / 27 shots", "April 17 Winnipeg Jets 2 -- 0 Minnesota Wild Xcel Energy Center Recap", "Mark Scheifele ( 2 ) -- 19 : 32 First period No scoring", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "Mark Scheifele ( 3 ) -- en -- 19 : 49 Third period No scoring", "Connor Hellebuyck 30 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Devan Dubnyk 26 saves / 27 shots", "April 20 Minnesota Wild 0 -- 5 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap No scoring First period 00 : 31 -- Jacob Trouba ( 1 ) 05 : 42 -- Bryan Little ( 1 ) 11 : 10 -- Brandon Tanev ( 1 ) 11 : 59 -- Joel Armia ( 1 ) No scoring Second period No scoring No scoring Third period 00 : 32 -- pp -- Mark Scheifele ( 4 ) Devan Dubnyk 6 saves / 10 shots Alex Stalock 15 saves / 16 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 30 saves / 30 shots", "April 20 Minnesota Wild 0 -- 5 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap", "No scoring First period 00 : 31 -- Jacob Trouba ( 1 ) 05 : 42 -- Bryan Little ( 1 ) 11 : 10 -- Brandon Tanev ( 1 ) 11 : 59 -- Joel Armia ( 1 )", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period 00 : 32 -- pp -- Mark Scheifele ( 4 )", "Devan Dubnyk 6 saves / 10 shots Alex Stalock 15 saves / 16 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 30 saves / 30 shots", "Winnipeg won series 4 -- 1", "Winnipeg won series 4 -- 1", "", "The Vegas Golden Knights finished first in the Pacific Division earning 109 points . The Los Angeles Kings earned 98 points to finish as the Western Conference 's first wild card . This was the first playoff meeting between these two teams and the first playoff series for the Golden Knights . These teams split their four - game regular season series .", "The Golden Knights defeated the Kings in a four - game sweep . In game one , Marc - Andre Fleury stopped all 30 shots to give the Golden Knights their first playoff victory . Even though Kings goaltender Jonathan Quick made 54 saves in game two , the Golden Knights topped Los Angeles in double overtime thanks to Erik Haula 's goal at 15 : 23 , taking a 2 -- 0 series lead . After the Golden Knights took the lead late in the third period of game three with two goals in 21 seconds Vegas pushed the Kings to the brink of elimination with a 3 -- 2 win ; Vegas goaltender Marc - Andre Fleury made 37 saves in the victory . In game four , former - King Brayden McNabb scored the only goal of the game for the Golden Knights as they swept Los Angeles for their first playoff series victory . This series tied the record for the fewest number of goals scored by both teams in a best - of - seven playoff series : the Golden Knights scored seven goals to the Kings ' three goals for a total of ten goals , tying the record set in 2003 .", "April 11 Los Angeles Kings 0 -- 1 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap No scoring First period 03 : 23 -- Shea Theodore ( 1 ) No scoring Second period No scoring No scoring Third period No scoring Jonathan Quick 27 saves / 28 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 30 saves / 30 shots", "April 11 Los Angeles Kings 0 -- 1 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 03 : 23 -- Shea Theodore ( 1 )", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "Jonathan Quick 27 saves / 28 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 30 saves / 30 shots", "April 13 Los Angeles Kings 1 -- 2 2OT Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap No scoring First period 14 : 47 -- pp -- Alex Tuch ( 1 ) Paul LaDue ( 1 ) -- pp -- 15 : 55 Second period No scoring No scoring Third period No scoring No scoring Second overtime period 15 : 23 -- Erik Haula ( 1 ) Jonathan Quick 54 saves / 56 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 29 saves / 30 shots", "April 13 Los Angeles Kings 1 -- 2 2OT Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 14 : 47 -- pp -- Alex Tuch ( 1 )", "Paul LaDue ( 1 ) -- pp -- 15 : 55 Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "No scoring Second overtime period 15 : 23 -- Erik Haula ( 1 )", "Jonathan Quick 54 saves / 56 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 29 saves / 30 shots", "April 15 Vegas Golden Knights 3 -- 2 Los Angeles Kings Staples Center Recap No scoring First period 13 : 14 -- Alex Iafallo ( 1 ) No scoring Second period No scoring Cody Eakin ( 1 ) -- 06 : 10 James Neal ( 1 ) -- 14 : 23 William Karlsson ( 1 ) -- 14 : 44 Third period 17 : 56 -- Anze Kopitar ( 1 ) Marc - Andre Fleury 37 saves / 39 shots Goalie stats Jonathan Quick 23 saves / 26 shots", "April 15 Vegas Golden Knights 3 -- 2 Los Angeles Kings Staples Center Recap", "No scoring First period 13 : 14 -- Alex Iafallo ( 1 )", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "Cody Eakin ( 1 ) -- 06 : 10 James Neal ( 1 ) -- 14 : 23 William Karlsson ( 1 ) -- 14 : 44 Third period 17 : 56 -- Anze Kopitar ( 1 )", "Marc - Andre Fleury 37 saves / 39 shots Goalie stats Jonathan Quick 23 saves / 26 shots", "April 17 Vegas Golden Knights 1 -- 0 Los Angeles Kings Staples Center Recap No scoring First period No scoring Brayden McNabb ( 1 ) -- 04 : 04 Second period No scoring No scoring Third period No scoring Marc - Andre Fleury 31 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Jonathan Quick 20 saves / 21 shots", "April 17 Vegas Golden Knights 1 -- 0 Los Angeles Kings Staples Center Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Brayden McNabb ( 1 ) -- 04 : 04 Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "Marc - Andre Fleury 31 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Jonathan Quick 20 saves / 21 shots", "Vegas won series 4 -- 0", "Vegas won series 4 -- 0", "", "The Anaheim Ducks finished second in the Pacific Division earning 101 points . The San Jose Sharks earned 100 points to finish third in the Pacific Division . This was the second playoff meeting between these teams . They last met in the 2009 Western Conference Quarterfinals , which Anaheim won in six games . San Jose won three of the four games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Sharks defeated the Ducks in a four - game sweep . Evander Kane scored twice in his first playoff game and Sharks goaltender Martin Jones posted a 25 - save shutout blanking the Ducks 3 -- 0 in game one . In game two , Logan Couture scored a goal and recorded an assist in a 3 -- 2 victory . Martin Jones made 45 saves as the Sharks routed the Ducks 8 -- 1 in game three ; eight different players scored for San Jose in the victory . Tomas Hertl broke the tie for San Jose , scoring the series - clinching goal midway through the third period of game four as the Sharks defeated Anaheim 2 -- 1 .", "April 12 San Jose Sharks 3 -- 0 Anaheim Ducks Honda Center Recap No scoring First period No scoring Evander Kane ( 1 ) -- pp -- 07 : 07 Evander Kane ( 2 ) -- 13 : 51 Brent Burns ( 1 ) -- 15 : 15 Second period No scoring No scoring Third period No scoring Martin Jones 25 saves / 25 shots Goalie stats John Gibson 31 saves / 34 shots", "April 12 San Jose Sharks 3 -- 0 Anaheim Ducks Honda Center Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Evander Kane ( 1 ) -- pp -- 07 : 07 Evander Kane ( 2 ) -- 13 : 51 Brent Burns ( 1 ) -- 15 : 15 Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "Martin Jones 25 saves / 25 shots Goalie stats John Gibson 31 saves / 34 shots", "April 14 San Jose Sharks 3 -- 2 Anaheim Ducks Honda Center Recap Marcus Sorensen ( 1 ) -- 09 : 41 Logan Couture ( 1 ) -- pp -- 14 : 41 First period 00 : 40 -- Jakob Silfverberg ( 1 ) Tomas Hertl ( 1 ) -- 01 : 11 Second period 07 : 51 -- pp -- Hampus Lindholm ( 1 ) No scoring Third period No scoring Martin Jones 28 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats John Gibson 32 saves / 35 shots", "April 14 San Jose Sharks 3 -- 2 Anaheim Ducks Honda Center Recap", "Marcus Sorensen ( 1 ) -- 09 : 41 Logan Couture ( 1 ) -- pp -- 14 : 41 First period 00 : 40 -- Jakob Silfverberg ( 1 )", "Tomas Hertl ( 1 ) -- 01 : 11 Second period 07 : 51 -- pp -- Hampus Lindholm ( 1 )", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "Martin Jones 28 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats John Gibson 32 saves / 35 shots", "April 16 Anaheim Ducks 1 -- 8 San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap Rickard Rakell ( 1 ) -- pp -- 13 : 40 First period 03 : 44 -- Logan Couture ( 2 ) No scoring Second period 01 : 15 -- Joonas Donskoi ( 1 ) 03 : 41 -- Marcus Sorensen ( 2 ) 13 : 43 -- Eric Fehr ( 1 ) 16 : 49 -- pp -- Tomas Hertl ( 2 ) No scoring Third period 10 : 04 -- pp -- Joe Pavelski ( 1 ) 17 : 16 -- pp -- Evander Kane ( 3 ) 19 : 36 -- pp -- Timo Meier ( 1 ) John Gibson 19 saves / 24 shots Ryan Miller 9 saves / 12 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 45 saves / 46 shots", "April 16 Anaheim Ducks 1 -- 8 San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap", "Rickard Rakell ( 1 ) -- pp -- 13 : 40 First period 03 : 44 -- Logan Couture ( 2 )", "No scoring Second period 01 : 15 -- Joonas Donskoi ( 1 ) 03 : 41 -- Marcus Sorensen ( 2 ) 13 : 43 -- Eric Fehr ( 1 ) 16 : 49 -- pp -- Tomas Hertl ( 2 )", "No scoring Third period 10 : 04 -- pp -- Joe Pavelski ( 1 ) 17 : 16 -- pp -- Evander Kane ( 3 ) 19 : 36 -- pp -- Timo Meier ( 1 )", "John Gibson 19 saves / 24 shots Ryan Miller 9 saves / 12 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 45 saves / 46 shots", "April 18 Anaheim Ducks 1 -- 2 San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap No scoring First period 05 : 43 -- Marcus Sorensen ( 3 ) No scoring Second period No scoring Andrew Cogliano ( 1 ) -- 07 : 53 Third period 09 : 09 -- Tomas Hertl ( 3 ) John Gibson 22 saves / 24 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 30 saves / 31 shots", "April 18 Anaheim Ducks 1 -- 2 San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap", "No scoring First period 05 : 43 -- Marcus Sorensen ( 3 )", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "Andrew Cogliano ( 1 ) -- 07 : 53 Third period 09 : 09 -- Tomas Hertl ( 3 )", "John Gibson 22 saves / 24 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 30 saves / 31 shots", "San Jose won series 4 -- 0", "San Jose won series 4 -- 0", "", "This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams . Their only previous series occurred in the 2011 Eastern Conference Finals , which Boston won in seven games . Boston won three of the four games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Lightning defeated the Bruins in five games . In game one , the line of Brad Marchand , Patrice Bergeron , and David Pastrnak combined for eleven points in a 6 -- 2 triumph . Brayden Point scored a goal and recorded three assists in the Lightning 's 4 -- 2 victory in game two , evening the series . Ondrej Palat scored twice in the Lightning 's 4 -- 1 win in game three taking a 2 -- 1 series lead . Tampa Bay captain Steven Stamkos forced overtime in game four with his goal in the third period and Daniel Girardi scored the game - winning goal to give the Lightning a 4 -- 3 victory . During game four , Brad Marchand licked the face of Tampa Bay forward Ryan Callahan during a scrum . Marchand received no penalty or further punishment from the League . The Lightning scored twice in the second period of game five to take the lead and Anton Stralman scored an empty - net goal to give Tampa Bay a 3 -- 1 victory and a 4 -- 1 series win .", "April 28 Boston Bruins 6 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap Rick Nash ( 2 ) -- pp -- 17 : 11 First period No scoring Patrice Bergeron ( 2 ) -- 00 : 42 Rick Nash ( 3 ) -- 12 : 33 Second period 02 : 31 -- Daniel Girardi ( 1 ) 13 : 22 -- pp -- Mikhail Sergachev ( 2 ) Brad Marchand ( 4 ) -- 03 : 32 Patrice Bergeron ( 3 ) -- 10 : 11 Jake DeBrusk ( 6 ) -- en -- 13 : 41 Third period No scoring Tuukka Rask 34 saves / 36 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 18 saves / 23 shots", "April 28 Boston Bruins 6 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "Rick Nash ( 2 ) -- pp -- 17 : 11 First period No scoring", "Patrice Bergeron ( 2 ) -- 00 : 42 Rick Nash ( 3 ) -- 12 : 33 Second period 02 : 31 -- Daniel Girardi ( 1 ) 13 : 22 -- pp -- Mikhail Sergachev ( 2 )", "Brad Marchand ( 4 ) -- 03 : 32 Patrice Bergeron ( 3 ) -- 10 : 11 Jake DeBrusk ( 6 ) -- en -- 13 : 41 Third period No scoring", "Tuukka Rask 34 saves / 36 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 18 saves / 23 shots", "April 30 Boston Bruins 2 -- 4 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap Charlie McAvoy ( 1 ) -- 18 : 30 First period 11 : 47 -- pp -- Yanni Gourde ( 2 ) No scoring Second period 10 : 14 -- Tyler Johnson ( 3 ) Torey Krug ( 3 ) -- 15 : 58 Third period 14 : 08 -- Ondrej Palat ( 2 ) 19 : 34 -- en -- Brayden Point ( 2 ) Tuukka Rask 27 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 18 saves / 20 shots", "April 30 Boston Bruins 2 -- 4 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "Charlie McAvoy ( 1 ) -- 18 : 30 First period 11 : 47 -- pp -- Yanni Gourde ( 2 )", "No scoring Second period 10 : 14 -- Tyler Johnson ( 3 )", "Torey Krug ( 3 ) -- 15 : 58 Third period 14 : 08 -- Ondrej Palat ( 2 ) 19 : 34 -- en -- Brayden Point ( 2 )", "Tuukka Rask 27 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 18 saves / 20 shots", "May 2 Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap Ondrej Palat ( 3 ) -- 01 : 47 Ondrej Palat ( 4 ) -- 03 : 19 Anthony Cirelli ( 1 ) -- 16 : 43 First period 14 : 12 -- pp -- Patrice Bergeron ( 4 ) No scoring Second period No scoring Steven Stamkos ( 2 ) -- en -- 19 : 18 Third period No scoring Andrei Vasilevskiy 28 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 33 saves / 36 shots", "May 2 Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap", "Ondrej Palat ( 3 ) -- 01 : 47 Ondrej Palat ( 4 ) -- 03 : 19 Anthony Cirelli ( 1 ) -- 16 : 43 First period 14 : 12 -- pp -- Patrice Bergeron ( 4 )", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "Steven Stamkos ( 2 ) -- en -- 19 : 18 Third period No scoring", "Andrei Vasilevskiy 28 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 33 saves / 36 shots", "May 4 Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 3 OT Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap Brayden Point ( 3 ) -- 04 : 36 Nikita Kucherov ( 6 ) -- pp -- 09 : 53 First period 15 : 28 -- pp -- David Pastrnak ( 6 ) No scoring Second period 02 : 04 -- pp -- Patrice Bergeron ( 5 ) Steven Stamkos ( 3 ) -- 12 : 56 Third period 06 : 36 -- sh -- Patrice Bergeron ( 6 ) Daniel Girardi ( 2 ) -- 03 : 18 First overtime period No scoring Andrei Vasilevskiy 29 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 24 saves / 28 shots", "May 4 Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 3 OT Boston Bruins TD Garden Recap", "Brayden Point ( 3 ) -- 04 : 36 Nikita Kucherov ( 6 ) -- pp -- 09 : 53 First period 15 : 28 -- pp -- David Pastrnak ( 6 )", "No scoring Second period 02 : 04 -- pp -- Patrice Bergeron ( 5 )", "Steven Stamkos ( 3 ) -- 12 : 56 Third period 06 : 36 -- sh -- Patrice Bergeron ( 6 )", "Daniel Girardi ( 2 ) -- 03 : 18 First overtime period No scoring", "Andrei Vasilevskiy 29 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Tuukka Rask 24 saves / 28 shots", "May 6 Boston Bruins 1 -- 3 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap David Krejci ( 3 ) -- pp -- 19 : 12 First period No scoring No scoring Second period 10 : 43 -- Brayden Point ( 4 ) 14 : 00 -- pp -- J.T. Miller ( 2 ) No scoring Third period 18 : 31 -- en -- Anton Stralman ( 1 ) Tuukka Rask 19 saves / 21 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 27 saves / 28 shots", "May 6 Boston Bruins 1 -- 3 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "David Krejci ( 3 ) -- pp -- 19 : 12 First period No scoring", "No scoring Second period 10 : 43 -- Brayden Point ( 4 ) 14 : 00 -- pp -- J.T. Miller ( 2 )", "No scoring Third period 18 : 31 -- en -- Anton Stralman ( 1 )", "Tuukka Rask 19 saves / 21 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 27 saves / 28 shots", "Tampa Bay won series 4 -- 1", "Tampa Bay won series 4 -- 1", "", "This was the third consecutive year that these two rivals have met in the second round and was the eleventh overall playoff meeting with Pittsburgh winning nine of the ten previous series . They last met in the previous year 's Eastern Conference Second Round which Pittsburgh won in seven games . These teams split their four - game regular season series .", "The Capitals defeated the Penguins in six games , defeating Pittsburgh for the second time in franchise history and the first time since 1994 . Pittsburgh rallied from a two - goal deficit to take game one 3 -- 2 leading on Jake Guentzel 's goal and two assists . In game two , Braden Holtby made 32 saves for Washington , defeating the Penguins 4 -- 1 . Alexander Ovechkin scored with 1 : 07 left in the third period of game three to give the Capitals a 4 -- 3 victory . During the game , Tom Wilson made an illegal check to the head of rookie Zach Aston - Reese who suffered a broken jaw along with a concussion . Wilson was suspended three games for his action . In game four , Guentzel scored twice for Pittsburgh in a 3 -- 1 victory , evening the series 2 -- 2 . Both Evgeny Kuznetsov and Jakub Vrana had a goal and two assists for the Capitals in game five who took a 3 -- 2 series lead after a 6 -- 3 victory . In game six , the Capitals fired 30 shots and Evgeny Kuznetsov 's goal in overtime ended the series in a 2 -- 1 victory , moving Washington to the Conference Finals for the first time since 1998 .", "April 26 Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 2 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap No scoring First period 00 : 17 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 5 ) No scoring Second period No scoring Patric Hornqvist ( 3 ) -- 02 : 59 Sidney Crosby ( 7 ) -- 05 : 20 Jake Guentzel ( 7 ) -- 07 : 48 Third period 00 : 28 -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 6 ) Matt Murray 32 saves / 34 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 22 saves / 25 shots", "April 26 Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 2 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 00 : 17 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 5 )", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "Patric Hornqvist ( 3 ) -- 02 : 59 Sidney Crosby ( 7 ) -- 05 : 20 Jake Guentzel ( 7 ) -- 07 : 48 Third period 00 : 28 -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 6 )", "Matt Murray 32 saves / 34 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 22 saves / 25 shots", "April 29 Pittsburgh Penguins 1 -- 4 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap No scoring First period 01 : 26 -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 7 ) 14 : 54 -- pp -- Jakub Vrana ( 1 ) Kris Letang ( 2 ) -- 13 : 04 Second period 02 : 08 -- Brett Connolly ( 1 ) No scoring Third period 19 : 53 -- en -- Nicklas Backstrom ( 3 ) Matt Murray 28 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 32 saves / 33 shots", "April 29 Pittsburgh Penguins 1 -- 4 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 01 : 26 -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 7 ) 14 : 54 -- pp -- Jakub Vrana ( 1 )", "Kris Letang ( 2 ) -- 13 : 04 Second period 02 : 08 -- Brett Connolly ( 1 )", "No scoring Third period 19 : 53 -- en -- Nicklas Backstrom ( 3 )", "Matt Murray 28 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 32 saves / 33 shots", "May 1 Washington Capitals 4 -- 3 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap No scoring First period No scoring John Carlson ( 2 ) -- pp -- 00 : 48 Chandler Stephenson ( 2 ) -- 11 : 04 Second period 04 : 33 -- Jake Guentzel ( 8 ) 06 : 49 -- pp -- Patric Hornqvist ( 4 ) 16 : 27 -- Sidney Crosby ( 8 ) Matt Niskanen ( 1 ) -- 05 : 06 Alexander Ovechkin ( 8 ) -- 18 : 53 Third period No scoring Braden Holtby 19 saves / 22 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 18 saves / 22 shots", "May 1 Washington Capitals 4 -- 3 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "John Carlson ( 2 ) -- pp -- 00 : 48 Chandler Stephenson ( 2 ) -- 11 : 04 Second period 04 : 33 -- Jake Guentzel ( 8 ) 06 : 49 -- pp -- Patric Hornqvist ( 4 ) 16 : 27 -- Sidney Crosby ( 8 )", "Matt Niskanen ( 1 ) -- 05 : 06 Alexander Ovechkin ( 8 ) -- 18 : 53 Third period No scoring", "Braden Holtby 19 saves / 22 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 18 saves / 22 shots", "May 3 Washington Capitals 1 -- 3 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap No scoring First period No scoring T.J. Oshie ( 4 ) -- pp -- 12 : 55 Second period 09 : 21 -- Jake Guentzel ( 9 ) 17 : 31 -- pp -- Evgeni Malkin ( 4 ) No scoring Third period 19 : 02 -- pp - en -- Jake Guentzel ( 10 ) Braden Holtby 21 saves / 23 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 20 saves / 21 shots", "May 3 Washington Capitals 1 -- 3 Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "T.J. Oshie ( 4 ) -- pp -- 12 : 55 Second period 09 : 21 -- Jake Guentzel ( 9 ) 17 : 31 -- pp -- Evgeni Malkin ( 4 )", "No scoring Third period 19 : 02 -- pp - en -- Jake Guentzel ( 10 )", "Braden Holtby 21 saves / 23 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 20 saves / 21 shots", "May 5 Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 6 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap Jamie Oleksiak ( 1 ) -- 02 : 21 First period 18 : 22 -- pp -- John Carlson ( 3 ) 18 : 55 -- Brett Connolly ( 2 ) Sidney Crosby ( 9 ) -- pp -- 04 : 43 Patric Hornqvist ( 5 ) -- pp -- 07 : 45 Second period No scoring No scoring Third period 00 : 52 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 6 ) 15 : 22 -- Jakub Vrana ( 2 ) 18 : 29 -- en -- T.J. Oshie ( 5 ) 19 : 54 -- en -- Lars Eller ( 3 ) Matt Murray 26 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 36 saves / 39 shots", "May 5 Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 6 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "Jamie Oleksiak ( 1 ) -- 02 : 21 First period 18 : 22 -- pp -- John Carlson ( 3 ) 18 : 55 -- Brett Connolly ( 2 )", "Sidney Crosby ( 9 ) -- pp -- 04 : 43 Patric Hornqvist ( 5 ) -- pp -- 07 : 45 Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period 00 : 52 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 6 ) 15 : 22 -- Jakub Vrana ( 2 ) 18 : 29 -- en -- T.J. Oshie ( 5 ) 19 : 54 -- en -- Lars Eller ( 3 )", "Matt Murray 26 saves / 30 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 36 saves / 39 shots", "May 7 Washington Capitals 2 -- 1 OT Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap No scoring First period No scoring Alex Chiasson ( 1 ) -- 02 : 13 Second period 11 : 52 -- Kris Letang ( 3 ) No scoring Third period No scoring Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 7 ) -- 05 : 27 First overtime period No scoring Braden Holtby 21 saves / 22 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 28 saves / 30 shots", "May 7 Washington Capitals 2 -- 1 OT Pittsburgh Penguins PPG Paints Arena Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Alex Chiasson ( 1 ) -- 02 : 13 Second period 11 : 52 -- Kris Letang ( 3 )", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 7 ) -- 05 : 27 First overtime period No scoring", "Braden Holtby 21 saves / 22 shots Goalie stats Matt Murray 28 saves / 30 shots", "Washington won series 4 -- 2", "Washington won series 4 -- 2", "", "This was the first playoff meeting between these two teams . Nashville won three of the five games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Jets eliminated the Predators in seven games . Mark Scheifele scored twice and Jets goaltender Connor Hellebuyck made 47 saves in game one to defeat the Predators 4 -- 1 . In game two , Kevin Fiala scored 5 : 37 into overtime to give the Predators a 5 -- 4 victory to even the series . The Jets overcame a three - goal deficit in game three with both Blake Wheeler and Dustin Byfuglien scoring twice in a 7 -- 4 win . Pekka Rinne made 32 saves for the Predators in game four , allowing his team to win 2 -- 1 and even the series 2 -- 2 . In game five , Kyle Connor scored twice and captain Blake Wheeler provided three assists in the Jets ' 6 -- 2 victory . The Predators forced a seventh game following game six in which both Viktor Arvidsson and Filip Forsberg scored twice and recorded an assist along with Pekka Rinne stopping all 34 shots in a 4 -- 0 shutout . After recording a shutout the game prior , Pekka Rinne got pulled for the third time in the series after letting in the first two goals of game seven . His counterpart , Connor Hellebuyck , made 36 saves in the victory as the Jets won the game 5 -- 1 , advancing to the Conference Finals for the first time in franchise history .", "April 27 Winnipeg Jets 4 -- 1 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap Brandon Tanev ( 2 ) -- 14 : 51 First period No scoring Paul Stastny ( 2 ) -- 09 : 01 Mark Scheifele ( 5 ) -- 17 : 51 Second period No scoring Mark Scheifele ( 6 ) -- en -- 19 : 24 Third period 01 : 23 -- Kevin Fiala ( 2 ) Connor Hellebuyck 47 saves / 48 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 13 saves / 16 shots Juuse Saros 2 saves / 2 shots", "April 27 Winnipeg Jets 4 -- 1 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap", "Brandon Tanev ( 2 ) -- 14 : 51 First period No scoring", "Paul Stastny ( 2 ) -- 09 : 01 Mark Scheifele ( 5 ) -- 17 : 51 Second period No scoring", "Mark Scheifele ( 6 ) -- en -- 19 : 24 Third period 01 : 23 -- Kevin Fiala ( 2 )", "Connor Hellebuyck 47 saves / 48 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 13 saves / 16 shots Juuse Saros 2 saves / 2 shots", "April 29 Winnipeg Jets 4 -- 5 2OT Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap Dustin Byfuglien ( 1 ) -- 12 : 47 Mark Scheifele ( 7 ) -- pp -- 13 : 16 First period 00 : 27 -- Ryan Johansen ( 3 ) No scoring Second period 05 : 04 -- pp -- P.K. Subban ( 1 ) 18 : 41 -- Viktor Arvidsson ( 3 ) Brandon Tanev ( 3 ) -- 05 : 11 Mark Scheifele ( 8 ) -- 18 : 55 Third period 05 : 45 -- Ryan Johansen ( 4 ) No scoring Second overtime period 05 : 37 -- Kevin Fiala ( 3 ) Connor Hellebuyck 36 saves / 41 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 46 saves / 50 shots", "April 29 Winnipeg Jets 4 -- 5 2OT Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap", "Dustin Byfuglien ( 1 ) -- 12 : 47 Mark Scheifele ( 7 ) -- pp -- 13 : 16 First period 00 : 27 -- Ryan Johansen ( 3 )", "No scoring Second period 05 : 04 -- pp -- P.K. Subban ( 1 ) 18 : 41 -- Viktor Arvidsson ( 3 )", "Brandon Tanev ( 3 ) -- 05 : 11 Mark Scheifele ( 8 ) -- 18 : 55 Third period 05 : 45 -- Ryan Johansen ( 4 )", "No scoring Second overtime period 05 : 37 -- Kevin Fiala ( 3 )", "Connor Hellebuyck 36 saves / 41 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 46 saves / 50 shots", "May 1 Nashville Predators 4 -- 7 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap Mike Fisher ( 1 ) -- 04 : 53 P.K. Subban ( 2 ) -- pp -- 10 : 06 Austin Watson ( 5 ) -- 17 : 35 First period No scoring No scoring Second period 02 : 38 -- Paul Stastny ( 3 ) 05 : 11 -- Dustin Byfuglien ( 2 ) 05 : 29 -- Jacob Trouba ( 2 ) 19 : 15 -- Dustin Byfuglien ( 3 ) Filip Forsberg ( 5 ) -- pp -- 07 : 40 Third period 15 : 01 -- pp -- Blake Wheeler ( 2 ) 19 : 09 -- en -- Blake Wheeler ( 3 ) 19 : 29 -- en -- Brandon Tanev ( 4 ) Pekka Rinne 38 saves / 43 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 26 saves / 30 shots", "May 1 Nashville Predators 4 -- 7 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap", "Mike Fisher ( 1 ) -- 04 : 53 P.K. Subban ( 2 ) -- pp -- 10 : 06 Austin Watson ( 5 ) -- 17 : 35 First period No scoring", "No scoring Second period 02 : 38 -- Paul Stastny ( 3 ) 05 : 11 -- Dustin Byfuglien ( 2 ) 05 : 29 -- Jacob Trouba ( 2 ) 19 : 15 -- Dustin Byfuglien ( 3 )", "Filip Forsberg ( 5 ) -- pp -- 07 : 40 Third period 15 : 01 -- pp -- Blake Wheeler ( 2 ) 19 : 09 -- en -- Blake Wheeler ( 3 ) 19 : 29 -- en -- Brandon Tanev ( 4 )", "Pekka Rinne 38 saves / 43 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 26 saves / 30 shots", "May 3 Nashville Predators 2 -- 1 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap Ryan Hartman ( 2 ) -- 17 : 20 First period No scoring P.K. Subban ( 3 ) -- pp -- 14 : 36 Second period No scoring No scoring Third period 19 : 09 -- pp -- Patrik Laine ( 3 ) Pekka Rinne 32 saves / 33 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 27 saves / 29 shots", "May 3 Nashville Predators 2 -- 1 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap", "Ryan Hartman ( 2 ) -- 17 : 20 First period No scoring", "P.K. Subban ( 3 ) -- pp -- 14 : 36 Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period 19 : 09 -- pp -- Patrik Laine ( 3 )", "Pekka Rinne 32 saves / 33 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 27 saves / 29 shots", "May 5 Winnipeg Jets 6 -- 2 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap No scoring First period No scoring Paul Stastny ( 4 ) -- 07 : 44 Kyle Connor ( 1 ) -- 12 : 30 Dustin Byfuglien ( 4 ) -- 14 : 35 Kyle Connor ( 2 ) -- 17 : 01 Second period 11 : 08 -- Yannick Weber ( 1 ) 17 : 59 -- sh -- Ryan Johansen ( 5 ) Mark Scheifele ( 9 ) -- 00 : 28 Mathieu Perreault ( 1 ) -- pp -- 06 : 23 Third period No scoring Connor Hellebuyck 38 saves / 40 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 20 saves / 26 shots Juuse Saros 6 saves / 6 shots", "May 5 Winnipeg Jets 6 -- 2 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Paul Stastny ( 4 ) -- 07 : 44 Kyle Connor ( 1 ) -- 12 : 30 Dustin Byfuglien ( 4 ) -- 14 : 35 Kyle Connor ( 2 ) -- 17 : 01 Second period 11 : 08 -- Yannick Weber ( 1 ) 17 : 59 -- sh -- Ryan Johansen ( 5 )", "Mark Scheifele ( 9 ) -- 00 : 28 Mathieu Perreault ( 1 ) -- pp -- 06 : 23 Third period No scoring", "Connor Hellebuyck 38 saves / 40 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 20 saves / 26 shots Juuse Saros 6 saves / 6 shots", "May 7 Nashville Predators 4 -- 0 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap Viktor Arvidsson ( 4 ) -- 01 : 02 First period No scoring Filip Forsberg ( 6 ) -- 08 : 16 Second period No scoring Filip Forsberg ( 7 ) -- 05 : 55 Viktor Arvidsson ( 5 ) -- en -- 15 : 58 Third period No scoring Pekka Rinne 34 saves / 34 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 25 saves / 28 shots", "May 7 Nashville Predators 4 -- 0 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap", "Viktor Arvidsson ( 4 ) -- 01 : 02 First period No scoring", "Filip Forsberg ( 6 ) -- 08 : 16 Second period No scoring", "Filip Forsberg ( 7 ) -- 05 : 55 Viktor Arvidsson ( 5 ) -- en -- 15 : 58 Third period No scoring", "Pekka Rinne 34 saves / 34 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 25 saves / 28 shots", "May 10 Winnipeg Jets 5 -- 1 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap Tyler Myers ( 3 ) -- 08 : 41 Paul Stastny ( 5 ) -- 10 : 47 First period 15 : 54 -- pp -- P.K. Subban ( 4 ) Mark Scheifele ( 10 ) -- 17 : 50 Second period No scoring Paul Stastny ( 6 ) -- pp -- 11 : 59 Mark Scheifele ( 11 ) -- en -- 17 : 27 Third period No scoring Connor Hellebuyck 36 saves / 37 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 5 saves / 7 shots Juuse Saros 14 saves / 16 shots", "May 10 Winnipeg Jets 5 -- 1 Nashville Predators Bridgestone Arena Recap", "Tyler Myers ( 3 ) -- 08 : 41 Paul Stastny ( 5 ) -- 10 : 47 First period 15 : 54 -- pp -- P.K. Subban ( 4 )", "Mark Scheifele ( 10 ) -- 17 : 50 Second period No scoring", "Paul Stastny ( 6 ) -- pp -- 11 : 59 Mark Scheifele ( 11 ) -- en -- 17 : 27 Third period No scoring", "Connor Hellebuyck 36 saves / 37 shots Goalie stats Pekka Rinne 5 saves / 7 shots Juuse Saros 14 saves / 16 shots", "Winnipeg won series 4 -- 3", "Winnipeg won series 4 -- 3", "", "This was the first playoff series between these two teams . Vegas won three of the four games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Golden Knights defeated the Sharks in six games . In game one , Marc - Andre Fleury stopped all 33 shots he faced and Vegas scored with seven different players to defeat San Jose 7 -- 0 . The Sharks used double - overtime to take game two 4 -- 3 as Logan Couture 's second goal of the game ended the Golden Knights ' playoff winning streak . Game three also went into overtime , however , this time the Golden Knights ' William Karlsson got the best of the Sharks , scoring the overtime - winner in a 4 -- 3 victory for Vegas . Martin Jones shut out the Golden Knights in game four , stopping all 34 shots he faced , giving the Sharks a 4 -- 0 victory to even the series 2 -- 2 . After the Golden Knights put up a 4 -- 0 lead in game five , including two goals from rookie Alex Tuch , the Sharks scored three goals in the third period to come within one goal . However , Vegas halted the comeback when Jonathan Marchessault scored an empty - net goal to secure a 5 -- 3 win . In game six , Marc - Andre Fleury recorded a 28 - save shut out in a 3 -- 0 victory to send the Golden Knights to their first Conference Finals .", "April 26 San Jose Sharks 0 -- 7 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap No scoring First period 04 : 31 -- Cody Eakin ( 2 ) 04 : 57 -- Erik Haula ( 2 ) 06 : 02 -- Jonathan Marchessault ( 1 ) 11 : 43 -- pp -- Alex Tuch ( 2 ) No scoring Second period 03 : 28 -- Shea Theodore ( 2 ) No scoring Third period 04 : 32 -- pp -- Colin Miller ( 1 ) 08 : 09 -- pp -- James Neal ( 2 ) Martin Jones 8 saves / 13 shots Aaron Dell 19 saves / 21 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 33 saves / 33 shots", "April 26 San Jose Sharks 0 -- 7 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 04 : 31 -- Cody Eakin ( 2 ) 04 : 57 -- Erik Haula ( 2 ) 06 : 02 -- Jonathan Marchessault ( 1 ) 11 : 43 -- pp -- Alex Tuch ( 2 )", "No scoring Second period 03 : 28 -- Shea Theodore ( 2 )", "No scoring Third period 04 : 32 -- pp -- Colin Miller ( 1 ) 08 : 09 -- pp -- James Neal ( 2 )", "Martin Jones 8 saves / 13 shots Aaron Dell 19 saves / 21 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 33 saves / 33 shots", "April 28 San Jose Sharks 4 -- 3 2OT Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap No scoring First period 17 : 59 -- William Karlsson ( 2 ) Brent Burns ( 2 ) -- pp -- 02 : 00 Logan Couture ( 3 ) -- 11 : 08 Brent Burns ( 3 ) -- 14 : 07 Second period 00 : 26 -- William Karlsson ( 3 ) No scoring Third period 13 : 28 -- Nate Schmidt ( 1 ) Logan Couture ( 4 ) -- pp -- 05 : 13 Second overtime period No scoring Martin Jones 26 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 43 saves / 47 shots", "April 28 San Jose Sharks 4 -- 3 2OT Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 17 : 59 -- William Karlsson ( 2 )", "Brent Burns ( 2 ) -- pp -- 02 : 00 Logan Couture ( 3 ) -- 11 : 08 Brent Burns ( 3 ) -- 14 : 07 Second period 00 : 26 -- William Karlsson ( 3 )", "No scoring Third period 13 : 28 -- Nate Schmidt ( 1 )", "Logan Couture ( 4 ) -- pp -- 05 : 13 Second overtime period No scoring", "Martin Jones 26 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 43 saves / 47 shots", "April 30 Vegas Golden Knights 4 -- 3 OT San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap No scoring First period No scoring Colin Miller ( 2 ) -- pp -- 09 : 40 Jonathan Marchessault ( 2 ) -- pp -- 13 : 09 Reilly Smith ( 1 ) -- 14 : 26 Second period 06 : 59 -- pp -- Timo Meier ( 2 ) No scoring Third period 07 : 49 -- Evander Kane ( 4 ) 18 : 03 -- Tomas Hertl ( 4 ) William Karlsson ( 4 ) -- 08 : 17 First overtime period No scoring Marc - Andre Fleury 39 saves / 42 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 29 saves / 33 shots", "April 30 Vegas Golden Knights 4 -- 3 OT San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Colin Miller ( 2 ) -- pp -- 09 : 40 Jonathan Marchessault ( 2 ) -- pp -- 13 : 09 Reilly Smith ( 1 ) -- 14 : 26 Second period 06 : 59 -- pp -- Timo Meier ( 2 )", "No scoring Third period 07 : 49 -- Evander Kane ( 4 ) 18 : 03 -- Tomas Hertl ( 4 )", "William Karlsson ( 4 ) -- 08 : 17 First overtime period No scoring", "Marc - Andre Fleury 39 saves / 42 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 29 saves / 33 shots", "May 2 Vegas Golden Knights 0 -- 4 San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap No scoring First period 15 : 37 -- Marcus Sorensen ( 4 ) 19 : 54 -- Joonas Donskoi ( 2 ) No scoring Second period 05 : 35 -- Tomas Hertl ( 5 ) No scoring Third period 11 : 43 -- pp -- Joe Pavelski ( 2 ) Marc - Andre Fleury 30 saves / 34 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 34 saves / 34 shots", "May 2 Vegas Golden Knights 0 -- 4 San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap", "No scoring First period 15 : 37 -- Marcus Sorensen ( 4 ) 19 : 54 -- Joonas Donskoi ( 2 )", "No scoring Second period 05 : 35 -- Tomas Hertl ( 5 )", "No scoring Third period 11 : 43 -- pp -- Joe Pavelski ( 2 )", "Marc - Andre Fleury 30 saves / 34 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 34 saves / 34 shots", "May 4 San Jose Sharks 3 -- 5 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap No scoring First period 19 : 57 -- James Neal ( 3 ) No scoring Second period 04 : 52 -- pp -- Alex Tuch ( 3 ) 08 : 59 -- Erik Haula ( 3 ) Kevin Labanc ( 1 ) -- pp -- 09 : 35 Tomas Hertl ( 6 ) -- 11 : 44 Mikkel Boedker ( 1 ) -- 15 : 44 Third period 08 : 36 -- Alex Tuch ( 4 ) 18 : 39 -- en -- Jonathan Marchessault ( 3 ) Martin Jones 27 saves / 31 shots Aaron Dell 7 saves / 7 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 27 saves / 30 shots", "May 4 San Jose Sharks 3 -- 5 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 19 : 57 -- James Neal ( 3 )", "No scoring Second period 04 : 52 -- pp -- Alex Tuch ( 3 ) 08 : 59 -- Erik Haula ( 3 )", "Kevin Labanc ( 1 ) -- pp -- 09 : 35 Tomas Hertl ( 6 ) -- 11 : 44 Mikkel Boedker ( 1 ) -- 15 : 44 Third period 08 : 36 -- Alex Tuch ( 4 ) 18 : 39 -- en -- Jonathan Marchessault ( 3 )", "Martin Jones 27 saves / 31 shots Aaron Dell 7 saves / 7 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 27 saves / 30 shots", "May 6 Vegas Golden Knights 3 -- 0 San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap No scoring First period No scoring Jonathan Marchessault ( 4 ) -- 06 : 33 Nate Schmidt ( 2 ) -- 15 : 38 Second period No scoring Cody Eakin ( 3 ) -- en -- 18 : 09 Third period No scoring Marc - Andre Fleury 28 saves / 28 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 30 saves / 32 shots", "May 6 Vegas Golden Knights 3 -- 0 San Jose Sharks SAP Center Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Jonathan Marchessault ( 4 ) -- 06 : 33 Nate Schmidt ( 2 ) -- 15 : 38 Second period No scoring", "Cody Eakin ( 3 ) -- en -- 18 : 09 Third period No scoring", "Marc - Andre Fleury 28 saves / 28 shots Goalie stats Martin Jones 30 saves / 32 shots", "Vegas won series 4 -- 2", "Vegas won series 4 -- 2", "", "This was the third playoff meeting between these teams with Tampa Bay winning both previous series . They last met in the 2011 Eastern Conference Semifinals , which Tampa Bay won in a four - game sweep . Also since 2011 , this was the first conference final between two division champions . This is the Lightning 's fifth appearance in the Conference Finals , and their third in the last four seasons . Tampa Bay last went to the Conference Finals in 2016 ; they lost to the Pittsburgh Penguins in seven games . This is Washington 's third Conference Finals appearance . They last made the Conference Finals in 1998 ; they defeated the Buffalo Sabres in six games . Tampa Bay won two of the three games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Capitals defeated the Lightning in seven games . In game one , Washington scored four consecutive goals across the first two periods forcing Tampa Bay coach Jon Cooper to pull goalie Andrei Vasilevskiy ; the Capitals won 4 -- 2 . Lars Eller and Evgeny Kuznetsov had a goal and two assists in Washington 's 6 -- 2 triumph in game two . The Lightning struck back in game three as Victor Hedman potted a goal and two assists in Tampa 's 4 -- 2 victory. Andrei Vasilevskiy made 36 saves in game four as the Lightning won the game 4 -- 2 and thus tied the series . In game five , Ryan Callahan had a goal and an assist for the Lightning as they hung on for 3 -- 2 victory . In game six , Capitals goaltender Braden Holtby made 24 saves in a 3 -- 0 shutout victory to force a seventh game . Braden Holtby stopped all 29 shots and Andre Burakovsky scored twice in game seven for Washington , advancing the Capitals to the Finals for the first time since 1998 in a 4 -- 0 victory .", "May 11 Washington Capitals 4 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap Michal Kempny ( 1 ) -- 07 : 28 Alexander Ovechkin ( 9 ) -- pp -- 19 : 54 First period No scoring Jay Beagle ( 2 ) -- 02 : 40 Lars Eller ( 4 ) -- pp -- 06 : 42 Second period No scoring No scoring Third period 03 : 45 -- pp -- Steven Stamkos ( 4 ) 13 : 03 -- Ondrej Palat ( 5 ) Braden Holtby 19 saves / 21 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 21 saves / 25 shots Louis Domingue 7 saves / 7 shots", "May 11 Washington Capitals 4 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "Michal Kempny ( 1 ) -- 07 : 28 Alexander Ovechkin ( 9 ) -- pp -- 19 : 54 First period No scoring", "Jay Beagle ( 2 ) -- 02 : 40 Lars Eller ( 4 ) -- pp -- 06 : 42 Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period 03 : 45 -- pp -- Steven Stamkos ( 4 ) 13 : 03 -- Ondrej Palat ( 5 )", "Braden Holtby 19 saves / 21 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 21 saves / 25 shots Louis Domingue 7 saves / 7 shots", "May 13 Washington Capitals 6 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap Tom Wilson ( 3 ) -- 00 : 28 First period 07 : 08 -- pp -- Brayden Point ( 5 ) 10 : 22 -- pp -- Steven Stamkos ( 5 ) Devante Smith - Pelly ( 3 ) -- 02 : 50 Lars Eller ( 5 ) -- 18 : 58 Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 8 ) -- pp -- 19 : 57 Second period No scoring Alexander Ovechkin ( 10 ) -- 03 : 34 Brett Connolly ( 3 ) -- 12 : 57 Third period No scoring Braden Holtby 33 saves / 35 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 31 saves / 37 shots", "May 13 Washington Capitals 6 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "Tom Wilson ( 3 ) -- 00 : 28 First period 07 : 08 -- pp -- Brayden Point ( 5 ) 10 : 22 -- pp -- Steven Stamkos ( 5 )", "Devante Smith - Pelly ( 3 ) -- 02 : 50 Lars Eller ( 5 ) -- 18 : 58 Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 8 ) -- pp -- 19 : 57 Second period No scoring", "Alexander Ovechkin ( 10 ) -- 03 : 34 Brett Connolly ( 3 ) -- 12 : 57 Third period No scoring", "Braden Holtby 33 saves / 35 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 31 saves / 37 shots", "May 15 Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 2 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap Steven Stamkos ( 6 ) -- pp -- 13 : 53 First period No scoring Nikita Kucherov ( 7 ) -- pp -- 01 : 50 Victor Hedman ( 1 ) -- 03 : 37 Brayden Point ( 6 ) -- 16 : 03 Second period 10 : 31 -- Brett Connolly ( 4 ) No scoring Third period 16 : 58 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 9 ) Andrei Vasilevskiy 36 saves / 38 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 19 saves / 23 shots", "May 15 Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 2 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "Steven Stamkos ( 6 ) -- pp -- 13 : 53 First period No scoring", "Nikita Kucherov ( 7 ) -- pp -- 01 : 50 Victor Hedman ( 1 ) -- 03 : 37 Brayden Point ( 6 ) -- 16 : 03 Second period 10 : 31 -- Brett Connolly ( 4 )", "No scoring Third period 16 : 58 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 9 )", "Andrei Vasilevskiy 36 saves / 38 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 19 saves / 23 shots", "May 17 Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 2 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap Brayden Point ( 7 ) -- 05 : 38 Steven Stamkos ( 7 ) -- pp -- 08 : 32 First period 04 : 28 -- Dmitry Orlov ( 2 ) No scoring Second period 05 : 18 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 10 ) Alex Killorn ( 5 ) -- 11 : 57 Anthony Cirelli ( 2 ) -- en -- 19 : 58 Third period No scoring Andrei Vasilevskiy 36 saves / 38 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 16 saves / 19 shots", "May 17 Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 2 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "Brayden Point ( 7 ) -- 05 : 38 Steven Stamkos ( 7 ) -- pp -- 08 : 32 First period 04 : 28 -- Dmitry Orlov ( 2 )", "No scoring Second period 05 : 18 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 10 )", "Alex Killorn ( 5 ) -- 11 : 57 Anthony Cirelli ( 2 ) -- en -- 19 : 58 Third period No scoring", "Andrei Vasilevskiy 36 saves / 38 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 16 saves / 19 shots", "May 19 Washington Capitals 2 -- 3 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap No scoring First period 00 : 19 -- Cedric Paquette ( 1 ) 09 : 04 -- Ondrej Palat ( 6 ) Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 11 ) -- 04 : 21 Second period 00 : 33 -- Ryan Callahan ( 2 ) Alexander Ovechkin ( 11 ) -- 18 : 24 Third period No scoring Braden Holtby 19 saves / 22 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 28 saves / 30 shots", "May 19 Washington Capitals 2 -- 3 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 00 : 19 -- Cedric Paquette ( 1 ) 09 : 04 -- Ondrej Palat ( 6 )", "Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 11 ) -- 04 : 21 Second period 00 : 33 -- Ryan Callahan ( 2 )", "Alexander Ovechkin ( 11 ) -- 18 : 24 Third period No scoring", "Braden Holtby 19 saves / 22 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 28 saves / 30 shots", "May 21 Tampa Bay Lightning 0 -- 3 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap No scoring First period No scoring No scoring Second period 15 : 12 -- pp -- T.J. Oshie ( 6 ) No scoring Third period 10 : 02 -- Devante Smith - Pelly ( 4 ) 19 : 10 -- en -- T.J. Oshie ( 7 ) Andrei Vasilevskiy 31 saves / 33 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 24 saves / 24 shots", "May 21 Tampa Bay Lightning 0 -- 3 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "No scoring Second period 15 : 12 -- pp -- T.J. Oshie ( 6 )", "No scoring Third period 10 : 02 -- Devante Smith - Pelly ( 4 ) 19 : 10 -- en -- T.J. Oshie ( 7 )", "Andrei Vasilevskiy 31 saves / 33 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 24 saves / 24 shots", "May 23 Washington Capitals 4 -- 0 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap Alexander Ovechkin ( 12 ) -- 01 : 02 First period No scoring Andre Burakovsky ( 1 ) -- 08 : 59 Andre Burakovsky ( 2 ) -- 16 : 31 Second period No scoring Nicklas Backstrom ( 4 ) -- en -- 16 : 17 Third period No scoring Braden Holtby 29 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 19 saves / 22 shots", "May 23 Washington Capitals 4 -- 0 Tampa Bay Lightning Amalie Arena Recap", "Alexander Ovechkin ( 12 ) -- 01 : 02 First period No scoring", "Andre Burakovsky ( 1 ) -- 08 : 59 Andre Burakovsky ( 2 ) -- 16 : 31 Second period No scoring", "Nicklas Backstrom ( 4 ) -- en -- 16 : 17 Third period No scoring", "Braden Holtby 29 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Andrei Vasilevskiy 19 saves / 22 shots", "Washington won series 4 -- 3", "Washington won series 4 -- 3", "", "This was the first playoff meeting between these two teams . This was the first time since 2003 where two teams were making their Conference Finals debut . The Jets advanced to the Conference Finals for the first time in their 18th season ( seventh in Winnipeg ) after entering the league in 1999 as the Atlanta Thrashers ; they also became the first Winnipeg - based team in league history to make it past the second round . Vegas made the Conference Finals in their inaugural season becoming the first expansion team since the St. Louis Blues in 1968 to advance past the second round of the playoffs . Vegas won two of the three games in this year 's regular season series .", "The Golden Knights defeated the Jets in five games . In game one , Mark Scheifele scored a goal and recorded an assist in a 4 -- 2 triumph over the Golden Knights . Jonathan Marchessault scored twice in Vegas ' bounce - back win in game two , evening the series after a 3 -- 1 victory . Marc - Andre Fleury made 33 saves for Vegas , including 15 in the third period of game three , to take a 4 -- 2 victory . Fleury made an additional 35 saves in game four with Vegas forward Reilly Smith scoring the game - winning goal 13 : 02 into the third period . In game five , the Golden Knights held onto a 2 -- 1 lead , after Ryan Reaves scored in the second period to break the tie , to win the game and became the first expansion team to move onto the Stanley Cup Finals since the St. Louis Blues in 1968 .", "May 12 Vegas Golden Knights 2 -- 4 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap Brayden McNabb ( 2 ) -- 08 : 10 First period 01 : 05 -- Dustin Byfuglien ( 5 ) 06 : 49 -- pp -- Patrik Laine ( 4 ) 07 : 35 -- Joel Armia ( 2 ) William Karlsson ( 5 ) -- pp -- 15 : 55 Second period 09 : 54 -- pp -- Mark Scheifele ( 12 ) No scoring Third period No scoring Marc - Andre Fleury 22 saves / 26 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 19 saves / 21 shots", "May 12 Vegas Golden Knights 2 -- 4 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap", "Brayden McNabb ( 2 ) -- 08 : 10 First period 01 : 05 -- Dustin Byfuglien ( 5 ) 06 : 49 -- pp -- Patrik Laine ( 4 ) 07 : 35 -- Joel Armia ( 2 )", "William Karlsson ( 5 ) -- pp -- 15 : 55 Second period 09 : 54 -- pp -- Mark Scheifele ( 12 )", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "Marc - Andre Fleury 22 saves / 26 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 19 saves / 21 shots", "May 14 Vegas Golden Knights 3 -- 1 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap Tomas Tatar ( 1 ) -- 13 : 23 Jonathan Marchessault ( 5 ) -- 17 : 22 First period No scoring No scoring Second period No scoring Jonathan Marchessault ( 6 ) -- 08 : 45 Third period 07 : 17 -- pp -- Kyle Connor ( 3 ) Marc - Andre Fleury 30 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 25 saves / 28 shots", "May 14 Vegas Golden Knights 3 -- 1 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap", "Tomas Tatar ( 1 ) -- 13 : 23 Jonathan Marchessault ( 5 ) -- 17 : 22 First period No scoring", "No scoring Second period No scoring", "Jonathan Marchessault ( 6 ) -- 08 : 45 Third period 07 : 17 -- pp -- Kyle Connor ( 3 )", "Marc - Andre Fleury 30 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 25 saves / 28 shots", "May 16 Winnipeg Jets 2 -- 4 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap No scoring First period 00 : 35 -- Jonathan Marchessault ( 7 ) Mark Scheifele ( 13 ) -- 05 : 28 Second period 05 : 40 -- James Neal ( 4 ) 08 : 13 -- Alex Tuch ( 5 ) Mark Scheifele ( 14 ) -- 00 : 18 Third period 19 : 57 -- en -- Jonathan Marchessault ( 8 ) Connor Hellebuyck 26 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 33 saves / 35 shots", "May 16 Winnipeg Jets 2 -- 4 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 00 : 35 -- Jonathan Marchessault ( 7 )", "Mark Scheifele ( 13 ) -- 05 : 28 Second period 05 : 40 -- James Neal ( 4 ) 08 : 13 -- Alex Tuch ( 5 )", "Mark Scheifele ( 14 ) -- 00 : 18 Third period 19 : 57 -- en -- Jonathan Marchessault ( 8 )", "Connor Hellebuyck 26 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 33 saves / 35 shots", "May 18 Winnipeg Jets 2 -- 3 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap No scoring First period 02 : 25 -- pp -- William Karlsson ( 6 ) Patrik Laine ( 5 ) -- pp -- 09 : 29 Second period 10 : 12 -- Tomas Nosek ( 1 ) Tyler Myers ( 4 ) -- 05 : 34 Third period 13 : 02 -- Reilly Smith ( 2 ) Connor Hellebuyck 26 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 35 saves / 37 shots", "May 18 Winnipeg Jets 2 -- 3 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 02 : 25 -- pp -- William Karlsson ( 6 )", "Patrik Laine ( 5 ) -- pp -- 09 : 29 Second period 10 : 12 -- Tomas Nosek ( 1 )", "Tyler Myers ( 4 ) -- 05 : 34 Third period 13 : 02 -- Reilly Smith ( 2 )", "Connor Hellebuyck 26 saves / 29 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 35 saves / 37 shots", "May 20 Vegas Golden Knights 2 -- 1 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap Alex Tuch ( 6 ) -- 05 : 11 First period 17 : 14 -- Josh Morrissey ( 1 ) Ryan Reaves ( 1 ) -- 13 : 21 Second period No scoring No scoring Third period No scoring Marc - Andre Fleury 31 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 30 saves / 32 shots", "May 20 Vegas Golden Knights 2 -- 1 Winnipeg Jets Bell MTS Place Recap", "Alex Tuch ( 6 ) -- 05 : 11 First period 17 : 14 -- Josh Morrissey ( 1 )", "Ryan Reaves ( 1 ) -- 13 : 21 Second period No scoring", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "Marc - Andre Fleury 31 saves / 32 shots Goalie stats Connor Hellebuyck 30 saves / 32 shots", "Vegas won series 4 -- 1", "Vegas won series 4 -- 1", "", "This was the first playoff meeting between these two teams . Vegas was making their Finals debut in their inaugural season , becoming the first team since the aforementioned St. Louis Blues to make the Finals in their first season . Washington made their second Finals appearance . Their only previous appearance in the Finals ended in a four - game sweep by the Detroit Red Wings in 1998 . This was the first Finals since 2007 to feature two teams that had not previously won a Stanley Cup . Vegas won both games in this year 's regular season series .", "May 28 Washington Capitals 4 -- 6 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap Brett Connolly ( 5 ) -- 14 : 41 Nicklas Backstrom ( 5 ) -- 15 : 23 First period 07 : 15 -- pp -- Colin Miller ( 3 ) 18 : 19 -- William Karlsson ( 7 ) John Carlson ( 4 ) -- 08 : 29 Second period 03 : 21 -- Reilly Smith ( 3 ) Tom Wilson ( 4 ) -- 01 : 10 Third period 02 : 41 -- Ryan Reaves ( 2 ) 09 : 44 -- Tomas Nosek ( 2 ) 19 : 57 -- en -- Tomas Nosek ( 3 ) Braden Holtby 28 saves / 33 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 24 saves / 28 shots", "May 28 Washington Capitals 4 -- 6 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "Brett Connolly ( 5 ) -- 14 : 41 Nicklas Backstrom ( 5 ) -- 15 : 23 First period 07 : 15 -- pp -- Colin Miller ( 3 ) 18 : 19 -- William Karlsson ( 7 )", "John Carlson ( 4 ) -- 08 : 29 Second period 03 : 21 -- Reilly Smith ( 3 )", "Tom Wilson ( 4 ) -- 01 : 10 Third period 02 : 41 -- Ryan Reaves ( 2 ) 09 : 44 -- Tomas Nosek ( 2 ) 19 : 57 -- en -- Tomas Nosek ( 3 )", "Braden Holtby 28 saves / 33 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 24 saves / 28 shots", "May 30 Washington Capitals 3 -- 2 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap Lars Eller ( 6 ) -- 17 : 27 First period 07 : 58 -- James Neal ( 5 ) Alexander Ovechkin ( 13 ) -- pp -- 05 : 38 Brooks Orpik ( 1 ) -- 09 : 41 Second period 17 : 47 -- pp -- Shea Theodore ( 3 ) No scoring Third period No scoring Braden Holtby 37 saves / 39 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 23 saves / 26 shots", "May 30 Washington Capitals 3 -- 2 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "Lars Eller ( 6 ) -- 17 : 27 First period 07 : 58 -- James Neal ( 5 )", "Alexander Ovechkin ( 13 ) -- pp -- 05 : 38 Brooks Orpik ( 1 ) -- 09 : 41 Second period 17 : 47 -- pp -- Shea Theodore ( 3 )", "No scoring Third period No scoring", "Braden Holtby 37 saves / 39 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 23 saves / 26 shots", "June 2 Vegas Golden Knights 1 -- 3 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap No scoring First period No scoring No scoring Second period 01 : 10 -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 14 ) 12 : 50 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 12 ) Tomas Nosek ( 4 ) -- 03 : 29 Third period 13 : 53 -- Devante Smith - Pelly ( 5 ) Marc - Andre Fleury 23 saves / 26 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 21 saves / 22 shots", "June 2 Vegas Golden Knights 1 -- 3 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "No scoring Second period 01 : 10 -- Alexander Ovechkin ( 14 ) 12 : 50 -- Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 12 )", "Tomas Nosek ( 4 ) -- 03 : 29 Third period 13 : 53 -- Devante Smith - Pelly ( 5 )", "Marc - Andre Fleury 23 saves / 26 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 21 saves / 22 shots", "June 4 Vegas Golden Knights 2 -- 6 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap No scoring First period 09 : 54 -- pp -- T.J. Oshie ( 8 ) 16 : 26 -- Tom Wilson ( 5 ) 19 : 39 -- Devante Smith - Pelly ( 6 ) No scoring Second period 15 : 23 -- pp -- John Carlson ( 5 ) James Neal ( 6 ) -- 05 : 43 Reilly Smith ( 4 ) -- 12 : 26 Third period 13 : 39 -- Michal Kempny ( 2 ) 18 : 51 -- pp -- Brett Connolly ( 6 ) Marc - Andre Fleury 17 saves / 23 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 28 saves / 30 shots", "June 4 Vegas Golden Knights 2 -- 6 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap", "No scoring First period 09 : 54 -- pp -- T.J. Oshie ( 8 ) 16 : 26 -- Tom Wilson ( 5 ) 19 : 39 -- Devante Smith - Pelly ( 6 )", "No scoring Second period 15 : 23 -- pp -- John Carlson ( 5 )", "James Neal ( 6 ) -- 05 : 43 Reilly Smith ( 4 ) -- 12 : 26 Third period 13 : 39 -- Michal Kempny ( 2 ) 18 : 51 -- pp -- Brett Connolly ( 6 )", "Marc - Andre Fleury 17 saves / 23 shots Goalie stats Braden Holtby 28 saves / 30 shots", "June 7 Washington Capitals 4 -- 3 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap No scoring First period No scoring Jakub Vrana ( 3 ) -- 06 : 24 Alexander Ovechkin ( 15 ) -- pp -- 10 : 14 Second period 09 : 40 -- Nate Schmidt ( 3 ) 12 : 56 -- David Perron ( 1 ) 19 : 31 -- pp -- Reilly Smith ( 5 ) Devante Smith - Pelly ( 7 ) -- 09 : 52 Lars Eller ( 7 ) -- 12 : 23 Third period No scoring Braden Holtby 28 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 29 saves / 33 shots", "June 7 Washington Capitals 4 -- 3 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap", "No scoring First period No scoring", "Jakub Vrana ( 3 ) -- 06 : 24 Alexander Ovechkin ( 15 ) -- pp -- 10 : 14 Second period 09 : 40 -- Nate Schmidt ( 3 ) 12 : 56 -- David Perron ( 1 ) 19 : 31 -- pp -- Reilly Smith ( 5 )", "Devante Smith - Pelly ( 7 ) -- 09 : 52 Lars Eller ( 7 ) -- 12 : 23 Third period No scoring", "Braden Holtby 28 saves / 31 shots Goalie stats Marc - Andre Fleury 29 saves / 33 shots", "Washington won series 4 -- 1", "Washington won series 4 -- 1", "", "These are the top ten skaters based on points .", "Player Team GP Pts + / -- PIM Evgeny Kuznetsov Washington Capitals 24 12 20 32 + 12 16 Alexander Ovechkin Washington Capitals 24 15 12 27 + 8 8 Nicklas Backstrom Washington Capitals 20 5 18 23 -- 1 6 Reilly Smith Vegas Golden Knights 20 5 17 22 + 5 10 Jake Guentzel Pittsburgh Penguins 12 10 11 21 + 10 8 Sidney Crosby Pittsburgh Penguins 12 9 12 21 + 7 6 Jonathan Marchessault Vegas Golden Knights 20 8 13 21 + 8 10 T.J. Oshie Washington Capitals 24 8 13 21 + 5 31 Blake Wheeler Winnipeg Jets 17 18 21 + 2 10 Mark Scheifele Winnipeg Jets 17 14 6 20 + 6 10", "Player Team GP Pts + / -- PIM", "Evgeny Kuznetsov Washington Capitals 24 12 20 32 + 12 16", "Alexander Ovechkin Washington Capitals 24 15 12 27 + 8 8", "Nicklas Backstrom Washington Capitals 20 5 18 23 -- 1 6", "Reilly Smith Vegas Golden Knights 20 5 17 22 + 5 10", "Jake Guentzel Pittsburgh Penguins 12 10 11 21 + 10 8", "Sidney Crosby Pittsburgh Penguins 12 9 12 21 + 7 6", "Jonathan Marchessault Vegas Golden Knights 20 8 13 21 + 8 10", "T.J. Oshie Washington Capitals 24 8 13 21 + 5 31", "Blake Wheeler Winnipeg Jets 17 18 21 + 2 10", "Mark Scheifele Winnipeg Jets 17 14 6 20 + 6 10", "This is a combined table of the top five goaltenders based on goals against average and the top five goaltenders based on save percentage , with at least 420 minutes . The table is sorted by GAA , and the criteria for inclusion are bolded .", "Player Team GP SA GA GAA SV % SO TOI Braden Holtby Washington Capitals 23 16 7 639 50 2.16 . 922 1385 : 45 Marc - Andre Fleury Vegas Golden Knights 20 13 7 641 47 2.24 . 927 1258 : 35 Martin Jones San Jose Sharks 10 6 304 22 2.26 . 928 584 : 40 Connor Hellebuyck Winnipeg Jets 17 9 8 511 40 2.36 . 922 1015 : 07 Matt Murray Pittsburgh Penguins 12 6 6 314 29 2.43 . 908 715 : 35 Andrei Vasilevskiy Tampa Bay Lightning 17 11 6 524 43 2.58 . 918 0 999 : 09", "Player Team GP SA GA GAA SV % SO TOI", "Braden Holtby Washington Capitals 23 16 7 639 50 2.16 . 922 1385 : 45", "Marc - Andre Fleury Vegas Golden Knights 20 13 7 641 47 2.24 . 927 1258 : 35", "Martin Jones San Jose Sharks 10 6 304 22 2.26 . 928 584 : 40", "Connor Hellebuyck Winnipeg Jets 17 9 8 511 40 2.36 . 922 1015 : 07", "Matt Murray Pittsburgh Penguins 12 6 6 314 29 2.43 . 908 715 : 35", "Andrei Vasilevskiy Tampa Bay Lightning 17 11 6 524 43 2.58 . 918 0 999 : 09", "This was the seventh postseason under NBC Sports ' current 10 - year contract for American television rights to the NHL . All national coverage of games was aired on either NBCSN , the NBC broadcast network , NHL Network , USA Network , or CNBC . Due to original programming commitments involving CNBC and USA Network , two first round games on April 18 were aired by Golf Channel . During the first round , excluding games exclusively broadcast on NBC , the regional rights holders of each participating U.S. team produced local telecasts of their respective games . For the second year , the first round national broadcasts were not blacked out on television in the markets of participating teams , and could co-exist with the local broadcasts ( however , NBC - provided coverage was restricted in Pittsburgh and Las Vegas , where AT&T SportsNet holds the regional rights to the Penguins and the Golden Knights , respectively ) .", "In Canada , for the fourth postseason under Rogers Media 's current 12 - year contract , coverage was broadcast by Sportsnet networks and CBC Television under the Hockey Night in Canada brand , and streamed on Sportsnet Now , CBCSports.ca ( for games televised by CBC ) , or the subscription service Rogers NHL Live . The Winnipeg Jets ' first round series against the Minnesota Wild was relegated to Sportsnet , due to the Maple Leafs ' series being given priority , and to encourage subscription to the network since it is not carried on basic cable in Winnipeg .", "In a surprise move , Sportsnet did not give any on - air assignments to Bob Cole during the playoffs -- an exclusion that caught the veteran commentator off - guard . Instead , Sportsnet replaced Cole with Calgary Flames announcer Rick Ball , joining Jim Hughson , Paul Romanuk and Dave Randorf on play - by - play during the first two rounds of the playoffs .", "Fuelled by viewer interest in the Golden Knights ' inaugural season and playoff run , and in Canada , the deep playoff run of the Winnipeg Jets , viewership of these playoffs saw noticeable increases . NBC reported that viewership of the conference finals collectively saw a 15 % increase over 2017 , with an average viewership across broadcast , cable , and streaming platforms ( `` total audience delivery '' ) of 1.841 million ( 23 % increase year - over-year ) for the Western Conference finals featuring the Golden Knights , game one of said series ( televised on NBC ) seen by 2.374 viewers total , and game seven of the Lightning / Capitals Eastern Conference final pulling a 2.14 overnight rating -- the highest viewership for a non-overtime game seven since 2015 , and the highest cable viewership of the 2018 playoffs to - date . The Jets also contributed to strong viewership numbers in Canada , with Sportsnet reporting an average of 2.2 million across their second - round series ." ]

[ [ "US$100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Voice Genre Reality competition Created by John de Mol Directed by Alan Carter Presented by Carson Daly Alison Haislip Christina Milian Judges Christina Aguilera CeeLo Green Adam Levine Blake Shelton Shakira Usher Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Miley Cyrus Alicia Keys Jennifer Hudson Kelly Clarkson Composer ( s ) Martijn Schimmer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 350 Production Executive producer ( s ) John de Mol Mark Burnett Audrey Morrissey Stijn Bakkers Marc Jansen Jay Bienstock Lee Metzger Producer ( s ) Ashley Baumann Amanda Borden Carson Daly Keith Dinielli May Johnson Bart Kimball Michael Matsumoto David Offenheiser Dan Paschen Kyley Tucker Teddy Valenti Location ( s ) Universal Studios Hollywood , Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 44 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) Mark Burnett Productions ( 2011 -- 12 ) One Three Media ( 2012 -- 14 ) United Artists Media Group ( 2014 -- 15 ) MGM Television ( 2016 -- ) Talpa Media Warner Horizon Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Voice ( franchise ) External links Official website", "The Voice", "Genre Reality competition", "Created by John de Mol", "Directed by Alan Carter", "Presented by Carson Daly Alison Haislip Christina Milian", "Carson Daly Alison Haislip Christina Milian", "Judges Christina Aguilera CeeLo Green Adam Levine Blake Shelton Shakira Usher Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Miley Cyrus Alicia Keys Jennifer Hudson Kelly Clarkson", "Christina Aguilera CeeLo Green Adam Levine Blake Shelton Shakira Usher Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Miley Cyrus Alicia Keys Jennifer Hudson Kelly Clarkson", "Composer ( s ) Martijn Schimmer", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons 14", "No. of episodes 350", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) John de Mol Mark Burnett Audrey Morrissey Stijn Bakkers Marc Jansen Jay Bienstock Lee Metzger", "John de Mol Mark Burnett Audrey Morrissey Stijn Bakkers Marc Jansen Jay Bienstock Lee Metzger", "John de Mol", "Producer ( s ) Ashley Baumann Amanda Borden Carson Daly Keith Dinielli May Johnson Bart Kimball Michael Matsumoto David Offenheiser Dan Paschen Kyley Tucker Teddy Valenti", "Ashley Baumann Amanda Borden Carson Daly Keith Dinielli May Johnson Bart Kimball Michael Matsumoto David Offenheiser Dan Paschen Kyley Tucker Teddy Valenti", "Location ( s ) Universal Studios Hollywood , Los Angeles , California", "Camera setup Multi-camera", "Running time 44 -- 104 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Mark Burnett Productions ( 2011 -- 12 ) One Three Media ( 2012 -- 14 ) United Artists Media Group ( 2014 -- 15 ) MGM Television ( 2016 -- ) Talpa Media Warner Horizon Television", "Mark Burnett Productions ( 2011 -- 12 ) One Three Media ( 2012 -- 14 ) United Artists Media Group ( 2014 -- 15 ) MGM Television ( 2016 -- ) Talpa Media Warner Horizon Television", "Mark Burnett Productions ( 2011 -- 12 )", "One Three Media ( 2012 -- 14 )", "United Artists Media Group ( 2014 -- 15 )", "MGM Television ( 2016 -- )", "Warner Horizon Television", "Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution", "Release", "Original network NBC", "Picture format HDTV 1080i", "Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1", "Original release April 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) -- present", "Chronology", "Related shows The Voice ( franchise )", "External links", "Official website", "The Voice is an American reality television singing competition broadcast on NBC . Based on the original The Voice of Holland , the concept of the series is to find currently unsigned singing talent ( solo or duets , professional and amateur ) contested by aspiring singers , age 15 or over ( reduced to 13 since season 12 ) , drawn from public auditions . The winner is determined by television viewers voting by telephone , internet , SMS text , and iTunes Store purchases of the audio - recorded artists ' vocal performances . They receive US $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition . The winners of the thirteen seasons have been : Javier Colon , Jermaine Paul , Cassadee Pope , Danielle Bradbery , Tessanne Chin , Josh Kaufman , Craig Wayne Boyd , Sawyer Fredericks , Jordan Smith , Alisan Porter , Sundance Head , Chris Blue and Chloe Kohanski .", "The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists ' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season . They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition , thus making them the winning coach . Members of the coaching panel include Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , Christina Aguilera ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 , 8 , 10 ) , CeeLo Green ( seasons 1 -- 3 , and 5 ) , Shakira ( seasons 4 and 6 ) , Usher ( seasons 4 and 6 ) , Gwen Stefani ( seasons 7 , 9 , and 12 ) , Pharrell Williams ( seasons 7 -- 10 ) , Miley Cyrus ( seasons 11 and 13 ) , Alicia Keys ( seasons 11 -- 12 , and 14 ) , Jennifer Hudson ( season 13 ) , and Kelly Clarkson ( season 14 ) .", "The Voice began airing on April 26 , 2011 , as a spring TV season program . The show proved to be a hit for NBC and was subsequently expanded into the fall cycle when season three premiered on September 10 , 2012 . The series premiered its twelfth season on February 27 , 2017 . On October 18 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series through its thirteenth season . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a fourteenth series , along with announcing Jennifer Hudson as a new coach in the thirteenth season . The following day , it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a new coach in the fourteenth season . The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 .", "An adaptation of the Dutch show The Voice of Holland , NBC announced the show under the name The Voice of America in December 2010 ; its name was soon shortened to The Voice . In each season , the winner receives $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Republic Records ( seasons 1 & 2 ) or later Universal Music Group ( season 3 -- present ) .", "Each season begins with the `` Blind Auditions , '' where coaches form their team of artists ( 8 in season 1 , 12 in season 2 and seasons 4 - 12 , and 16 in season 3 ) whom they mentor through the remainder of the season . The coaches ' chairs are faced towards the audience during artists ' performances ; those interested in an artist press their button , which turns their chair towards the artist and illuminates the bottom of the chair to read `` I want you . '' At the conclusion of the performance , an artist either defaults to the only coach who turned around , or selects his or her coach if more than one coach expresses interest . In the 14th season , a new twist called `` Block '' is featured , which allows one coach to block another coach from getting a contestants .", "In the `` Battle Rounds , '' each coach pairs two of his or her team members to perform together , then chooses one to advance in the competition . In each season , coaches are assisted by celebrity advisors that are different each season . In the first season , coaches sit alongside their respective advisors in the battle stage . However , starting with the second season , the advisors no longer join the coaches in the battle stage . A new element was added in season three ; coaches were given two `` steals '' , allowing each coach to select two individuals who were eliminated during a battle round by another coach .", "The Knockout Rounds were also introduced in season three . A pair of artists within a team are selected to sing individual performances in succession . They are not told until a few minutes prior to their performances who their partner is . The artists get to choose their own songs in this round , although they continue to get help and advice from their respective coaches . At the conclusion of the performances , coaches would decide which one of each pair gets to advance to the next round . Just like in the battle rounds , the coaches can steal one eliminated artist from another coach starting with season five .", "The `` Battles , Round 2 '' were introduced to replace the Knockout Rounds in season six . Similar to the Knockout Rounds , each singer is paired randomly within their team . One celebrity key adviser also assists all four of the coaches and their teams in preparation of these rounds . Coaches give each Battle pairing a list of songs and each pair must agree on which song to sing . Each coach can still decide which of their singers in each pair will advance to the next round . The coaches are also allowed one steal . However , the Knockouts were brought back in season seven .", "In the final live performance phase of the competition , artists perform in weekly shows , where public voting narrows to a final group of artists and eventually declares a winner . The coaches have the power to save one artist that had not received the public 's vote that week . As of season two , these artists would give a last chance performance to win their coach 's save . However , in deciding who moves on to the final four phase , the television audience and the coaches have equal say . With one team member remaining for each coach , the contestants compete against each other in the finale , where the outcome is decided solely by public vote . In the first two seasons , one contestant from each team would advance to the final four . Due to the possibility of having multiple potential winners on the same team , eliminations were adjusted in season three to eliminate contestants who earned the lowest number of votes , thus not guaranteeing a coach and a contestant in the ( reduced ) final three ( having reverted to four since season seven ) .", "In a first for a music competition series , NBC and Universal Republic Records offered fans of the show the ability to vote for their favorite artists by purchasing the studio versions of the songs that they perform on the live show each week via the iTunes Store . Alternative methods of voting can be done through toll - free phone calls ( until season 8 ) , text messaging , the show 's app , and through online votes via NBC.com and Facebook . Each method is limited to ten votes per user . Voting lasts until noon EST the next day .", "As of the top 12 results show of season three , producers made changes in the voting system with regards to iTunes singles purchases . Previous voting via iTunes purchases of contestant performances had previously only counted singly during the official voting window and only accredited to the live show in concern . If a competitor 's performance charts within the Top 10 of the iTunes `` Top 200 Singles Chart '' during this window , it will be given an iTunes bonus that multiplies iTunes votes made by ten . Starting in season five , the iTunes bonus multiplier is now five for the studio versions of the songs performed by the competitors . The finale 's vote count will include a ' Cumulative iTunes Vote Total ' of all singles ( from top 12 onwards ) purchased during and outside of the various voting windows , with iTunes bonuses previously earned .", "Only the studio recording of the contestants ' performances , not the live performance , are available on iTunes . In the first season , the battle rounds were recorded in the studio with both artists in the pairing . However , from season two on , only the winner 's version of the song from the battle round is released . Season seven reverted to the old style of both artists . With the introduction of the Knockout Rounds in season three , where each contestant sang a separate song , only the winner 's single is released .", "The `` Instant Save '' was introduced in season five . During the live elimination episodes , viewers are given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the Top 12 . Home viewers can only vote once per account for one contestant of their choice .", "CeeLo Green of Gnarls Barkley and Adam Levine of Maroon 5 became the first confirmed coaches in February 2011 , followed by Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton in March . Aguilera and Green did not return for season four and were replaced by Shakira and Usher as substitute coaches . Aguilera and Green then returned for season five , while Shakira and Usher returned for season six . In an interview with Ellen DeGeneres in February 2014 , Green revealed that he would not be returning to The Voice . On March 31 , 2014 , it was announced that Pharrell Williams would become Green 's replacement . On April 19 , 2014 , it was announced that No Doubt 's Gwen Stefani would replace Aguilera in season seven due to her pregnancy . On May 20 , 2014 , Shakira and Usher confirmed that after season six , they would focus on their music . On March 25 , 2016 , Miley Cyrus confirmed that following her role as key advisor during the tenth season that she would be joining the series once again in its eleventh season as a coach , replacing Christina Aguilera . That same day , Alicia Keys was also announced to be joining the series as a coach for the eleventh season . On October 18 , 2016 , it was announced that Stefani would re-join the coaches ' panel for the series ' twelfth season , alongside returning coaches Keys , Levine and Shelton ; it was also confirmed that Cyrus would return for the thirteenth season .", "On April 27 , 2017 , in an interview published by TV Insider , Keys confirmed that the twelfth season would be her last . She stated , `` Who knows what the future holds , but I know this one is my final season . '' On May 10 , 2017 , NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join the coaches lineup for the series ' thirteenth season . On May 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a coach in season fourteen in 2018 . On October 18 , 2017 , NBC announced that Alicia Keys will be returning to the series for the upcoming 14th season .", "Adam Levine CeeLo Green ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Christina Aguilera ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Blake Shelton Shakira ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Usher ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2014 -- 2015 , 2017 ) Pharrell Williams ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Miley Cyrus ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Alicia Keys ( 2016 -- ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2017 ) Kelly Clarkson ( 2018 )", "Adam Levine", "CeeLo Green ( 2011 -- 2013 )", "CeeLo Green ( 2011 -- 2013 )", "Christina Aguilera ( 2011 -- 2016 )", "Christina Aguilera ( 2011 -- 2016 )", "Blake Shelton", "Shakira ( 2013 -- 2014 )", "Shakira ( 2013 -- 2014 )", "Usher ( 2013 -- 2014 )", "Usher ( 2013 -- 2014 )", "Gwen Stefani ( 2014 -- 2015 , 2017 )", "Gwen Stefani ( 2014 -- 2015 , 2017 )", "Pharrell Williams ( 2014 -- 2016 )", "Pharrell Williams ( 2014 -- 2016 )", "Miley Cyrus ( 2016 -- 2017 )", "Miley Cyrus ( 2016 -- 2017 )", "Alicia Keys ( 2016 -- )", "Alicia Keys ( 2016 -- )", "Jennifer Hudson ( 2017 )", "Jennifer Hudson ( 2017 )", "Kelly Clarkson ( 2018 )", "Kelly Clarkson ( 2018 )", "Carson Daly has hosted the series since the inaugural season . Alison Haislip served as the original `` backstage , online and social media correspondent '' and was replaced by Christina Milian . Milian did not return for season five , at which point Daly assumed her duties as the social media correspondent .", "Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( 2011 ) Christina Milian ( 2012 -- 2013 )", "Carson Daly", "Alison Haislip ( 2011 )", "Alison Haislip ( 2011 )", "Christina Milian ( 2012 -- 2013 )", "Christina Milian ( 2012 -- 2013 )", "Battle round advisors are first listed ; additional advisors and their roles are denoted by superscripts .", "Season 1 Team Adam -- Adam Blackstone Team Blake -- Reba McEntire Team CeeLo -- Monica Team Christina -- Sia Season 2 Team Adam -- Alanis Morissette , Robin Thicke Team Blake -- Kelly Clarkson , Miranda Lambert Team CeeLo -- Babyface , Ne - Yo Team Christina -- Jewel , Lionel Richie Season 3 Team Adam -- Mary J. Blige Team Blake -- Michael Bublé , Scott Hendricks Team CeeLo -- Rob Thomas , Jennifer Hudson , Bill Withers , Pat Monahan Team Christina -- Billie Joe Armstrong , Ron Fair Season 4 Team Adam -- Hillary Scott Team Blake -- Sheryl Crow Team Shakira -- Joel Madden , CeeLo Green Team Usher -- Pharrell Williams , Aakomon Jones , Taylor Swift Season 5 Team Adam -- Ryan Tedder Team Blake -- Cher Team CeeLo -- Miguel Team Christina -- Ed Sheeran Season 6 Team Adam -- Aloe Blacc , Graham Nash , James Valentine Team Blake -- The Band Perry , Scott Hendricks , Gwen Sebastian Team Shakira -- Miranda Lambert , busbee Team Usher -- Jill Scott , Natural Chris Martin ( all coaches ) Season 7 Team Adam -- Stevie Nicks , Patrick Stump Team Blake -- Little Big Town , Colbie Caillat Team Gwen -- Gavin Rossdale , Christina Aguilera Team Pharrell -- Alicia Keys , Diana Ross Taylor Swift ( all coaches ) Season 8 Team Adam -- Ellie Goulding , Dave Stewart , Usher Team Blake -- Meghan Trainor , Scott Hendricks , CeeLo Green Team Pharrell -- Lionel Richie , Ryan Tedder , Gwen Stefani Team Christina -- Nick Jonas , Mark Ronson , Gwen Stefani Nate Ruess ( all coaches ) Reba McEntire ( all coaches ) Season 9 Team Adam -- John Fogerty Team Blake -- Brad Paisley Team Gwen -- Selena Gomez Team Pharrell -- Missy Elliott Rihanna ( all coaches ) Dolly Parton ( all coaches ) Season 10 Team Adam -- Tori Kelly Team Blake -- Gwen Stefani Team Pharrell -- Diddy Team Christina -- Patti LaBelle Miley Cyrus ( all coaches ) Pink ( all coaches ) Season 11 Team Adam -- Sammy Hagar Team Blake -- Bette Midler Team Miley -- Joan Jett Team Alicia -- Charlie Puth Tim McGraw and Faith Hill ( all coaches ) Garth Brooks ( all coaches ) Season 12 Team Adam -- John Legend Team Blake -- Luke Bryan Team Gwen -- Celine Dion Team Alicia -- DJ Khaled Shania Twain ( all coaches ) Season 13 Team Adam -- Joe Jonas Team Blake -- Rascal Flatts Team Miley -- Billy Ray Cyrus Team Jennifer -- Kelly Rowland Kelly Clarkson ( all coaches ) Season 14 Team Adam -- Julia Michaels , Jordan Smith Team Blake -- Trace Adkins , Chloe Kohanski Team Alicia -- Shawn Mendes , Chris Blue Team Kelly -- Hailee Steinfeld , Cassadee Pope", "Season 1 Team Adam -- Adam Blackstone Team Blake -- Reba McEntire Team CeeLo -- Monica Team Christina -- Sia Season 2 Team Adam -- Alanis Morissette , Robin Thicke Team Blake -- Kelly Clarkson , Miranda Lambert Team CeeLo -- Babyface , Ne - Yo Team Christina -- Jewel , Lionel Richie Season 3 Team Adam -- Mary J. Blige Team Blake -- Michael Bublé , Scott Hendricks Team CeeLo -- Rob Thomas , Jennifer Hudson , Bill Withers , Pat Monahan Team Christina -- Billie Joe Armstrong , Ron Fair Season 4 Team Adam -- Hillary Scott Team Blake -- Sheryl Crow Team Shakira -- Joel Madden , CeeLo Green Team Usher -- Pharrell Williams , Aakomon Jones , Taylor Swift Season 5 Team Adam -- Ryan Tedder Team Blake -- Cher Team CeeLo -- Miguel Team Christina -- Ed Sheeran Season 6 Team Adam -- Aloe Blacc , Graham Nash , James Valentine Team Blake -- The Band Perry , Scott Hendricks , Gwen Sebastian Team Shakira -- Miranda Lambert , busbee Team Usher -- Jill Scott , Natural Chris Martin ( all coaches ) Season 7 Team Adam -- Stevie Nicks , Patrick Stump Team Blake -- Little Big Town , Colbie Caillat Team Gwen -- Gavin Rossdale , Christina Aguilera Team Pharrell -- Alicia Keys , Diana Ross Taylor Swift ( all coaches ) Season 8 Team Adam -- Ellie Goulding , Dave Stewart , Usher Team Blake -- Meghan Trainor , Scott Hendricks , CeeLo Green Team Pharrell -- Lionel Richie , Ryan Tedder , Gwen Stefani Team Christina -- Nick Jonas , Mark Ronson , Gwen Stefani Nate Ruess ( all coaches ) Reba McEntire ( all coaches ) Season 9 Team Adam -- John Fogerty Team Blake -- Brad Paisley Team Gwen -- Selena Gomez Team Pharrell -- Missy Elliott Rihanna ( all coaches ) Dolly Parton ( all coaches ) Season 10 Team Adam -- Tori Kelly Team Blake -- Gwen Stefani Team Pharrell -- Diddy Team Christina -- Patti LaBelle Miley Cyrus ( all coaches ) Pink ( all coaches ) Season 11 Team Adam -- Sammy Hagar Team Blake -- Bette Midler Team Miley -- Joan Jett Team Alicia -- Charlie Puth Tim McGraw and Faith Hill ( all coaches ) Garth Brooks ( all coaches ) Season 12 Team Adam -- John Legend Team Blake -- Luke Bryan Team Gwen -- Celine Dion Team Alicia -- DJ Khaled Shania Twain ( all coaches ) Season 13 Team Adam -- Joe Jonas Team Blake -- Rascal Flatts Team Miley -- Billy Ray Cyrus Team Jennifer -- Kelly Rowland Kelly Clarkson ( all coaches ) Season 14 Team Adam -- Julia Michaels , Jordan Smith Team Blake -- Trace Adkins , Chloe Kohanski Team Alicia -- Shawn Mendes , Chris Blue Team Kelly -- Hailee Steinfeld , Cassadee Pope", "Season 1", "Team Adam -- Adam Blackstone Team Blake -- Reba McEntire Team CeeLo -- Monica Team Christina -- Sia", "Team Adam -- Adam Blackstone", "Team Blake -- Reba McEntire", "Team CeeLo -- Monica", "Team Christina -- Sia", "Season 2", "Team Adam -- Alanis Morissette , Robin Thicke Team Blake -- Kelly Clarkson , Miranda Lambert Team CeeLo -- Babyface , Ne - Yo Team Christina -- Jewel , Lionel Richie", "Team Adam -- Alanis Morissette , Robin Thicke", "Team Blake -- Kelly Clarkson , Miranda Lambert", "Team CeeLo -- Babyface , Ne - Yo", "Team Christina -- Jewel , Lionel Richie", "Season 3", "Team Adam -- Mary J. Blige Team Blake -- Michael Bublé , Scott Hendricks Team CeeLo -- Rob Thomas , Jennifer Hudson , Bill Withers , Pat Monahan Team Christina -- Billie Joe Armstrong , Ron Fair", "Team Adam -- Mary J. Blige", "Team Blake -- Michael Bublé , Scott Hendricks", "Team CeeLo -- Rob Thomas , Jennifer Hudson , Bill Withers , Pat Monahan", "Team Christina -- Billie Joe Armstrong , Ron Fair", "Season 4", "Team Adam -- Hillary Scott Team Blake -- Sheryl Crow Team Shakira -- Joel Madden , CeeLo Green Team Usher -- Pharrell Williams , Aakomon Jones , Taylor Swift", "Team Adam -- Hillary Scott", "Team Blake -- Sheryl Crow", "Team Shakira -- Joel Madden , CeeLo Green", "Team Usher -- Pharrell Williams , Aakomon Jones , Taylor Swift", "Season 5", "Team Adam -- Ryan Tedder Team Blake -- Cher Team CeeLo -- Miguel Team Christina -- Ed Sheeran", "Team Adam -- Ryan Tedder", "Team Blake -- Cher", "Team CeeLo -- Miguel", "Team Christina -- Ed Sheeran", "Season 6", "Team Adam -- Aloe Blacc , Graham Nash , James Valentine Team Blake -- The Band Perry , Scott Hendricks , Gwen Sebastian Team Shakira -- Miranda Lambert , busbee Team Usher -- Jill Scott , Natural Chris Martin ( all coaches )", "Team Adam -- Aloe Blacc , Graham Nash , James Valentine", "Team Blake -- The Band Perry , Scott Hendricks , Gwen Sebastian", "Team Shakira -- Miranda Lambert , busbee", "Team Usher -- Jill Scott , Natural", "Chris Martin ( all coaches )", "Season 7", "Team Adam -- Stevie Nicks , Patrick Stump Team Blake -- Little Big Town , Colbie Caillat Team Gwen -- Gavin Rossdale , Christina Aguilera Team Pharrell -- Alicia Keys , Diana Ross Taylor Swift ( all coaches )", "Team Adam -- Stevie Nicks , Patrick Stump", "Team Blake -- Little Big Town , Colbie Caillat", "Team Gwen -- Gavin Rossdale , Christina Aguilera", "Team Pharrell -- Alicia Keys , Diana Ross", "Taylor Swift ( all coaches )", "Season 8", "Team Adam -- Ellie Goulding , Dave Stewart , Usher Team Blake -- Meghan Trainor , Scott Hendricks , CeeLo Green Team Pharrell -- Lionel Richie , Ryan Tedder , Gwen Stefani Team Christina -- Nick Jonas , Mark Ronson , Gwen Stefani Nate Ruess ( all coaches ) Reba McEntire ( all coaches )", "Team Adam -- Ellie Goulding , Dave Stewart , Usher", "Team Blake -- Meghan Trainor , Scott Hendricks , CeeLo Green", "Team Pharrell -- Lionel Richie , Ryan Tedder , Gwen Stefani", "Team Christina -- Nick Jonas , Mark Ronson , Gwen Stefani", "Nate Ruess ( all coaches )", "Reba McEntire ( all coaches )", "Season 9", "Team Adam -- John Fogerty Team Blake -- Brad Paisley Team Gwen -- Selena Gomez Team Pharrell -- Missy Elliott Rihanna ( all coaches ) Dolly Parton ( all coaches )", "Team Adam -- John Fogerty", "Team Blake -- Brad Paisley", "Team Gwen -- Selena Gomez", "Team Pharrell -- Missy Elliott", "Rihanna ( all coaches )", "Dolly Parton ( all coaches )", "Season 10", "Team Adam -- Tori Kelly Team Blake -- Gwen Stefani Team Pharrell -- Diddy Team Christina -- Patti LaBelle Miley Cyrus ( all coaches ) Pink ( all coaches )", "Team Adam -- Tori Kelly", "Team Blake -- Gwen Stefani", "Team Pharrell -- Diddy", "Team Christina -- Patti LaBelle", "Miley Cyrus ( all coaches )", "Pink ( all coaches )", "Season 11", "Team Adam -- Sammy Hagar Team Blake -- Bette Midler Team Miley -- Joan Jett Team Alicia -- Charlie Puth Tim McGraw and Faith Hill ( all coaches ) Garth Brooks ( all coaches )", "Team Adam -- Sammy Hagar", "Team Blake -- Bette Midler", "Team Miley -- Joan Jett", "Team Alicia -- Charlie Puth", "Tim McGraw and Faith Hill ( all coaches )", "Garth Brooks ( all coaches )", "Season 12", "Team Adam -- John Legend Team Blake -- Luke Bryan Team Gwen -- Celine Dion Team Alicia -- DJ Khaled Shania Twain ( all coaches )", "Team Adam -- John Legend", "Team Blake -- Luke Bryan", "Team Gwen -- Celine Dion", "Team Alicia -- DJ Khaled", "Shania Twain ( all coaches )", "Season 13", "Team Adam -- Joe Jonas Team Blake -- Rascal Flatts Team Miley -- Billy Ray Cyrus Team Jennifer -- Kelly Rowland Kelly Clarkson ( all coaches )", "Team Adam -- Joe Jonas", "Team Blake -- Rascal Flatts", "Team Miley -- Billy Ray Cyrus", "Team Jennifer -- Kelly Rowland", "Kelly Clarkson ( all coaches )", "Season 14", "Team Adam -- Julia Michaels , Jordan Smith Team Blake -- Trace Adkins , Chloe Kohanski Team Alicia -- Shawn Mendes , Chris Blue Team Kelly -- Hailee Steinfeld , Cassadee Pope", "Team Adam -- Julia Michaels , Jordan Smith", "Team Blake -- Trace Adkins , Chloe Kohanski", "Team Alicia -- Shawn Mendes , Chris Blue", "Team Kelly -- Hailee Steinfeld , Cassadee Pope", "( show ) Notes ^ 1 During the week of the Top 10 performances , Cee Lo Green , Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton brought in Jennifer Hudson , Ron Fair and Scott Hendricks respectively to help them coach their teams . ^ 2 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Cee Lo Green brought in Bill Withers to help coach his contestant Nicholas David on his performance of `` Lean on Me '' . ^ 3 Due to being sick during the rehearsals of the Top 6 performances , Cee Lo Green brought in Pat Monahan to coach his team for the week . Green did however pick the songs which his team members would sing that week and kept in touch with them by phone . ^ 4 The mentors of the Battle Rounds reprised their roles during the week of the Top 10 performances except Joel Madden who was working on The Voice in Australia . Shakira instead brought in Cee Lo Green to help coach her team that week . ^ 5 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Usher brought in his choreographer Aakomon Jones to help coach his team . ^ 6 During the week of the Top 6 performances , Taylor Swift attended Michelle Chamuel 's rehearsal of `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' . ^ 7 With the replacement of the Knockout Rounds with the `` Battles , Round 2 '' in season 6 , Coldplay frontman Chris Martin served as the sole advisor for every team . ^ 8 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Graham Nash helped Team Adam , busbee helped Team Shakira , Natural helped Team Usher , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake . ^ 9 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Adam Levine brought in fellow band member James Valentine , and Blake Shelton brought in season two contestant Gwen Sebastian to help coach their teams . ^ 10 With the return of the Knockout Rounds in season seven , Taylor Swift served as the sole advisor for every team . ^ 11 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Patrick Stump helped Team Adam , Christina Aguilera helped Team Gwen , Diana Ross helped Team Pharrell , and Colbie Caillat helped Team Blake . ^ 12 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Reba McEntire helped all four coaches coaching the teams . ^ 13 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Dave Stewart helped Team Adam , Ryan Tedder helped Team Pharrell , Mark Ronson helped Team Christina , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake . ^ 14 During the week of the Top 8 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Usher helped Team Adam , Gwen Stefani helped Teams Pharrell and Christina , and CeeLo Green helped Team Blake . ^ 15 During the week of the semi-final performances , Dolly Parton helped all four coaches coaching the teams .", "( show ) Notes", "^ 1 During the week of the Top 10 performances , Cee Lo Green , Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton brought in Jennifer Hudson , Ron Fair and Scott Hendricks respectively to help them coach their teams .", "^ 2 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Cee Lo Green brought in Bill Withers to help coach his contestant Nicholas David on his performance of `` Lean on Me '' .", "^ 3 Due to being sick during the rehearsals of the Top 6 performances , Cee Lo Green brought in Pat Monahan to coach his team for the week . Green did however pick the songs which his team members would sing that week and kept in touch with them by phone .", "^ 4 The mentors of the Battle Rounds reprised their roles during the week of the Top 10 performances except Joel Madden who was working on The Voice in Australia . Shakira instead brought in Cee Lo Green to help coach her team that week .", "^ 5 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Usher brought in his choreographer Aakomon Jones to help coach his team .", "^ 6 During the week of the Top 6 performances , Taylor Swift attended Michelle Chamuel 's rehearsal of `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' .", "^ 7 With the replacement of the Knockout Rounds with the `` Battles , Round 2 '' in season 6 , Coldplay frontman Chris Martin served as the sole advisor for every team .", "^ 8 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Graham Nash helped Team Adam , busbee helped Team Shakira , Natural helped Team Usher , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake .", "^ 9 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Adam Levine brought in fellow band member James Valentine , and Blake Shelton brought in season two contestant Gwen Sebastian to help coach their teams .", "^ 10 With the return of the Knockout Rounds in season seven , Taylor Swift served as the sole advisor for every team .", "^ 11 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Patrick Stump helped Team Adam , Christina Aguilera helped Team Gwen , Diana Ross helped Team Pharrell , and Colbie Caillat helped Team Blake .", "^ 12 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Reba McEntire helped all four coaches coaching the teams .", "^ 13 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Dave Stewart helped Team Adam , Ryan Tedder helped Team Pharrell , Mark Ronson helped Team Christina , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake .", "^ 14 During the week of the Top 8 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Usher helped Team Adam , Gwen Stefani helped Teams Pharrell and Christina , and CeeLo Green helped Team Blake .", "^ 15 During the week of the semi-final performances , Dolly Parton helped all four coaches coaching the teams .", "Team Adam Team Blake Team Christina Team CeeLo Team Shakira Team Usher Team Pharrell Team Gwen Team Miley Team Alicia Team Jennifer Team Kelly", "Team Adam Team Blake Team Christina Team CeeLo Team Shakira Team Usher Team Pharrell Team Gwen Team Miley Team Alicia Team Jennifer Team Kelly", "Team Adam Team Blake Team Christina", "Team CeeLo Team Shakira Team Usher", "Team Pharrell Team Gwen Team Miley", "Team Alicia Team Jennifer Team Kelly", "Season First aired Last aired Winner Runner - up Other finalist ( s ) Winning coach Host ( s ) Coaches ( chair 's order ) Main Correspondent April 26 , 2011 June 29 , 2011 Javier Colon Dia Frampton Vicci Martinez Adam Levine Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( backstage ) Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Beverly McClellan February 5 , 2012 May 8 , 2012 Jermaine Paul Juliet Simms Tony Lucca Blake Shelton Christina Milian ( backstage ) Chris Mann September 10 , 2012 December 18 , 2012 Cassadee Pope Terry McDermott Nicholas David March 25 , 2013 June 18 , 2013 Danielle Bradbery Michelle Chamuel The Swon Brothers Shakira Usher 5 September 23 , 2013 December 17 , 2013 Tessanne Chin Jacquie Lee Will Champlin Adam Levine Carson Daly CeeLo Christina 6 February 24 , 2014 May 20 , 2014 Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington Christina Grimmie Usher Shakira Usher 7 September 22 , 2014 December 16 , 2014 Craig Wayne Boyd Matt McAndrew Chris Jamison Blake Shelton Gwen Pharrell Damien 8 February 23 , 2015 May 19 , 2015 Sawyer Fredericks Meghan Linsey Joshua Davis Pharrell Williams Pharrell Christina Koryn Hawthorne 9 September 21 , 2015 December 15 , 2015 Jordan Smith Emily Ann Roberts Barrett Baber Adam Levine Gwen Pharrell Jeffery Austin 10 February 29 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield Hannah Huston Christina Aguilera Pharrell Christina Laith Al - Saadi 11 September 19 , 2016 December 13 , 2016 Sundance Head Billy Gilman Wé McDonald Blake Shelton Miley Alicia Josh Gallagher 12 February 27 , 2017 May 23 , 2017 Chris Blue Lauren Duski Aliyah Moulden Alicia Keys Gwen Jesse Larson 13 September 25 , 2017 December 19 , 2017 Chloe Kohanski Addison Agen Brooke Simpson Blake Shelton Miley Jennifer Red Marlow 14 February 26 , 2018 TBD Alicia Kelly", "Season First aired Last aired Winner Runner - up Other finalist ( s ) Winning coach Host ( s ) Coaches ( chair 's order )", "Main Correspondent", "April 26 , 2011 June 29 , 2011 Javier Colon Dia Frampton Vicci Martinez Adam Levine Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( backstage ) Adam CeeLo Christina Blake", "Beverly McClellan", "February 5 , 2012 May 8 , 2012 Jermaine Paul Juliet Simms Tony Lucca Blake Shelton Christina Milian ( backstage )", "Chris Mann", "September 10 , 2012 December 18 , 2012 Cassadee Pope Terry McDermott Nicholas David", "March 25 , 2013 June 18 , 2013 Danielle Bradbery Michelle Chamuel The Swon Brothers Shakira Usher", "5 September 23 , 2013 December 17 , 2013 Tessanne Chin Jacquie Lee Will Champlin Adam Levine Carson Daly CeeLo Christina", "6 February 24 , 2014 May 20 , 2014 Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington Christina Grimmie Usher Shakira Usher", "7 September 22 , 2014 December 16 , 2014 Craig Wayne Boyd Matt McAndrew Chris Jamison Blake Shelton Gwen Pharrell", "Damien", "8 February 23 , 2015 May 19 , 2015 Sawyer Fredericks Meghan Linsey Joshua Davis Pharrell Williams Pharrell Christina", "Koryn Hawthorne", "9 September 21 , 2015 December 15 , 2015 Jordan Smith Emily Ann Roberts Barrett Baber Adam Levine Gwen Pharrell", "Jeffery Austin", "10 February 29 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield Hannah Huston Christina Aguilera Pharrell Christina", "Laith Al - Saadi", "11 September 19 , 2016 December 13 , 2016 Sundance Head Billy Gilman Wé McDonald Blake Shelton Miley Alicia", "Josh Gallagher", "12 February 27 , 2017 May 23 , 2017 Chris Blue Lauren Duski Aliyah Moulden Alicia Keys Gwen", "Jesse Larson", "13 September 25 , 2017 December 19 , 2017 Chloe Kohanski Addison Agen Brooke Simpson Blake Shelton Miley Jennifer", "Red Marlow", "14 February 26 , 2018 TBD Alicia Kelly", "Names in bold type indicate the winner of the season .", "The first season of The Voice premiered on April 26 , 2011 , and concluded on June 29 . The coaching panel consisted of Christina Aguilera , Cee Lo Green , Adam Levine , and Blake Shelton . Carson Daly and Alison Haislip respectively appeared as the host and social media correspondent . Contestant auditions were held in Chicago , New York , Miami , Nashville , Minneapolis , Austin , Los Angeles , and Seattle during January and February .", "It delivered the highest 18 -- 49 rating for a series premiere on a major broadcast network since Undercover Boss debuted after the Super Bowl in February 2010 . It became the first new primetime series of the season ( from ABC , CBS , NBC , or Fox ) to increase in adults 18 -- 49 and total viewers from its first week to its second . Owing to the strong performance of the show , NBC offered expanded two - hour live episodes beginning June 7 , following America 's Got Talent , with an additional results show .", "Each coach was allowed to advance four top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Javier Colon Vicci Martinez Beverly McClellan Dia Frampton Casey Weston Nakia Frenchie Davis Xenia Jeff Jenkins Curtis Grimes Lily Elise Jared Blake Devon Barley The Thompson Sisters Raquel Castro Patrick Thomas", "Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake", "Javier Colon Vicci Martinez Beverly McClellan Dia Frampton", "Casey Weston Nakia Frenchie Davis Xenia", "Jeff Jenkins Curtis Grimes Lily Elise Jared Blake", "Devon Barley The Thompson Sisters Raquel Castro Patrick Thomas", "Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Javier Colon was announced as the winner of the season , while Dia Frampton was declared the runner - up . Third and fourth places were a draw between Vicci Martinez and Beverly McClellan .", "Season two premiered on February 5 , 2012 as the lead - out program after Super Bowl XLVI ; it concluded on May 8 . The original coaching panel remained intact , while Haislip was replaced by Christina Milian as the social media correspondent . Its regular time slot held a 6.7 rating , 17 share in adults 18 -- 49 , 17.8 million viewers overall and winning every half - hour in adults 18 -- 49 , adults 18 -- 34 , adults 25 -- 54 and total viewers versus first - run competition on ABC , CBS , Fox and CW . The shows ' continued premiere on Monday delivered NBC 's highest 18 -- 49 rating in this time period , excluding Olympics , in nearly eight years ( since February 16 , 2004 ) and the network 's biggest overall non-Olympic viewership in the slot since January 15 , 2007 . That season , Kia Motors , Sprint and Starbucks became the official sponsors of The Voice .", "Each coach was allowed to advance six top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Tony Lucca Juliet Simms Chris Mann Jermaine Paul Katrina Parker Jamar Rogers Lindsey Pavao Erin Willett Mathai Cheesa Ashley de La Rosa RaeLynn Pip James Massone Jesse Campbell Jordis Unga Karla Davis Erin Martin Moses Stone Charlotte Sometimes Kim Yarbrough Tony Vincent Sera Hill Naia Kete", "Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake", "Tony Lucca Juliet Simms Chris Mann Jermaine Paul", "Katrina Parker Jamar Rogers Lindsey Pavao Erin Willett", "Mathai Cheesa Ashley de La Rosa RaeLynn", "Pip James Massone Jesse Campbell Jordis Unga", "Karla Davis Erin Martin Moses Stone Charlotte Sometimes", "Kim Yarbrough Tony Vincent Sera Hill Naia Kete", "Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Jermaine Paul was announced as the winner of the season , while Juliet Simms , Tony Lucca , and Chris Mann placed second , third , and fourth , respectively .", "Season three premiered on September 10 , 2012 , and concluded on December 18 . All personnel returned from the previous season .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Amanda Brown Nicholas David Dez Duron Cassadee Pope Melanie Martinez Trevin Hunte Sylvia Yacoub Terry McDermott Bryan Keith Cody Belew Adriana Louise Michaela Paige Loren Allred MacKenzie Bourg De'Borah Julio Cesar Castillo Joselyn Rivera Diego Val Devyn DeLoera Liz Davis", "Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake", "Amanda Brown Nicholas David Dez Duron Cassadee Pope", "Melanie Martinez Trevin Hunte Sylvia Yacoub Terry McDermott", "Bryan Keith Cody Belew Adriana Louise Michaela Paige", "Loren Allred MacKenzie Bourg De'Borah Julio Cesar Castillo", "Joselyn Rivera Diego Val Devyn DeLoera Liz Davis", "Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Cassadee Pope was announced as the winner of the season , while Terry McDermott and Nicholas David placed second and third , respectively .", "Season four premiered on March 25 , 2013 , and concluded on June 18 . The coaching panel was modified for the first time in the series ' history , with Shakira and Usher replacing Aguilera and Green during their hiatuses from the program . Daly and Milian continued appearing for their respective positions . 13.64 million viewers tuned in , up from last season by 1.36 million viewers .", "Each coach was allowed to advance four top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake Amber Carrington Sasha Allen Michelle Chamuel Danielle Bradbery Judith Hill Kris Thomas Josiah Hawley The Swon Brothers Sarah Simmons Garrett Gardner VEDO Holly Tucker Caroline Glaser Karina Iglesias Cáthia Justin Rivers", "Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake", "Amber Carrington Sasha Allen Michelle Chamuel Danielle Bradbery", "Judith Hill Kris Thomas Josiah Hawley The Swon Brothers", "Sarah Simmons Garrett Gardner VEDO Holly Tucker", "Caroline Glaser Karina Iglesias Cáthia Justin Rivers", "Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Danielle Bradbery was announced as the winner of the season , while Michelle Chamuel and The Swon Brothers placed second and third , respectively .", "Season five premiered on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on December 18 . The original coaching panel was reinstated with the returns of Green and Aguilera which was promoted with an advertisement featuring the coaches ' cover version of `` Reunited '' by Peaches & Herb . However , Milian left her position as the social media correspondent before production began , at which point Daly assumed her former duties .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Tessanne Chin Caroline Pennell Jacquie Lee Cole Vosbury Will Champlin Kat Robichaud Matthew Schuler Ray Boundreaux James Wolpert Jonny Gray Josh Logan Austin Jenckes Grey Tamara Chauniece Olivia Henken Nic Hawk Preston Pohl Amber Nicole Stephanie Anne Johnson Shelbie Z", "Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake", "Tessanne Chin Caroline Pennell Jacquie Lee Cole Vosbury", "Will Champlin Kat Robichaud Matthew Schuler Ray Boundreaux", "James Wolpert Jonny Gray Josh Logan Austin Jenckes", "Grey Tamara Chauniece Olivia Henken Nic Hawk", "Preston Pohl Amber Nicole Stephanie Anne Johnson Shelbie Z", "Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Tessanne Chin was announced as the winner of the season , while Jacquie Lee and Will Champlin placed second and third , respectively . This is also the first series in which Shelton did not have an act in the final .", "Season six premiered on February 24 , 2014 , and concluded on May 20 , 2014 . After four seasons , Green departed the show and Aguilera took a hiatus . Shakira and Usher then returned to join Levine and Shelton as coaches , and Daly returned as host .", "Each coach was allowed to advance three top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake Christina Grimmie Kristen Merlin Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington Kat Perkins Tess Boyer Bria Kelly Sisaundra Lewis Delvin Choice Dani Moz T.J. Wilkins Audra McLaughlin", "Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake", "Christina Grimmie Kristen Merlin Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington", "Kat Perkins Tess Boyer Bria Kelly Sisaundra Lewis", "Delvin Choice Dani Moz T.J. Wilkins Audra McLaughlin", "Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Josh Kaufman was announced as the winner of the season , while Jake Worthington and Christina Grimmie placed second and third , respectively .", "Season seven premiered on September 22 , 2014 , and concluded on December 16 , 2014 . Levine and Shelton returned as coaches , with Pharrell Williams and Gwen Stefani completing the panel . Later that season Nissan became the official sponsor of The Voice , replacing Kia Motors .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake Matt McAndrew Taylor John Williams DaNica Shirey Craig Wayne Boyd Chris Jamison Ryan Sill Luke Wade Reagan James Damien Anita Antoinette Sugar Joans Jessie Pitts Mia Pfirrman Ricky Manning Jean Kelley Taylor Brashears Taylor Phelan Bryana Salaz Elyjuh René James David Carter", "Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake", "Matt McAndrew Taylor John Williams DaNica Shirey Craig Wayne Boyd", "Chris Jamison Ryan Sill Luke Wade Reagan James", "Damien Anita Antoinette Sugar Joans Jessie Pitts", "Mia Pfirrman Ricky Manning Jean Kelley Taylor Brashears", "Taylor Phelan Bryana Salaz Elyjuh René James David Carter", "Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Craig Wayne Boyd was announced as the winner of the season , while Matt McAndrew , Chris Jamison , and Damien placed second , third , and fourth , respectively .", "Season eight premiered on February 23 , 2015 and concluded on May 19 , 2015 . Levine and Shelton return as coaches for their eighth season , along with Williams and Aguilera who returns after a two - season break .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake Joshua Davis Sawyer Fredericks India Carney Meghan Linsey Deanna Johnson Koryn Hawthorne Kimberly Nichole Hannah Kirby Brian Johnson Mia Z Rob Taylor Corey Kent White Tonya Boyd - Cannon Caitlin Caporale Lexi Dávila Brooke Adee Nathan Hermida Lowell Oakley Sonic Sarah Potenza", "Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake", "Joshua Davis Sawyer Fredericks India Carney Meghan Linsey", "Deanna Johnson Koryn Hawthorne Kimberly Nichole Hannah Kirby", "Brian Johnson Mia Z Rob Taylor Corey Kent White", "Tonya Boyd - Cannon Caitlin Caporale Lexi Dávila Brooke Adee", "Nathan Hermida Lowell Oakley Sonic Sarah Potenza", "Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Sawyer Fredericks was announced as the winner of the season , while Meghan Linsey , Joshua Davis , and Koryn Hawthorne placed second , third , and fourth , respectively .", "Season nine premiered on September 21 , 2015 and concluded on December 15 , 2015 , with coaches Levine , Shelton , Williams and Stefani .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five artists to the live shows . For the first time in the show history , the coaches had the chance to bring back four artists who were previously eliminated in the battles or the knockouts rounds . The four bring back artists performed in the live playoffs with the top 20 and had a chance to move on to the live shows along with the top 12 :", "Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake Jordan Smith Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Emily Ann Roberts Shelby Brown Braiden Sunshine Evan McKeel Barrett Baber Amy Vachal Korin Bukowski Mark Hood Zach Seabaugh Blaine Mitchell Viktor Király Celeste Betton Ivonne Acero Chance Peña Ellie Lawrence Riley Biederer Morgan Frazier Keith Semple Regina Love Darius Scott Nadjah Nicole", "Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake", "Jordan Smith Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Emily Ann Roberts", "Shelby Brown Braiden Sunshine Evan McKeel Barrett Baber", "Amy Vachal Korin Bukowski Mark Hood Zach Seabaugh", "Blaine Mitchell Viktor Király Celeste Betton Ivonne Acero", "Chance Peña Ellie Lawrence Riley Biederer Morgan Frazier", "Keith Semple Regina Love Darius Scott Nadjah Nicole", "Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Jordan Smith was announced as the winner of the season , while Emily Ann Roberts , Barrett Baber , and Jeffery Austin placed second , third , and fourth , respectively .", "Season ten premiered on February 29 , 2016 and concluded on May 24 , 2016 , with coaches Levine , Shelton , Williams and Aguilera .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five artists to the live shows . Like the previous season , the coaches had the chance to bring back four artists who were previously eliminated in the battles or the knockouts rounds . The four bring back artists performed in the live playoffs with the top 20 and had a chance to move on to the live shows along with the top 12 .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake Laith Al - Saadi Hannah Huston Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield Shalyah Fearing Daniel Passino Bryan Bautista Mary Sarah Owen Danoff Emily Keener Nick Hagelin Paxton Ingram Caroline Burns Lacy Mandigo Ryan Quinn Katie Basden Nate Butler Moushumi Kata Hay Joe Maye Brian Nhira Caity Peters Tamar Davis Justin Whisnant", "Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake", "Laith Al - Saadi Hannah Huston Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield", "Shalyah Fearing Daniel Passino Bryan Bautista Mary Sarah", "Owen Danoff Emily Keener Nick Hagelin Paxton Ingram", "Caroline Burns Lacy Mandigo Ryan Quinn Katie Basden", "Nate Butler Moushumi Kata Hay Joe Maye", "Brian Nhira Caity Peters Tamar Davis Justin Whisnant", "Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Alisan Porter was announced as the winner of the season , while Adam Wakefield , Hannah Huston , and Laith Al - Saadi placed second , third , and fourth , respectively .", "Season eleven premiered on September 19 , 2016 and concluded on December 13 , 2016 with coaches Levine , Shelton , and new coaches Miley Cyrus and Alicia Keys .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Miley Team Alicia Team Blake Billy Gilman Ali Caldwell Wé McDonald Sundance Head Josh Gallagher Aaron Gibson Christian Cuevas Austin Allsup Brendan Fletcher Darby Walker Sa'Rayah Courtney Harrell Riley Elmore Sophia Urista Kylie Rothfield Dana Harper Simone Gundy Belle Jewel Josh Halverson Jason Warrior", "Team Adam Team Miley Team Alicia Team Blake", "Billy Gilman Ali Caldwell Wé McDonald Sundance Head", "Josh Gallagher Aaron Gibson Christian Cuevas Austin Allsup", "Brendan Fletcher Darby Walker Sa'Rayah Courtney Harrell", "Riley Elmore Sophia Urista Kylie Rothfield Dana Harper", "Simone Gundy Belle Jewel Josh Halverson Jason Warrior", "Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Sundance Head was announced as the winner of the season , while Billy Gilman , Wé McDonald , and Josh Gallagher placed second , third , and fourth , respectively .", "Season twelve premiered on February 27 , 2017 and concluded on May 23 , with Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys returning as coaches alongside Levine and Shelton . Cyrus will be taking a break from the show ; however , she will return as coach on the show 's thirteenth season .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Gwen Team Alicia Team Blake Jesse Larson Brennley Brown Chris Blue Lauren Duski Mark Isaiah Hunter Plake Vanessa Ferguson Aliyah Moulden Lilli Passero Troy Ramey Stephanie Rice TSoul Hanna Eyre Johnny Gates Jack Cassidy Casi Joy Johnny Hayes JChosen Ashley Levin Aaliyah Rose Josh West Quizz Swanigan Anatalia Villaranda Felicia Temple", "Team Adam Team Gwen Team Alicia Team Blake", "Jesse Larson Brennley Brown Chris Blue Lauren Duski", "Mark Isaiah Hunter Plake Vanessa Ferguson Aliyah Moulden", "Lilli Passero Troy Ramey Stephanie Rice TSoul", "Hanna Eyre Johnny Gates Jack Cassidy Casi Joy", "Johnny Hayes JChosen Ashley Levin Aaliyah Rose", "Josh West Quizz Swanigan Anatalia Villaranda Felicia Temple", "Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Chris Blue was announced as the winner of the season , while Lauren Duski , Aliyah Moulden , and Jesse Larson placed second , third , and fourth , respectively .", "The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 , with new coach Jennifer Hudson , alongside Levine and Shelton , and returning coach Cyrus .", "Each coach was allowed to advance three to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Addison Agen Brooke Simpson Noah Mac Chloe Kohanski Adam Cunningham Ashland Craft Davon Fleming Red Marlow Jon Mero Janice Freeman Shi'Ann Jones Keisha Renee", "Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake", "Addison Agen Brooke Simpson Noah Mac Chloe Kohanski", "Adam Cunningham Ashland Craft Davon Fleming Red Marlow", "Jon Mero Janice Freeman Shi'Ann Jones Keisha Renee", "Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Chloe Kohanski was announced as the winner of the season , while Addison Agen , Brooke Simpson , and Red Marlow placed second , third , and fourth , respectively .", "The fourteenth season premiered on February 26 , 2018 , with new coach Kelly Clarkson , alongside Levine and Shelton , and returning coach Keys .", "Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one to to the live shows :", "Team Adam Team Alicia Team Kelly Team Blake Mia Boostrom Johnny Bliss Brynn Cartelli Pryor Baird Drew Cole Jackie Foster Kaleb Lee Spensha Baker Jackie Verna Terrence Cunningham Austin Giorgio Christiana Danielle Kyla Jade", "Team Adam Team Alicia Team Kelly Team Blake", "Mia Boostrom Johnny Bliss Brynn Cartelli Pryor Baird", "Drew Cole Jackie Foster Kaleb Lee Spensha Baker", "Jackie Verna Terrence Cunningham Austin Giorgio", "Christiana Danielle Kyla Jade", "", "", "In 2013 , American Spanish - language network Telemundo ( a subsidiary of NBCUniversal Television Group ) introduced a children 's version of The Voice in Spanish called La Voz Kids . It featured Spanish - speaking American children from 7 to 15 years of age . Prizes include $50,000 cash for their education and a recording contract with Universal Music Group . The show debuted on May 5 , 2013 , and is hosted by Jorge Bernal ( from ¡ Suelta La Sopa ! ) and Daisy Fuentes . The coaches in season one were Prince Royce , Paulina Rubio , and Roberto Tapia . The first season aired 13 episodes with the season finale airing on July 28 , 2013 .", "Season two saw Natalia Jiménez replace Paulina Rubio as one of the coaches . The other coaches and hosts remained the same .", "For the show 's third season , Daddy Yankee and Pedro Fernandez took Tapia and Royce 's place as the new coaches along with season two veteran Natalia Jiménez .", "At their 2015 Upfronts , Telemundo announced that La Voz Kids would return for a fourth season , with all three Season 3 coaches returning .", "Team Royce Team Paulina Team Tapia Team Natalia Team Yankee Team Pedro", "Team Royce Team Paulina Team Tapia Team Natalia Team Yankee Team Pedro", "Team Royce Team Paulina Team Tapia", "Team Natalia Team Yankee Team Pedro", "Series Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Winning coach Hosts Coaches ( chair 's order ) May 5 , 2013 July 28 , 2013 Paola Guanche Alanis Gonzáles Prince Royce Jorge Bernal Daisy Fuentes Prince Royce Paulina Tapia Alan Ponce March 16 , 2014 June 8 , 2014 Amanda Mena Leslie Mendoza Natalia Natalia Loya March 15 , 2015 June 7 , 2015 Jonael Santiago Shanty Zumaya Natalia Jiménez Yankee Pedro Franser Pazos April 17 , 2016 July 10 , 2016 Christopher Rivera Alejandra Gallardo Axel Cabrera", "Series Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Winning coach Hosts Coaches ( chair 's order )", "", "May 5 , 2013 July 28 , 2013 Paola Guanche Alanis Gonzáles Prince Royce Jorge Bernal Daisy Fuentes Prince Royce Paulina Tapia", "Alan Ponce", "March 16 , 2014 June 8 , 2014 Amanda Mena Leslie Mendoza Natalia", "Natalia Loya", "March 15 , 2015 June 7 , 2015 Jonael Santiago Shanty Zumaya Natalia Jiménez Yankee Pedro", "Franser Pazos", "April 17 , 2016 July 10 , 2016 Christopher Rivera Alejandra Gallardo", "Axel Cabrera", "In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that The Voice `` is most popular in North Dakota and least popular in New York . It was behind only Duck Dynasty and Fast N ' Loud in its correlation with Trump voters '' .", "The first season premiered strong at 11.78 million viewers , and actually grew upon that audience through its first season . In the 18 -- 49 demographic , the show constantly found itself in the top 5 . For its average season rating , the show landed itself as No. 20 with total viewers at nearly 12 million viewers . In the 18 -- 49 rankings , the show was No. 4 at a 5.4 ranking .", "The second season premiered on Super Bowl Sunday , February 5 , 2012 , and for a while managed to keep a 6.0 in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic and 17 million viewers . Partnering The Voice with Smash ( NBC 's musical drama ) helped NBC win the Monday night ratings . However , by Monday , April 9 , the ratings had fallen to a 4.0 rating in the adult 18 -- 49 demographic .", "The third season premiered on Monday , September 10 , 2012 to 12.28 million viewers and a 4.2 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic and has since then grown to a season high 4.8 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic on October 8 , October 15 and 29 , 2012 and a 4.9 rating in the finale . The Voice , along with NBC 's new drama , Revolution has once again led NBC to win every Monday night of the season so far , just like it did last season . On Tuesdays , comedies Go On and The New Normal have been successful thanks to The Voice , leading NBC to be the only network of the Big 5 to grow in ratings from last season .", "The fourth season premiered on Monday , March 25 , 2013 to a 13.64 million viewer audience , scoring a 4.8 in the 18 -- 49 demographic but fell back to a 12.41 million viewer audience . In the 18 -- 49 demographic , this first episode had a 4.1 score .", "The fifth season premiered on Monday , September 23 , 2013 scoring 14.98 million viewers and a 5.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic .", "The sixth season premiered on February 24 , 2014 and was watched by 15.74 million viewers with a 4.7 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 76 million viewers .", "The seventh season premiered on September 22 , 2014 and was watched by 12.95 million viewers with a 3.9 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was down from last season 's premiere by 2.91 million viewers .", "The eighth season premiered on February 23 , 2015 , and was watched by 13.97 million viewers with a 4.1 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by 1.02 million viewers .", "The ninth season premiered on September 21 , 2015 , and was watched by 12.37 million viewers with a 3.5 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was down from last falls premiere by . 48 million viewers .", "The tenth season premiered on February 29 , 2016 , and was watched by 13.33 million viewers with a 3.4 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 96 million viewers .", "The eleventh season premiered on September 19 , 2016 , and was watched by 12.10 million viewers with a 3.3 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It is down from last season 's premiere by 1.23 million viewers .", "The twelfth season premiered on February 27 , 2017 , and was watched by 13.03 million viewers with a 3.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 93 million viewers .", "The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 , and was watched by 10.57 million viewers with a 2.6 in the 18 - 49 demographic . It is down from last season 's premiere by 2.46 million viewers .", "The fourteenth season premiered on February 26 , 2018 , and was watched by 12.31 million viewers with a 2.8 in the 18 - 49 demographic . It is up from last season 's premiere by 1.74 million viewers .", "Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps .", "Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps .", "Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV season Season ranking Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 1 -- 2 , 7 -- 9 , 11 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( eps. 3 -- 6 ) Wednesday 8 : 15 pm ( ep. 10 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( finale ) 12 April 26 , 2011 11.78 June 29 , 2011 11.05 2010 -- 11 20 12.33 Sunday 10 : 21 pm Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 21 February 5 , 2012 37.61 May 8 , 2012 11.90 2011 -- 12 9 15.76 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 20 ) 32 September 10 , 2012 12.28 December 18 , 2012 14.13 2012 -- 13 10 14.24 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 March 25 , 2013 13.64 June 18 , 2013 15.59 5 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 15 ) 27 September 23 , 2013 14.98 December 17 , 2013 14.01 2013 -- 14 7 14.57 6 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 26 February 24 , 2014 15.86 May 20 , 2014 11.69 7 27 September 22 , 2014 12.95 December 16 , 2014 12.88 2014 -- 15 12 13.80 8 28 February 23 , 2015 13.97 May 19 , 2015 11.56 9 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( eps. 2 , 4 , 6 , 16 -- 27 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 ) 27 September 21 , 2015 12.37 December 15 , 2015 12.69 2015 -- 16 9 13.33 10 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 February 29 , 2016 13.33 May 24 , 2016 10.59 11 26 September 19 , 2016 12.10 December 13 , 2016 12.14 2016 -- 17 13 12.40 12 28 February 27 , 2017 13.03 May 23 , 2017 9.35 13 27 September 25 , 2017 10.57 December 19 , 2017 10.91 2017 -- 18 TBA TBA 14 TBA February 26 , 2018 12.31 May , 2018 TBA", "Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV season Season ranking Viewers ( in millions )", "Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions )", "Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 1 -- 2 , 7 -- 9 , 11 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( eps. 3 -- 6 ) Wednesday 8 : 15 pm ( ep. 10 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( finale ) 12 April 26 , 2011 11.78 June 29 , 2011 11.05 2010 -- 11 20 12.33", "Sunday 10 : 21 pm Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 21 February 5 , 2012 37.61 May 8 , 2012 11.90 2011 -- 12 9 15.76", "Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 20 ) 32 September 10 , 2012 12.28 December 18 , 2012 14.13 2012 -- 13 10 14.24", "Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 March 25 , 2013 13.64 June 18 , 2013 15.59", "5 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 15 ) 27 September 23 , 2013 14.98 December 17 , 2013 14.01 2013 -- 14 7 14.57", "6 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 26 February 24 , 2014 15.86 May 20 , 2014 11.69", "7 27 September 22 , 2014 12.95 December 16 , 2014 12.88 2014 -- 15 12 13.80", "8 28 February 23 , 2015 13.97 May 19 , 2015 11.56", "9 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( eps. 2 , 4 , 6 , 16 -- 27 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 ) 27 September 21 , 2015 12.37 December 15 , 2015 12.69 2015 -- 16 9 13.33", "10 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 February 29 , 2016 13.33 May 24 , 2016 10.59", "11 26 September 19 , 2016 12.10 December 13 , 2016 12.14 2016 -- 17 13 12.40", "12 28 February 27 , 2017 13.03 May 23 , 2017 9.35", "13 27 September 25 , 2017 10.57 December 19 , 2017 10.91 2017 -- 18 TBA TBA", "14 TBA February 26 , 2018 12.31 May , 2018 TBA", "† Including an episode that aired after a live broadcast of the Super Bowl :", "10 : 19 -- 10 : 30 = 46.786 million viewers ( retention : 76.68 % -- football game itself reached a peak of 118.355 million viewers ) 10 : 30 -- 10 : 45 = 39.494 million viewers 10 : 45 -- 11 : 00 = 36.310 million viewers 11 : 00 -- 11 : 15 = 32.630 million viewers 11 : 15 -- 11 : 21 = 31.792 million viewers", "10 : 19 -- 10 : 30 = 46.786 million viewers ( retention : 76.68 % -- football game itself reached a peak of 118.355 million viewers )", "10 : 30 -- 10 : 45 = 39.494 million viewers", "10 : 45 -- 11 : 00 = 36.310 million viewers", "11 : 00 -- 11 : 15 = 32.630 million viewers", "11 : 15 -- 11 : 21 = 31.792 million viewers", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In the final episode of the first season , Carson Daly announced a summer concert tour . This tour had six stops across the United States , including Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Chicago , Boston , Wallingford , and New York . The tour featured the top two finalists from each team , including Javier Colon , Dia Frampton , Vicci Martinez , Beverly McClellan , Xenia , Frenchie Davis , Nakia , and Casey Weston . Out of the six dates , the New York show was a sell - out . However , as overall ticket sales were lackluster , the tour was canceled in subsequent seasons . In 2014 , the tour was resumed from June 21 , 2014 to August 2 , 2014 , including the contestants of seasons five and six , and season one contestant Dia Frampton .", "The Voice : I Want You is a video game based on the television show releasing on PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii and Wii U on October 21 , 2014 published by Activision . The game includes a microphone and it has songs from the show including songs performed by the coaches .", "The show premiered in Canada on April 26 , 2011 on CTV . In Asia , the series aired on August 21 , 2011 on AXN , but later transferred to Star World ( now Fox Life ) starting Season 11 . It premiered in New Zealand on July 16 , 2011 on TV2 , in Australia on August 9 , 2011 on Go ! , in South Africa on October 5 , 2011 on SABC 3 , and on March 31 , 2012 in the Philippines on Studio 23 ( now S + A ) ." ]

[ [ "Joseph" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "In the Hebrew Bible , the coat of many colors ( Hebrew : כְּתֹנֶת פַּסִּים ‬ ‎ kəṯōneṯ passîm ) is the name for the garment that Joseph owned , which was given to him by his father , Jacob .", "According to the King James Version , Genesis 37 : 3 reads , `` Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children , because he was the son of his old age : and he made him a coat of many colours . ''", "The Hebrew phrase kethoneth passim is translated here as `` coat of many colors '' , but some have suggested that the phrase may merely mean a `` coat with long sleeves '' or a `` long coat with stripes . ''", "The Septuagint translation of the passage uses the word ποικίλος ( poikilos ) , which indicates `` many colored '' ; the Jewish Publication Society of America Version also employs the phrase `` coat of many colors '' . On the other hand , the Revised Standard Version translates kethoneth passim as `` a long robe with sleeves '' while the New International Version notes the translation difficulties in a footnote , and translates it as `` a richly ornamented robe '' .", "Aryeh Kaplan , in The Living Torah gives a range of possible explanations :", "Kethoneth passim in Hebrew . It was a royal garment ; 2 Samuel 13 : 18 ( cf . Ralbag ad loc . ) . The word passim can be translated as ' colorful ' ( Radak ; Septuagint ) , embroidered ( Abraham ibn Ezra ; Bahya ibn Paquda ; Nachmanides on Exodus 28 : 2 ) , striped ( Jonah ibn Janah ; Radak , Sherashim ) , or with pictures ( Targum Jonathan ) . It can also denote a long garment , coming down to the palms of the hands ( Rashbam ; Ibn Ezra ; Tosafot ; Genesis Rabbah 84 ) , and the feet ( Lekach Tov ) . Alternatively , the word denotes the material out of which the coat was made , which was fine wool ( Rashi ) or silk ( Ibn Janach ) . Hence , kethoneth passim , may be translated as `` a full - sleeved robe '' , `` a coat of many colors '' , `` a coat reaching to his feet '' , `` an ornamented tunic '' , `` a silk robe '' , or `` a fine woolen cloak '' .", "Kethoneth passim in Hebrew . It was a royal garment ; 2 Samuel 13 : 18 ( cf . Ralbag ad loc . ) . The word passim can be translated as ' colorful ' ( Radak ; Septuagint ) , embroidered ( Abraham ibn Ezra ; Bahya ibn Paquda ; Nachmanides on Exodus 28 : 2 ) , striped ( Jonah ibn Janah ; Radak , Sherashim ) , or with pictures ( Targum Jonathan ) . It can also denote a long garment , coming down to the palms of the hands ( Rashbam ; Ibn Ezra ; Tosafot ; Genesis Rabbah 84 ) , and the feet ( Lekach Tov ) . Alternatively , the word denotes the material out of which the coat was made , which was fine wool ( Rashi ) or silk ( Ibn Janach ) . Hence , kethoneth passim , may be translated as `` a full - sleeved robe '' , `` a coat of many colors '' , `` a coat reaching to his feet '' , `` an ornamented tunic '' , `` a silk robe '' , or `` a fine woolen cloak '' .", "James Swanson suggests that the phrase indicates a `` tunic or robe unique in design for showing special favor or relationship '' and that `` either the robe was very long - sleeved and extending to the feet , or a richly - ornamented tunic either of special color design or gold threading , both ornamental and not suitable for working . ''", "The phrase is used one other time in the Hebrew Scriptures , to describe the garment worn by Tamar , daughter of David , in 2 Samuel 13 : 18 - 19 . This is the relevant comparison .", "Joseph 's father Jacob ( also called Israel ) favored him and gave Joseph the coat as a gift ; as a result , he was envied by his brothers , who saw the special coat as an indication that Joseph would assume family leadership . His brothers ' suspicion grew when Joseph told them of his two dreams ( Genesis 37 : 11 ) in which all the brothers bowed down to him . The narrative tells that his brothers plotted against him when he was 17 , and would have killed him had not the eldest brother Reuben interposed . He persuaded them instead to throw Joseph into a pit and secretly planned to rescue him later . However , while Reuben was absent , the others planned to sell him to a company of Ishmaelite merchants . When the passing Midianites arrived , the brothers dragged Joseph up and sold him to the merchants for 20 pieces of silver . The brothers then dipped Joseph 's coat in goat blood and showed it to their father , saying that Joseph had been torn apart by wild beasts .", "Recent scholarship , especially among literary critics , has noted how the exhortation to `` identify '' and the theme of recognition in Genesis 37 : 32 - 33 also appears in 38 : 25 - 26 , in the story of Judah and Tamar . This serves to connect the chapters and unify the narrative . Victor Hamilton calls these `` intentional literary parallels , '' while Robert Alter suggests that the verb `` identify '' plays `` a crucial thematic role in the dénouement of the Joseph story when he confronts his brothers in Egypt , he recognizing them , they failing to recognize him . ''", "The envy of his brothers may also have stemmed from the fact that Joseph was the son of Rachel , Jacob 's first love . However , Joseph 's brothers were the sons of Rachel 's older sister Leah and the sons of the handmaidens , who were given to Jacob during a time when Rachel could not conceive . There was a battle between Leah and Rachel to compete for Jacob 's attention . Jacob had told Joseph , when he was seventeen years old , to go check on his brothers . Joseph would report back to his father of their evil deeds . In addition to this he shares his dreams of them bowing down to him . Their anger towards him only increased .", "The coat is featured in the musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . In 1997 , Anita Diamant 's novel The Red Tent , Dinah mentions that Rachel is making a colorful garment for her son Joseph ; she also mentions that it will make him the target of his brothers ' taunting . In the video game Castlevania Symphony Of The Night for PS1 , a cloak called `` Joseph 's cloak '' can be found in the American localization of the game . It also features adjustable colors in the equip screen of the game as further reference from the Bible .", "The coat is featured in the musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat .", "In 1997 , Anita Diamant 's novel The Red Tent , Dinah mentions that Rachel is making a colorful garment for her son Joseph ; she also mentions that it will make him the target of his brothers ' taunting .", "In the video game Castlevania Symphony Of The Night for PS1 , a cloak called `` Joseph 's cloak '' can be found in the American localization of the game . It also features adjustable colors in the equip screen of the game as further reference from the Bible ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The antigen - binding ( Fab ) fragment is a region on an antibody that binds to antigens . It is composed of one constant and one variable domain of each of the heavy and the light chain . The variable domain contains the paratope ( the antigen - binding site ) , comprising a set of complementarity determining regions , at the amino terminal end of the monomer . Each arm of the Y thus binds an epitope on the antigen .", "In an experimental setting , Fc and Fab fragments can be generated in the laboratory . The enzyme papain can be used to cleave an immunoglobulin monomer into two Fab fragments and an Fc fragment . The enzyme pepsin cleaves below the hinge region , so a F ( ab ' ) fragment and a pFc ' fragment is formed . Recently another enzyme for generation of F ( ab ' ) has been commercially available . The enzyme IdeS ( Immunoglobulin degrading enzyme from Streptococcus pyogenes , trade name FabRICATOR ) cleaves IgG in a sequence specific manner at neutral pH . The F ( ab ' ) fragment can be split into two Fab ' fragments by mild reduction .", "The variable regions of the heavy and light chains can be fused together to form a single - chain variable fragment ( scFv ) , which is only half the size of the Fab fragment , yet retains the original specificity of the parent immunoglobulin ." ]

[ [ "in the south-central part of the country, nestled in a mountain valley called Valle de la Ermita" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Guatemala Guatemala City Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción Collage of several city landmarks Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Todos somos la ciudad '' ( We are all the city ) , `` Tú eres la ciudad '' ( You are the city ) Guatemala Location within Guatemala Coordinates : 14 ° 36 ′ 48 '' N 90 ° 32 ′ 7 '' W  /  14.61333 ° N 90.53528 ° W  / 14.61333 ; - 90.53528 Coordinates : 14 ° 36 ′ 48 '' N 90 ° 32 ′ 7 '' W  /  14.61333 ° N 90.53528 ° W  / 14.61333 ; - 90.53528 Country Guatemala Department Guatemala Established 1776 Government Type Municipality Mayor Álvaro Arzú ( PU . Partido Unionista ) Area City 692 km ( 267 sq mi ) Land 1,905 km ( 736 sq mi ) Water 0 km ( 0 sq mi ) Elevation 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) Population ( 2012 Estimate ) City fix Metro fix Time zone Central America ( UTC - 6 ) Climate Cwb Website www.muniguate.com", "Guatemala Guatemala", "City", "Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción", "Collage of several city landmarks", "Flag Coat of arms", "Flag Coat of arms", "Flag Coat of arms", "Motto : `` Todos somos la ciudad '' ( We are all the city ) , `` Tú eres la ciudad '' ( You are the city )", "Guatemala Location within Guatemala", "Coordinates : 14 ° 36 ′ 48 '' N 90 ° 32 ′ 7 '' W  /  14.61333 ° N 90.53528 ° W  / 14.61333 ; - 90.53528 Coordinates : 14 ° 36 ′ 48 '' N 90 ° 32 ′ 7 '' W  /  14.61333 ° N 90.53528 ° W  / 14.61333 ; - 90.53528", "Country Guatemala", "Department Guatemala", "Established 1776", "Government", "Type Municipality", "Mayor Álvaro Arzú ( PU . Partido Unionista )", "Area", "City 692 km ( 267 sq mi )", "Land 1,905 km ( 736 sq mi )", "Water 0 km ( 0 sq mi )", "Elevation 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft )", "Population ( 2012 Estimate )", "City fix", "Metro fix", "Time zone Central America ( UTC - 6 )", "Climate Cwb", "Website www.muniguate.com", "Guatemala City ( Spanish : Ciudad de Guatemala ) , locally known as Guatemala or Guate , is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Guatemala , and the most populous in Central America . The city is located in the south - central part of the country , nestled in a mountain valley called Valle de la Ermita ( English : Hermitage Valley ) . In 2012 , it had a population of 2,110,100 . Guatemala City is also the capital of the local Municipality of Guatemala and of the Guatemala Department .", "Human settlement on the present site of Guatemala City began with the Maya who built a city at Kaminaljuyu . The Spanish colonists established a small town , which was made a capital city in 1775 . At this period the Central Square with the Cathedral and Royal Palace were constructed . After Central American independence from Spain the city became the capital of the United Provinces of Central America in 1821 .", "The 19th century saw the construction of the monumental Carrera Theater in the 1850s , and the Presidential Palace in the 1890s . At this time the city was expanding around the 30 de junio Boulevard and elsewhere , displacing native settlements from the ancient site . Earthquakes in 1917 -- 1918 destroyed many historic structures . Under Jorge Ubico in the 1930s a hippodrome and many new public buildings were constructed , although peripheral poor neighborhoods that formed after the 1917 -- 1918 earthquakes continued to lack basic amenities .", "During the Guatemalan Civil War , terror attacks beginning with the burning of the Spanish Embassy in 1980 led to severe destruction and loss of life in the city . In May 2010 two disasters struck : the eruption of the Pacaya volcano , and two days later Tropical Storm Agatha .", "Santiago Garcia - Salas City serves as the economic , governmental , and cultural epicenter of the nation of Guatemala . The city also functions as Guatemala 's main transportation hub , hosting an international airport , La Aurora International Airport , and serving as the origination or end points for most of Guatemala 's major highways . The city , with its robust economy , attracts hundreds of thousands of rural migrants from Guatemala 's interior hinterlands and serves as the main entry point for most foreign immigrants seeking to settle in Guatemala .", "In addition to a wide variety of restaurants , hotels , shops , and a modern BRT transport system ( Transmetro ) , the city is home to many art galleries , theaters , sports venues and museums ( including some fine collections of Pre-Columbian art ) and provides a growing number of cultural offerings . Guatemala City not only possesses a history and culture unique to the Central American region , it also furnishes all the modern amenities of a world class city , ranging from an IMAX Theater to the Ícaro film festival ( Festival Ícaro ) , where independent films produced in Guatemala and Central America are debuted .", "Guatemala City is subdivided into 22 zones designed by the urban engineering of Raúl Aguilar Batres , each one with its own streets and avenues , making it pretty easy to find addresses in the city . Zones are numbered 1 - 25 with Zones 20 , 22 and 23 not existing as they would have fallen in two other municipalities territory . Addresses are assigned according to the street or avenue number , followed by a dash and the number of metres it is away from the intersection further simplifying address location . The zones are assigned in a spiral form starting in downtown Guatemala city .", "The city 's metro area has recently grown very rapidly and has absorbed most of the neighboring municipalities of Villa Nueva , San Miguel Petapa , Mixco , San Juan Sacatepequez , San José Pinula , Santa Catarina Pinula , Fraijanes , San Pedro Ayampuc , Amatitlán , Villa Canales , Palencia and Chinautla forming what is now known as the Guatemala City Metropolitan Area .", "Zone One is the Historic Center , ( Centro Histórico ) , lying in the very heart of the city , the location of many important historic buildings including the Palacio Nacional de la Cultura ( National Palace of Culture ) , the Metropolitan Cathedral , the National Congress , the Casa Presidencial ( Presidential House ) , the National Library and Plaza de la Constitución ( Constitution Plaza , old Central Park ) . Efforts to revitalize this important part of the city have been undertaken by the municipal government and have been very successful thus far .", "In an attempt to control rapid growth of the city , the municipal government ( Municipalidad de Guatemala ) headed by longtime Mayor Álvaro Arzú , has implemented a plan to control its growth based on transects along its important arterial roads and exhibitting Transit - oriented development ( TOD ) characteristics . This plan denominated POT ( Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial ) aims to allow taller building structures of mixed uses to be built next to large arterial roads and gradually decline in height and density as you move away from such . It is also worth mentioning , that due to the Airport being in the city , to the south , many Aeronautic Height Limits have been applied to the construction code . This limits the maximum height for a building , at 60 metres ( 200 feet ) in Zone 10 , up to 95 metres ( 312 feet ) in Zone 1 .", "The city is located in the South - Central area of the country and has a lot of green areas . Besides the parks , the city offers a portfolio of entertainment in the region , focused on the so - called Zona Viva and the Calzada Roosevelt as well as four degrees North . The activity of Casinos is considerable and possesses several located in different parts of the Zona Viva , although East market is still in the stage of initiation , although the date has been restructuring this area and is becoming more modern .", "One of the most outstanding mayors was the engineer Martin Prado Vélez , who took over in 1949 , and ruled the city during the reformist Presidents Juan José Arévalo and Jacobo Arbenz Guzman , although he was not a member of the ruling party at the time and was elected due his well - known capabilities . Of cobanero origin , married with Marta Cobos , he studied at the University of San Carlos ; under his tenure , among other modernist works of the city , it was planned the El Incienso bridge , the construction of the Roosevelt Avenue , the main road axis from East to West of the city , the town hall building , and numerous road works which meant the widening of the colonial city , its order in the cardinal points and the generation of a ring road with the first Shamrock in the main city of Central America .", "In the financial district are the tallest buildings in the country including : Club Premier , Tinttorento , Atlantis building , Atrium , Tikal Futura , Building of Finances , Towers Building Batteries , Torres Botticelli , Tadeus , building of the INTECAP , Royal Towers , Towers Geminis , Industrial Bank towers , Holiday Inn Hotel , Premier of the Americas , among many others to be used for offices , apartments etc . Also include projects such as Zona Pradera and Interamerica ́ s World Financial Center http://www.interamericaswfc.com . The location of the La Aurora international airport within the city limits the construction of skyscrapers , changing the limits permitted directly by its location within the urban area .", "According to the 2017 census , the Guatemala City metropolitan area had a population of 3.3 million , making it the most populous urban agglomeration in Central America . The growth of the city 's population has been robust since then , abetted by the mass migration of Guatemalans from the rural hinterlands to the largest and most vibrant regional economy in Guatemala . The inhabitants of Guatemala City are incredibly diverse given the size of the city , with those of Spanish and Mestizo descent being the most numerous . Guatemala City also has sizable indigenous populations , divided among the 23 distinct Mayan groups present in Guatemala . The numerous Mayan languages are now spoken in certain quarters of Guatemala City , making the city a linguistically rich area . Foreigners and foreign immigrants comprise the final distinct group of Guatemala City inhabitants , representing a very small minority among the city 's citizens .", "Due to mass migration from impoverished rural districts wracked with political instability , Guatemala City 's population has exploded since the 1970s , severely straining the existing bureaucratic and physical infrastructure of the city . As a result , chronic traffic congestion , shortages of safe potable water in some areas of the city , and a sudden and prolonged surge in crime have become perennial problems . The infrastructure , although continuing to grow and improve in some areas , it is lagging in relation to the increasing population of those less fortunate . Guatemala City is not unique in facing and tackling problems all too common among rapidly expanding cities around the world .", "Guatemala City is headquarters to many communications and telecom companies , among them Tigo , Claro - Telgua , and Movistar - Telefónica . These companies also offer cable television , internet services and telephone access . Due to Guatemala City 's large and concentrated consumer base in comparison to the rest of the country , these telecom and communications companies provide most of their services and offerings within the confines of the city . There are also seven local television channels , in addition to numerous international channels . The international channels range from children 's programming channels , like Nickelodeon and the Disney Channel , to more adult offerings , such as E ! and HBO . While most international programming is dominated by televised entertainment from the United States , most domestic programming is dominated by televised entertainment from Mexico . Due to its small and relatively income - restricted domestic market , Guatemala City produces very little in the way of its own programming outside of local news and sports .", "Guatemala City , as the capital , is home to Guatemala 's central bank , from which Guatemala 's monetary and fiscal policies are formulated and promulgated . Guatemala City is also headquarters to numerous regional private banks , among them CitiBank , Banco Agromercantil , Banco Promerica , Banco Industrial , Banco GyT Continental , Banco de Antigua , Banco Reformador , Banrural , Grupo Financiero de Occidente , BAC Credomatic , and Banco Internacional . By far the richest and most powerful regional economy within Guatemala , Guatemala City is the largest market for goods and services , which provides the greatest number of investment opportunities for public and private investors in all of Guatemala . Financing for these investments is provided by the regional private banks , as well as by foreign direct and capital investment , mostly from the United States . Guatemala City 's ample consumer base and sophisticated service sector is represented by the large department store chains present in the city , among them Siman , Hiper Paiz & Paiz ( Walmart ) , Price Smart , ClubCo , Cemaco , Sears and Office Depot .", "Bank of Guatemala . Banrural Bank . Pradera Zone . Agromercantil Bank . G&T Continental Bank . CHN Bank .", "Bank of Guatemala .", "Bank of Guatemala .", "Banrural Bank .", "Banrural Bank .", "Pradera Zone .", "Pradera Zone .", "Agromercantil Bank .", "Agromercantil Bank .", "G&T Continental Bank .", "G&T Continental Bank .", "CHN Bank .", "CHN Bank .", "Guatemala City is divided into 22 zones in accordance with the urban layout plan designed by Raúl Aguilar Batres . Each zone has its own streets and avenues , facilitating navigation within the city . Zones are numbered 1 through 25 . However , numbers 20 , 22 and 23 have not been designated to zones , thus these zones do not exist within the city proper .", "Zone Main places Pictures Zone 1 Museums Historic Downtown District La Sexta Boulevard National Palace Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala Teatro Abril Hogar Rafael Ayau Centro Cultural de España en Guatemala Guatemala National Theater . Zone 2 Guatemala Relief Map Hipódromo del Norte park Simeón Cañas Avenue Enrique Torrebiarte Baseball Stadium Relief Map of Guatemala . Zone 3 Guatemala City General Cemetery Guatemala City General Cemetery . Zone 4 La Terminal Market El Triángulo Building Cuatro Grados Norte Zone 5 Doroteo Guamuch Flores National Stadium Teodoro Palacios Flores Gym Olympic Villa Zone 6 Cementos Progreso Stadium Zone 7 Kaminaljuyú Archeological Site Erick Barrondo Sports Park Peri-Roosevelt Mall Megacentro Mall Zone 9 Torre del Reformador Parque de la Industria Avenida Reforma Obelisco Torre del Reformador . Zone 10 Universidad Francisco Marroquín Ixchel Museum of Indigenous Textiles and Clothing Universidad Galileo Museo Popol Vuh Zona Viva Jardín Botánico La Pradera mall Plaza Fontabella shopping center Oakland Mall Zone 11 Museo de Miraflores Miraflores Mall Hotel Tikal Futura Hospital Roosevelt Centro Universitario Metropolitano de la Universidad de San Carlos Calzada Roosevelt Hotel Tikal Futura , zone 11 . Zone 12 Ciudad Universitaria University of San Carlos Central Campus . Zone 13 Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno `` Carlos Mérida '' Museo de los Niños Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Zoológico La Aurora La Aurora International Airport Avenida Las Américas Contraloría General de Cuentas de la Nación Universidad del Istmo Domo Polideportivo Mercado de Artesanías Reloj de Flores Antiguo Aqueducto de La Aurora Monument to Justo Rufino Barrios Monument to Tecún Umán La Aurora International Airport Zone 14 Centro Recreativo Universitario Los Arcos Las Américas Avenue Gerentes de Guatemala Association ( AGG ) Zone 15 Church of Latter - day Saints Guatemala City Temple Latter Day Saints Guatemala City Temple Zone 16 Universidad Rafael Landívar Guatemala Military Hospital Universidad Panamericana de Guatemala Paseo Cayalá Universidad Rafael Landívar", "Zone Main places Pictures", "Zone 1 Museums Historic Downtown District La Sexta Boulevard National Palace Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala Teatro Abril Hogar Rafael Ayau Centro Cultural de España en Guatemala Guatemala National Theater .", "Museums Historic Downtown District La Sexta Boulevard National Palace Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala Teatro Abril Hogar Rafael Ayau Centro Cultural de España en Guatemala", "Historic Downtown District", "La Sexta Boulevard", "Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala", "Hogar Rafael Ayau", "Centro Cultural de España en Guatemala", "Zone 2 Guatemala Relief Map Hipódromo del Norte park Simeón Cañas Avenue Enrique Torrebiarte Baseball Stadium Relief Map of Guatemala .", "Guatemala Relief Map Hipódromo del Norte park Simeón Cañas Avenue Enrique Torrebiarte Baseball Stadium", "Guatemala Relief Map", "Hipódromo del Norte park", "Simeón Cañas Avenue", "Enrique Torrebiarte Baseball Stadium", "Zone 3 Guatemala City General Cemetery Guatemala City General Cemetery .", "Guatemala City General Cemetery", "Guatemala City General Cemetery", "Zone 4 La Terminal Market El Triángulo Building Cuatro Grados Norte", "La Terminal Market El Triángulo Building Cuatro Grados Norte", "La Terminal Market", "El Triángulo Building", "Cuatro Grados Norte", "Zone 5 Doroteo Guamuch Flores National Stadium Teodoro Palacios Flores Gym Olympic Villa", "Doroteo Guamuch Flores National Stadium Teodoro Palacios Flores Gym Olympic Villa", "Doroteo Guamuch Flores National Stadium", "Teodoro Palacios Flores Gym", "Zone 6 Cementos Progreso Stadium", "Cementos Progreso Stadium", "Cementos Progreso Stadium", "Zone 7 Kaminaljuyú Archeological Site Erick Barrondo Sports Park Peri-Roosevelt Mall Megacentro Mall", "Kaminaljuyú Archeological Site Erick Barrondo Sports Park Peri-Roosevelt Mall Megacentro Mall", "Kaminaljuyú Archeological Site", "Erick Barrondo Sports Park", "Zone 9 Torre del Reformador Parque de la Industria Avenida Reforma Obelisco Torre del Reformador .", "Torre del Reformador Parque de la Industria Avenida Reforma Obelisco", "Torre del Reformador", "Parque de la Industria", "Zone 10 Universidad Francisco Marroquín Ixchel Museum of Indigenous Textiles and Clothing Universidad Galileo Museo Popol Vuh Zona Viva Jardín Botánico La Pradera mall Plaza Fontabella shopping center Oakland Mall", "Universidad Francisco Marroquín Ixchel Museum of Indigenous Textiles and Clothing Universidad Galileo Museo Popol Vuh Zona Viva Jardín Botánico La Pradera mall Plaza Fontabella shopping center Oakland Mall", "Universidad Francisco Marroquín", "Ixchel Museum of Indigenous Textiles and Clothing", "Museo Popol Vuh", "La Pradera mall", "Plaza Fontabella shopping center", "Zone 11 Museo de Miraflores Miraflores Mall Hotel Tikal Futura Hospital Roosevelt Centro Universitario Metropolitano de la Universidad de San Carlos Calzada Roosevelt Hotel Tikal Futura , zone 11 .", "Museo de Miraflores Miraflores Mall Hotel Tikal Futura Hospital Roosevelt Centro Universitario Metropolitano de la Universidad de San Carlos Calzada Roosevelt", "Museo de Miraflores", "Hotel Tikal Futura", "Centro Universitario Metropolitano de la Universidad de San Carlos", "Zone 12 Ciudad Universitaria University of San Carlos Central Campus .", "Ciudad Universitaria", "Zone 13 Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno `` Carlos Mérida '' Museo de los Niños Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Zoológico La Aurora La Aurora International Airport Avenida Las Américas Contraloría General de Cuentas de la Nación Universidad del Istmo Domo Polideportivo Mercado de Artesanías Reloj de Flores Antiguo Aqueducto de La Aurora Monument to Justo Rufino Barrios Monument to Tecún Umán La Aurora International Airport", "Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno `` Carlos Mérida '' Museo de los Niños Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Zoológico La Aurora La Aurora International Airport Avenida Las Américas Contraloría General de Cuentas de la Nación Universidad del Istmo Domo Polideportivo Mercado de Artesanías Reloj de Flores Antiguo Aqueducto de La Aurora Monument to Justo Rufino Barrios Monument to Tecún Umán", "Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología", "Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno `` Carlos Mérida ''", "Museo de los Niños", "Museo Nacional de Historia Natural", "Zoológico La Aurora", "La Aurora International Airport", "Avenida Las Américas", "Contraloría General de Cuentas de la Nación", "Universidad del Istmo", "Mercado de Artesanías", "Reloj de Flores", "Antiguo Aqueducto de La Aurora", "Monument to Justo Rufino Barrios", "Monument to Tecún Umán", "Zone 14 Centro Recreativo Universitario Los Arcos Las Américas Avenue Gerentes de Guatemala Association ( AGG )", "Centro Recreativo Universitario Los Arcos Las Américas Avenue Gerentes de Guatemala Association ( AGG )", "Centro Recreativo Universitario Los Arcos", "Las Américas Avenue", "Gerentes de Guatemala Association ( AGG )", "Zone 15 Church of Latter - day Saints Guatemala City Temple Latter Day Saints Guatemala City Temple", "Church of Latter - day Saints Guatemala City Temple", "Church of Latter - day Saints Guatemala City Temple", "Zone 16 Universidad Rafael Landívar Guatemala Military Hospital Universidad Panamericana de Guatemala Paseo Cayalá Universidad Rafael Landívar", "Universidad Rafael Landívar Guatemala Military Hospital Universidad Panamericana de Guatemala Paseo Cayalá", "Universidad Rafael Landívar", "Guatemala Military Hospital", "Universidad Panamericana de Guatemala", "Renovated and expanded , La Aurora International Airport lies to the south of the city center . La Aurora serves as Guatemala 's principal air hub . Public transport is provided by buses and supplemented by a BRT system . The three main highways that bisect and serve Guatemala start in the city . ( CA9 Transoceanic Highway - Puerto San Jose to Puerto Santo Tomas de Castilla - , CA1 Panamerican Highway - from the Mexican border to Salvadorian border - and to Peten . ) Construction of freeways and underpasses by the municipal government , the implementation of reversible lanes during peak rush - hour traffic , as well as the establishment of the Department of Metropolitan Transit Police ( PMT ) , has helped improve traffic flow in the city . Despite these municipal efforts , the Guatemala City metropolitan area still faces growing traffic congestion . A BRT ( Bus Rapid Transit ) system called Transmetro , consisting of special - purpose lanes for high - capacity buses , began operating in 2007 , and aimed to improve traffic flow in the city through the implementation of an efficient mass transit system . The system currently consists of five lines . In the future , it is expected to be made up of around 10 lines , with some over-capacity expected lines considered to be made Light Metro or Heavy Metro .", "Renovated and expanded , La Aurora International Airport lies to the south of the city center . La Aurora serves as Guatemala 's principal air hub .", "Public transport is provided by buses and supplemented by a BRT system . The three main highways that bisect and serve Guatemala start in the city . ( CA9 Transoceanic Highway - Puerto San Jose to Puerto Santo Tomas de Castilla - , CA1 Panamerican Highway - from the Mexican border to Salvadorian border - and to Peten . ) Construction of freeways and underpasses by the municipal government , the implementation of reversible lanes during peak rush - hour traffic , as well as the establishment of the Department of Metropolitan Transit Police ( PMT ) , has helped improve traffic flow in the city . Despite these municipal efforts , the Guatemala City metropolitan area still faces growing traffic congestion .", "A BRT ( Bus Rapid Transit ) system called Transmetro , consisting of special - purpose lanes for high - capacity buses , began operating in 2007 , and aimed to improve traffic flow in the city through the implementation of an efficient mass transit system . The system currently consists of five lines . In the future , it is expected to be made up of around 10 lines , with some over-capacity expected lines considered to be made Light Metro or Heavy Metro .", "Traditional buses are now required to discharge passengers at transfer stations at the city 's edge to board the Transmetro . This is being implemented as new Transmetro lines become established . In conjunction with the new mass transit implementation in the city , there is also a prepaid bus card system called Transurbano that is being implemented in the metro area to limit cash handling for the transportation system . A new fleet of buses tailored for this system has been purchased from a Brazilian firm .", "Guatemala City is home to ten universities , among them the oldest institution of higher education in Central America , the University of San Carlos of Guatemala . Founded in 1676 , the Universidad de San Carlos is older than all North American universities except for Harvard University .", "The other nine institutions of higher education to be found in Guatemala City include the Universidad Mariano Gálvez , the Universidad Panamericana , the Universidad Mesoamericana , the Universidad Rafael Landivar , the Universidad Francisco Marroquín , the Universidad del Valle , the Universidad del Istmo , Universidad Galileo , Universidad da Vinci and the Universidad Rural . Whereas these nine named universities are private , the Universidad de San Carlos remains the only public institution of higher learning .", "Guatemala City possesses several sportsgrounds and is home to many sports clubs . Association football is the most popular sport , with CSD Municipal , Aurora FC and Comunicaciones being the main clubs . The Estadio Mateo Flores , located in the Zone 5 of the city , is the largest stadium in the country , followed in capacity by the Estadio Cementos Progreso , Estadio del Ejército & Estadio El Trébol . An important multi-functional hall is the Domo Polideportivo de la CDAG .", "The city has hosted several promotional functions and some international sports events : in 1950 it hosted the VI Central American and Caribbean Games , and in 2000 the FIFA Futsal World Championship . On July 4 , 2007 the International Olympic Committee gathered in Guatemala City and voted Sochi to become the host for the 2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics . In April 2010 , it hosted the XIVth Pan-American Mountain Bike Championships .", "Guatemala City hosted the 2008 edition of the CONCACAF Futsal Championship , played at the Domo Polideportivo from June 2 to June 8 , 2008 .", "Central American Parliament", "Central American Parliament", "Guatemala City is twinned with :", "City Jurisdiction Country ( hide ) Year Caracas Capital District Venezuela 1969 San Salvador San Salvador El Salvador 1979 Madrid Madrid Spain Lima Lima Peru Santiago de Chile Metropolitan Santiago Chile 1991 Saltillo Coahuila Mexico La Habana La Habana Cuba 1997 Bogotá Distrito Capital Colombia 1997 San Pedro Sula Cortés Honduras 1999 Santa Cruz de Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain 2002 San José San José Costa Rica 2005 Ciudad de Panamá Panamá Panama 2005 Taipei Northern Taiwan Republic of China 2007 Managua Managua Nicaragua 2008 Beijing Beijing China 2009", "City Jurisdiction Country ( hide ) Year", "Caracas Capital District Venezuela 1969", "San Salvador San Salvador El Salvador 1979", "Madrid Madrid Spain", "Lima Lima Peru", "Santiago de Chile Metropolitan Santiago Chile 1991", "Saltillo Coahuila Mexico", "La Habana La Habana Cuba 1997", "Bogotá Distrito Capital Colombia 1997", "San Pedro Sula Cortés Honduras 1999", "Santa Cruz de Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain 2002", "San José San José Costa Rica 2005", "Ciudad de Panamá Panamá Panama 2005", "Taipei Northern Taiwan Republic of China 2007", "Managua Managua Nicaragua 2008", "Beijing Beijing China 2009", "Raúl Aguilar Batres , Engineer , creator of Guatemala City 's system of avenue / street notation Miguel Ángel Asturias , Writer and diplomat , Nobel Prize Laureate Ricardo Arjona , Singer / songwriter Manuel Colom Argueta , Former mayor of Guatemala City and politician Toti Fernández , triathlete and ultramarathon runner Juan José Gutiérrez , CEO of Pollo Campero and on the board of directors of Corporación Multi Inversiones . Has been featured on the cover of Newsweek as Super CEO and named one of the Ten Big Thinkers for Big Business . Ted Hendricks , Oakland Raiders NFL Hall Of Fame Linebacker. 5 - Time Super Bowl Champion Jorge de León , performance artist Carlos Mérida , painter Gaby Moreno , Singer / Songwriter Carlos Peña , Singer , Winner of Latin American Idol 2007 Georgina Pontaza , actress and artistic director of the Teatro Abril and Teatro Fantasía Fernando Quevedo , Theoretical Physicist , currently a professor of High Energy Physics at the university of Cambridge Rodolfo Robles , Physician , discovered onchocercosis `` Robles ' Disease '' Fabiola Rodas , Winner of The Third TV Azteca 's Desafio de Estrellas 2nd Place in The Last Generation of La Academia Carlos Ruíz , football / soccer player Alida Boer , designer / Guatemalan designer clothing Alvaro Arzu , Mayor / businessman Shery , singer / songwriter Jaime Viñals , Mountaineer ( Scaled seven highest peaks in the world ) Luis von Ahn , Computer Scientist , CAPTCHA 's creator and Researcher at Carnegie Mellon University Rodrigo Saravia , Guatemala national team and IK Frej footballer", "Raúl Aguilar Batres , Engineer , creator of Guatemala City 's system of avenue / street notation", "Miguel Ángel Asturias , Writer and diplomat , Nobel Prize Laureate", "Ricardo Arjona , Singer / songwriter", "Manuel Colom Argueta , Former mayor of Guatemala City and politician", "Toti Fernández , triathlete and ultramarathon runner", "Juan José Gutiérrez , CEO of Pollo Campero and on the board of directors of Corporación Multi Inversiones . Has been featured on the cover of Newsweek as Super CEO and named one of the Ten Big Thinkers for Big Business .", "Ted Hendricks , Oakland Raiders NFL Hall Of Fame Linebacker. 5 - Time Super Bowl Champion", "Jorge de León , performance artist", "Carlos Mérida , painter", "Gaby Moreno , Singer / Songwriter", "Carlos Peña , Singer , Winner of Latin American Idol 2007", "Georgina Pontaza , actress and artistic director of the Teatro Abril and Teatro Fantasía", "Fernando Quevedo , Theoretical Physicist , currently a professor of High Energy Physics at the university of Cambridge", "Rodolfo Robles , Physician , discovered onchocercosis `` Robles ' Disease ''", "Fabiola Rodas , Winner of The Third TV Azteca 's Desafio de Estrellas 2nd Place in The Last Generation of La Academia", "Carlos Ruíz , football / soccer player", "Alida Boer , designer / Guatemalan designer clothing", "Alvaro Arzu , Mayor / businessman", "Shery , singer / songwriter", "Jaime Viñals , Mountaineer ( Scaled seven highest peaks in the world )", "Luis von Ahn , Computer Scientist , CAPTCHA 's creator and Researcher at Carnegie Mellon University", "Rodrigo Saravia , Guatemala national team and IK Frej footballer", "Despite its location in the tropics , Guatemala City 's relatively high altitude moderates average temperatures . The city has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) bordering on a subtropical highland climate ( Cwb ) . Guatemala City is generally warm , almost springlike , throughout the course of the year . It occasionally gets hot during the dry season , but not as hot and humid as in the cities located at sea level . The hottest month is April . The rainy season extends from May to October , coinciding with the tropical storm and hurricane season in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea , while the dry season extends from November to April . The city can at times be windy , which also leads to lower ambient temperatures .", "The average annual temperature ranges from 22 to 28 ° C ( 72 to 82 ° F ) during the day , and 12 to 17 ° C ( 54 to 63 ° F ) at night .", "Average morning relative humidity : 82 % , evening relative humidity : 58 % . Average dew point is 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) .", "( hide ) Climate data for Guatemala City ( 1990 -- 2011 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 2.8 ( 0.11 ) 5.4 ( 0.213 ) 6.0 ( 0.236 ) 31.0 ( 1.22 ) 128.9 ( 5.075 ) 271.8 ( 10.701 ) 202.6 ( 7.976 ) 202.7 ( 7.98 ) 236.6 ( 9.315 ) 131.6 ( 5.181 ) 48.8 ( 1.921 ) 6.6 ( 0.26 ) 1,274.8 ( 50.188 ) Average rainy days 1.68 1.45 2.00 4.73 12.36 21.14 18.59 19.04 20.82 14.59 6.18 2.64 125.22 Average relative humidity ( % ) 74.3 73.4 73.2 74.3 77.3 82.4 80.8 80.9 84.5 82.0 79.2 76.0 77.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 248.4 236.2 245.6 237.9 184.4 155.3 183.4 191.8 159.0 178.0 211.7 209.2 2,440.9 Source : Instituto Nacional de Sismologia , Vulcanologia , Meteorologia , e Hidrologia", "( hide ) Climate data for Guatemala City ( 1990 -- 2011 )", "Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year", "Record high ° C ( ° F ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 33.9 ( 93 )", "Average high ° C ( ° F ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 )", "Average low ° C ( ° F ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 )", "Record low ° C ( ° F ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 )", "Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 2.8 ( 0.11 ) 5.4 ( 0.213 ) 6.0 ( 0.236 ) 31.0 ( 1.22 ) 128.9 ( 5.075 ) 271.8 ( 10.701 ) 202.6 ( 7.976 ) 202.7 ( 7.98 ) 236.6 ( 9.315 ) 131.6 ( 5.181 ) 48.8 ( 1.921 ) 6.6 ( 0.26 ) 1,274.8 ( 50.188 )", "Average rainy days 1.68 1.45 2.00 4.73 12.36 21.14 18.59 19.04 20.82 14.59 6.18 2.64 125.22", "Average relative humidity ( % ) 74.3 73.4 73.2 74.3 77.3 82.4 80.8 80.9 84.5 82.0 79.2 76.0 77.8", "Mean monthly sunshine hours 248.4 236.2 245.6 237.9 184.4 155.3 183.4 191.8 159.0 178.0 211.7 209.2 2,440.9", "Source : Instituto Nacional de Sismologia , Vulcanologia , Meteorologia , e Hidrologia", "Four stratovolcanoes are visible from the city , two of them active . The nearest and most active is Pacaya , which at times erupts a considerable amount of ash . These volcanoes lie to the south of the Valle de la Ermita , providing a natural barrier between Guatemala City and the Pacific lowlands that define the southern regions of Guatemala . Agua , Fuego , Pacaya and Acatenango comprise a line of 33 stratovolcanoes that stretches across the breadth of Guatemala , from the Salvadorian border to the Mexican border .", "Lying on the Ring of Fire , the Guatemalan highlands and the Valle de la Ermita are frequently shaken by large earthquakes . The last large tremor to hit the Guatemala City region occurred in the 1976 , on the Motagua Fault , a left - lateral strike - slip fault that forms the boundary between the Caribbean Plate and the North American Plate . The 1976 event registered 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale . Smaller , less severe tremors are frequently felt in Guatemala City and environs .", "Torrential downpours , similar to the more famous monsoons , occur frequently in the Valle de la Ermita during the rainy season , leading to flash floods that sometimes inundate the city . Due to these heavy rainfalls , some of the slums perched on the steep edges of the canyons that criss - cross the Valle de la Ermita are washed away and buried under mudslides , as in October 2005 . Tropical waves , tropical storms and hurricanes sometimes strike the Guatemalan highlands , which also bring torrential rains to the Guatemala City region and trigger these deadly mudslides .", "In February 2007 , a very large , deep circular hole with vertical walls opened in northeastern Guatemala City ( 14 ° 39 ′ 1.40 '' N 90 ° 29 ′ 25 '' W  /  14.6503889 ° N 90.49028 ° W  / 14.6503889 ; - 90.49028 ) , killing five people . This sinkhole , which is classified by geologists as either a `` piping feature '' or `` piping pseudokarst '' , was 100 metres ( 330 ft ) deep , and apparently was created by fluid from a sewer eroding the loose volcanic ash , limestone , and other pyroclastic deposits that underlie Guatemala City . As a result , one thousand people were evacuated from the area . This piping feature has since been mitigated by City Hall by providing proper maintenance to the sewerage collection system and plans to develop the site have been proposed . However , critics believe municipal authorities have neglected needed maintenance on the city 's aging sewerage system , and have speculated that more dangerous piping features are likely to develop unless action is taken .", "3 years later the 2010 Guatemala City sinkhole arose .", "The city is completely surrounded by Guatemala Department municipalities :", "( show ) Places adjacent to Guatemala City Mixco , Chinautla , San Pedro Ayampuc y Palencia Palencia Mixco and Villa Nueva Guatemala City Palencia Santa Catarina Pinula , Villa Canales and Petapa San José Pinula", "( show ) Places adjacent to Guatemala City", "Mixco , Chinautla , San Pedro Ayampuc y Palencia Palencia Mixco and Villa Nueva Guatemala City Palencia Santa Catarina Pinula , Villa Canales and Petapa San José Pinula", "Mixco , Chinautla , San Pedro Ayampuc y Palencia Palencia Mixco and Villa Nueva Guatemala City Palencia Santa Catarina Pinula , Villa Canales and Petapa San José Pinula", "Mixco , Chinautla , San Pedro Ayampuc y Palencia Palencia", "Mixco and Villa Nueva Guatemala City Palencia", "Santa Catarina Pinula , Villa Canales and Petapa San José Pinula" ]

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[ "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Frank Reynolds It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia character Danny DeVito , who portrays Frank Reynolds First appearance `` Charlie Gets Crippled '' Created by Rob McElhenney Glenn Howerton Charlie Day Portrayed by Danny DeVito Information Aliases Dr. Mantis Toboggan Occupation Landlord of Paddy 's Pub Family Gino Reynolds ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Barbara Reynolds ( ex-wife ; deceased ) Charlie Kelly ( legal ex-husband ) Children Dennis Reynolds ( legal son ) Deandra Reynolds ( legal daughter ) Charlie Kelly ( possible biological son ) Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald ( adopted son ) Relatives Donna ( former sister - in - law ) `` Gail the Snail '' ( former niece by marriage )", "Frank Reynolds", "It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia character", "Danny DeVito , who portrays Frank Reynolds", "First appearance `` Charlie Gets Crippled ''", "Created by Rob McElhenney Glenn Howerton Charlie Day", "Portrayed by Danny DeVito", "Information", "Aliases Dr. Mantis Toboggan", "Occupation Landlord of Paddy 's Pub", "Family Gino Reynolds ( brother )", "Spouse ( s ) Barbara Reynolds ( ex-wife ; deceased ) Charlie Kelly ( legal ex-husband )", "Children Dennis Reynolds ( legal son ) Deandra Reynolds ( legal daughter ) Charlie Kelly ( possible biological son ) Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald ( adopted son )", "Relatives Donna ( former sister - in - law ) `` Gail the Snail '' ( former niece by marriage )", "Franklin `` Frank '' Reynolds is a fictional character on the FX television series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . Frank is the legal father of twins Dennis and Dee and the roommate , ex-husband , and alleged biological father of Charlie . He is played by Danny DeVito .", "Frank appears to be intelligent relative to the rest of The Gang , but is quite possibly mentally unstable . In episodes his character frequently becomes paranoid , delusional and psychotic . He has also attempted suicide several times , and has consumed a large quantity and variety of drugs throughout the series . Frank styles himself as a master manipulator and frequently takes the lead in The Gang 's schemes .", "Introduced in the throes of a midlife crisis , he first appears in the season 2 premiere , `` Charlie Gets Crippled . '' His background is as a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters , some of whom vow to `` skin him alive . '' In the second episode of season 2 , `` The Gang Goes Jihad , '' Frank becomes the owner of the land underneath Paddy 's Pub after The Gang accidentally blew up the building next door to scare off an Israeli businessman who had attempted to evict them , giving Frank an opening to buy the properties from the Israeli and then threaten to turn Mac , Dennis and Charlie over to the police unless they agree to his demands . He uses this leverage to forcibly join The Gang and become their `` Captain . '' The series has alluded to Frank as Charlie 's biological father , a claim he readily disputes by refusing to take a paternity test despite Charlie 's urgings .", "This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2013 )", "This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2013 )", "Frank claims to have his children 's best interests at heart , but he frequently exploits and insults them , even more so after it is revealed that he is not their biological father . We learn that Frank made a tradition at Christmas of buying the gifts his children most wanted for himself just to see them suffer .", "It has been clear that Frank and his wife 's greedy , indifferent and cruel parenting shaped Dennis and Dee 's pathologies into the narcissistic , borderline - sociopathic way they are today . Over the course of the series he has pimped out his son Dennis for `` no - rules '' sexual favors and trained his daughter Dee to be a boxer so she could fight the daughter of his longtime nemesis . He is especially cruel to Dee , constantly remarking negatively on her age and looks . In `` Dennis and Dee 's Mom Is Dead '' he convinces her to pretend to be engaged to him and almost takes part in sexual activity with her . When it is learned that Dennis and Dee were the products of an affair Frank 's wife engaged in , Frank and his children mutually cease to regard each other as family and instead as just part of The Gang .", "Frank seems to take Mac under his wing , `` mentoring '' him on how to succeed in life via shady , unethical and sometimes illegal methods . It is observed that Mac looks up to Frank , perhaps more so than the rest of The Gang , with the possible exception of Charlie . Charlie has taken extreme measures to ensure that Frank remains his roommate , despite Frank 's cruel , manipulative behavior towards him . It is revealed that Frank is possibly Charlie 's long - lost father , due to Frank 's affair with Charlie 's mom 30 years before . Frank claims he was never told of Charlie 's birth , and pushed for Charlie 's mom to have an abortion , however , despite having the procedure done , the abortion `` did n't take '' and Charlie somehow survived .", "Though he clearly teaches life lessons and even offers valuable insights to The Gang , Frank 's worldview is often very skewed . In the episode `` Mac and Dennis : Manhunters , '' Dennis remarks that some of the stories Frank tells of his life come straight from John Rambo 's life . In `` The Gang Gets Held Hostage , '' Frank emulates John McClane from the Die Hard film series . In the episode `` Mac Is a Serial Killer , '' Dennis says Frank `` makes less and less sense as the days go by , '' and in the episode `` The Gang Gets Lost in The Woods , '' Dee says to Frank `` I just do n't question the things you do anymore . '' Frank has displayed diminishing mental capacities as the show goes on , often seemingly to forget what he 's saying in the middle of a sentence , which may be shaped by a lifetime of substance abuse .", "He has a tendency to trip on LSD , where he has manifested traumatizing experiences being trapped in the bathrooms of recreational vehicles . Like the rest of the Gang , he often drinks alcohol , but usually not to the excess that the others do , except in the episode `` The Gang Gives Frank an Intervention . '' Frank is also notable for his recreational use of marijuana , using the drug with a higher frequency than other members of The Gang . He often does cocaine right before introducing a scheme to the Gang . Frank has shown extreme violent tendencies and , unlike his cowardly friends , seems to relish physical confrontations and inflicting physical pain on others . He is known for carrying around a snub - nosed revolver on him at all times , producing it whenever and wherever he or others in The Gang feels it is necessary , pointing it around , even firing it , mostly at inappropriate times , such as when he thought there was a grease fire in Paddy 's in the episode `` The Gang Gives Frank an Intervention . '' In the episode `` Mac is a Serial Killer '' , Frank is eager to use a chainsaw on Mac when he becomes convinced that he is a serial killer and appears to be about use the chainsaw on the real serial killer at the conclusion of the episode . In another episode , Frank waterboards Dee in a urinal , in order to gain information from her . In the episode `` The Gang Gets Held Hostage , '' Frank tried to ensure Charlie be murdered to protect his own will and , in `` The Gang Goes to the Jersey Shore '' , Frank nearly murdered Mac in competition over a `` rum ham '' when the two accidentally go adrift at sea .", "Frank appears to be very wealthy , apparently making his fortune from his former real estate company ReyHam Properties , from which he swindled his business partner Eugene out of his share of the company , as well as foreign business deals , such as a Vietnamese sweatshop ; He also makes vast amount of money through crooked business schemes such as purchasing a stake in a gun store , and then making the public anxious about crime . Despite this wealth , Frank prefers to live in squalor as Charlie 's roommate in an apartment referred to by anyone who dares step into it as `` a shithole , '' which originally stemmed from his desire to hide assets from his then recently separated wife .", "Since then , he has gone through a consistent and prominent devolution and becoming more and more cruel , selfish , and greedy as the show has progressed . He will do anything in his power to sleep with women ( seemingly any woman ) , frequenting strip clubs , prostitutes and almost joining ( along with Dennis ) a group of swingers . Frank even happily bedded `` the waitress '' , Charlie 's long time object of unrequited love . Frank was initially aghast when he learns Dennis and Dee are not his children , upset over their divorce , and appeared to be overjoyed when his long - time wife dies . At one point , Frank tries to have sex with his niece through marriage , the grotesque `` Gail the Snail , '' but they only wind up dry humping after consuming several Monster energy drinks . In `` Frank 's Pretty Woman '' , Frank was prepared to settle down with a nasty prostitute but was then completely indifferent when he learns that she died from a crack - cocaine overdose .", "Though Frank is egotistical , diabolical , and maniacal , he appears to have some good in him ; he seems to have loving feelings for Charlie , apparently more so than he does for Dennis and Dee . In `` Mac and Charlie Die , '' he becomes grief - stricken when Charlie fakes his own death ; he carries around a plastic likeness of Charlie through the streets while wailing and keening his love for him . Towards the end of the episode Charlie claims to have seen Frank `` banging '' said plastic likeness . Frank and Charlie were briefly married at the beginning of the sixth season .", "Frank is a severe compulsive gambler , seen betting on everything from grade school basketball to Russian roulette , usually with his chain smoking , and high - stakes betting ring of Vietnamese friends . Sweet Dee once told Frank , `` You ca n't just come in here and start running our lives like this , it 's not fair ! '' to which Frank replied `` Wanna bet ? '' Dee , confused , asks `` On what ? Whether or not it 's fair ? '' to which Frank replies `` Sure . Bet on whatever . '' This is a prime example of his boundless addiction to gambling , no matter how ridiculous the circumstances .", "In one episode , Frank also is shown as member of a street gang called the `` Yellow Jacket Boys . '' They appear to be leather jacket - wearing thugs , but the most menacing thing they are seen doing is enchanting the streets of Philadelphia with their doowop singing . `` What 's the action ? '' has at times been Frank 's signature line . Frank 's views on politics and government often tends to be libertarian in nature , when he is n't lost in a nihilistic fog ; Frank did appreciate that , in `` The Great Recession '' , the government inexplicably gave him a bailout that restored his fortune after he lost all his money in a Ponzi scheme .", "( hide ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Characters Charlie Kelly Dennis Reynolds Mac Deandra Reynolds Frank Reynolds The Waitress Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12", "( hide ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", "", "Characters Charlie Kelly Dennis Reynolds Mac Deandra Reynolds Frank Reynolds The Waitress", "Charlie Kelly Dennis Reynolds Mac Deandra Reynolds Frank Reynolds The Waitress", "Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12", "6 7 8 9 10 11 12" ]

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[ "Ehud Olmert 12th Prime Minister of Israel In office 14 April 2006 -- 31 March 2009 Acting : 4 January 2006 -- 14 April 2006 President Moshe Katsav Shimon Peres Deputy Tzipi Livni Preceded by Ariel Sharon Succeeded by Benjamin Netanyahu Mayor of Jerusalem In office 2 November 1993 -- 16 February 2003 Preceded by Teddy Kollek Succeeded by Uri Lupolianski Personal details ( 1945 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1945 ( age 72 ) Binyamina , Mandatory Palestine Political party Likud ( 1973 -- 2006 ) Kadima ( 2006 -- present ) Spouse ( s ) Aliza Olmert Children 4 ( including Shaul and Dana ) Alma mater Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "Ehud Olmert", "12th Prime Minister of Israel", "In office 14 April 2006 -- 31 March 2009 Acting : 4 January 2006 -- 14 April 2006", "President Moshe Katsav Shimon Peres", "Deputy Tzipi Livni", "Preceded by Ariel Sharon", "Succeeded by Benjamin Netanyahu", "Mayor of Jerusalem", "In office 2 November 1993 -- 16 February 2003", "Preceded by Teddy Kollek", "Succeeded by Uri Lupolianski", "Personal details", "( 1945 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1945 ( age 72 ) Binyamina , Mandatory Palestine", "Political party Likud ( 1973 -- 2006 ) Kadima ( 2006 -- present )", "Spouse ( s ) Aliza Olmert", "Children 4 ( including Shaul and Dana )", "Alma mater Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "Ehud Olmert ( Hebrew : אֶהוּד אוֹלְמֶרְט ‎ , IPA : ( eˈhud ˈolmeʁt ) ( listen ) ; born 30 September 1945 ) is an Israeli politician and lawyer . He served as the 12th Prime Minister of Israel from 2006 to 2009 and before that as a cabinet minister from 1988 to 1992 and from 2003 to 2006 . Between his first and second stints as a cabinet member , he served as mayor of Jerusalem from 1993 to 2003 . After serving as PM he was sentenced to serve a prison term over convictions for accepting bribes and for obstruction of justice during his terms as mayor of Jerusalem and as trade minister .", "Olmert was born near Binyamina in the British Mandate of Palestine . According to Olmert , his parents , Bella ( Wagman ) and Mordechai Olmert , escaped `` persecution in Ukraine and Russia , and found sanctuary in Harbin , China . They emigrated to Israel to fulfill their dream of building a Jewish and democratic state living in peace in the land of our ancestors . '' His father later became a member of the Knesset for Herut . Olmert 's childhood included membership in the Beitar Youth Organization and dealing with the fact that his parents were often blacklisted and alienated due to their affiliation with the Jewish militia group the Irgun . They were also part of Herut , the opposition to the long - ruling Mapai party . However , by the 1970s , this was proving less detrimental to one 's career than during the 1950s .", "Olmert graduated from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with degrees in psychology , philosophy and law . He opened a successful law partnership in Jerusalem . Olmert served with the Israel Defense Forces in the Golani Brigade . While in service he was injured and temporarily released . He underwent many treatments , and later completed his military duties as a journalist for the IDF magazine BaMahane . During the Yom Kippur War , he joined the headquarters of Ariel Sharon as a military correspondent . Already a member of the Knesset , he decided to go through an officer 's course in 1980 at the age of 35 .", "In 1966 , during the Gahal party convention ( a predecessor to today 's Likud ) , party leader Menachem Begin was challenged by the young Olmert , who called for his resignation . Begin announced that he would retire from party leadership , but soon reversed his decision when the crowd emotionally pleaded with him to stay . Olmert was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 at the age of 28 , and was re-elected seven consecutive times . Between 1981 and 1989 , he served as a member of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee and served on the Finance , Education and Defense Budget Committees . He served as minister without portfolio , responsible for minority affairs between 1988 and 1990 , and as minister of health from 1990 until 1992 . Following Likud 's defeat in the 1992 election , instead of remaining a Knesset member in the opposition , he successfully ran for mayor of Jerusalem in November 1993 .", "Between 1993 and 2003 , Olmert served two terms as mayor of Jerusalem , the first member of Likud or its precursors to hold the position . During his term in office , he devoted himself to the initiation and advancement of major projects in the city , the development and improvement of the education system , and the development of road infrastructure . He also spearheaded the development of the light rail system in Jerusalem , and the investment of millions of shekels in the development of mass transportation options for the city .", "While mayor of Jerusalem , Olmert was an invited speaker at an international conflict resolution conference held in Derry , Northern Ireland . In his address , he spoke of how `` Political leaders can help change the psychological climate which affects the quality of relationships among people . '' His speech concluded with reflections on the importance of political process in overcoming differences : `` How are fears born ? They are born because of differences in tradition and history ; they are born because of differences in emotional , political and national circumstances . Because of such differences , people fear they can not live together . If we are to overcome such fear , a credible and healthy political process must be carefully and painfully developed . A political process that does not aim to change the other or to overcome differences , but that allows each side to live peacefully in spite of their differences . ''", "Olmert was elected as a member of the sixteenth Knesset in January 2003 . He served as the head of the election campaign for Likud in the elections , and subsequently was the chief negotiator of the coalition agreement . Following the elections he was appointed as Designated Acting Prime Minister and Minister of Industry , Trade and Labor . From 2003 to 2004 , he also served as Minister of Communications .", "On 7 August 2005 , Olmert was appointed acting finance minister , replacing Benjamin Netanyahu , who had resigned in protest against the planned Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip . Olmert , who had originally opposed withdrawing from land captured in the Six - Day War , and who had voted against the Camp David Peace Accords in 1978 , was a vocal supporter of the Gaza pullout . After his appointment , Olmert said :", "I voted against Menachem Begin , I told him it was a historic mistake , how dangerous it would be , and so on and so on . Now I am sorry he is not alive for me to be able to publicly recognize his wisdom and my mistake . He was right and I was wrong . Thank God we pulled out of the Sinai .", "When Sharon announced he was leaving Likud to form a new party , Kadima , Olmert was one of the first to join him .", "On 4 January 2006 , as the designated Acting Prime Minister , Olmert became Acting Prime Minister as a result of the serious stroke suffered by then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon . This occurred after consultations took place between Cabinet Secretary Yisrael Maimon and Attorney General Menachem Mazuz , who declared Sharon `` temporarily incapable to carry out the duties of his office '' , while only officially in office . Then , Olmert and the cabinet reaffirmed in an announcement that the 28 March elections would be held as scheduled . During the days following the stroke , Olmert met with Shimon Peres and other Sharon supporters to try to convince them to stay with Kadima , rather than return to Likud or , in Peres ' case , Labor . On 16 January 2006 , Olmert was elected chairman of Kadima , and Kadima 's candidate for prime minister in the upcoming election . In his first major policy address on 24 January 2006 after becoming caretaker Prime Minister , Olmert stated that he backed the creation of a Palestinian state , and that Israel would have to relinquish parts of the West Bank to maintain its Jewish majority . At the same time , he said , `` We firmly stand by the historic right of the people of Israel to the entire Land of Israel . '' In a number of interviews , he also introduced his Realignment plan , which would see Israel unilaterally withdraw from most of the West Bank and redraw its borders to incorporate major settlement blocs into Israel . The plan was shelved following the 2006 Lebanon War .", "Following the March 2006 election , Kadima won 29 seats , making it the largest party . On 6 April , Olmert was officially asked by President Moshe Katsav to form a government . Olmert had an initial period of 28 days to form a governing coalition , with a possible two - week extension . On 11 April , the Israeli Cabinet deemed that Sharon was incapacitated . The 100 - day replacement deadline was extended due to the Jewish festival of Passover , and a provision was made that , should Sharon 's condition improve between 11 and 14 April , the declaration would not take effect . Therefore , the official declaration took effect on 14 April , formally ending Sharon 's term as prime minister and making Olmert the country 's new Interim Prime Minister in office ( he would not become the official prime minister until he formed a government ) .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 )", "On 4 May 2006 , Olmert presented his new government to the Knesset . Olmert became prime minister and minister for welfare . Control over the Welfare Ministry was expected to be given to United Torah Judaism if it would join the government . The post was later given to Labor 's Isaac Herzog . Olmert took over as acting prime minister of Israel after Ariel Sharon suffered a stroke .", "On 24 May 2006 , Olmert was invited to address a joint session of the U.S. Congress . He stated that his government would proceed with the disengagement plan if it could not come to agreement with the Palestinians . Olmert was the third Israeli prime minister to have been invited to speak at a joint session of Congress .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 )", "Following the 2006 Lebanon War , Olmert 's popularity ratings fell and , on 15 September 2006 , former chief of staff Moshe Ya'alon publicly stated that Olmert should resign . In May 2007 , Olmert 's approval rating fell to 3 % , and he became the subject of a Google Bomb for the Hebrew for `` miserable failure '' .", "On 9 December 2006 , Olmert stated that he could not rule out the possibility of a military attack against Iran , and called for the international community to step up action against that country . He called Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's repeated threats to destroy Israel `` absolutely criminal '' , and said that he expected `` more dramatic steps to be taken '' . In an interview with German TV network Sat. 1 on 11 December 2006 , Olmert included Israel in a list of nuclear powers , saying : `` Iran , openly , explicitly and publicly , threatens to wipe Israel off the map . Can you say that this is the same level , when they are aspiring to have nuclear weapons , as America , France , Israel and Russia ? '' He immediately attempted to backtrack , insisting that Israel 's doggedly held position of nuclear weapons ambiguity had not changed . He nonetheless came under harsh criticism from both ends of the Israeli political spectrum due to the perceived threat to Israel 's policy of ambiguity regarding its nuclear status . On 2 May 2007 , the Winograd Commission accused Olmert of failing to properly manage the 2006 Lebanese War , which prompted a mass rally of over 100,000 people calling for his resignation .", "Olmert welcomed the Arab League 's 2007 re-endorsement of the Arab Peace Initiative . Olmert wrote in The Guardian newspaper that Israel was ready to make `` painful concessions '' to achieve peace with the Palestinians .", "`` I take the offer of full normalization of relations between Israel and the Arab world seriously ; and I am ready to discuss the Arab peace initiative in an open and sincere manner . Working with our Jordanian and Egyptian partners , and hopefully other Arab states , we must pursue a comprehensive peace with energy and vision ... But the talks must be a discussion , not an ultimatum . ''", "On 4 November 2007 , he declared Israel 's intention to negotiate with the Palestinians about all issues , stating , `` Annapolis will be the jumping - off point for continued serious and in - depth negotiations , which will not avoid any issue or ignore any division that has clouded our relations with the Palestinian people for many years . '' On 29 November 2007 , he warned of the end of Israel in case a two - state solution is not eventually found for the Israeli - Palestinian dispute . `` If the day comes when the two - state solution collapses , and we face a South African - style struggle for equal voting rights ( also for the Palestinians in the territories ) , then , as soon as that happens , the State of Israel is finished '' , Olmert said on the last day of the Annapolis Conference . `` The Jewish organizations , which were our power base in America , will be the first to come out against us '' , Olmert said , `` because they will say they can not support a state that does not support democracy and equal voting rights for all its residents '' .", "During the talks , Olmert agreed that Israel would share Jerusalem as the joint capital of Israel and a Palestinian state and hand over its holy sites to a multinational committee , land swaps that would allow Israel to keep its major settlement blocs in the West Bank , the construction of a tunnel connecting the West Bank and the Gaza Strip , and a demilitarized Palestinian state with an American - led international security force stationed on the Palestinian -- Jordanian border . Both sides disagreed over how much land would be exchanged in the swaps , with Olmert demanding at least 6.3 - 6.8 % of the West Bank and Abbas insisting a swap would not exceed 1.9 % . In his memoirs , Olmert wrote that he agreed Israel would generously compensate the remaining refugees . Olmert later stated that U.S. President George W. Bush offered to accept another 100,000 refugees as American citizens if a peace agreement was signed . U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice wrote in her memoirs that the Palestinians demanded they be allowed to negotiate additional `` returns '' to Israel following the peace deal , insisting that the right of return was a matter of individual choice that would ultimately have to apply to every refugee . In his memoirs , Olmert claimed that he and Abbas were very close to an agreement , but Abbas ' hesitation , Olmert 's legal troubles , and the Gaza War caused the talks to end . President Bush wrote in his memoirs that the talks broke down when Olmert announced that he would resign from office , and Abbas then broke off the talks and refused to finalize an agreement on the grounds that he did not want to sign a peace deal with a Prime Minister on his way out of office .", "During at least two meetings , Olmert made a secret promise to Abbas : Once a prisoner exchange deal for captive Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was finalized with Hamas , Israel would bolster Abbas ' government by releasing Fatah prisoners . After a prisoner exchange deal was agreed upon in 2011 under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , Olmert 's successor , Palestinian officials demanded that Netanyahu live up to Olmert 's promise and release Fatah prisoners .", "On 6 September 2007 , Israel launched Operation Orchard , an airstrike against a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria , allegedly being built with North Korean and Iranian assistance . The strike was preceded by years of covert operations by Israeli special forces and the Mossad . Details of the strike were censored in Israel , and the attack was not confirmed to have taken place until 2 October . Following the attack , Olmert 's approval rating rose to 35 % .", "President Bush wrote in his memoirs that Olmert had first asked him to bomb the facility , but ordered the attack after Bush refused and told him that he would prefer diplomatic action and sanctions . Following the strike , Bush claimed to have suggested to Olmert to hide the strike for a while and then make it public as a way to isolate the Syrian government , but Olmert asked for total secrecy , wanting to avoid anything that could force Syria to retaliate . However , Israeli columnist Caroline Glick wrote that Israel had bowed to US demands in concealing the airstrike .", "In May 2008 , Israel opened Turkish - brokered indirect peace talks with Syria . Olmert stated that the resumption of peace talks with Syria was a national obligation that must be tried . However , Syria broke off the talks several months later in response to the Gaza War .", "Rocket and mortar attacks by Palestinian terrorists from the Hamas - controlled Gaza Strip on Israel occurred frequently throughout the spring and summer of 2008 , until a ceasefire was agreed between Hamas and Israel in June . Rocket attacks increased sharply in November after an Israeli raid on an Hamas - built smuggling tunnel . The ceasefire expired in December 2008 and negotiations stalled between the two parties to renew the ceasefire . On 24 December , the Negev was hit by more than 60 mortar shells and Katyusha and Qassam rockets , and the IDF was given a green light to operate . Hamas claimed to have fired a total of 87 rockets and mortar rounds that day at Israel , code - naming the firing `` Operation Oil Stain '' .", "On 25 December 2008 , Olmert delivered a `` last minute '' warning to Gaza in direct appeal to Gaza 's people via the Arabic language satellite channel al - Arabiya , to pressure their leaders to stop the rocket barrages . `` I am telling them now , it may be the last minute , I 'm telling them stop it . We are stronger '' , he said . The attacks did not stop and Israel launched its military operation , codenamed Operation Cast Lead , on the morning of 27 December , when more than 50 fighter jets and attack helicopters began to bomb strategic targets . Air and naval strikes continued for days , when on 3 January 2009 the IDF began a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip . The fighting lasted 22 days until a ceasefire came into effect . Israel subsequently withdrew from Gaza .", "On 1 February 2009 , Olmert stated :", "`` We 've said that if there is rocket fire against the south of the country , there will be a severe and disproportionate Israeli response to the fire on the citizens of Israel and its security forces . ''", "`` We 've said that if there is rocket fire against the south of the country , there will be a severe and disproportionate Israeli response to the fire on the citizens of Israel and its security forces . ''", "The UN Security Council passed a resolution on 8 January 2009 calling for an immediate ceasefire to the hostilities in the Gaza Strip . It passed 14 -- 0 -- 1 , with one abstention from the United States . Olmert told reporters , `` ( U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice ) was left shamed . A resolution that she prepared and arranged , and in the end she did not vote in favor . In the night between Thursday and Friday , when the Secretary of State wanted to lead the vote on a ceasefire at the Security Council , we did not want her to vote in favor . I said ' get me President Bush on the phone ' . They said he was in the middle of giving a speech in Philadelphia . I said I did n't care . ' I need to talk to him now ' . He got off the podium and spoke to me . I told him the United States could not vote in favor . It can not vote in favor of such a resolution . He immediately called the Secretary of State and told her not to vote in favor . '' When asked about the comments , a White House spokesman said that Olmert 's version of events was `` inaccurate '' .", "The war finally ended on 18 January 2009 . A day before , Israeli officials announced a unilateral ceasefire , without an agreement with Hamas . In a press conference , Israeli Prime Minister Olmert declared the ceasefire effective that night , at 00 : 00 GMT on 18 January .", "On 30 July 2008 , Olmert announced that he would not contest the Kadima party leadership election in September and would resign from office once his party elects a new leader . In his resignation speech , he addressed the cases of corruption of which he is being accused , saying he is `` proud to be a citizen of a country in which a Prime Minister can be investigated like any other citizen '' , but also stated he `` was forced to defend ( himself ) from ceaseless attacks by the self - appointed soldiers of justice , who sought to oust ( him ) from ( his ) position '' . The move has been interpreted as signaling the end of Olmert 's political career .", "Many politicians across the political spectrum praised Olmert 's decision to resign . Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni said `` the personal decision was not simple , but it was a correct one . Kadima must continue to act in a way that will preserve its unity and ability to lead . '' Defense minister and Labor party leader Ehud Barak called Olmert 's announcement `` a proper and responsible decision made at the right time '' . Opposition leaders called for the resignation to be followed by general elections . The Likud party leader , Benjamin Netanyahu , called for snap elections : `` It does n't matter who heads Kadima . They are all partners in this government 's total failure . National responsibility requires a return to the people and new elections . ''", "After Tzipi Livni won the leadership election , Olmert officially resigned but remained prime minister , according to the dictates of the law . Even after an official resignation , he remains in power until a new prime minister is sworn in , in order to prevent a government void . Livni tried unsuccessfully to form a new coalition government . After Livni announced she could not form the new government , new parliamentary elections were set for 10 February 2009 , and Olmert remained in power until after the elections , just as the law dictates .", "Beginning in the mid-1980s , Olmert was subjected to a string of corruption allegations that resulted in multiple police investigations . According to Israeli journalist Yossi Melman , the repeated investigations led some to believe that Olmert was corrupt but a master at covering his tracks , while others believed that the authorities were simply obsessed with harassing him .", "On 7 March 2006 , it was disclosed that an inquiry was being carried out on the 1999 sale and lease - back of a Jerusalem property purchased by Olmert in 2004 , which allegedly was done on financial terms very favorable to Olmert , in what would amount to an illegal campaign contribution and / or bribe . Olmert was alleged to have paid $325,000 below market value . A criminal investigation regarding the matter was formally launched on 24 September 2007 . The investigation closed in August 2009 due to lack of evidence .", "On 16 January 2007 , a criminal investigation was initiated against Olmert . The investigation focused on suspicions that during his tenure as finance minister , Olmert tried to steer the tender for the sale of Bank Leumi in order to help Slovak - born Australian real estate baron Frank Lowy , a close personal associate . Israeli Finance Ministry Accountant General Dr. Yaron Zelekha was as a key witness , according to the State Comptroller 's office . The state comptroller testified against Olmert . Israeli Police who investigated the case eventually concluded that the evidence that was collected was insufficient for indictment , and no recommendations were made to press charges . In October 2007 , he was questioned for five hours by three officers from the National Fraud Investigations Unit in his Jerusalem residence . State Prosecutor Moshe Lador closed the case in December 2008 due to lack of evidence .", "In April 2007 , it was further alleged that , during his office as Minister of Trade , Industry and Labor , Olmert may have been guilty of criminal behavior by taking an active part in an investment center . Prosecutors said that Olmert placed himself in a conflict of interest by personally dealing with issues involving business figures represented by his friend and former business partner , lawyer Uri Messer . Olmert was alleged to have changed some decisions made by his ministry in their favor . During a parliamentary inquest in July 2007 , Olmert flatly denied these accusations .", "In October 2007 , Attorney General Mazuz ordered a police investigation into allegations that Olmert , when he held the positions of trade minister , communications minister and finance minister , had improperly appointed associates from the Likud party to posts on government bodies . Police completed their investigation in 2009 , and concluded that there was a basis to indict Olmert and others for fraud and breach of trust .", "In July 2008 , Haaretz reported that in 1992 , Olmert took a loan from U.S. businessman Joe Almaliah , but never repaid it , and concealed the true size of the loan from the State Comptroller . In March 2003 , State Comptroller Eliezer Goldberg asked Olmert to submit the wealth - declaration statement required of all cabinet ministers . Olmert disclosed that he had taken a loan from Almaliah , but did not say when it was due . In 2004 , Olmert conceded that he had taken $75,000 , and stressed that Almaliah had not asked for repayment of the loan . At Goldberg 's insistence , Olmert signed a contract with Almaliah undertaking to repay the loan in January 2009 . According to an indictment , Olmert had actually taken another $100,000 from Almaliah , which was deposited into his personal bank account . The State Prosecutor 's office said that it was not aware of Olmert 's repayment of either loan .", "In May 2008 , it became public that Olmert was the subject of another police investigation , concerning allegations of bribery . Olmert said that he took campaign contributions from Jewish - American businessman Morris Talansky when he was running for mayor of Jerusalem , leadership of the Likud and candidacy in the Likud list for the Knesset . It was alleged that Olmert unlawfully received millions of shekels in illegal campaign funding from Talansky over a 15 - year period . Olmert resisted calls to resign , and stated : `` I never took bribes , I never took a penny for myself . I was elected by you , citizens of Israel , to be the Prime Minister and I do n't intend to shirk this responsibility . If Attorney General Meni Mazuz , decides to file an indictment , I will resign from my position , even though the law does not oblige me to do so . '' On 2 May , head of the National Fraud Investigations Unit Brigadier - General Shlomi Ayalon and two investigatiors questioned Olmert for 90 minutes in his Jerusalem residence . On 23 May , National Fraud Investigations Unit officers interrogated Olmert for an hour in his Jerusalem residence . On 27 May , Talansky testified in court that over the last 15 years he gave Olmert more than $150,000 in cash in envelopes to fund political campaigns , and hinted that Olmert also used the money for fine hotels , cigars , pens and watches . On 6 September 2008 , the Israel Police recommended that criminal charges should be brought against Olmert . In their indictment , prosecutors claimed that Olmert had received some $600,000 from Talansky in either cash or bank transfers , and that $350,000 of this was held in a `` secret cache '' managed by Olmert 's close associate Uri Messer . The prosecution also claimed that Olmert used his official capacity as minister of trade and industry to facilitate introductions with hotel managers for Talansky , a partner in a firm providing mini-bars for hotels . It was alleged that Olmert sometimes used official letterheads . The charge sheet said that Olmert was aware he was in an `` acute conflict of interest '' .", "On 26 November 2008 , Attorney General Menachem Mazuz informed Olmert that he decided to file an indictment against him in what has come to be known as `` Rishon Tours '' affair , pending a hearing before Mazuz . The scheme allegedly worked as follows : Olmert would speak abroad on behalf of groups such as the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial , a support group for the Israel Defense Forces or a charity for mentally disabled Israeli children . Rishon Tours then billed each group for the same trip as if they alone were paying , and placed the money in a special bank account allegedly for Olmert 's personal use . Prosecutors charged that Olmert had gained $92,164 .", "On 1 March 2009 , Attorney General Mazuz informed Olmert 's legal representatives that he had decided to file an indictment against him , in what has come to be known as the `` cash envelopes '' affair , pending a hearing before the attorney general .", "In 2010 , it was cleared for publication that the National Fraud Investigations Unit suspected Olmert of involvement in the `` Holyland Affair '' , where officials took bribes in exchange for promoting real estate projects , especially the Holyland real estate development project in southwest Jerusalem , which was allowed to grow 1,200 % beyond the limit authorized . As Mayor of Jerusalem , Olmert allegedly took thousands of shekels in bribe money from businessmen , entrepreneurs , and stakeholders .", "On 30 August 2009 , an indictment against Olmert was served at the Jerusalem District Court . The indictment includes the following counts : obtaining by fraud under aggravating circumstances , fraud , breach of trust , falsifying corporate documents , and tax evasion . The indictment refers to three out of the four corruption - related cases standing against him : `` Rishon Tours '' , `` Talansky '' ( also known as the `` money envelopes '' affair ) , and the `` Investment Center '' . This was the first indictment of someone who has ever held the office of Israeli Prime Minister . On 25 September 2009 , Olmert 's trial opened . The court began hearing testimonies on 22 February 2010 , with three discussions per week . The prosecution began arguing its case at the beginning of the trial , and the prosecution phase ended on 30 March 2011 . The defense phase began on 31 May , and they began with Olmert testifying in his own defense . On 30 June , the prosecution began a cross-examination on the various charges .", "In January 2012 , Olmert was indicted for taking bribes over the Holyland affair . The indictment was filed in the Tel Aviv District Court . After Olmert began accusing his secretary , Shula Zaken , of committing the crimes he was charged with , Zaken began negotiating a plea bargain with prosecutors . In late March 2014 , prosecutors signed a plea bargain with Zaken , under which she would plead guilty , and prosecutors would not request a prison term longer than 11 months . As part of the plea bargain , Zaken agreed to provide evidence and testify against Olmert as a state 's witness .", "On 10 July 2012 , Olmert was convicted on one count of breach of trust over the investment center case , but exonerated over the Talansky and Rishon Tours affairs . In September 2012 , he was given a one - year suspended sentence and a fine of ₪ 75,000 ( $ 21,000 ) .", "On 31 March 2014 , five years to the day after he was replaced by Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister , Olmert was convicted of two counts of bribery over the Holyland affair by Tel Aviv District Court Judge David Rosen , who ruled that he had accepted ₪ 560,000 ( $ 160,000 ) while serving as mayor of Jerusalem , and had lied about it in court . He was acquitted on two other corruption charges . Olmert and eight other defendants , including former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski and former Bank Hapoalim chairman Dan Dankner , were convicted of accepting bribes in exchange for helping land developers receive municipality licenses for the Holyland Park residential project in the city .", "Olmert 's sentencing hearing began on 28 April 2014 . On 13 May 2014 , he was sentenced to 6 years in prison and fined ₪ 1.5 million ( $ 430,000 ) . He was ordered to report to prison on 1 September to begin serving his sentence .", "In addition to the Holyland affair , Zaken provided new evidence against Olmert in the Talansky and Rishon tours affairs . Olmert and his lawyers were subsequently questioned by police on suspicion of obstruction of justice and witness tampering . Following an investigation , police announced that there was sufficient evidence to indict Olmert for obstruction of justice . On 7 August 2014 , following Zaken 's testimony , the Israeli Supreme Court ordered a retrial of Olmert in the Talansky case .", "In September 2014 , the Supreme Court ruled that Olmert could stay out of prison pending an appeal . Oral arguments would have to take place within three months , but together with the delay in the final verdict he could potentially stay out of prison for over a year . As of March 2015 , Olmert was yet to serve his sentence . He began serving a 19 - months sentence on 15 February 2016 in Maasiyahu Prison .", "In December 2014 , Zaken again provided new evidence , revealing that Olmert had offered her $ 10,000 for every month she would serve in jail for taking the blame in the Holyland case , to be paid in a foreign bank account . In one of the eight recordings revealed , Olmert can also be heard talking about buying Sheldon Adelson 's , a Jewish - American billionaire 's , testimony , and how he told U.S. President George W. Bush about Olmert 's traitorship : `` Adelson -- this dog , son of a dog -- went to President Bush and said that I 'm a traitor . Bush told me . ''", "In March 2015 , Olmert was convicted in Jerusalem District Court of fraud , breach of trust , and tax evasion in his retrial on corruption charges over the Talansky case . The judges ruled that he had taken bribes and used the funds for personal reasons without reporting it . Sentencing was set for May , and his lawyers advised he would appeal .", "Olmert was sentenced to eight months in prison in connection with the Talansky case on 25 May 2015 , as well as fined ₪ 100,000 ( $ 25,000 ) and given an additional suspended sentence of eight months . The prison sentence was stayed for 45 days to allow Olmert 's legal team time to appeal the ruling . The verdict acknowledged Olmert 's public service , and he was given a weaker sentence than prosecutors sought . Olmert filed an appeal of his conviction to the Supreme Court of Israel in July 2015 ; the court agreed that Olmert 's sentence would be suspended until after the outcome of the appeal .", "The conviction meant that Olmert was sentenced over misdeeds from both his time as mayor of Jerusalem , as well as Trade Minister of Israel .", "Olmert 's wife , Aliza , is a writer of novels and theater plays , as well as an artist . Aliza is more left - leaning in her politics than her husband . She claimed to have voted for him for the first time in 2006 .", "The couple has four biological children and an adopted daughter . The oldest daughter , Michal , holds a master 's in psychology and leads workshops in creative thinking . Another daughter Dana is a lecturer in literature at the Tel Aviv University , and the editor of a literature series . She is a lesbian and lives with her partner in Tel Aviv . Her parents are accepting of her sexual orientation and partner . Dana is active in the Jerusalem branch of the Israeli human rights organization Machsom Watch . In June 2006 she attended a march in Tel Aviv protesting alleged Israeli complicity in the Gaza beach blast , which made her the subject of bitter criticism from right - wing personalities .", "Olmert 's father Mordechai , a pioneer of Israel 's land settlement and a former member of the Second and Third Knessets , grew up in the Chinese city of Harbin , where he led the local Betar youth movement . Olmert 's grandfather J.J. Olmert settled in Harbin after fleeing post-World War I Russia . In 2004 , Olmert visited China and paid his respects at the tomb of his grandfather in Harbin . Olmert said that his father had never forgotten his Chinese hometown after moving to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine , in 1933 at the age of 22 . `` When he died at the age of 88 , he spoke his last words in Mandarin Chinese '' , he recalled .", "In October 2007 , Olmert announced that he had prostate cancer . His doctors declared it to be a minor risk . In April 2009 , Olmert 's spokesman issued a statement indicating that Olmert 's cancer had deteriorated .", "In 2009 , Olmert spoke at various colleges throughout the United States to mixed receptions . In October 2009 , he visited Magnolia , Arkansas , and spoke about Israeli farming , technology and Israel 's view on Iran . The speech was given at Southern Arkansas University , where he also invited the rural university to form a partnership with Israel 's Hebrew University of Jerusalem .", "In 2012 , he expressed opposition to a military strike on Iran ." ]

[ [ "The battle of the Marne" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The 1916 Battle of the Somme was one of the largest battles of the First World War , with more than one million casualties , and also one of the bloodiest battles in human history . The Allied forces attempted to break through the German lines along a 25 - mile ( 40 km ) front north and south of the River Somme in northern France . One purpose of the battle was to draw German forces away from the Battle of Verdun ; however , by its end the losses on the Somme had exceeded those at Verdun . While Verdun would bite deep in the national consciousness of France for generations , the Somme would have the same effect on generations of Britons . The battle is best remembered for its first day , 1 July 1916 , on which the British suffered 57,470 casualties , including 19,240 dead -- the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army to this day . As terrible as the battle was for the British Empire troops who suffered there , it naturally affected the other nationalities as well . One German officer famously described it as `` the muddy grave of the German field army . '' By the end of the battle , the British had learnt many lessons in modern warfare while the Germans had suffered irreplaceable losses . British official historian Sir James Edmonds stated , `` It is not too much to claim that the foundations of the final victory on the Western Front were laid by the Somme offensive of 1916 . '' For the first time the home front in Britain was exposed to the horrors of modern war with the release of the propaganda film The Battle of the Somme , which used actual footage from the first days of the battle .", "The Battle of Verdun , fought from 21 February to 19 December 1916 around the city of Verdun - sur - Meuse in northeast France , was one of the most important battles in World War I on the Western Front . The battle was fought between the German and French armies .", "It resulted in more than a quarter of a million deaths and about half a million wounded . It was the longest battle and one of the bloodiest in World War I. In both France and Germany it has come to represent the horrors of war , similar to the Somme in Britain .", "The battle popularised the phrase `` Ils ne passeront pas '' ( `` They shall not pass '' ) , uttered by Robert Nivelle , but often incorrectly attributed to Pétain .", "The Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Central Powers and the German Empire . After six months of negotiations , which took place at the Paris Peace Conference , the treaty was signed as a follow - up to the armistice signed on November 11th , 1918 in the Compiègne Forest ( which had put an end to the actual fighting ) . Although there were many provisions in the treaty , one of the more important and recognized provisions required Germany to accept full responsibility for causing the war and , under the terms of articles 231 - 247 , make reparations to certain countries that had formed the Allies .", "The Brusilov Offensive ( Russian : Брусиловский прорыв ) was the greatest Russian feat of arms during World War I , and among the most lethal battles in world history . It was a major offensive against the armies of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front , launched on June 4 , 1916 and lasting until early August . It took place in what today is Ukraine , in the general vicinity of the towns of Lemberg , Kovel , and Lutsk . The offensive was named after the Russian commander in charge of the Southwestern Front , Aleksei Brusilov .", "The Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 was a decisive engagement between the Russian Empire and the German Empire in the first days of The Great War , fought by the Russian First and Second Armies and the German Eighth Army between August 17 and September 2 , 1914 . The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army . A series of follow - up battles kept the Russians off - balance until the spring of 1915 . The battle is notable particularly for a number of rapid movements of complete corps by train , allowing the single German Army to present a single front to both Russian Armies .", "The Battle of Arras was an offensive during World War I by forces of the British Empire between 9 April and 16 May 1917 . British , Canadian , and Australian troops attacked German trenches near the French city of Arras .", "At this stage of the war , the Western Front was a continuous line of trenches stretching from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border . With minor adjustments caused by the ebb and flow of asaults and counter-assaults , this corresponded roughly to the final line of confrontation in the last phase of the war of movement of 1914 . From behind barbed wire and fortifications , about 100 German divisions faced about 150 French and British Empire divisions in seeming deadlock . In its simplest terms , the Allied objective from early 1915 onwards was to break through the German defences into the open ground beyond and engage the numerically inferior German army in open battle .", "The Battle of Arras was planned in conjunction with the French High Command , who were planning a massive attack ( the Nivelle Offensive ) about eighty kilometres to the south . This had the stated aim of ending the war in forty - eight hours . At Arras , the British Empire 's immediate objectives were more modest : ( i ) to draw German troops away from the ground chosen for the French attack and ( ii ) to take the German - held high ground that dominated the plain of Douai .", "When the battle officially ended on 16 May , British Empire troops had made significant advances , but had been unable to achieve a major breakthrough at any point . New tactics had been battle - tested , particularly in the first phase , and had demonstrated that set - piece assaults against heavily fortified positions could be successful . This sector then reverted to the stalemate that typified most of the war on the Western Front .", "The Armenian Genocide ( Armenian : Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւն , Turkish : Ermeni Soykırımı ) -- also known as the Armenian Holocaust , `` Great Calamity '' ( Մեծ Եղեռն ) or the Armenian Massacre -- refers to the forced mass evacuation and related deaths of hundreds of thousands to over a million Armenians , during the government of the Young Turks from 1915 to 1917 in the Ottoman Empire .", "Today , the Republic of Turkey rejects the notion that the event constituted a genocide and instead claims that the deaths among the Armenians were a result of inter-ethnic strife , disease and famine during the turmoil of World War I . However , most Armenian , Russian , Western , and an increasing number of Turkish scholars believe that it was indeed a genocide , or campaign of state - sponsored ethnic cleansing and mass extermination . For example , some Western sources point to the sheer scale of the death toll as evidence for a systematic , organized plan to eliminate the Armenians . The event is also said to be the second-most studied case of genocide , and often draws comparison with the Holocaust . To date 21 countries have here officially recognised it as genocide .", "The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht ( Battle of the Skagerrak ) ; Danish : Søslaget ved Jylland / Søslaget om Skagerrak ) , was the largest naval battle of World War I , and the only full - scale clash of battleships in that war . It was fought on May 31 -- June 1 , 1916 , in the North Sea near Jutland , the mainland of Denmark . The combatants were the Kaiserliche Marine 's High Seas Fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer and the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet commanded by Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Jellicoe . The intention of the German fleet was to break the British naval blockade of the North Sea and allow German mercantile shipping to operate again .", "On the afternoon of 31 May , Beatty and Hipper encountered each other , and in a running battle to the south Hipper drew the British into the path of the High Seas Fleet . Beatty turned and fled towards the Grand Fleet and from 18 : 30 until nightfall at about 20 : 30 the two huge fleets -- totaling 250 ships between them -- were heavily engaged . Fourteen British and eleven German ships were sunk with great loss of life . Jellicoe tried to cut the Germans off from their base in the hope of continuing the battle in the morning , but under cover of darkness Scheer crossed the wake of the British fleet and returned to port .", "The First Battle of the Marne ( also known as the Miracle of the Marne ) was a World War I battle fought from September 5 to September 12 , 1914 . It was a Franco - British victory against the German army under German Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke the Younger .", "The battle of the Marne was a major turning point of World War I. By the end of August 1914 , the whole Allied army on the Western Front had been forced into a general retreat back towards Paris . Meanwhile the two main German armies continued through France . It seemed that Paris would be taken as both the French and the British fell back towards the Marne River .", "The Battle of Gallipoli ( sometimes referred to as the first D - Day ) took place on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli from April 1915 to January 1916 during the First World War . A joint British and French operation was mounted in order to eventually capture the Ottoman capital of Istanbul . The attempt failed , with heavy casualties on both sides .", "In Turkey the campaign is known as the Çanakkale Savaşları , after the province of Çanakkale . In the United Kingdom it is called the Dardanelles Campaign or Gallipoli , and in France , Australia , New Zealand and Newfoundland it is usually known as the `` Gallipoli Campaign '' .", "Read more ..." ]

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[ "Titanium , Ti General properties Pronunciation / tɪˈteɪniəm / or / taɪˈteɪniəm / tih - TAY - nee - əm or ty - TAY - nee - əm Appearance silvery grey - white metallic Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7001478670000000000 ♠ 47.867 ( 1 ) Titanium in the periodic table -- ↑ Ti ↓ Zr scandium ← titanium → vanadium Atomic number ( Z ) 22 Group , period group 4 , period 4 Block d - block Element category transition metal Electron configuration ( Ar ) 3d 4s Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 10 , 2 Physical properties Spectral lines ​ Phase ( at STP ) solid Melting point 1941 K ​ ( 1668 ° C , ​ 3034 ° F ) Boiling point 3560 K ​ ( 3287 ° C , ​ 5949 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 4.506 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 4.11 g / cm Heat of fusion 14.15 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 425 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 25.060 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1982 2171 ( 2403 ) 2692 3064 3558 Atomic properties Oxidation states 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , − 1 , − 2 ​ ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 1.54 Ionization energies 1st : 658.8 kJ / mol 2nd : 1309.8 kJ / mol 3rd : 2652.5 kJ / mol ( more ) Atomic radius empirical : 147 pm Covalent radius 160 ± 8 pm Miscellanea Crystal structure ​ hexagonal close - packed ( hcp ) Speed of sound thin rod 5090 m / s ( at r.t. ) Thermal expansion 8.6 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 21.9 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 420 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) Magnetic ordering paramagnetic Magnetic susceptibility + 153.0 10 cm / mol ( 293 K ) Young 's modulus 116 GPa Shear modulus 44 GPa Bulk modulus 110 GPa Poisson ratio 0.32 Mohs hardness 6.0 Vickers hardness 830 -- 3420 MPa Brinell hardness 716 -- 2770 MPa CAS Number 7440 - 32 - 6 History Discovery William Gregor ( 1791 ) First isolation Jöns Jakob Berzelius ( 1825 ) Named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1795 ) Main isotopes of titanium Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Ti syn 63 y ε Sc γ -- Ti 8.25 % stable Ti 7.44 % stable Ti 73.72 % stable Ti 5.41 % stable Ti 5.18 % stable view talk references in Wikidata", "General properties", "Pronunciation / tɪˈteɪniəm / or / taɪˈteɪniəm / tih - TAY - nee - əm or ty - TAY - nee - əm", "Appearance silvery grey - white metallic", "Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7001478670000000000 ♠ 47.867 ( 1 )", "Titanium in the periodic table", "-- ↑ Ti ↓ Zr scandium ← titanium → vanadium", "-- ↑ Ti ↓ Zr scandium ← titanium → vanadium", "-- ↑ Ti ↓ Zr scandium ← titanium → vanadium", "-- ↑ Ti ↓ Zr scandium ← titanium → vanadium", "-- ↑ Ti ↓ Zr", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "scandium ← titanium → vanadium", "Atomic number ( Z ) 22", "Group , period group 4 , period 4", "Block d - block", "Element category transition metal", "Electron configuration ( Ar ) 3d 4s", "Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 10 , 2", "Physical properties", "Spectral lines ​", "Phase ( at STP ) solid", "Melting point 1941 K ​ ( 1668 ° C , ​ 3034 ° F )", "Boiling point 3560 K ​ ( 3287 ° C , ​ 5949 ° F )", "Density ( near r.t. ) 4.506 g / cm", "when liquid ( at m.p. ) 4.11 g / cm", "Heat of fusion 14.15 kJ / mol", "Heat of vaporization 425 kJ / mol", "Molar heat capacity 25.060 J / ( mol K )", "Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1982 2171 ( 2403 ) 2692 3064 3558", "P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1982 2171 ( 2403 ) 2692 3064 3558", "P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k", "at T ( K ) 1982 2171 ( 2403 ) 2692 3064 3558", "Atomic properties", "Oxidation states 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , − 1 , − 2 ​ ( an amphoteric oxide )", "Electronegativity Pauling scale : 1.54", "Ionization energies 1st : 658.8 kJ / mol 2nd : 1309.8 kJ / mol 3rd : 2652.5 kJ / mol ( more )", "1st : 658.8 kJ / mol 2nd : 1309.8 kJ / mol 3rd : 2652.5 kJ / mol ( more )", "1st : 658.8 kJ / mol", "2nd : 1309.8 kJ / mol", "3rd : 2652.5 kJ / mol", "( more )", "Atomic radius empirical : 147 pm", "Covalent radius 160 ± 8 pm", "Miscellanea", "Crystal structure ​ hexagonal close - packed ( hcp )", "Speed of sound thin rod 5090 m / s ( at r.t. )", "Thermal expansion 8.6 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C )", "Thermal conductivity 21.9 W / ( m K )", "Electrical resistivity 420 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C )", "Magnetic ordering paramagnetic", "Magnetic susceptibility + 153.0 10 cm / mol ( 293 K )", "Young 's modulus 116 GPa", "Shear modulus 44 GPa", "Bulk modulus 110 GPa", "Poisson ratio 0.32", "Mohs hardness 6.0", "Vickers hardness 830 -- 3420 MPa", "Brinell hardness 716 -- 2770 MPa", "CAS Number 7440 - 32 - 6", "History", "Discovery William Gregor ( 1791 )", "First isolation Jöns Jakob Berzelius ( 1825 )", "Named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth ( 1795 )", "Main isotopes of titanium", "Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Ti syn 63 y ε Sc γ -- Ti 8.25 % stable Ti 7.44 % stable Ti 73.72 % stable Ti 5.41 % stable Ti 5.18 % stable", "Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Ti syn 63 y ε Sc γ -- Ti 8.25 % stable Ti 7.44 % stable Ti 73.72 % stable Ti 5.41 % stable Ti 5.18 % stable", "Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product", "Ti syn 63 y ε Sc", "γ --", "Ti 8.25 % stable", "Ti 7.44 % stable", "Ti 73.72 % stable", "Ti 5.41 % stable", "Ti 5.18 % stable", "view talk references in Wikidata", "view talk", "Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22 . It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color , low density , and high strength . Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water , aqua regia , and chlorine .", "Titanium was discovered in Cornwall , Great Britain , by William Gregor in 1791 , and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology . The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits , principally rutile and ilmenite , which are widely distributed in the Earth 's crust and lithosphere , and it is found in almost all living things , water bodies , rocks , and soils . The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes . The most common compound , titanium dioxide , is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments . Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl ) , a component of smoke screens and catalysts ; and titanium trichloride ( TiCl ) , which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene .", "Titanium can be alloyed with iron , aluminium , vanadium , and molybdenum , among other elements , to produce strong , lightweight alloys for aerospace ( jet engines , missiles , and spacecraft ) , military , industrial processes ( chemicals and petrochemicals , desalination plants , pulp , and paper ) , automotive , agri - food , medical prostheses , orthopedic implants , dental and endodontic instruments and files , dental implants , sporting goods , jewelry , mobile phones , and other applications .", "The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength - to - density ratio , the highest of any metallic element . In its unalloyed condition , titanium is as strong as some steels , but less dense . There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element , Ti through Ti , with Ti being the most abundant ( 73.8 % ) . Although they have the same number of valence electrons and are in the same group in the periodic table , titanium and zirconium differ in many chemical and physical properties .", "As a metal , titanium is recognized for its high strength - to - weight ratio . It is a strong metal with low density that is quite ductile ( especially in an oxygen - free environment ) , lustrous , and metallic - white in color . The relatively high melting point ( more than 1,650 ° C or 3,000 ° F ) makes it useful as a refractory metal . It is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity .", "Commercially pure ( 99.2 % pure ) grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa ( 63,000 psi ) , equal to that of common , low - grade steel alloys , but are less dense . Titanium is 60 % denser than aluminium , but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061 - T6 aluminium alloy . Certain titanium alloys ( e.g. , Beta C ) achieve tensile strengths of over 1400 MPa ( 200000 psi ) . However , titanium loses strength when heated above 430 ° C ( 806 ° F ) .", "Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat - treated steel ; it is non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity . Machining requires precautions , because the material can gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used . Like steel structures , those made from titanium have a fatigue limit that guarantees longevity in some applications .", "The metal is a dimorphic allotrope of an hexagonal α form that changes into a body - centered cubic ( lattice ) β form at 882 ° C ( 1,620 ° F ) . The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless of temperature .", "Like aluminium and magnesium , titanium metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to air . Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 ° C ( 2,190 ° F ) in air , and at 610 ° C ( 1,130 ° F ) in pure oxygen , forming titanium dioxide . It is , however , slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation . When it first forms , this protective layer is only 1 -- 2 nm thick but continues to grow slowly ; reaching a thickness of 25 nm in four years .", "Atmospheric passivation gives titanium excellent resistance to corrosion , almost equivalent to platinum . Titanium is capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids , chloride solutions , and most organic acids . However , titanium is corroded by concentrated acids . As indicated by its negative redox potential , titanium is thermodynamically a very reactive metal that burns in normal atmosphere at lower temperatures than the melting point . Melting is possible only in an inert atmosphere or in a vacuum . At 550 ° C ( 1,022 ° F ) , it combines with chlorine . It also reacts with the other halogens and absorbs hydrogen .", "Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas , reacting at 800 ° C ( 1,470 ° F ) to form titanium nitride , which causes embrittlement . Because of its high reactivity with oxygen , nitrogen , and some other gases , titanium filaments are applied in titanium sublimation pumps as scavengers for these gases . Such pumps inexpensively and reliably produce extremely low pressures in ultra-high vacuum systems .", "2011 production of rutile and ilmenite Country thousand tonnes % of total Australia 1300 19.4 South Africa 1160 17.3 Canada 700 10.4 India 574 8.6 Mozambique 516 7.7 China 500 7.5 Vietnam 490 7.3 Ukraine 357 5.3 World 6700 100", "Country thousand tonnes % of total", "Australia 1300 19.4", "South Africa 1160 17.3", "Canada 700 10.4", "India 574 8.6", "Mozambique 516 7.7", "China 500 7.5", "Vietnam 490 7.3", "Ukraine 357 5.3", "World 6700 100", "Titanium is the ninth-most abundant element in Earth 's crust ( 0.63 % by mass ) and the seventh-most abundant metal . It is present as oxides in most igneous rocks , in sediments derived from them , in living things , and natural bodies of water . Of the 801 types of igneous rocks analyzed by the United States Geological Survey , 784 contained titanium . Its proportion in soils is approximately 0.5 to 1.5 % .", "Common titanium - containing minerals are anatase , brookite , ilmenite , perovskite , rutile , and titanite ( sphene ) . Akaogiite is an extremely rare mineral consisting of titanium dioxide . Of these minerals , only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance , yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations . About 6.0 and 0.7 million tonnes of those minerals were mined in 2011 , respectively . Significant titanium - bearing ilmenite deposits exist in western Australia , Canada , China , India , Mozambique , New Zealand , Norway , Sierra Leone , South Africa and Ukraine . About 186,000 tonnes of titanium metal sponge were produced in 2011 , mostly in China ( 60,000 t ) , Japan ( 56,000 t ) , Russia ( 40,000 t ) , United States ( 32,000 t ) and Kazakhstan ( 20,700 t ) . Total reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 million tonnes .", "The concentration of titanium is about 4 picomolar in the ocean . At 100 ° C , the concentration of titanium in water is estimated to be less than 10 M at pH 7 . The identity of titanium species in aqueous solution remains unknown because of its low solubility and the lack of sensitive spectroscopic methods , although only the 4 + oxidation state is stable in air . No evidence exists for a biological role , although rare organisms are known to accumulate high concentrations of titanium .", "Titanium is contained in meteorites , and it has been detected in the Sun and in M - type stars ( the coolest type ) with a surface temperature of 3,200 ° C ( 5,790 ° F ) . Rocks brought back from the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1 % TiO . It is also found in coal ash , plants , and even the human body . Native titanium ( pure metallic ) is very rare .", "Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes : Ti , Ti , Ti , Ti , and Ti , with Ti being the most abundant ( 73.8 % natural abundance ) . Eleven radioisotopes have been characterized , the most stable being Ti with a half - life of 63 years ; Ti , 184.8 minutes ; Ti , 5.76 minutes ; and Ti , 1.7 minutes . All the other radioactive isotopes have half - lives less than 33 seconds and the majority , less than half a second .", "The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.99 u ( Ti ) to 57.966 u ( Ti ) . The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope , Ti , is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission . The primary decay products before Ti are element 21 ( scandium ) isotopes and the primary products after are element 23 ( vanadium ) isotopes .", "Titanium becomes radioactive upon bombardment with deuterons , emitting mainly positrons and hard gamma rays .", "The + 4 oxidation state dominates titanium chemistry , but compounds in the + 3 oxidation state are also common . Commonly , titanium adopts an octahedral coordination geometry in its complexes , but tetrahedral TiCl is a notable exception . Because of its high oxidation state , titanium ( IV ) compounds exhibit a high degree of covalent bonding . Unlike most other transition metals , simple aquo Ti ( IV ) complexes are unknown .", "The most important oxide is TiO , which exists in three important polymorphs ; anatase , brookite , and rutile . All of these are white diamagnetic solids , although mineral samples can appear dark ( see rutile ) . They adopt polymeric structures in which Ti is surrounded by six oxide ligands that link to other Ti centers .", "The term titanates usually refers to titanium ( IV ) compounds , as represented by barium titanate ( BaTiO ) . With a perovskite structure , this material exhibits piezoelectric properties and is used as a transducer in the interconversion of sound and electricity . Many minerals are titanates , e.g. ilmenite ( FeTiO ) . Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism ( star - forming shine ) from the presence of titanium dioxide impurities .", "A variety of reduced oxides of titanium are known . Ti O , described as a Ti ( IV ) - Ti ( III ) species , is a purple semiconductor produced by reduction of TiO with hydrogen at high temperatures , and is used industrially when surfaces need to be vapour - coated with titanium dioxide : it evaporates as pure TiO , whereas TiO evaporates as a mixture of oxides and deposits coatings with variable refractive index . Also known is Ti O , with the corundum structure , and TiO , with the rock salt structure , although often nonstoichiometric .", "The alkoxides of titanium ( IV ) , prepared by reacting TiCl with alcohols , are colourless compounds that convert to the dioxide on reaction with water . They are industrially useful for depositing solid TiO via the sol - gel process . Titanium isopropoxide is used in the synthesis of chiral organic compounds via the Sharpless epoxidation .", "Titanium forms a variety of sulfides , but only TiS has attracted significant interest . It adopts a layered structure and was used as a cathode in the development of lithium batteries . Because Ti ( IV ) is a `` hard cation '' , the sulfides of titanium are unstable and tend to hydrolyze to the oxide with release of hydrogen sulfide .", "Titanium nitride ( TiN ) has a hardness equivalent to sapphire and carborundum ( 9.0 on the Mohs Scale ) , and is often used to coat cutting tools , such as drill bits . It is also used as a gold - colored decorative finish and as a barrier metal in semiconductor fabrication . Titanium carbide , which is also very hard , is found in cutting tools and coatings .", "Titanium tetrachloride ( titanium ( IV ) chloride , TiCl ) is a colorless volatile liquid ( commercial samples are yellowish ) that , in air , hydrolyzes with spectacular emission of white clouds . Via the Kroll process , TiCl is produced in the conversion of titanium ores to titanium dioxide , e.g. , for use in white paint . It is widely used in organic chemistry as a Lewis acid , for example in the Mukaiyama aldol condensation . In the van Arkel process , titanium tetraiodide ( TiI ) is generated in the production of high purity titanium metal .", "Titanium ( III ) and titanium ( II ) also form stable chlorides . A notable example is titanium ( III ) chloride ( TiCl ) , which is used as a catalyst for production of polyolefins ( see Ziegler - Natta catalyst ) and a reducing agent in organic chemistry .", "Owing to the important role of titanium compounds as polymerization catalyst , compounds with Ti - C bonds have been intensively studied . The most common organotitanium complex is titanocene dichloride ( ( C H ) TiCl ) . Related compounds include Tebbe 's reagent and Petasis reagent . Titanium forms carbonyl complexes , e.g. ( C H ) Ti ( CO ) .", "Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the clergyman and amateur geologist , William Gregor , as an inclusion of a mineral in Cornwall , Great Britain . Gregor recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite when he found black sand by a stream and noticed the sand was attracted by a magnet . Analyzing the sand , he determined the presence of two metal oxides : iron oxide ( explaining the attraction to the magnet ) and 45.25 % of a white metallic oxide he could not identify . Realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match any known element , Gregor reported his findings to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall and in the German science journal Crell 's Annalen .", "Around the same time , Franz - Joseph Müller von Reichenstein produced a similar substance , but could not identify it . The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by Prussian chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in rutile from Boinik ( German name of Bajmócska ) village of Hungary ( now Bojničky in Slovakia ) . Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it for the Titans of Greek mythology . After hearing about Gregor 's earlier discovery , he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed it contained titanium .", "The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly ; it is not possible to reduce the ore by heating with carbon ( as in iron smelting ) because titanium combines with the carbon to produce titanium carbide . Pure metallic titanium ( 99.9 % ) was first prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by heating TiCl with sodium at 700 -- 800 ° C under great pressure in a batch process known as the Hunter process . Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll proved that it can be produced by reducing titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl ) with calcium . Eight years later he refined this process with magnesium and even sodium in what became known as the Kroll process . Although research continues into more efficient and cheaper processes ( e.g. , FFC Cambridge , Armstrong ) , the Kroll process is still used for commercial production .", "Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered the iodide , or crystal bar , process in 1925 , by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors over a hot filament to pure metal .", "In the 1950s and 1960s , the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications ( Alfa class and Mike class ) as part of programs related to the Cold War . Starting in the early 1950s , titanium came into use extensively in military aviation , particularly in high - performance jets , starting with aircraft such as the F100 Super Sabre and Lockheed A-12 and SR - 71 .", "Recognizing the strategic importance of titanium , the U.S. Department of Defense supported early efforts of commercialization .", "Throughout the period of the Cold War , titanium was considered a strategic material by the U.S. government , and a large stockpile of titanium sponge was maintained by the Defense National Stockpile Center , which was finally depleted in the 2000s . According to 2006 data , the world 's largest producer , Russian - based VSMPO - Avisma , was estimated to account for about 29 % of the world market share . As of 2015 , titanium sponge metal was produced in six countries : China , Japan , Russia , Kazakhstan , the USA , Ukraine , and India . ( in order of output ) .", "In 2006 , the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) awarded $5.7 million to a two - company consortium to develop a new process for making titanium metal powder . Under heat and pressure , the powder can be used to create strong , lightweight items ranging from armor plating to components for the aerospace , transport , and chemical processing industries .", "The processing of titanium metal occurs in four major steps : reduction of titanium ore into `` sponge '' , a porous form ; melting of sponge , or sponge plus a master alloy to form an ingot ; primary fabrication , where an ingot is converted into general mill products such as billet , bar , plate , sheet , strip , and tube ; and secondary fabrication of finished shapes from mill products .", "Because it can not be readily produced by reduction of its dioxide , titanium metal is obtained by reduction of TiCl with magnesium metal in the Kroll process . The complexity of this batch production in the Kroll process explains the relatively high market value of titanium , despite the Kroll process being less expensive than the Hunter process . To produce the TiCl required by the Kroll process , the dioxide is subjected to carbothermic reduction in the presence of chlorine . In this process , the chlorine gas is passed over a red - hot mixture of rutile or ilmenite in the presence of carbon . After extensive purification by fractional distillation , the TiCl is reduced with 800 ° C molten magnesium in an argon atmosphere . Titanium metal can be further purified by the van Arkel -- de Boer process , which involves thermal decomposition of titanium tetraiodide .", "A more recently developed batch production method , the FFC Cambridge process , consumes titanium dioxide powder ( a refined form of rutile ) as feedstock and produces titanium metal , either powder or sponge . The process involves fewer steps than the Kroll process and takes less time . If mixed oxide powders are used , the product is an alloy .", "Common titanium alloys are made by reduction . For example , cuprotitanium ( rutile with copper added is reduced ) , ferrocarbon titanium ( ilmenite reduced with coke in an electric furnace ) , and manganotitanium ( rutile with manganese or manganese oxides ) are reduced .", "2 FeTiO + 7 Cl + 6 C → 2 TiCl + 2 FeCl + 6 CO ( 900 ° C ) TiCl + 2 Mg → 2 MgCl + Ti ( 1100 ° C )", "2 FeTiO + 7 Cl + 6 C → 2 TiCl + 2 FeCl + 6 CO ( 900 ° C )", "TiCl + 2 Mg → 2 MgCl + Ti ( 1100 ° C )", "About fifty grades of titanium and titanium alloys are designed and currently used , although only a couple of dozen are readily available commercially . The ASTM International recognizes 31 grades of titanium metal and alloys , of which Grades 1 through 4 are commercially pure ( unalloyed ) . Those four vary in tensile strength as a function of oxygen content , with Grade 1 being the most ductile ( lowest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.18 % ) , and Grade 4 the least ductile ( highest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.40 % ) . The remaining grades are alloys , each designed for specific properties of ductility , strength , hardness , electrical resistivity , creep resistance , specific corrosion resistance , and combinations thereof .", "In addition to the ASTM specifications , titanium alloys are also produced to meet Aerospace and Military specifications ( SAE - AMS , MIL - T ) , ISO standards , and country - specific specifications , as well as proprietary end - user specifications for aerospace , military , medical , and industrial applications .", "Titanium powder is manufactured using a flow production process known as the Armstrong process that is similar to the batch production Hunter process . A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium metal ; the products ( sodium chloride salt and titanium particles ) is filtered from the extra sodium . Titanium is then separated from the salt by water washing . Both sodium and chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride .", "All welding of titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere of argon or helium to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases ( oxygen , nitrogen , and hydrogen ) . Contamination causes a variety of conditions , such as embrittlement , which reduces the integrity of the assembly welds and leads to joint failure .", "Commercially pure flat product ( sheet , plate ) can be formed readily , but processing must take into account the fact that the metal has a `` memory '' and tends to spring back . This is especially true of certain high - strength alloys . Titanium can not be soldered without first pre-plating it in a metal that is solderable . The metal can be machined with the same equipment and the same processes as stainless steel .", "Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element ( ferro - titanium ) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer , and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content . Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium ( to refine grain size ) , vanadium , copper ( to harden ) , iron , manganese , molybdenum , and other metals . Titanium mill products ( sheet , plate , bar , wire , forgings , castings ) find application in industrial , aerospace , recreational , and emerging markets . Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright - burning particles .", "About 95 % of all titanium ore is destined for refinement into titanium dioxide ( Ti O 2 ) , an intensely white permanent pigment used in paints , paper , toothpaste , and plastics . It is also used in cement , in gemstones , as an optical opacifier in paper , and a strengthening agent in graphite composite fishing rods and golf clubs .", "TiO 2 powder is chemically inert , resists fading in sunlight , and is very opaque : it imparts a pure and brilliant white color to the brown or gray chemicals that form the majority of household plastics . In nature , this compound is found in the minerals anatase , brookite , and rutile . Paint made with titanium dioxide does well in severe temperatures and marine environments . Pure titanium dioxide has a very high index of refraction and an optical dispersion higher than diamond . In addition to being a very important pigment , titanium dioxide is also used in sunscreens .", "Because titanium alloys have high tensile strength to density ratio , high corrosion resistance , fatigue resistance , high crack resistance , and ability to withstand moderately high temperatures without creeping , they are used in aircraft , armor plating , naval ships , spacecraft , and missiles . For these applications , titanium is alloyed with aluminium , zirconium , nickel , vanadium , and other elements to manufacture a variety of components including critical structural parts , fire walls , landing gear , exhaust ducts ( helicopters ) , and hydraulic systems . In fact , about two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames . The SR - 71 `` Blackbird '' was one of the first aircraft frames where titanium was used , paving the way for much wider use in modern military and commercial aircraft . An estimated 59 metric tons ( 130,000 pounds ) are used in the Boeing 777 , 45 in the Boeing 747 , 18 in the Boeing 737 , 32 in the Airbus A340 , 18 in the Airbus A330 , and 12 in the Airbus A320 . The Airbus A380 may use 77 metric tons , including about 11 tons in the engines . In engine applications , titanium is used for rotors , compressor blades , hydraulic system components , and nacelles . The titanium 6AL - 4V alloy accounts for almost 50 % of all alloys used in aircraft applications .", "Because titanium is resistant to corrosion by sea water , it is used to make propeller shafts , rigging , and heat exchangers in desalination plants ; heater - chillers for salt water aquariums , fishing line and leader , and divers ' knives . Titanium is used in the housings and components of ocean - deployed surveillance and monitoring devices for science and the military . The former Soviet Union developed techniques for making submarines with hulls of titanium alloys forging titanium in huge vacuum tubes .", "Titanium is used in the walls of the Juno spacecraft 's vault to shield on - board electronics .", "Welded titanium pipe and process equipment ( heat exchangers , tanks , process vessels , valves ) are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance . Specific alloys are used in Oil & Gas downhole applications and nickel hydrometallurgy for their high strength ( e.g. : titanium Beta C alloy ) , corrosion resistance , or both . The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in process equipment exposed to corrosive media , such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas ( in the bleachery ) . Other applications include ultrasonic welding , wave soldering , and sputtering targets .", "Titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl ) , a colorless liquid , is important as an intermediate in the process of making TiO and is also used to produce the Ziegler -- Natta catalyst . Titanium tetrachloride is also used to iridize glass and , because it fumes strongly in moist air , it is used to make smoke screens .", "Titanium metal is used in automotive applications , particularly in automobile and motorcycle racing where low weight and high strength and rigidity are critical . The metal is generally too expensive for the general consumer market , though some late model Corvettes have been manufactured with titanium exhausts , and a Corvette Z06 's LT4 supercharged engine uses lightweight , solid titanium intake valves for greater strength and resistance to heat .", "Titanium is used in many sporting goods : tennis rackets , golf clubs , lacrosse stick shafts ; cricket , hockey , lacrosse , football helmet grills , and bicycle frames and components . Although not a mainstream material for bicycle production , titanium bikes have been used by racing teams and adventure cyclists .", "Titanium alloys are used in spectacle frames that are rather expensive but highly durable , long lasting , light weight , and cause no skin allergies . Many backpackers use titanium equipment , including cookware , eating utensils , lanterns , and tent stakes . Though slightly more expensive than traditional steel or aluminium alternatives , titanium products can be significantly lighter without compromising strength . Titanium horseshoes are preferred to steel by farriers because it is lighter and more durable .", "Titanium has occasionally been used in architecture . The 42.5 - m ( 139 foot ) Monument to Yuri Gagarin , the first man to travel in space ( 55 ° 42 ′ 29.7 '' N 37 ° 34 ′ 57.2 '' E  /  55.708250 ° N 37.582556 ° E  / 55.708250 ; 37.582556 ) , as well as the 110 - m ( 360.9 feet ) Monument to the Conquerors of Space on top of the Cosmonaut Museum in Moscow are made of titanium for the metal 's attractive color and association with rocketry . The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Cerritos Millennium Library were the first buildings in Europe and North America , respectively , to be sheathed in titanium panels . Titanium sheathing was used in the Frederic C. Hamilton Building in Denver , Colorado .", "Because of titanium 's superior strength and light weight relative to other metals ( steel , stainless steel , and aluminium ) , and because of recent advances in metalworking techniques , its use has become more widespread in the manufacture of firearms . Primary uses include pistol frames and revolver cylinders . For the same reasons , it is used in the body of laptop computers ( for example , in Apple 's PowerBook line ) .", "Some upmarket lightweight and corrosion - resistant tools , such as shovels and flashlights , are made of titanium or titanium alloys .", "Because of its durability , titanium has become more popular for designer jewelry ( particularly , titanium rings ) . Its inertness makes it a good choice for those with allergies or those who will be wearing the jewelry in environments such as swimming pools . Titanium is also alloyed with gold to produce an alloy that can be marketed as 24 - carat gold because the 1 % of alloyed Ti is insufficient to require a lesser mark . The resulting alloy is roughly the hardness of 14 - carat gold and is more durable than pure 24 - carat gold .", "Titanium 's durability , light weight , dent and corrosion resistance makes it useful for watch cases . Some artists work with titanium to produce sculptures , decorative objects and furniture .", "Titanium may be anodized to vary the thickness of the surface oxide layer , causing optical interference fringes and a variety of bright colors . With this coloration and chemical inertness , titanium is a popular metal for body piercing .", "Titanium has a minor use in dedicated non-circulating coins and medals . In 1999 , Gibraltar released world 's first titanium coin for the millennium celebration . The Gold Coast Titans , an Australian rugby league team , award a medal of pure titanium to their player of the year .", "Because titanium is biocompatible ( non-toxic and not rejected by the body ) , it has many medical uses , including surgical implements and implants , such as hip balls and sockets ( joint replacement ) and dental implants that can stay in place for up to 20 years . The titanium is often alloyed with about 4 % aluminium or 6 % Al and 4 % vanadium .", "Titanium has the inherent ability to osseointegrate , enabling use in dental implants that can last for over 30 years . This property is also useful for orthopedic implant applications . These benefit from titanium 's lower modulus of elasticity ( Young 's modulus ) to more closely match that of the bone that such devices are intended to repair . As a result , skeletal loads are more evenly shared between bone and implant , leading to a lower incidence of bone degradation due to stress shielding and periprosthetic bone fractures , which occur at the boundaries of orthopedic implants . However , titanium alloys ' stiffness is still more than twice that of bone , so adjacent bone bears a greatly reduced load and may deteriorate .", "Because titanium is non-ferromagnetic , patients with titanium implants can be safely examined with magnetic resonance imaging ( convenient for long - term implants ) . Preparing titanium for implantation in the body involves subjecting it to a high - temperature plasma arc which removes the surface atoms , exposing fresh titanium that is instantly oxidized .", "Titanium is used for the surgical instruments used in image - guided surgery , as well as wheelchairs , crutches , and any other products where high strength and low weight are desirable .", "Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are widely used in electronics and the delivery of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics .", "Because of it is corrosion resistance , containers made of titanium have been studied for the long - term storage of nuclear waste . Containers lasting more than 100,000 years are thought possible with manufacturing conditions that minimize material defects . A titanium `` drip shield '' could also be installed over containers of other types to enhance their longevity .", "The fungal species Marasmius oreades and Hypholoma capnoides can bio convert titanium in titanium polluted soils .", "Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not play any natural role inside the human body . An estimated quantity of 0.8 milligrams of titanium is ingested by humans each day , but most passes through without being absorbed in the tissues . It does , however , sometimes bio-accumulate in tissues that contain silica . One study indicates a possible connection between titanium and yellow nail syndrome . An unknown mechanism in plants may use titanium to stimulate the production of carbohydrates and encourage growth . This may explain why most plants contain about 1 part per million ( ppm ) of titanium , food plants have about 2 ppm , and horsetail and nettle contain up to 80 ppm .", "As a powder or in the form of metal shavings , titanium metal poses a significant fire hazard and , when heated in air , an explosion hazard . Water and carbon dioxide are ineffective for extinguishing a titanium fire ; Class D dry powder agents must be used instead .", "When used in the production or handling of chlorine , titanium should not be exposed to dry chlorine gas because it may result in a titanium / chlorine fire . Even wet chlorine presents a fire hazard when extreme weather conditions cause unexpected drying .", "Titanium can catch fire when a fresh , non-oxidized surface comes in contact with liquid oxygen . Fresh metal may be exposed when the oxidized surface is struck or scratched with a hard object , or when mechanical strain causes a crack . This poses a limitation to its use in liquid oxygen systems , such as those in the aerospace industry . Because titanium tubing impurities can cause fires when exposed to oxygen , titanium is prohibited in gaseous oxygen respiration systems . Steel tubing is used for high pressure systems ( 3,000 p.s.i. ) and aluminium tubing for low pressure systems ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The culture of Europe is rooted in the art , architecture , music , literature , and philosophy that originated from the European cultural region . European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its `` common cultural heritage '' .", "Because of the great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject , it is impossible to form a single , all - embracing conception of European culture . Nonetheless , there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe . One list of these elements given by K. Bochmann includes :", "A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from Greco - Roman antiquity , Christianity , the Renaissance and its Humanism , the political thinking of the Enlightenment , and the French Revolution , and the developments of Modernity , including all types of socialism ; A rich and dynamic material culture that has been extended to the other continents as the result of industrialization and colonialism during the `` Great Divergence '' ; A specific conception of the individual expressed by the existence of , and respect for , a legality that guarantees human rights and the liberty of the individual ; A plurality of states with different political orders , which are feeding each other with new ideas ; Respect for peoples , states and nations outside Europe .", "A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from Greco - Roman antiquity , Christianity , the Renaissance and its Humanism , the political thinking of the Enlightenment , and the French Revolution , and the developments of Modernity , including all types of socialism ;", "A rich and dynamic material culture that has been extended to the other continents as the result of industrialization and colonialism during the `` Great Divergence '' ;", "A specific conception of the individual expressed by the existence of , and respect for , a legality that guarantees human rights and the liberty of the individual ;", "A plurality of states with different political orders , which are feeding each other with new ideas ;", "Respect for peoples , states and nations outside Europe .", "Berting says that these points fit with `` Europe 's most positive realisations '' . The concept of European culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world . In this definition , Western culture is the set of literary , scientific , political , artistic and philosophical principles which set it apart from other civilizations . Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon . The term has come to apply to countries whose history has been strongly marked by European immigration or settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries , such as the Americas , and Australasia , and is not restricted to Europe ...", "The Nobel Prize laureate in Literature Thomas Stearns Eliot in his 1948 book Notes Towards the Definition of Culture , credited the prominent Christian influence upon the European culture : `` It is in Christianity that our arts have developed ; it is in Christianity that the laws of Europe have -- until recently -- been rooted . ''", "Much surviving prehistoric art is small portable sculptures . It includes the oldest known representation of the human body , the Venus of Hohle Fel , dating from 35,000 - 40,000 BC , found in Schelklingen , Germany . It is part of a small group of female Venus figurines found in Central Europe . The Löwenmensch figurine , from about 30,000 BC , is the oldest undisputed piece of figurative art . The Swimming Reindeer of about 11,000 BCE is among the finest Magdalenian carvings in bone or antler of animals in the art of the Upper Paleolithic . With the beginning of the Mesolithic in Europe figurative sculpture greatly reduced , and remained a less common element in art than relief decoration of practical objects until the Roman period , despite some works such as the Gundestrup cauldron from the European Iron Age and the Bronze Age Trundholm sun chariot .", "The oldest European cave art dates back 40,800 , and can be found in the El Castillo Cave in Spain , but cave art exists across the continent . Rock painting was also performed on cliff faces , but fewer of those have survived because of erosion . One well - known example is the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi in the Saimaa area of Finland .", "The Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin represents a very different style , with the human figure the main focus , often seen in large groups , with battles , dancing and hunting all represented , as well as other activities and details such as clothing . The figures are generally rather sketchily depicted in thin paint , with the relationships between the groups of humans and animals more carefully depicted than individual figures . The Iberian examples are believed to date from a long period perhaps covering the Upper Paleolithic , Mesolithic and early Neolithic .", "Prehistoric Celtic art comes from much of Iron Age Europe and survives mainly in the form of high - status metalwork skillfully decorated with complex , elegant and mostly abstract designs , often using curving and spiral forms . There are human heads and some fully represented animals , but full - length human figures at any size are so rare that their absence may represent a religious taboo . As the Romans conquered Celtic territories , it almost entirely vanishes , but the style continued in limited use in the British Isles , and with the coming of Christianity revived there in the Insular style of the Early Middle Ages .", "Minoan art encompassed many media . Pottery was characterized by thin walled vessels , subtle , symmetrical shapes , elegant spouts , and decorations , and dynamic lines . Dark and light values were often contrasted in Minoan pottery . Early designs were spontaneous and fluid , with later ones becoming more stylized , and less naturalistic . The best known example of Minoan sculpture is the Snake Goddess figurine . The sculpture depicts a goddess or a high priestess holding a snake in both hands , dressed in traditional Minoan attire , cloth covering the whole body and leaving the breasts exposed . Exquisite metal work was also a characteristic of the Minoan art . Minoan metal masters worked with imported gold and copper and mastered techniques of wax casting , embossing , gilding , nielo , and granulation . Minoan painting was unique in that it used wet fresco techniques ; it was characterized by small waists , fluidity , and vitality of the figures and was seasoned with elasticity , spontaneity , vitality , and high - contrasting colours .", "Ancient Greek art stands out among that of other ancient cultures for its development of naturalistic but idealized depictions of the human body , in which largely nude male figures were generally the focus of innovation . The rate of stylistic development between about 750 and 300 BC was remarkable by ancient standards , and in surviving works is best seen in sculpture . There were important innovations in painting , which have to be essentially reconstructed due to the lack of original survivals of quality , other than the distinct field of painted pottery . Greek architecture , technically very simple , established a harmonious style with numerous detailed conventions that were largely adopted by Roman architecture and are still followed in some modern buildings . It used a vocabulary of ornament that was shared with pottery , metalwork and other media , and had an enormous influence on Eurasian art , especially after Buddhism carried it beyond the expanded Greek world created by Alexander the Great . The social context of Greek art included radical political developments and a great increase in prosperity ; the equally impressive Greek achievements in philosophy , literature and other fields are well known .", "Roman art was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting and sculpture , but was also strongly influenced by the more local Etruscan art of Italy . Sculpture was perhaps considered as the highest form of art by Romans , but figure painting was also very highly regarded . Roman sculpture is primarily portraiture derived from the upper classes of society as well as depictions of the gods . However , Roman painting does have important unique characteristics . Among surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings , many from villas in Campania , in Southern Italy , especially at Pompeii and Herculaneum . Such painting can be grouped into four main `` styles '' or periods and may contain the first examples of trompe - l'oeil , pseudo-perspective , and pure landscape .", "Almost the only painted portraits surviving from the Ancient world are a large number of coffin - portraits of bust form found in the Late Antique cemetery of Al - Fayum . They give an idea of the quality that the finest ancient work must have had . A very small number of miniatures from Late Antique illustrated books also survive , and a rather larger number of copies of them from the Early Medieval period . Early Christian art grew out of Roman popular , and later Imperial , art and adapted its iconography from these sources .", "Byzantine art developed out of the art of the Roman Empire , which was itself profoundly influenced by ancient Greek art . Byzantine art never lost sight of this classical heritage . The Byzantine capital , Constantinople , was adorned with a large number of classical sculptures , although they eventually became an object of some puzzlement for its inhabitants . And indeed , the art produced during the Byzantine Empire , although marked by periodic revivals of a classical aesthetic , was above all marked by the development of a new , abstract , aesthetic , marked by anti-naturalism and a favour for symbolism .", "The subject matter of monumental Byzantine art was primarily religious and imperial : the two themes are often combined , as in the portraits of later Byzantine emperors that decorated the interior of the sixth - century church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople . However , the Byzantines inherited the Early Christian distrust of monumental sculpture in religious art , and produced only reliefs , of which very few survivals are anything like life - size , in sharp contrast to the medieval art of the West , where monumental sculpture revived from Carolingian art onwards . Small ivories were also mostly in relief . The so - called `` minor arts '' were very important in Byzantine art and luxury items , including ivories carved in relief as formal presentation Consular diptychs or caskets such as the Veroli casket , hardstone carvings , enamels , glass , jewelry , metalwork , and figured silks were produced in large quantities throughout the Byzantine era .", "Migration Period art includes the art of the Germanic tribes on the continent , as well the start of the Insular art or Hiberno - Saxon art of the Anglo - Saxon and Celtic fusion in the British Isles . It covers many different styles of art including the polychrome style and the animal style . After Christianization , Migration Period art developed into various schools of Early Medieval art in Western Europe which are normally classified by region , such as Anglo - Saxon art and Carolingian art , before the continent - wide styles of Romanesque art and finally Gothic art developed .", "During the 2nd century the Goths of southern Russia discovered a newfound taste for gold figurines and objects inlaid with precious stones . This polychrome style was borrowed from Scythians and the Sarmatians , had some Greco - Roman influences , and was also popular with the Huns . Perhaps the most famous examples are found in the fourth - century Pietroasele treasure ( Romania ) , which includes a great gold eagle brooch . The Animal Style first appeared in northwest Europe with the introduction of the chip carving technique applied to bronze and silver in the 5th century . It is characterized by animals whose bodies are divided into sections , and typically appear at the fringes of designs whose main emphasis is on abstract patterns . This was eventually supplanted by depictions of whole beasts , their bodies elongated into `` ribbons '' which intertwined into symmetrical shapes with no pretense of naturalism , rarely with legs , tending to be described as serpents - though heads often have characteristics of other animals .", "Insular art is the style of art produced in the post-Roman history of Ireland and Britain . The term derives from insula , the Latin term for `` island '' ; in this period Britain and Ireland shared a largely common style different from that of the rest of Europe . Surviving examples of Insular art are mainly illuminated manuscripts , metalwork and carvings in stone , especially stone crosses . Surfaces are highly decorated with intricate patterning , with no attempt to give an impression of depth , volume or recession . The best examples include the Book of Kells , Lindisfarne Gospels , Book of Durrow , brooches such as the Tara Brooch and the Ruthwell Cross . Carpet pages are a characteristic feature of Insular manuscripts , although historiated initials ( an Insular invention ) , canon tables and figurative miniatures , especially Evangelist portraits , are also common .", "Romanesque art is the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century , or later , depending on region . The term was invented by 19th - century art historians , especially for Romanesque architecture , which retained many basic features of Roman architectural style . The Romanesque style was the first style to spread across the whole of Catholic Europe , from Sicily to Scandinavia . Romanesque art was greatly influenced by Byzantine art , especially in painting , and by Insular art . From these elements was forged a highly innovative and coherent style . Art of the period was characterised by a very vigorous style in both sculpture and painting . The latter continued to follow essentially Byzantine iconographic models for the most common subjects in churches , which remained Christ in Majesty , the Last Judgement and scenes from the Life of Christ . In illuminated manuscripts , for which the most lavishly decorated manuscripts of the period were mostly bibles or psalters , more originality is seen , as new scenes needed to be depicted . The same applied to the capitals of columns , never more exciting than in this period , when they were often carved with complete scenes with several figures . The large wooden crucifix was a German innovation at the very start of the period , as were free - standing statues of the enthroned Madonna , but the high relief was above all the sculptural mode of the period .", "Colours tended to be very striking , and mostly primary . Stained glass became widely used , although survivals are sadly few . Compositions usually had little depth , and needed to be flexible to be squeezed into the shapes of historiated initials , column capitals , and church tympanums ; the tension between a tightly enclosing frame , from which the composition sometimes escapes , is a recurrent theme in Romanesque art . Figures often varied in size in relation to their importance , and landscape backgrounds , if attempted at all , were closer to abstract decorations than realism . Portraiture hardly existed .", "Gothic art developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD , led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture . It spread to all of Western Europe , and much of Southern and Central Europe , never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy . In the late 14th century , the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed , which continued to evolve until the late 15th century . In many areas , especially Germany , Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century , before being subsumed into Renaissance art . Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture , panel painting , stained glass , fresco and illuminated manuscripts . The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic , and Gothic to Renaissance styles , are typically used to define the periods in art in all media , although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace .", "The earliest Gothic art was monumental sculpture , on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys . Christian art was often typological in nature ( see Medieval allegory ) , showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side . Saints ' lives were often depicted . Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother , cuddling her infant , swaying from her hip , and showing the refined manners of a well - born aristocratic courtly lady .", "Secular art came into its own during this period with the rise of cities , foundation of universities , increase in trade , the establishment of a money - based economy and the creation of a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts . Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art . With the growth of cities , trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters ' guild -- as a result , because of better record keeping , more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous ; some artists were even so bold as to sign their names .", "Renaissance art emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400 , in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy , literature , music and science . It took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity , but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge . Renaissance artists painted a wide variety of themes . Religious altarpieces , fresco cycles , and small works for private devotion were very popular . For inspiration , painters in both Italy and northern Europe frequently turned to Jacobus de Voragine 's Golden Legend ( 1260 ) , a highly influential source book for the lives of saints that had already had a strong influence on Medieval artists . The rebirth of classical antiquity and Renaissance humanism also resulted in many Mythological and history paintings . Ovidian stories , for example , were very popular . Decorative ornament , often used in painted architectural elements , was especially influenced by classical Roman motifs .", "Techniques characteristic of Renaissance art include the use of proportion and linear perspective ; foreshortening , to create an illusion of depth ; sfumato , a technique of softening of sharp outlines by subtle blending of tones to give the illusion of depth or three - dimensionality ; and chiaroscuro , the effect of using a strong contrast between light and dark to give the illusion of depth or three - dimensionality .", "Renaissance Classicism spawned two different movements -- Mannerism and the Baroque . Mannerism , a reaction against the idealist perfection of Classicism , employed distortion of light and spatial frameworks in order to emphasize the emotional content of a painting and the emotions of the painter . Northern Mannerism took longer to develop , and was largely a movement of the last half of the 16th century . Where High Renaissance art emphasizes proportion , balance , and ideal beauty , Mannerism exaggerates such qualities , often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant . The style is notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its artificial ( as opposed to naturalistic ) qualities . It favors compositional tension and instability rather than the balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance painting .", "In contrast , Baroque art took the representationalism of the Renaissance to new heights , emphasizing detail , movement , lighting , and drama in their search for beauty . Perhaps the best known Baroque painters are Caravaggio , Rembrandt , Peter Paul Rubens , and Diego Velázquez . Baroque art is often seen as part of the Counter-Reformation -- the artistic element of the revival of spiritual life in the Roman Catholic Church . Religious and political themes are widely explored within the Baroque artistic context , and both paintings and sculptures are characterised by a strong element of drama , emotion and theatricality . Baroque art was particularly ornate and elaborate in nature , often using rich , warm colours with dark undertones . Baroque art can be seen as a more elaborate and dramatic re-adaptation of late Renaissance art . Dutch Golden Age painting is a distinct subset of Baroque , leading to the development of secular genres such as still life , genre paintings of everyday scenes , and landscape painting .", "By the 18th century , Baroque art was falling out of fashion as many deemed it too melodramatic and also gloomy , and it developed into the Rococo , which emerged in France . Rococo art was even more elaborate than the Baroque , but it was less serious and more playful . The artistic movement no longer placed an emphasis on politics and religion , focusing instead on lighter themes such as romance , celebration , and appreciation of nature . Furthermore , it sought inspiration from the artistic forms and ornamentation of Far Eastern Asia , resulting in the rise in favour of porcelain figurines and chinoiserie in general . Rococo soon fell out of favor , being seen by many as a gaudy and superficial movement emphasizing aesthetics over meaning . Neoclassicism in many ways developed as a counter movement of the Rococo , the impetus being a sense of disgust directed towards the latter 's florid qualities .", "Neoclassicism began in the 18th century as counter movement opposing the Rococo . It desired for a return to the simplicity , order and ' purism ' of classical antiquity , especially ancient Greece and Rome . Neoclassicism was the artistic component of the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment . Neoclassicism had become widespread in Europe throughout the 18th century , especially in the United Kingdom , which saw great works of Neoclassical architecture spring up during this period . In many ways , Neoclassicism can be seen as a political movement as well as an artistic and cultural one . Neoclassical art places an emphasis on order , symmetry and classical simplicity ; common themes in Neoclassical art include courage and war , as were commonly explored in ancient Greek and Roman art . Ingres , Canova , and Jacques - Louis David are among the best - known neoclassicists .", "Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism , Romanticism rejected the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists , specifically the highly objective and ordered nature of Neoclassicism , and opted for a more individual and emotional approach to the arts . Emphasis was placed on nature , especially when aiming to portray the power and beauty of the natural world , and emotions . Romantic art often used colours in order to express feelings and emotion . Similarly to Neoclassicism , Romantic art took much of its inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman art and mythology , yet , unlike Neoclassical , this inspiration was primarily used as a way to create symbolism and imagery . Romantic art also takes much of its aesthetic qualities from medievalism and Gothicism , as well as mythology and folklore . Among the greatest Romantic artists were Eugène Delacroix , Francisco Goya , J.M.W. Turner , John Constable , Caspar David Friedrich , Thomas Cole , and William Blake .", "In response to these changes caused by Industrialisation , the movement of Realism emerged . Realism sought to accurately portray the conditions and hardships of the poor in the hopes of changing society . In contrast with Romanticism , which was essentially optimistic about mankind , Realism offered a stark vision of poverty and despair . Similarly , while Romanticism glorified nature , Realism portrayed life in the depths of an urban wasteland . Like Romanticism , Realism was a literary as well as an artistic movement . Other contemporary movements were more Historicist in nature , such as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood , who attempted to return art to its state of `` purity '' prior to Raphael , and the Arts and Crafts Movement , which reacted against the impersonality of mass - produced goods and advocated a return to medieval craftsmanship .", "Classical music : Important classical composers from Europe include Hildegard von Bingen , J.S. Bach , Handel , Beethoven , Brahms , Schumann , Wagner ,", "Classical music : Important classical composers from Europe include Hildegard von Bingen , J.S. Bach , Handel , Beethoven , Brahms , Schumann , Wagner ,", "Richard Strauss , von Weber , Offenbach , Stockhausen , Mendelssohn ( Germany ) , Glinka , Rimsky - Korsakov , Borodin , Tchaikovsky , Mussorgsky , Rachmaninov , Scriabin , Prokofiev , Stravinsky , Shostakovich , ( Russia ) , Schubert , Haydn , Mozart , Bruckner , Mahler , Schoenberg , Strauss ( Austria ) , Berlioz , Machaut , Pérotin , Couperin , Lully , Rameau , Saint - Saëns , Bizet , Debussy , Ravel ( France ) , Palestrina , Monteverdi , Vivaldi , Giovanni Battista Pergolesi , Donizetti , Cavalli , Paganini , Bellini , Verdi , Puccini , Rossini ( Italy ) , Tomás Luis de Victoria , Falla , Granados , Albéniz , Rodrigo ( Spain ) , Smetana , Dvořák , Janáček , Martinů ( Czechia ) , Dufay , des Prez , Lassus ( Belgium ) , Sweelinck , Unico Wilhelm van Wassenaer , Willem Pijper , Louis Andriessen , Tristan Keuris ( the Netherlands ) , Grieg ( Norway ) , Liszt , Bartók ( Hungary ) , Purcell , Elgar , Britten , Holst ( UK ) , Nielsen ( Denmark ) , Sibelius ( Finland ) , Chopin , Penderecki ( Poland ) , George Enescu , Sergiu Celibidache ( Romania ) . Luciano Pavarotti was a contemporary popular opera singer . Orchestras such as the Berliner Philharmoniker , the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra , the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra are considered to be amongst the finest ensembles in the world . The Salzburg Festival , the Bayreuth Festival , the Edinburgh International Festival and the BBC Proms are major European classical music festivals , and International Chopin Piano Competition is the world 's oldest monographic music competition .", "Folk music : Europe has a wide and diverse range of indigenous music , sharing common features in rural , travelling or maritime communities . Folk music is embedded in an unwritten , aural tradition , but was increasingly transcribed from the nineteenth century onwards . Many classical composers used folk melodies , and folk has influenced some popular music in Europe . See the list of European folk musics .", "Folk music : Europe has a wide and diverse range of indigenous music , sharing common features in rural , travelling or maritime communities . Folk music is embedded in an unwritten , aural tradition , but was increasingly transcribed from the nineteenth century onwards . Many classical composers used folk melodies , and folk has influenced some popular music in Europe . See the list of European folk musics .", "Popular music : Europe has also imported many different genres of music , mainly from the United States , ranging from Blues , Jazz , Soul , Pop , Electronic , Hip - Hop , R'n'B and Dance . The UK has been most successful in re-exporting this type of music and also creating many of its own genres via notable movements including the British Invasion , the new wave of British heavy metal ( that has been compared to Beatlemania . ) and Britpop . The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , Queen , Pink Floyd , Led Zeppelin , Elton John , David Bowie , Deep Purple , Sex Pistols , Eric Clapton , The Clash , Van Morrison , Dire Straits , The Police , Joy Division , Fleetwood Mac , Genesis , George Michael , Phil Collins , Rod Stewart , The Who , Eurythmics , Dusty Springfield , The Cure , Black Sabbath , Iron Maiden , Judas Priest , Def Leppard , Duran Duran , Oasis , Radiohead , Coldplay , Mumford & Sons , The Smiths , Muse , Gorillaz , Bonnie Tyler , Seal , Elvis Costello , Bee Gees , Spice Girls , Depeche Mode , The Kinks , The Animals , Motörhead , UB40 , One Direction , Adele , Amy Winehouse ( UK ) , U2 , The Undertones , Thin Lizzy , My Bloody Valentine , Sinéad O'Connor ( Ireland ) .", "Popular music : Europe has also imported many different genres of music , mainly from the United States , ranging from Blues , Jazz , Soul , Pop , Electronic , Hip - Hop , R'n'B and Dance . The UK has been most successful in re-exporting this type of music and also creating many of its own genres via notable movements including the British Invasion , the new wave of British heavy metal ( that has been compared to Beatlemania . ) and Britpop . The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , Queen , Pink Floyd , Led Zeppelin , Elton John , David Bowie , Deep Purple , Sex Pistols , Eric Clapton , The Clash , Van Morrison , Dire Straits , The Police , Joy Division , Fleetwood Mac , Genesis , George Michael , Phil Collins , Rod Stewart , The Who , Eurythmics , Dusty Springfield , The Cure , Black Sabbath , Iron Maiden , Judas Priest , Def Leppard , Duran Duran , Oasis , Radiohead , Coldplay , Mumford & Sons , The Smiths , Muse , Gorillaz , Bonnie Tyler , Seal , Elvis Costello , Bee Gees , Spice Girls , Depeche Mode , The Kinks , The Animals , Motörhead , UB40 , One Direction , Adele , Amy Winehouse ( UK ) , U2 , The Undertones , Thin Lizzy , My Bloody Valentine , Sinéad O'Connor ( Ireland ) .", "The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , Queen , Pink Floyd , Led Zeppelin , Elton John , David Bowie , Deep Purple , Sex Pistols , Eric Clapton , The Clash , Van Morrison , Dire Straits , The Police , Joy Division , Fleetwood Mac , Genesis , George Michael , Phil Collins , Rod Stewart , The Who , Eurythmics , Dusty Springfield , The Cure , Black Sabbath , Iron Maiden , Judas Priest , Def Leppard , Duran Duran , Oasis , Radiohead , Coldplay , Mumford & Sons , The Smiths , Muse , Gorillaz , Bonnie Tyler , Seal , Elvis Costello , Bee Gees , Spice Girls , Depeche Mode , The Kinks , The Animals , Motörhead , UB40 , One Direction , Adele , Amy Winehouse ( UK ) , U2 , The Undertones , Thin Lizzy , My Bloody Valentine , Sinéad O'Connor ( Ireland ) .", "The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , Queen , Pink Floyd , Led Zeppelin , Elton John , David Bowie , Deep Purple , Sex Pistols , Eric Clapton , The Clash , Van Morrison , Dire Straits , The Police , Joy Division , Fleetwood Mac , Genesis , George Michael , Phil Collins , Rod Stewart , The Who , Eurythmics , Dusty Springfield , The Cure , Black Sabbath , Iron Maiden , Judas Priest , Def Leppard , Duran Duran , Oasis , Radiohead , Coldplay , Mumford & Sons , The Smiths , Muse , Gorillaz , Bonnie Tyler , Seal , Elvis Costello , Bee Gees , Spice Girls , Depeche Mode , The Kinks , The Animals , Motörhead , UB40 , One Direction , Adele , Amy Winehouse ( UK ) , U2 , The Undertones , Thin Lizzy , My Bloody Valentine , Sinéad O'Connor ( Ireland ) .", "Édith Piaf , Serge Gainsbourg , Léo Ferré , Charles Trenet , George Brassens , Jean Ferrat , Renaud , Noir Désir , Daft Punk , David Guetta , Justice , Bob Sinclar , Martin Solveig , Étienne de Crécy , M83 , C2C , Jean Michel Jarre ( France ) , Jacques Brel , Stromae ( Belgium ) . Denmark : Gasolin , DAD ( Disneyland After Dark ) , Magtens Korridorer Poland : Edyta Gorniak Germany : Kraftwerk , Scorpions , Tangerine Dream , Neu ! , Rammstein , Paul Kalkbrenner , Accept , Nina Hagen Italy : Giorgio Moroder , Andrea Bocelli , Ennio Morricone , Benny Benassi Sweden : ABBA , Björn Skifs , Europe , The Cardigans , The Hives , Roxette , Yngwie Malmsteen Netherlands : Shocking Blue , Golden Earring , Doe Maar , Spinvis , Armin van Buuren , Tiësto , Afrojack Others : Julio Iglesias , Enrique Iglesias ( Spain ) , Björk , Sigur Rós Lepa Brena , ( Iceland ) Ceca Ražnatović , Jelena Karleuša , Seka Aleksić , Indira Radić , Dragana Mirković ( Serbia ) , Vangelis , Demis Roussos , Helena Paparizou ( Greece ) , Kati Wolf ( Hungary ) , Eduard Artemyev , Eduard Khil , Kino , Mumiy Troll , Leningrad , Zemfira , t.A.T.u. , PPK ( Russia ) , Doda ( Poland ) , Amália Rodrigues , The Legendary Tigerman , The Gift ( Portugal ) , Rasmus Seebach , The Raveonettes , Agnes Obel , WhoMadeWho ( Denmark ) , Bijelo Dugme ( Yugoslavia ) , Alexandra Stan , Inna , Edward Maya ( Romania ) , HIM , The Rasmus , Nightwish ( Finland ) , Soulwax ( Flanders ) . Main festivals includes : Sanremo Music Festival , Coca - Cola Summer Festival ( Italy ) , Glastonbury , Reading and Leeds Festivals , Isle of Wight Festival , T in the Park ( UK ) , Fête de la Musique , Eurockéennes , Vieilles Charrues Festival , Hellfest ( France ) , Wacken ( Germany ) , Festival Internacional de Benicàssim , Primavera Sound ( Spain ) , Exit Festival ( Serbia ) , Sziget Festival ( Hungary ) , Roskilde Festival ( Denmark ) , Rock Werchter , Tomorrowland ( Belgium ) & Eurovision ( music competition between European countries ) . Main music companies : Domino Recording Company , Bertelsmann Music Group , PolyGram , EMI , Universal Music Group ( Subsidiary of French company Vivendi ) .", "Édith Piaf , Serge Gainsbourg , Léo Ferré , Charles Trenet , George Brassens , Jean Ferrat , Renaud , Noir Désir , Daft Punk , David Guetta , Justice , Bob Sinclar , Martin Solveig , Étienne de Crécy , M83 , C2C , Jean Michel Jarre ( France ) , Jacques Brel , Stromae ( Belgium ) . Denmark : Gasolin , DAD ( Disneyland After Dark ) , Magtens Korridorer Poland : Edyta Gorniak Germany : Kraftwerk , Scorpions , Tangerine Dream , Neu ! , Rammstein , Paul Kalkbrenner , Accept , Nina Hagen Italy : Giorgio Moroder , Andrea Bocelli , Ennio Morricone , Benny Benassi Sweden : ABBA , Björn Skifs , Europe , The Cardigans , The Hives , Roxette , Yngwie Malmsteen Netherlands : Shocking Blue , Golden Earring , Doe Maar , Spinvis , Armin van Buuren , Tiësto , Afrojack Others : Julio Iglesias , Enrique Iglesias ( Spain ) , Björk , Sigur Rós Lepa Brena , ( Iceland ) Ceca Ražnatović , Jelena Karleuša , Seka Aleksić , Indira Radić , Dragana Mirković ( Serbia ) , Vangelis , Demis Roussos , Helena Paparizou ( Greece ) , Kati Wolf ( Hungary ) , Eduard Artemyev , Eduard Khil , Kino , Mumiy Troll , Leningrad , Zemfira , t.A.T.u. , PPK ( Russia ) , Doda ( Poland ) , Amália Rodrigues , The Legendary Tigerman , The Gift ( Portugal ) , Rasmus Seebach , The Raveonettes , Agnes Obel , WhoMadeWho ( Denmark ) , Bijelo Dugme ( Yugoslavia ) , Alexandra Stan , Inna , Edward Maya ( Romania ) , HIM , The Rasmus , Nightwish ( Finland ) , Soulwax ( Flanders ) . Main festivals includes : Sanremo Music Festival , Coca - Cola Summer Festival ( Italy ) , Glastonbury , Reading and Leeds Festivals , Isle of Wight Festival , T in the Park ( UK ) , Fête de la Musique , Eurockéennes , Vieilles Charrues Festival , Hellfest ( France ) , Wacken ( Germany ) , Festival Internacional de Benicàssim , Primavera Sound ( Spain ) , Exit Festival ( Serbia ) , Sziget Festival ( Hungary ) , Roskilde Festival ( Denmark ) , Rock Werchter , Tomorrowland ( Belgium ) & Eurovision ( music competition between European countries ) . Main music companies : Domino Recording Company , Bertelsmann Music Group , PolyGram , EMI , Universal Music Group ( Subsidiary of French company Vivendi ) .", "Édith Piaf , Serge Gainsbourg , Léo Ferré , Charles Trenet , George Brassens , Jean Ferrat , Renaud , Noir Désir , Daft Punk , David Guetta , Justice , Bob Sinclar , Martin Solveig , Étienne de Crécy , M83 , C2C , Jean Michel Jarre ( France ) , Jacques Brel , Stromae ( Belgium ) . Denmark : Gasolin , DAD ( Disneyland After Dark ) , Magtens Korridorer Poland : Edyta Gorniak Germany : Kraftwerk , Scorpions , Tangerine Dream , Neu ! , Rammstein , Paul Kalkbrenner , Accept , Nina Hagen Italy : Giorgio Moroder , Andrea Bocelli , Ennio Morricone , Benny Benassi Sweden : ABBA , Björn Skifs , Europe , The Cardigans , The Hives , Roxette , Yngwie Malmsteen Netherlands : Shocking Blue , Golden Earring , Doe Maar , Spinvis , Armin van Buuren , Tiësto , Afrojack Others : Julio Iglesias , Enrique Iglesias ( Spain ) , Björk , Sigur Rós Lepa Brena , ( Iceland ) Ceca Ražnatović , Jelena Karleuša , Seka Aleksić , Indira Radić , Dragana Mirković ( Serbia ) , Vangelis , Demis Roussos , Helena Paparizou ( Greece ) , Kati Wolf ( Hungary ) , Eduard Artemyev , Eduard Khil , Kino , Mumiy Troll , Leningrad , Zemfira , t.A.T.u. , PPK ( Russia ) , Doda ( Poland ) , Amália Rodrigues , The Legendary Tigerman , The Gift ( Portugal ) , Rasmus Seebach , The Raveonettes , Agnes Obel , WhoMadeWho ( Denmark ) , Bijelo Dugme ( Yugoslavia ) , Alexandra Stan , Inna , Edward Maya ( Romania ) , HIM , The Rasmus , Nightwish ( Finland ) , Soulwax ( Flanders ) . Main festivals includes : Sanremo Music Festival , Coca - Cola Summer Festival ( Italy ) , Glastonbury , Reading and Leeds Festivals , Isle of Wight Festival , T in the Park ( UK ) , Fête de la Musique , Eurockéennes , Vieilles Charrues Festival , Hellfest ( France ) , Wacken ( Germany ) , Festival Internacional de Benicàssim , Primavera Sound ( Spain ) , Exit Festival ( Serbia ) , Sziget Festival ( Hungary ) , Roskilde Festival ( Denmark ) , Rock Werchter , Tomorrowland ( Belgium ) & Eurovision ( music competition between European countries ) . Main music companies : Domino Recording Company , Bertelsmann Music Group , PolyGram , EMI , Universal Music Group ( Subsidiary of French company Vivendi ) .", "Édith Piaf , Serge Gainsbourg , Léo Ferré , Charles Trenet , George Brassens , Jean Ferrat , Renaud , Noir Désir , Daft Punk , David Guetta , Justice , Bob Sinclar , Martin Solveig , Étienne de Crécy , M83 , C2C , Jean Michel Jarre ( France ) , Jacques Brel , Stromae ( Belgium ) .", "Denmark : Gasolin , DAD ( Disneyland After Dark ) , Magtens Korridorer", "Poland : Edyta Gorniak", "Germany : Kraftwerk , Scorpions , Tangerine Dream , Neu ! , Rammstein , Paul Kalkbrenner , Accept , Nina Hagen", "Italy : Giorgio Moroder , Andrea Bocelli , Ennio Morricone , Benny Benassi", "Sweden : ABBA , Björn Skifs , Europe , The Cardigans , The Hives , Roxette , Yngwie Malmsteen", "Netherlands : Shocking Blue , Golden Earring , Doe Maar , Spinvis , Armin van Buuren , Tiësto , Afrojack", "Others : Julio Iglesias , Enrique Iglesias ( Spain ) , Björk , Sigur Rós Lepa Brena , ( Iceland ) Ceca Ražnatović , Jelena Karleuša , Seka Aleksić , Indira Radić , Dragana Mirković ( Serbia ) , Vangelis , Demis Roussos , Helena Paparizou ( Greece ) , Kati Wolf ( Hungary ) , Eduard Artemyev , Eduard Khil , Kino , Mumiy Troll , Leningrad , Zemfira , t.A.T.u. , PPK ( Russia ) , Doda ( Poland ) , Amália Rodrigues , The Legendary Tigerman , The Gift ( Portugal ) , Rasmus Seebach , The Raveonettes , Agnes Obel , WhoMadeWho ( Denmark ) , Bijelo Dugme ( Yugoslavia ) , Alexandra Stan , Inna , Edward Maya ( Romania ) , HIM , The Rasmus , Nightwish ( Finland ) , Soulwax ( Flanders ) .", "Main festivals includes : Sanremo Music Festival , Coca - Cola Summer Festival ( Italy ) , Glastonbury , Reading and Leeds Festivals , Isle of Wight Festival , T in the Park ( UK ) , Fête de la Musique , Eurockéennes , Vieilles Charrues Festival , Hellfest ( France ) , Wacken ( Germany ) , Festival Internacional de Benicàssim , Primavera Sound ( Spain ) , Exit Festival ( Serbia ) , Sziget Festival ( Hungary ) , Roskilde Festival ( Denmark ) , Rock Werchter , Tomorrowland ( Belgium ) & Eurovision ( music competition between European countries ) .", "Main music companies : Domino Recording Company , Bertelsmann Music Group , PolyGram , EMI , Universal Music Group ( Subsidiary of French company Vivendi ) .", "The Neolithic long house was a long , narrow timber dwelling built by the first farmers in Europe beginning at least as early as the period 5000 to 6000 BC . Knap of Howar and Skara Brae , the Orkney Islands , Scotland , are stone - built Neolithic settlement dating from 3,500 BC . Megaliths found in Europe and the Mediterranean were also erected in the Neolithic period . See Neolithic architecture .", "The Parthenon , Athens , Greece , is an example of Ancient Greek architecture . Ancient Greek architecture was produced by the Greek - speaking people whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland , the Peloponnese , the Aegean Islands , and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD . Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalised characteristics , both of structure and decoration . The formal vocabulary of ancient Greek architecture , in particular the division of architectural style into three defined orders : the Doric Order , the Ionic Order and the Corinthian Order , was to have profound effect on Western architecture of later periods . The Colosseum , Rome , Italy , an example of Ancient Roman architecture . Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans , but differed from Greek buildings , becoming a new architectural style . The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture . Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and even more so under the Empire , when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed . It used new materials , particularly concrete , and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well - engineered . Large numbers remain in some form across the empire , sometimes complete and still in use .", "The Parthenon , Athens , Greece , is an example of Ancient Greek architecture . Ancient Greek architecture was produced by the Greek - speaking people whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland , the Peloponnese , the Aegean Islands , and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD . Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalised characteristics , both of structure and decoration . The formal vocabulary of ancient Greek architecture , in particular the division of architectural style into three defined orders : the Doric Order , the Ionic Order and the Corinthian Order , was to have profound effect on Western architecture of later periods . The Colosseum , Rome , Italy , an example of Ancient Roman architecture .", "Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans , but differed from Greek buildings , becoming a new architectural style . The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture . Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and even more so under the Empire , when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed . It used new materials , particularly concrete , and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well - engineered . Large numbers remain in some form across the empire , sometimes complete and still in use .", "Burgos Cathedral , built in the Gothic style . Romanesque architecture combines features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions . It is known by its massive quality , thick walls , round arches , sturdy pillars , groin vaults , large towers and decorative arcading . Each building has clearly defined forms , frequently of very regular , symmetrical plan ; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow . The style can be identified right across Europe , despite regional characteristics and different materials , and is most frequently seen in churches . Plenty of examples of this architecture are found alongside the Camino de Santiago . Gothic architecture flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century , Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ( `` French work '' ) with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance . Its characteristics include the pointed arch , the ribbed vault ( which evolved from the joint vaulting of Romanesque architecture ) and the flying buttress . Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals , abbeys and churches of Europe .", "Burgos Cathedral , built in the Gothic style . Romanesque architecture combines features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions . It is known by its massive quality , thick walls , round arches , sturdy pillars , groin vaults , large towers and decorative arcading . Each building has clearly defined forms , frequently of very regular , symmetrical plan ; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow . The style can be identified right across Europe , despite regional characteristics and different materials , and is most frequently seen in churches . Plenty of examples of this architecture are found alongside the Camino de Santiago .", "Gothic architecture flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century , Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ( `` French work '' ) with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance . Its characteristics include the pointed arch , the ribbed vault ( which evolved from the joint vaulting of Romanesque architecture ) and the flying buttress . Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals , abbeys and churches of Europe .", "Renaissance architecture began in the early 14th and lasted until the early 17th century . It demonstrates a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman architectural thought and material culture , particularly the symmetry , proportion , geometry and the regularity of parts of ancient buildings . Developed first in Florence , with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators , the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities . The style was carried to France , Germany , England , Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact Baroque architecture began in 16th - century Italy . It took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion . It was , initially at least , directly linked to the Counter-Reformation , a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself in response to the Protestant Reformation . Baroque was characterised by new explorations of form , light and shadow , and a freer treatment of classical elements . It reached its extreme form in the Rococo style . Palladian Architecture was derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio ( 1508 -- 1580 ) . Palladio 's work was strongly based on the symmetry , perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans . From the 17th century Palladio 's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism . It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century , and continued to be popular in Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries , where it was frequently employed in the design of public and municipal buildings .", "Renaissance architecture began in the early 14th and lasted until the early 17th century . It demonstrates a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman architectural thought and material culture , particularly the symmetry , proportion , geometry and the regularity of parts of ancient buildings . Developed first in Florence , with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators , the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities . The style was carried to France , Germany , England , Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact", "Baroque architecture began in 16th - century Italy . It took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion . It was , initially at least , directly linked to the Counter-Reformation , a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself in response to the Protestant Reformation . Baroque was characterised by new explorations of form , light and shadow , and a freer treatment of classical elements . It reached its extreme form in the Rococo style .", "Palladian Architecture was derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio ( 1508 -- 1580 ) . Palladio 's work was strongly based on the symmetry , perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans . From the 17th century Palladio 's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism . It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century , and continued to be popular in Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries , where it was frequently employed in the design of public and municipal buildings .", "Revivalism was a hallmark of nineteenth - century European architecture . Revivals of the Romanesque , Gothic , Renaissance , and Baroque styles all took place , alongside revivals of the Classical styles . Regional styles , such as English Tudor were also revived , as well as non-European styles , such as Chinese ( Chinoiserie ) and Egyptian . These revivals often used elements of the original style in a freer way than original examples , sometimes borrowing from multiple styles at once . At Alnwick Castle , for example , Gothic revival elements were added to the exterior of the original medieval castle , while the interiors were designed in a Renaissance style . Art Nouveau architecture was a reaction against the eclectic styles which dominated European architecture in the second half of the 19th century . It was expressed through decoration . The buildings were covered with ornament in curving forms , based on flowers , plants or animals : butterflies , peacocks , swans , irises , cyclamens , orchids and water lilies . Façades were asymmetrical , and often decorated with polychrome ceramic tiles . The decoration usually suggested movement ; there was no distinction between the structure and the ornament .", "Revivalism was a hallmark of nineteenth - century European architecture . Revivals of the Romanesque , Gothic , Renaissance , and Baroque styles all took place , alongside revivals of the Classical styles . Regional styles , such as English Tudor were also revived , as well as non-European styles , such as Chinese ( Chinoiserie ) and Egyptian . These revivals often used elements of the original style in a freer way than original examples , sometimes borrowing from multiple styles at once . At Alnwick Castle , for example , Gothic revival elements were added to the exterior of the original medieval castle , while the interiors were designed in a Renaissance style .", "Art Nouveau architecture was a reaction against the eclectic styles which dominated European architecture in the second half of the 19th century . It was expressed through decoration . The buildings were covered with ornament in curving forms , based on flowers , plants or animals : butterflies , peacocks , swans , irises , cyclamens , orchids and water lilies . Façades were asymmetrical , and often decorated with polychrome ceramic tiles . The decoration usually suggested movement ; there was no distinction between the structure and the ornament .", "Centennial Hall , in Wrocław , Poland , is an example of Expressionist architecture . Art Deco architecture began in Paris in 1903 - 4 . Early buildings had clean lines , rectangular forms , and no decoration on the facades ; they marked a clean break with the art nouveau style . After the First World War , art deco buildings of steel and reinforced concrete began to appear in large cities across Europe and the United States . Buildings became more decorated , and interiors were extremely colorful and dynamic , combining sculpture , murals , and ornate geometric design in marble , glass , ceramics and stainless steel . Modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II . It was based upon new technologies of construction , particularly the use of glass , steel and reinforced concrete ; and upon a rejection of the traditional neoclassical architecture and Beaux - Arts styles that were popular in the 19th century . Modernist architecture continued to be the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings into 1980s , when it was challenged by postmodernism . Neue Staatsgalerie , Stuttgart , Germany , a Postmodern building . Expressionist architecture is a form of modern architecture that began during the first decades of the 20th century , in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts that especially developed and dominated in Germany . In the 1950s , a second movement of expressionist architecture developed , initiated by the Ronchamp Chapel Notre - Dame - du - Haut ( 1950 -- 1955 ) by Le Corbusier . The style was individualistic , but tendencies include Distortion of form for an emotional effect , efforts at achieving the new , original , and visionary , and a conception of architecture as a work of art . Postmodern architecture emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity , formality , and lack of variety of modern architecture , particularly in the international style advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . Embraced in the USA first , it spread to Europe . In contrast to Modernist buildings , Postmodern buildings have curved forms , decorative elements , asymmetry , bright colors , and features often borrowed from earlier periods . Colors and textures unrelated to the structure of function of the building . While rejecting the `` puritanism '' of modernism , it called for a return to ornament , and an accumulation of citations and collages borrowed from past styles . It borrowed freely from classical architecture , rococo , neoclassical architecture , the Viennese secession , the British arts and crafts movement , the German Jugendstil . Deconstructivist architecture is a movement of postmodern architecture which appeared in the 1980s , which gives the impression of the fragmentation of the constructed building . It is characterized by an absence of harmony , continuity , or symmetry . Its name comes from the idea of `` Deconstruction '' , a form of semiotic analysis developed by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida . Besides fragmentation , Deconstructivism often manipulates the structure 's surface skin and creates by non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate elements of architecture . The finished visual appearance is characterized by unpredictability and controlled chaos .", "Centennial Hall , in Wrocław , Poland , is an example of Expressionist architecture . Art Deco architecture began in Paris in 1903 - 4 . Early buildings had clean lines , rectangular forms , and no decoration on the facades ; they marked a clean break with the art nouveau style . After the First World War , art deco buildings of steel and reinforced concrete began to appear in large cities across Europe and the United States . Buildings became more decorated , and interiors were extremely colorful and dynamic , combining sculpture , murals , and ornate geometric design in marble , glass , ceramics and stainless steel .", "Modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II . It was based upon new technologies of construction , particularly the use of glass , steel and reinforced concrete ; and upon a rejection of the traditional neoclassical architecture and Beaux - Arts styles that were popular in the 19th century . Modernist architecture continued to be the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings into 1980s , when it was challenged by postmodernism .", "Neue Staatsgalerie , Stuttgart , Germany , a Postmodern building . Expressionist architecture is a form of modern architecture that began during the first decades of the 20th century , in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts that especially developed and dominated in Germany . In the 1950s , a second movement of expressionist architecture developed , initiated by the Ronchamp Chapel Notre - Dame - du - Haut ( 1950 -- 1955 ) by Le Corbusier . The style was individualistic , but tendencies include Distortion of form for an emotional effect , efforts at achieving the new , original , and visionary , and a conception of architecture as a work of art .", "Postmodern architecture emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity , formality , and lack of variety of modern architecture , particularly in the international style advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . Embraced in the USA first , it spread to Europe . In contrast to Modernist buildings , Postmodern buildings have curved forms , decorative elements , asymmetry , bright colors , and features often borrowed from earlier periods . Colors and textures unrelated to the structure of function of the building . While rejecting the `` puritanism '' of modernism , it called for a return to ornament , and an accumulation of citations and collages borrowed from past styles . It borrowed freely from classical architecture , rococo , neoclassical architecture , the Viennese secession , the British arts and crafts movement , the German Jugendstil .", "Deconstructivist architecture is a movement of postmodern architecture which appeared in the 1980s , which gives the impression of the fragmentation of the constructed building . It is characterized by an absence of harmony , continuity , or symmetry . Its name comes from the idea of `` Deconstruction '' , a form of semiotic analysis developed by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida . Besides fragmentation , Deconstructivism often manipulates the structure 's surface skin and creates by non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate elements of architecture . The finished visual appearance is characterized by unpredictability and controlled chaos .", "Europe has produced some of the most prominent or popular fiction and nonfiction writers of all time :", "Homer , Hesiod , Sappho , Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Xenophon , Aristophanes , Menander , Polybius , Arrian , Plutarch , Longus ( Ancient Greece ) Plautus , Terence , Cicero , Sallust , Virgil , Livy , Ovid , Tacitus , Horace , Catullus , Pliny the Elder , Quintilian , Seneca the Younger , Pliny the Younger ( Ancient Rome ) Guido Guinizelli , Guido Cavalcanti , Marco Polo , Francesco Petrarca , Dante Alighieri , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli , Ludovico Ariosto , Torquato Tasso , Luigi da Porto , Carlo Goldoni , Carlo Gozzi , Carlo Collodi , Giacomo Leopardi , Alessandro Manzoni , Giosuè Carducci , Gabriele D'Annunzio , Italo Svevo , Giovanni Verga , Primo Levi , Luigi Pirandello , Italo Calvino , Eugenio Montale , Salvatore Quasimodo , Andrea Camilleri , Giuseppe Ungaretti , Pier Paolo Pasolini , Umberto Eco , Dario Fo ( Italy ) Chrétien de Troyes , Rabelais , Montaigne , Dumas , Pierre Corneille , Racine , Molière , Jean de La Fontaine , Verne , Balzac , Flaubert , Stendhal , Proust , Camus , Le Clézio , Hugo , Baudelaire , Verlaine , Aragon , Rimbaud , Mallarmé , Anatole France , Saint - Exupéry , Apollinaire , de Beauvoir , Sartre , Rolland , Diderot , Foucault , Gautier , Mauriac , Gide , ( France ) Alexander Pushkin , Nikolai Gogol , Ivan Goncharov , Mikhail Bakunin , Mikhail Lermontov , Ivan Turgenev , Leo Tolstoy , Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Peter Kropotkin , Anton Chekhov , Maxim Gorky , Ivan Bunin , Yevgeny Zamyatin , Boris Pasternak , Anna Akhmatova , Mikhail Bulgakov , Vladimir Mayakovsky , Sergei Yesenin , Vladimir Nabokov , Mikhail Sholokhov , Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , Joseph Brodsky ( Russia ) Jorge Manrique , Garcilaso de la Vega , Miguel de Cervantes , Pedro Calderón de la Barca , Lope de Vega , Francisco de Quevedo , Luis de Góngora , Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer , Leopoldo Alas , Juan Ramón Jiménez , Pío Baroja , José Echegaray , Miguel de Unamuno , Federico García Lorca , Vicente Aleixandre , Camilo José Cela , Mario Vargas Llosa ( Spain )", "Homer , Hesiod , Sappho , Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Xenophon , Aristophanes , Menander , Polybius , Arrian , Plutarch , Longus ( Ancient Greece )", "Plautus , Terence , Cicero , Sallust , Virgil , Livy , Ovid , Tacitus , Horace , Catullus , Pliny the Elder , Quintilian , Seneca the Younger , Pliny the Younger ( Ancient Rome )", "Guido Guinizelli , Guido Cavalcanti , Marco Polo , Francesco Petrarca , Dante Alighieri , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli , Ludovico Ariosto , Torquato Tasso , Luigi da Porto , Carlo Goldoni , Carlo Gozzi , Carlo Collodi , Giacomo Leopardi , Alessandro Manzoni , Giosuè Carducci , Gabriele D'Annunzio , Italo Svevo , Giovanni Verga , Primo Levi , Luigi Pirandello , Italo Calvino , Eugenio Montale , Salvatore Quasimodo , Andrea Camilleri , Giuseppe Ungaretti , Pier Paolo Pasolini , Umberto Eco , Dario Fo ( Italy )", "Chrétien de Troyes , Rabelais , Montaigne , Dumas , Pierre Corneille , Racine , Molière , Jean de La Fontaine , Verne , Balzac , Flaubert , Stendhal , Proust , Camus , Le Clézio , Hugo , Baudelaire , Verlaine , Aragon , Rimbaud , Mallarmé , Anatole France , Saint - Exupéry , Apollinaire , de Beauvoir , Sartre , Rolland , Diderot , Foucault , Gautier , Mauriac , Gide , ( France )", "Alexander Pushkin , Nikolai Gogol , Ivan Goncharov , Mikhail Bakunin , Mikhail Lermontov , Ivan Turgenev , Leo Tolstoy , Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Peter Kropotkin , Anton Chekhov , Maxim Gorky , Ivan Bunin , Yevgeny Zamyatin , Boris Pasternak , Anna Akhmatova , Mikhail Bulgakov , Vladimir Mayakovsky , Sergei Yesenin , Vladimir Nabokov , Mikhail Sholokhov , Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , Joseph Brodsky ( Russia )", "Jorge Manrique , Garcilaso de la Vega , Miguel de Cervantes , Pedro Calderón de la Barca , Lope de Vega , Francisco de Quevedo , Luis de Góngora , Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer , Leopoldo Alas , Juan Ramón Jiménez , Pío Baroja , José Echegaray , Miguel de Unamuno , Federico García Lorca , Vicente Aleixandre , Camilo José Cela , Mario Vargas Llosa ( Spain )", "Luís de Camões , José Maria de Eça de Queiroz , Fernando Pessoa , José Saramago ( Portugal ) Salvador Espriu , Mercè Rodoreda , Joan Salvat - Papasseit , Josep Carner ( Catalan language ) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , Johann Gottfried Herder , Goethe , Friedrich Schiller , Heinrich von Kleist , Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm , Heinrich Heine , Gerhart Hauptmann , Thomas Mann , Bertolt Brecht , Rudolf Christoph Eucken , Anne Frank , Hermann Hesse , Nelly Sachs , Günter Grass , Patrick Süskind ( Germany ) Adam Mickiewicz , Juliusz Słowacki , Zygmunt Krasiński , Joseph Conrad , Czesław Miłosz , Zbigniew Herbert , Witold Gombrowicz , Jan Kochanowski , Mikołaj Rej , Henryk Sienkiewicz , Wisława Szymborska , Stanisław Lem , Andrzej Sapkowski ( Poland ) William IX , Duke of Aquitaine , Bernart de Ventadorn , Arnaut Daniel , Comtessa de Dia , Frédéric Mistral ( Occitan language ) Lajos Kossuth , Imre Kertész ( Hungary ) Franz Kafka , Jaroslav Seifert , Milan Kundera ( Czech Republic ) Joost van den Vondel William Shakespeare , Charles Dickens , Geoffrey Chaucer , Jane Austen , H.G. Wells , Robert Louis Stevenson , Arthur Conan Doyle , J.R.R. Tolkien , J.K. Rowling , Beatrix Potter , J.M. Barrie , Walter Scott , D.H. Lawrence , George Orwell , Virginia Woolf , C.S. Lewis , John Milton , Terry Pratchett , Mary Shelley , Roald Dahl , Lewis Carroll , Agatha Christie , Daniel Defoe , Alan Moore , Rudyard Kipling , Aldous Huxley , Harold Pinter ( United Kingdom ) Laurence Sterne , Maria Edgeworth , Bram Stoker , James Joyce , Oscar Wilde , Jonathan Swift , George Bernard Shaw , Samuel Beckett , John Millington Synge , W.B. Yeats , Frank O'Connor , Seán Ó Ríordáin , Sean O'Casey , Máire Mhac an tSaoi , Brian Friel , Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill , Seamus Heaney ( Ireland ) Heinrich von Veldeke , Hadewijch , Jacob Cats , Joost van den Vondel , Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft , Gerbrand Bredero , Willem Bilderdijk , Multatuli , Willem Kloos , Herman Gorter , Louis Couperus , Simon Vestdijk , Martinus Nijhoff , Gerard Reve , Harry Mulisch , Willem Frederik Hermans , Lucebert , Gerrit Kouwenaar , Cees Nooteboom , Hans Faverey , H.H. ter Balkt , Jeroen Brouwers , Frans Kellendonk , A.F. Th. van der Heijden , Arnon Grunberg ( The Netherlands ) Karl Adolph Gjellerup , Hans Christian Andersen , Johannes Vilhelm Jensen ( Denmark ) Georges Simenon , Emile Verhaeren , Maurice Maeterlinck , Willem Elsschot , Louis Paul Boon , Hugo Claus ( Belgium ) Sigrid Undset , Henrik Ibsen , Knut Hamsun , Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson ( Norway ) Ivo Andric ( Serbia ) Frans Eemil Sillanpää ( Finland ) Elfriede Jelinek ( Austria ) Halldór Laxness ( Iceland ) Taras Shevchenko , Ivan Franko ( Ukraine ) Eugène Ionesco , Mircea Eliade , Mihai Eminescu , Paul Celan , Emil Cioran , Herta Muller , Elie Wiesel ( Romania ) Verner von Heidenstam , Stieg Larsson , Pär Lagerkvist , August Strindberg , Emanuel Swedenborg , Eyvind Johnson ( Sweden )", "Luís de Camões , José Maria de Eça de Queiroz , Fernando Pessoa , José Saramago ( Portugal )", "Salvador Espriu , Mercè Rodoreda , Joan Salvat - Papasseit , Josep Carner ( Catalan language )", "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , Johann Gottfried Herder , Goethe , Friedrich Schiller , Heinrich von Kleist , Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm , Heinrich Heine , Gerhart Hauptmann , Thomas Mann , Bertolt Brecht , Rudolf Christoph Eucken , Anne Frank , Hermann Hesse , Nelly Sachs , Günter Grass , Patrick Süskind ( Germany )", "Adam Mickiewicz , Juliusz Słowacki , Zygmunt Krasiński , Joseph Conrad , Czesław Miłosz , Zbigniew Herbert , Witold Gombrowicz , Jan Kochanowski , Mikołaj Rej , Henryk Sienkiewicz , Wisława Szymborska , Stanisław Lem , Andrzej Sapkowski ( Poland )", "William IX , Duke of Aquitaine , Bernart de Ventadorn , Arnaut Daniel , Comtessa de Dia , Frédéric Mistral ( Occitan language )", "Lajos Kossuth , Imre Kertész ( Hungary )", "Franz Kafka , Jaroslav Seifert , Milan Kundera ( Czech Republic ) Joost van den Vondel", "William Shakespeare , Charles Dickens , Geoffrey Chaucer , Jane Austen , H.G. Wells , Robert Louis Stevenson , Arthur Conan Doyle , J.R.R. Tolkien , J.K. Rowling , Beatrix Potter , J.M. Barrie , Walter Scott , D.H. Lawrence , George Orwell , Virginia Woolf , C.S. Lewis , John Milton , Terry Pratchett , Mary Shelley , Roald Dahl , Lewis Carroll , Agatha Christie , Daniel Defoe , Alan Moore , Rudyard Kipling , Aldous Huxley , Harold Pinter ( United Kingdom )", "Laurence Sterne , Maria Edgeworth , Bram Stoker , James Joyce , Oscar Wilde , Jonathan Swift , George Bernard Shaw , Samuel Beckett , John Millington Synge , W.B. Yeats , Frank O'Connor , Seán Ó Ríordáin , Sean O'Casey , Máire Mhac an tSaoi , Brian Friel , Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill , Seamus Heaney ( Ireland )", "Heinrich von Veldeke , Hadewijch , Jacob Cats , Joost van den Vondel , Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft , Gerbrand Bredero , Willem Bilderdijk , Multatuli , Willem Kloos , Herman Gorter , Louis Couperus , Simon Vestdijk , Martinus Nijhoff , Gerard Reve , Harry Mulisch , Willem Frederik Hermans , Lucebert , Gerrit Kouwenaar , Cees Nooteboom , Hans Faverey , H.H. ter Balkt , Jeroen Brouwers , Frans Kellendonk , A.F. Th. van der Heijden , Arnon Grunberg ( The Netherlands )", "Karl Adolph Gjellerup , Hans Christian Andersen , Johannes Vilhelm Jensen ( Denmark )", "Georges Simenon , Emile Verhaeren , Maurice Maeterlinck , Willem Elsschot , Louis Paul Boon , Hugo Claus ( Belgium )", "Sigrid Undset , Henrik Ibsen , Knut Hamsun , Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson ( Norway )", "Ivo Andric ( Serbia )", "Frans Eemil Sillanpää ( Finland )", "Elfriede Jelinek ( Austria )", "Halldór Laxness ( Iceland )", "Taras Shevchenko , Ivan Franko ( Ukraine )", "Eugène Ionesco , Mircea Eliade , Mihai Eminescu , Paul Celan , Emil Cioran , Herta Muller , Elie Wiesel ( Romania )", "Verner von Heidenstam , Stieg Larsson , Pär Lagerkvist , August Strindberg , Emanuel Swedenborg , Eyvind Johnson ( Sweden )", "Antoine Lumière realized , on 28 December 1895 , the first projection , with the Cinematograph , in Paris . In 1897 , Georges Méliès established the first cinema studio on a rooftop property in Montreuil , near Paris . Some notable European film movements include German Expressionism , Italian neorealism , French New Wave , Polish Film School , New German Cinema , Portuguese Cinema Novo , Czechoslovak New Wave , Dogme 95 , New French Extremity , and Romanian New Wave .", "A taxicab in The 5th Element , inspired by the comics series Valérian and Laureline The Mole cartoon series Brigitte Bardot European Film Academy Sir Alfred Hitchcock Cinecittà film studios", "A taxicab in The 5th Element , inspired by the comics series Valérian and Laureline", "A taxicab in The 5th Element , inspired by the comics series Valérian and Laureline", "The Mole cartoon series", "The Mole cartoon series", "Brigitte Bardot", "European Film Academy", "European Film Academy", "Sir Alfred Hitchcock", "Sir Alfred Hitchcock", "Cinecittà film studios", "Cinecittà film studios", "The cinema of Europe has its own awards , the European Film Awards . Main festivals : Cannes Film Festival ( France ) , Berlin International Film Festival ( Germany ) . The Venice Film Festival ( Italy ) or Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia , is the oldest film festival in the world . Philippe Binant realized , on 2 February 2000 , the first digital cinema projection in Europe .", "CERN ( / sɜːrn / ; French : ( sɛʀn ) ) : The European Organization for Nuclear Research , is the birthplace of the World Wide Web and home of the world 's largest machine : the Large Hadron Collider . It is the world 's largest particle physics laboratory , situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco -- Swiss border , established in 1954 . In November 2010 , the collisions obtained were able to generate the highest temperatures and densities ever produced in an experiment , creating a `` mini-Big Bang '' a million times hotter than the centre of the Sun . ESA : The European Space Agency 's space flight program includes human spaceflight , mainly through the participation in the International Space Station program , the launch and operations of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon , Earth observations , science , telecommunication as well as maintaining a major spaceport , the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou , French Guiana and designing launch vehicles . The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle . On 12 November 2014 , ESA 's Philae probe achieved the first - ever soft landing on a comet .", "CERN ( / sɜːrn / ; French : ( sɛʀn ) ) : The European Organization for Nuclear Research , is the birthplace of the World Wide Web and home of the world 's largest machine : the Large Hadron Collider . It is the world 's largest particle physics laboratory , situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco -- Swiss border , established in 1954 . In November 2010 , the collisions obtained were able to generate the highest temperatures and densities ever produced in an experiment , creating a `` mini-Big Bang '' a million times hotter than the centre of the Sun .", "ESA : The European Space Agency 's space flight program includes human spaceflight , mainly through the participation in the International Space Station program , the launch and operations of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon , Earth observations , science , telecommunication as well as maintaining a major spaceport , the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou , French Guiana and designing launch vehicles . The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle . On 12 November 2014 , ESA 's Philae probe achieved the first - ever soft landing on a comet .", "Europe has produced some of the most influential scientists and inventors in history .", "Germany : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , Alexander von Humboldt , Karl Benz , Carl Bosch , Wernher von Braun , Rudolf Diesel , Albert Einstein , Daniel Fahrenheit , Johannes Gutenberg , Otto Hahn , Werner Heisenberg , Johannes Kepler , Max Planck , Wilhelm Röntgen , Ferdinand von Zeppelin , Konrad Zuse , Gottlob Frege France : Pierre Abelard , Louis Pasteur , Antoine Lavoisier , Henri Becquerel , Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot , Pierre de Fermat , the Montgolfier brothers , Jean le Rond d'Alembert , Jean - Baptiste Lamarck , Léon Foucault , Auguste and Louis Lumière , Pierre Curie , Jacques Lacan , Luc Montagnier , Albert Jacquard", "Germany : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , Alexander von Humboldt , Karl Benz , Carl Bosch , Wernher von Braun , Rudolf Diesel , Albert Einstein , Daniel Fahrenheit , Johannes Gutenberg , Otto Hahn , Werner Heisenberg , Johannes Kepler , Max Planck , Wilhelm Röntgen , Ferdinand von Zeppelin , Konrad Zuse , Gottlob Frege", "France : Pierre Abelard , Louis Pasteur , Antoine Lavoisier , Henri Becquerel , Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot , Pierre de Fermat , the Montgolfier brothers , Jean le Rond d'Alembert , Jean - Baptiste Lamarck , Léon Foucault , Auguste and Louis Lumière , Pierre Curie , Jacques Lacan , Luc Montagnier , Albert Jacquard", "The Netherlands : Willebrord Snel van Royen , Adriaan Metius , Christiaan Huygens , Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , Jan Swammerdam , C.H.D. Buys Ballot , Hugo de Vries , Martinus Beijerinck , Hendrik Lorentz , Jan Oort , Jacobus van ' t Hoff , Johannes Diderik van der Waals , Pieter Zeeman , Willem de Sitter , Heike Kamerlingh Onnes , Gerard Kuiper , Frits Zernike , Nikolaas Tinbergen , Jan Tinbergen , Martinus Veltman , Gerard ' t Hooft , Frans de Waal , Erik Verlinde United Kingdom : Isaac Newton , Charles Darwin , Michael Faraday , Alan Turing , James Joule , Edward Jenner , Robert Hooke , Charles K. Kao , George Stephenson , Florence Nightingale , George Cayley , Frank Whittle , Stephen Hawking , John Dalton , Tim Berners - Lee , James Watt , Alexander Fleming , Alexander Graham Bell , John Logie Baird , James Clerk Maxwell , Adam Smith , John Maynard Keynes Russia : Sergey Korolyov , Sofia Kovalevskaya , Lev Landau , Nikolai Lobachevsky , Mikhail Lomonosov , Ilya Mechnikov , Dmitri Mendeleev , Ivan Pavlov , Grigori Perelman , Alexander Popov , Andrei Sakharov , Vladimir Shukhov , Igor Sikorsky , Nikolai Vavilov , Vladimir Zworykin", "The Netherlands : Willebrord Snel van Royen , Adriaan Metius , Christiaan Huygens , Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , Jan Swammerdam , C.H.D. Buys Ballot , Hugo de Vries , Martinus Beijerinck , Hendrik Lorentz , Jan Oort , Jacobus van ' t Hoff , Johannes Diderik van der Waals , Pieter Zeeman , Willem de Sitter , Heike Kamerlingh Onnes , Gerard Kuiper , Frits Zernike , Nikolaas Tinbergen , Jan Tinbergen , Martinus Veltman , Gerard ' t Hooft , Frans de Waal , Erik Verlinde", "United Kingdom : Isaac Newton , Charles Darwin , Michael Faraday , Alan Turing , James Joule , Edward Jenner , Robert Hooke , Charles K. Kao , George Stephenson , Florence Nightingale , George Cayley , Frank Whittle , Stephen Hawking , John Dalton , Tim Berners - Lee , James Watt , Alexander Fleming , Alexander Graham Bell , John Logie Baird , James Clerk Maxwell , Adam Smith , John Maynard Keynes", "Russia : Sergey Korolyov , Sofia Kovalevskaya , Lev Landau , Nikolai Lobachevsky , Mikhail Lomonosov , Ilya Mechnikov , Dmitri Mendeleev , Ivan Pavlov , Grigori Perelman , Alexander Popov , Andrei Sakharov , Vladimir Shukhov , Igor Sikorsky , Nikolai Vavilov , Vladimir Zworykin", "Italy : Gerolamo Cardano , Fibonacci , Giovanni Domenico Cassini , Leonardo da Vinci , Galileo Galilei , Giordano Bruno , Evangelista Torricelli , Amedeo Avogadro , Alessandro Volta , Guglielmo Marconi , Ettore Majorana , Enrico Fermi , Margherita Hack Poland : Sendivogius , Nicolaus Copernicus , Johannes Hevelius , Ignacy Łukasiewicz , Marie Curie , Rudolf Weigl Greece : Archimedes , Euclid , Ptolemy Hungary : Ottó Bláthy , Ányos Jedlik , John von Neumann , Leó Szilárd , Edward Teller Austria : Ludwig Boltzmann , Sigmund Freud , Kurt Gödel , Erwin Schrödinger Ireland : Lord Kelvin , Robert Boyle , William Rowan Hamilton Spain : Miguel Servet , Santiago Ramón y Cajal , Isaac Peral , Leonardo Torres Quevedo , Severo Ochoa . Sweden : Carl Linnaeus , Alfred Nobel , Anders Celsius Finland : Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , Ragnar Granit , Johan Gadolin , Linus Torvalds , Elias Lönnrot Denmark : Tycho Brahe , Niels Bohr Serbia : Nikola Tesla , Mihajlo Pupin , Milutin Milanković , Miomir Vukobratović Switzerland ; Jacob , Johann and Daniel Bernoulli , Leonhard Euler , Carl Jung , Paracelsus Croatia : Andrija Mohorovičić , Roger Joseph Boscovich", "Italy : Gerolamo Cardano , Fibonacci , Giovanni Domenico Cassini , Leonardo da Vinci , Galileo Galilei , Giordano Bruno , Evangelista Torricelli , Amedeo Avogadro , Alessandro Volta , Guglielmo Marconi , Ettore Majorana , Enrico Fermi , Margherita Hack", "Poland : Sendivogius , Nicolaus Copernicus , Johannes Hevelius , Ignacy Łukasiewicz , Marie Curie , Rudolf Weigl", "Greece : Archimedes , Euclid , Ptolemy", "Hungary : Ottó Bláthy , Ányos Jedlik , John von Neumann , Leó Szilárd , Edward Teller", "Austria : Ludwig Boltzmann , Sigmund Freud , Kurt Gödel , Erwin Schrödinger", "Ireland : Lord Kelvin , Robert Boyle , William Rowan Hamilton", "Spain : Miguel Servet , Santiago Ramón y Cajal , Isaac Peral , Leonardo Torres Quevedo , Severo Ochoa .", "Sweden : Carl Linnaeus , Alfred Nobel , Anders Celsius", "Finland : Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , Ragnar Granit , Johan Gadolin , Linus Torvalds , Elias Lönnrot", "Denmark : Tycho Brahe , Niels Bohr", "Serbia : Nikola Tesla , Mihajlo Pupin , Milutin Milanković , Miomir Vukobratović", "Switzerland ; Jacob , Johann and Daniel Bernoulli , Leonhard Euler , Carl Jung , Paracelsus", "Croatia : Andrija Mohorovičić , Roger Joseph Boscovich", "European philosophy is a predominant strand of philosophy globally , and is central to philosophical enquiry in America and most other parts of the world which have fallen under its influence .", "The Greek schools of philosophy in antiquity provide the basis of philosophical discourse that extends to today . Christian thought had a huge influence on many fields of European philosophy ( as European philosophy has been on Christian thought too ) , sometimes as a reaction . Many political ideologies were theorised in Europe such as capitalism , communism , fascism , socialism or anarchism .", "Perhaps one of the most important single philosophical periods since the classical era were the Renaissance , the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment . There are many disputes as to its value and even its timescale . What is indisputable is that the tenets of reason and rational discourse owe much to René Descartes , John Locke and others working at the time .", "Other important European philosophical strands include : Analytic philosophy , Anarchism , Christian Democracy , Communism , Conservatism , Constructionism , Deconstructionism , Empiricism , Epicureanism , Existentialism , Fascism , Humanism , Idealism , Internationalism , Liberalism , Logical positivism , Marxism , Materialism , Monarchism , Nationalism , Perspectivism , Platonism , Positivism , Postmodernism , Protestantism , Rationalism , Relativism , Republicanism , Romanticism , Scepticism , Scholasticism , Social Democracy , Socialism , Stoicism , Structuralism , Thomism , Utilitarianism , Spenglerism .", "Ockham , More , Bacon , Hobbes , Locke , Smith , Bentham , Stuart Mill , Russel ( England ) Leibniz , Kant , Schopenhauer , Feuerbach , Hegel , Marx , Nietzsche , Fichte , Heidegger , Husserl , Habermas , Stirner ( Germany ) Montaigne , Descartes , Malebranche , Pascal , Montesquieu , Voltaire , Diderot , Rousseau , Comte , Bergson , Bachelard , Lévinas , Merleau - Ponty , Ricœur , Lévi - Strauss , Camus , de Beauvoir , Sartre , Foucault , Derrida , Deleuze ( France ) Siger of Brabant , Geert Groote , Thomas à Kempis , Erasmus , Spinoza , Hugo Grotius , Bernard Mandeville , L.E.J. Brouwer ( the Netherlands ) Popper , Wittgenstein ( Austria ) Aquinas , Pico della Mirandola , Machiavelli , Vico , Beccaria ( Italy ) Kierkegaard ( Denmark ) Francisco de Vitoria , Francisco Suárez ( Spain )", "Ockham , More , Bacon , Hobbes , Locke , Smith , Bentham , Stuart Mill , Russel ( England )", "Leibniz , Kant , Schopenhauer , Feuerbach , Hegel , Marx , Nietzsche , Fichte , Heidegger , Husserl , Habermas , Stirner ( Germany )", "Montaigne , Descartes , Malebranche , Pascal , Montesquieu , Voltaire , Diderot , Rousseau , Comte , Bergson , Bachelard , Lévinas , Merleau - Ponty , Ricœur , Lévi - Strauss , Camus , de Beauvoir , Sartre , Foucault , Derrida , Deleuze ( France )", "Siger of Brabant , Geert Groote , Thomas à Kempis , Erasmus , Spinoza , Hugo Grotius , Bernard Mandeville , L.E.J. Brouwer ( the Netherlands )", "Popper , Wittgenstein ( Austria )", "Aquinas , Pico della Mirandola , Machiavelli , Vico , Beccaria ( Italy )", "Kierkegaard ( Denmark )", "Francisco de Vitoria , Francisco Suárez ( Spain )", "Indo - European religions were : Celtic polytheism , Germanic paganism , Ancient Greek religion , Etruscan religion , and Slavic mythology .", "The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found that , on average , 52 % of the citizens of EU member states state that they `` believe in God '' , 27 % believe there is some sort of spirit or life force while 18 % do not believe there is any sort of spirit , God or life force . 3 % declined to answer . According to new polls about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer , Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union accounting 72 % of EU citizens . Non believer / Agnostic account 16 % , Atheist account 's 7 % , and Muslim 2 % .", "Christianity has been the dominant religion shaping European culture for at least the last 1700 years . Modern philosophical thought has very much been influenced by Christian philosophers such as St Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus . And throughout most of its history , Europe has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture , The Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilization , guiding the course of philosophy , art , and science . The notion of `` Europe '' and the `` Western World '' has been intimately connected with the concept of `` Christianity and Christendom '' many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity .", "The most popular religions of Europe are the following ( by dominant religion ) :", "Christianity is the largest religion in Europe , with 76.2 % of Europeans considering themselves Christian ,", "Christianity is the largest religion in Europe , with 76.2 % of Europeans considering themselves Christian ,", "Catholicism : Countries with significant Catholic populations are Portugal , Spain , Poland , > France , Luxembourg , Belgium , Ireland , Northern Ireland ( UK ) , Italy , Malta , Austria , Hungary , Slovenia , Croatia , Slovakia and Lithuania . There are significant Catholic minorities in the Netherlands , southern Germany , Switzerland , the Czech Republic , western and central Belarus , western Ukraine , Hungarian - speaking Romania , Albania , parts of Russia , the Latgale region of Latvia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , England ( UK ) , Scotland ( UK ) , and Wales ( UK ) , and indeed small minorities in most of the other European countries . Eastern Orthodoxy : The countries with significant Orthodox populations are Albania , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Cyprus , Georgia , Greece , Macedonia , Moldova , Montenegro , Russia , Serbia , Ukraine . Protestantism : Countries with significant Protestant populations are Norway , Iceland , Sweden , Finland , Estonia , Latvia ,. the United Kingdom , Denmark , Germany and Switzerland . There are significant minorities in France , Czech Republic , Slovakia , the Netherlands , Austria , Hungary , and indeed small minorities in most European countries .", "Catholicism : Countries with significant Catholic populations are Portugal , Spain , Poland , > France , Luxembourg , Belgium , Ireland , Northern Ireland ( UK ) , Italy , Malta , Austria , Hungary , Slovenia , Croatia , Slovakia and Lithuania . There are significant Catholic minorities in the Netherlands , southern Germany , Switzerland , the Czech Republic , western and central Belarus , western Ukraine , Hungarian - speaking Romania , Albania , parts of Russia , the Latgale region of Latvia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , England ( UK ) , Scotland ( UK ) , and Wales ( UK ) , and indeed small minorities in most of the other European countries . Eastern Orthodoxy : The countries with significant Orthodox populations are Albania , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Cyprus , Georgia , Greece , Macedonia , Moldova , Montenegro , Russia , Serbia , Ukraine . Protestantism : Countries with significant Protestant populations are Norway , Iceland , Sweden , Finland , Estonia , Latvia ,. the United Kingdom , Denmark , Germany and Switzerland . There are significant minorities in France , Czech Republic , Slovakia , the Netherlands , Austria , Hungary , and indeed small minorities in most European countries .", "Catholicism : Countries with significant Catholic populations are Portugal , Spain , Poland , > France , Luxembourg , Belgium , Ireland , Northern Ireland ( UK ) , Italy , Malta , Austria , Hungary , Slovenia , Croatia , Slovakia and Lithuania .", "Catholicism : Countries with significant Catholic populations are Portugal , Spain , Poland , > France , Luxembourg , Belgium , Ireland , Northern Ireland ( UK ) , Italy , Malta , Austria , Hungary , Slovenia , Croatia , Slovakia and Lithuania .", "There are significant Catholic minorities in the Netherlands , southern Germany , Switzerland , the Czech Republic , western and central Belarus , western Ukraine , Hungarian - speaking Romania , Albania , parts of Russia , the Latgale region of Latvia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , England ( UK ) , Scotland ( UK ) , and Wales ( UK ) , and indeed small minorities in most of the other European countries .", "There are significant Catholic minorities in the Netherlands , southern Germany , Switzerland , the Czech Republic , western and central Belarus , western Ukraine , Hungarian - speaking Romania , Albania , parts of Russia , the Latgale region of Latvia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , England ( UK ) , Scotland ( UK ) , and Wales ( UK ) , and indeed small minorities in most of the other European countries .", "Eastern Orthodoxy : The countries with significant Orthodox populations are Albania , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Cyprus , Georgia , Greece , Macedonia , Moldova , Montenegro , Russia , Serbia , Ukraine . Protestantism : Countries with significant Protestant populations are Norway , Iceland , Sweden , Finland , Estonia , Latvia ,. the United Kingdom , Denmark , Germany and Switzerland . There are significant minorities in France , Czech Republic , Slovakia , the Netherlands , Austria , Hungary , and indeed small minorities in most European countries .", "Eastern Orthodoxy : The countries with significant Orthodox populations are Albania , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Cyprus , Georgia , Greece , Macedonia , Moldova , Montenegro , Russia , Serbia , Ukraine .", "Protestantism : Countries with significant Protestant populations are Norway , Iceland , Sweden , Finland , Estonia , Latvia ,. the United Kingdom , Denmark , Germany and Switzerland . There are significant minorities in France , Czech Republic , Slovakia , the Netherlands , Austria , Hungary , and indeed small minorities in most European countries .", "Islam : Country with a majority Muslim population is Albania . The region of East Thrace ( Turkey ) and Serbian province of Kosovo and Metohija also have a majority Muslim population . As of 2010 , about 5.2 % of European citizens identified themselves as Muslims , with many of them living in EU member states like France , Germany , the UK , Belgium , Austria , Bulgaria , the Netherlands , and Sweden . Outside of the EU also have significant Muslim minorities like Bosnia and Herzegovina , Macedonia , Montenegro , Crimea , Serbia , parts of European Russia and Georgia . Judaism", "Islam : Country with a majority Muslim population is Albania . The region of East Thrace ( Turkey ) and Serbian province of Kosovo and Metohija also have a majority Muslim population . As of 2010 , about 5.2 % of European citizens identified themselves as Muslims , with many of them living in EU member states like France , Germany , the UK , Belgium , Austria , Bulgaria , the Netherlands , and Sweden . Outside of the EU also have significant Muslim minorities like Bosnia and Herzegovina , Macedonia , Montenegro , Crimea , Serbia , parts of European Russia and Georgia .", "The cuisines of European countries are diverse by themselves , although there are common characteristics that distinguishes European cooking from cuisines of Asian countries and others . Compared with traditional cooking of Asian countries , for example , meat is more prominent and substantial in serving - size . Steak in particular is a common dish across Europe . Similarly to some Asian cuisines , European cuisines also put substantial emphasis on sauces as condiments , seasonings , or accompaniments ( in part due to the difficulty of seasonings penetrating the often larger pieces of meat used in European cooking ) . Many dairy products are utilized in the cooking process , except in nouvelle cuisine . Wheat - flour bread has long been the most common sources of starch in this cuisine , along with pasta , dumplings and pastries , although the potato has become a major starch plant in the diet of Europeans and their diaspora since the European colonization of the Americas .", "Austrian Wiener Schnitzel French wine Italian pasta Belgian chocolate Spanish paella Northern Europe Rollmops Roquefort cheese Charcuterie Greek moussaka", "Austrian Wiener Schnitzel", "Austrian Wiener Schnitzel", "French wine", "Italian pasta", "Belgian chocolate", "Spanish paella", "Northern Europe Rollmops", "Northern Europe Rollmops", "Roquefort cheese", "Charcuterie", "Greek moussaka", "The earliest definite examples of needles originate from the Solutrean culture , which existed in France and Spain from 19,000 BC to 15,000 BC . The earliest dyed flax fibers have been found in a cave the Republic of Georgia and date back to 36,000 BP . See Clothing in ancient Rome , 1100 -- 1200 in fashion , 1200 -- 1300 in fashion , 1300 -- 1400 in fashion , 1400 -- 1500 in fashion , 1500 -- 1550 in fashion , 1550 -- 1600 in fashion , 1600 -- 1650 in fashion , 1650 -- 1700 in fashion , Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution .", "Some of the most popular games of all time come from Europe : Grand Theft Auto , Tomb Raider , The Witcher , Cossacks : European Wars , Colin McRae : Dirt , Far Cry 3 , Asphalt , The Settlers , The Patrician , Need For Speed , Angry Birds , Cut the Rope , Brain Challenge , Rayman , Beyond Good & Evil , Heavy Rain , Beyond : Two Souls , Watch Dogs , Batman : Arkham City , Banjo - Kazooie , LittleBigPlanet , Block Breaker Deluxe , Crysis , Tetris , Assassin 's Creed , Europa Universalis , Kinect Sports , Hysteria Project and The Getaway ( video game series ) .", "Europe 's influence on sport is enormous . European sports include :", "Association football , which has contested origins between United Kingdom and Italy ( where Benito Mussolini insisted the game be called by the name Calcio ) . What is uncontestable is that the oldest association is The Football Association of England ( 1863 ) and the first international match was between Scotland and England ( 1872 ) . It is now the world 's most popular sport and is played throughout Europe . Cricket has its origins in south eastern Britain . It 's popular throughout England and Wales , and parts of Netherlands . It is also popular in other areas in Northwest Europe . It is however very popular worldwide , especially in Africa , Australia , New Zealand and the Indian subcontinent . Cycling , which is immensely popular as a means of transport , has most of its sporting adherents in Europe . Tour de France is the world 's most watched live annual sporting event . The bicycle itself is probably from France ( see History of the bicycle ) . The discus throw , javelin throw and shot put have their origins in ancient Greece . The Olympics , both ancient and modern , have their origins too in Europe , and have a massive influence globally . Field Hockey as a modern game , began in 18th Century Britain with Ireland having the oldest federation . It is popular in the Western Europe , the Indian subcontinent , Australia and East Asia . Ice hockey , popular in Europe and North America may derive from this sport . Golf , one of the most popular sports in Europe , Asia and North America , has its origins in Scotland , with the oldest course being at Musselburgh . Handball , which is popular in Europe and elsewhere , has its origins in antiquity . The modern game is from Northern Europe with Germany having been involved in both the first women 's and men 's internationals . Rugby League and Rugby Union which both have similar origins to football . Rugby Union is the older of the two codes and has rules that date from 1845 ( see articles : History of rugby league and History of rugby union ) . They acrimoniously split in the late 19th century over the treatment of injured players . Rugby league gradually changed its laws over the next century with the end result that today both sports have little in common , apart from the basics . They have both been carried abroad by colonization , particularly to many former British colonies . American Football and Canadian Football are derivatives of rugby . Tennis which originates from United Kingdom and related games such as Table Tennis derive from the game Real Tennis which is from France . It is popular throughout the world .", "Association football , which has contested origins between United Kingdom and Italy ( where Benito Mussolini insisted the game be called by the name Calcio ) . What is uncontestable is that the oldest association is The Football Association of England ( 1863 ) and the first international match was between Scotland and England ( 1872 ) . It is now the world 's most popular sport and is played throughout Europe .", "Cricket has its origins in south eastern Britain . It 's popular throughout England and Wales , and parts of Netherlands . It is also popular in other areas in Northwest Europe . It is however very popular worldwide , especially in Africa , Australia , New Zealand and the Indian subcontinent .", "Cycling , which is immensely popular as a means of transport , has most of its sporting adherents in Europe . Tour de France is the world 's most watched live annual sporting event . The bicycle itself is probably from France ( see History of the bicycle ) .", "The discus throw , javelin throw and shot put have their origins in ancient Greece . The Olympics , both ancient and modern , have their origins too in Europe , and have a massive influence globally .", "Field Hockey as a modern game , began in 18th Century Britain with Ireland having the oldest federation . It is popular in the Western Europe , the Indian subcontinent , Australia and East Asia . Ice hockey , popular in Europe and North America may derive from this sport .", "Golf , one of the most popular sports in Europe , Asia and North America , has its origins in Scotland , with the oldest course being at Musselburgh .", "Handball , which is popular in Europe and elsewhere , has its origins in antiquity . The modern game is from Northern Europe with Germany having been involved in both the first women 's and men 's internationals .", "Rugby League and Rugby Union which both have similar origins to football . Rugby Union is the older of the two codes and has rules that date from 1845 ( see articles : History of rugby league and History of rugby union ) . They acrimoniously split in the late 19th century over the treatment of injured players . Rugby league gradually changed its laws over the next century with the end result that today both sports have little in common , apart from the basics . They have both been carried abroad by colonization , particularly to many former British colonies . American Football and Canadian Football are derivatives of rugby .", "Tennis which originates from United Kingdom and related games such as Table Tennis derive from the game Real Tennis which is from France . It is popular throughout the world .", "In addition , Europe has numerous national or regional sports which do not command a large international following outside of emigrant groups . These include :", "Alpine Wrestling in Switzerland . Bandy in Russia , Sweden and Finland Basque Pelota in parts of Spain and France , and which has been brought to the Americas by emigrants . Bullfighting in Spain , Portugal , and parts of southern France near the Spanish Border . Gaelic Football in Ireland , which influenced Australian rules football . Gaelic Handball ( Ireland ) which was taken to the United States in the form of American Handball . Hurling in Ireland . Korfbal in the Netherlands and Belgium . Pesäpallo ( Boboll ) in Finland Pétanque , Boules , Irish Road Bowling , Skittles , Bocce , and Bowls and others are variations of bowling games which are popular throughout Europe and have been spread around the world . Rounders from Britain now popular in northwest Europe from which Baseball derives . Shinty in Scotland , United Kingdom , which influenced ice hockey in Canada ( see also Shinny ) . Trotting in southern Europe .", "Alpine Wrestling in Switzerland .", "Bandy in Russia , Sweden and Finland", "Basque Pelota in parts of Spain and France , and which has been brought to the Americas by emigrants .", "Bullfighting in Spain , Portugal , and parts of southern France near the Spanish Border .", "Gaelic Football in Ireland , which influenced Australian rules football .", "Gaelic Handball ( Ireland ) which was taken to the United States in the form of American Handball .", "Hurling in Ireland .", "Korfbal in the Netherlands and Belgium .", "Pesäpallo ( Boboll ) in Finland", "Pétanque , Boules , Irish Road Bowling , Skittles , Bocce , and Bowls and others are variations of bowling games which are popular throughout Europe and have been spread around the world .", "Rounders from Britain now popular in northwest Europe from which Baseball derives .", "Shinty in Scotland , United Kingdom , which influenced ice hockey in Canada ( see also Shinny ) .", "Trotting in southern Europe .", "Some sport competitions feature a European team gathering athletes from different European countries . These teams use the European flag as an emblem . The most famous of these competitions is the Ryder Cup in golf . Some sporting organisations hold European Championships like European Cricket Council , the European Games , the European Rugby Cup ( Club / Regional competition ) , the European SC Championships , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby , the IIHF , the Mitropa Cup , the Rugby League European Federation - European Nations Cup , the Sport in the European Union and the UEFA .", "Each year since 1985 one or more cities across Europe are chosen as European Capital of Culture . Here are the past and future capitals :", "1985 : Athens 1986 : Florence 1987 : Amsterdam 1988 : Berlin 1989 : Paris 1990 : Glasgow 1991 : Dublin 1992 : Madrid 1993 : Antwerp 1994 : Lisbon 1995 : Luxembourg 1996 : Copenhagen 1997 : Thessaloniki 1998 : Stockholm 1999 : Weimar 2000 : Avignon , Bergen , Bologna , Brussels , Helsinki , Kraków , Prague , Reykjavík , Santiago de Compostela 2001 : Rotterdam , Porto 2002 : Bruges , Salamanca 2003 : Graz 2004 : Genoa , Lille 2005 : Cork 2006 : Patras 2007 : Sibiu , Luxembourg , Greater Region 2008 : Liverpool , Stavanger 2009 : Vilnius Linz 2010 : Essen ( representing the Ruhr ) , Istanbul , Pécs 2011 : Turku , Tallinn 2012 : Guimarães , Maribor 2013 : Marseille , Košice 2014 : Umeå , Riga ( 4 ) 2015 : Mons , Plzeň 2016 : San Sebastián , Wrocław ( 5 ) 2017 : Aarhus , ( 6 ) Paphos 2018 : Malta , Netherlands 2019 : Matera , Italy 2020 : Galway , Ireland and Rijeka , Croatia", "1985 : Athens", "1986 : Florence", "1987 : Amsterdam", "1988 : Berlin", "1989 : Paris", "1990 : Glasgow", "1991 : Dublin", "1992 : Madrid", "1993 : Antwerp", "1994 : Lisbon", "1995 : Luxembourg", "1996 : Copenhagen", "1997 : Thessaloniki", "1998 : Stockholm", "1999 : Weimar", "2000 : Avignon , Bergen , Bologna , Brussels , Helsinki , Kraków , Prague , Reykjavík , Santiago de Compostela", "2001 : Rotterdam , Porto", "2002 : Bruges , Salamanca", "2003 : Graz", "2004 : Genoa , Lille", "2005 : Cork", "2006 : Patras", "2007 : Sibiu , Luxembourg , Greater Region", "2008 : Liverpool , Stavanger", "2009 : Vilnius Linz", "2010 : Essen ( representing the Ruhr ) , Istanbul , Pécs", "2011 : Turku , Tallinn", "2012 : Guimarães , Maribor", "2013 : Marseille , Košice", "2014 : Umeå , Riga ( 4 )", "2015 : Mons , Plzeň", "2016 : San Sebastián , Wrocław ( 5 )", "2017 : Aarhus , ( 6 ) Paphos", "2018 : Malta , Netherlands", "2019 : Matera , Italy", "2020 : Galway , Ireland and Rijeka , Croatia", "European symbols" ]

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[ "`` The Power of Love '' Single by Jennifer Rush from the album Jennifer Rush Released December 1984 ( 1984 - 12 ) ( U.S ) 24 June 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 24 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Single Recorded 1984 CBS Studios International , Frankfurt Genre Pop Length 6 : 00 Label CBS Songwriter ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate Producer ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush singles chronology `` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 ) `` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 ) Audio sample Jennifer Rush - `` The Power of Love '' file help", "`` The Power of Love ''", "Single by Jennifer Rush", "from the album Jennifer Rush", "Released December 1984 ( 1984 - 12 ) ( U.S ) 24 June 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 24 )", "Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Single", "7 '' 12 '' CD Single", "Recorded 1984 CBS Studios International , Frankfurt", "1984 CBS Studios International , Frankfurt", "CBS Studios International , Frankfurt", "Genre Pop", "Length 6 : 00", "Label CBS", "Songwriter ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate", "Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate", "Mary Susan Applegate", "Producer ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge", "Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge", "Jennifer Rush singles chronology", "`` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 )", "`` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 )", "`` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 )", "`` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 )", "`` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 )", "`` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 )", "Audio sample", "Jennifer Rush - `` The Power of Love '' file help", "file help", "`` The Power of Love '' is a song co-written and originally recorded by Jennifer Rush in 1984 . It has been covered by several artists , most notably by Celine Dion , Laura Branigan and Air Supply .", "Rush 's original version , released in her native United States at the end of 1984 and in Europe during 1985 , went to number one in the United Kingdom in October 1985 and became the biggest - selling single of the year in that country . It was also a number one single in several other European countries , as well as Canada , Australia and New Zealand . Dion 's version went to number one in the United States , Canada and Australia in 1994 . The song has been translated into several languages , becoming a pop standard .", "`` The Power of Love '' was first recorded by Jennifer Rush for her 1984 eponymous album . It was released as a single in West Germany in December 1984 . In June 1985 , `` The Power of Love '' was issued as a single in the United Kingdom , where it topped the chart for five weeks in October 1985 and became the best - selling single of the year . As of March 2017 , it has sold 1.45 million copies in the UK .", "The massive success of `` The Power of Love '' in the UK followed with widespread international success for the single in the last months of 1985 and the first of 1986 , including a German re-release with a resultant number - nine charting . Eventually `` The Power of Love '' reached number one in Australia , Austria , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway , South Africa and Spain ( where Rush topped the chart with a version in Spanish called `` Si tú eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer '' , translated as `` If you are my man and I 'm your woman '' ) , number three in Switzerland , Sweden and Belgium , and number seven in the Netherlands .", "CBS held off on releasing `` The Power of Love '' in North America feeling the disc was too European . It finally saw release in the United States and Canada in January 1986 but despite rising to number one in Canada , `` The Power of Love '' failed to become a significant US hit , stalling at number fifty - seven on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week - ending of 5 April 1986 and spending 13 weeks within the Hot 100 . The song was performed by Rush on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in March 1986 and American Bandstand in April 1986 .", "Original album version ( 6 : 00 ) Special radio edit ( 4 : 43 ) ( This is an edit of the original album version ) Orchestral remix ( 6 : 00 ) International album version ( 5 : 45 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel ) Remix ( 4 : 20 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . This is an edit of the international album version ) Extended remix ( 7 : 10 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . Different mix to the international album version / remix )", "Original album version ( 6 : 00 ) Special radio edit ( 4 : 43 ) ( This is an edit of the original album version ) Orchestral remix ( 6 : 00 ) International album version ( 5 : 45 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel ) Remix ( 4 : 20 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . This is an edit of the international album version ) Extended remix ( 7 : 10 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . Different mix to the international album version / remix )", "Original album version ( 6 : 00 ) Special radio edit ( 4 : 43 ) ( This is an edit of the original album version ) Orchestral remix ( 6 : 00 )", "Original album version ( 6 : 00 )", "Special radio edit ( 4 : 43 ) ( This is an edit of the original album version )", "Orchestral remix ( 6 : 00 )", "International album version ( 5 : 45 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel ) Remix ( 4 : 20 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . This is an edit of the international album version ) Extended remix ( 7 : 10 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . Different mix to the international album version / remix )", "International album version ( 5 : 45 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel )", "Remix ( 4 : 20 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . This is an edit of the international album version )", "Extended remix ( 7 : 10 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . Different mix to the international album version / remix )", "Europe 1st press 7 '' ( CBS CBSA 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 Europe promo 7 '' ( CBS PROSI 24 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Special Radio Edit ) '' 4 : 43 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 Europe 1st press 12 '' ( CBS CBSA 12.5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Nobody Move '' 3 : 12 3 . `` Into My Dreams '' 4 : 00 Europe 2nd press 7 '' ( CBS CBSA 5003 ) / U.K. 1st press 7 '' ( CBS A 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 Europe 2nd press 12 '' ( CBS CBSA 12.5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Nobody Move '' 3 : 12 3 . `` Into My Dreams '' 4 : 00 U.K. 1st press 12 '' ( CBS TX 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Come Give Me Your Hand '' 3 : 49 3 . `` I See A Shadow ( Not A Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 U.K. promo 7 '' ( CBS A 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Remix ) '' 4 : 20 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 U.K. 2nd press 7 '' ( CBS A 5003 ) / U.S. 7 '' ( Epic 34 - 05754 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love ( Remix ) '' 4 : 20 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 U.K. 2nd press 12 '' ( CBS TX 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Extended Remix ) '' 7 : 10 2 . `` Come Give Me Your Hand '' 3 : 49 3 . `` I See A Shadow ( Not A Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 Spain 7 '' ( CBS A 6975 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Si tu eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer '' 5 : 10 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Remix ) '' 4 : 20 Europe re-released CD single ( 6614112 ) ( 1995 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Special Radio Edit ) '' 4 : 43 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 3 . `` Ave Maria ( Survivors Of A Different Kind ) '' 3 : 48", "Europe 1st press 7 '' ( CBS CBSA 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 Europe promo 7 '' ( CBS PROSI 24 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Special Radio Edit ) '' 4 : 43 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 Europe 1st press 12 '' ( CBS CBSA 12.5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Nobody Move '' 3 : 12 3 . `` Into My Dreams '' 4 : 00 Europe 2nd press 7 '' ( CBS CBSA 5003 ) / U.K. 1st press 7 '' ( CBS A 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 Europe 2nd press 12 '' ( CBS CBSA 12.5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Nobody Move '' 3 : 12 3 . `` Into My Dreams '' 4 : 00 U.K. 1st press 12 '' ( CBS TX 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Come Give Me Your Hand '' 3 : 49 3 . `` I See A Shadow ( Not A Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 U.K. promo 7 '' ( CBS A 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Remix ) '' 4 : 20 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 U.K. 2nd press 7 '' ( CBS A 5003 ) / U.S. 7 '' ( Epic 34 - 05754 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love ( Remix ) '' 4 : 20 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 U.K. 2nd press 12 '' ( CBS TX 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Extended Remix ) '' 7 : 10 2 . `` Come Give Me Your Hand '' 3 : 49 3 . `` I See A Shadow ( Not A Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 Spain 7 '' ( CBS A 6975 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Si tu eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer '' 5 : 10 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Remix ) '' 4 : 20 Europe re-released CD single ( 6614112 ) ( 1995 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Special Radio Edit ) '' 4 : 43 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 3 . `` Ave Maria ( Survivors Of A Different Kind ) '' 3 : 48", "Europe 1st press 7 '' ( CBS CBSA 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20", "Europe 1st press 7 '' ( CBS CBSA 5003 )", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00", "2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20", "Europe promo 7 '' ( CBS PROSI 24 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Special Radio Edit ) '' 4 : 43 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00", "Europe promo 7 '' ( CBS PROSI 24 )", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Special Radio Edit ) '' 4 : 43", "2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00", "Europe 1st press 12 '' ( CBS CBSA 12.5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Nobody Move '' 3 : 12 3 . `` Into My Dreams '' 4 : 00", "Europe 1st press 12 '' ( CBS CBSA 12.5003 )", "No . 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07 ) Recorded 1985 Length 5 : 22 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate Producer ( s ) Peter Collins Air Supply singles chronology `` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 ) `` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 )", "`` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) ''", "Single by Air Supply", "from the album Air Supply", "Released July 1985 ( 1985 - 07 )", "Recorded 1985", "Length 5 : 22", "Label Arista", "Songwriter ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate", "Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate", "Mary Susan Applegate", "Producer ( s ) Peter Collins", "Air Supply singles chronology", "`` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 )", "`` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 )", "`` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 )", "`` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 )", "`` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 )", "`` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 )", "Australian duo Air Supply covered `` The Power of Love '' for their 1985 eponymous album . Since the song was sung by Russell Hitchcock , the gender roles were reversed in the lyrics ( `` I 'm your lady and you are my man '' became `` You are my lady and I am your man '' ) . It was released as a single in July 1985 in the United States , and later in Canada and New Zealand . Their version was titled `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' so as not to be confused with `` The Power of Love '' by Huey Lewis and the News which was on the charts at the same time . Air Supply 's version was a moderate success in New Zealand and Canada , reaching the top 40 in both countries in late 1985 . In the US , it peaked at number 68 . This cover was featured in the 2017 film Death Note .", "7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' 3 : 57 2 . `` Sunset '' 2 : 47", "7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' 3 : 57 2 . `` Sunset '' 2 : 47", "7 '' single No . 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Produced by David Kershenbaum , the track was released in October 1987 as the album 's second single , after `` Shattered Glass . '' In December 1987 , `` Power of Love '' reached number twenty - six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also peaked at number nineteen on the US Adult Contemporary chart .", "7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` Power of Love '' 4 : 44 2 . `` Spirit of Love '' 3 : 35", "7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` Power of Love '' 4 : 44 2 . `` Spirit of Love '' 3 : 35", "7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` Power of Love '' 4 : 44 2 . `` Spirit of Love '' 3 : 35", "7 '' single", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` Power of Love '' 4 : 44", "2 . `` Spirit of Love '' 3 : 35", "Laura Branigan -- vocals David J. Holman -- PPG programming , engineering , mixing David Kershenbaum -- production Bob Marlette -- keyboards , drum programming , arrangement Kim Scharnberg -- strings , arrangement", "Laura Branigan -- vocals", "David J. 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It was produced by David Foster and released as the first single in November 1993 in North America , in December 1993 in Japan , and in early 1994 in the rest of the world .", "A music video for the song was released . It only used the radio edit , which was the opening track for all releases of the song .", "`` The Power of Love '' became Dion 's first US number - one song , topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in February 1994 . It also became her first Australian chart topper and second number - one single in Canada . The song also topped the adult contemporary charts in the United States and Canada . In the rest of the world , `` The Power of Love '' reached top ten in France , United Kingdom , Belgium , Sweden and New Zealand . It was certified Platinum in the United States and Australia , Gold in New Zealand and Silver in France . In the United States , it has sold 1.5 million copies .", "`` The Power of Love '' won the ASCAP Pop Award for Most Performed Song in the United States . It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , American Music Award for Favorite Pop / Rock Single , two Billboard Music Awards for Hot 100 Single of the Year and Hot Adult Contemporary Single of the Year , and for the Juno Award for Single of the Year . Thanks to `` The Power of Love , '' David Foster was also nominated for the Juno Award for Producer of the Year .", "`` The Power of Love '' became one of Dion 's signature songs . She performed it during all of her concert tours and included it on her live albums . `` The Power of Love '' was also featured on Dion 's greatest hits compilations : All the Way ... A Decade of Song ( 1999 ) , Complete Best ( 2008 ) , My Love : Essential Collection ( 2008 ) and The Best of Celine Dion & David Foster ( 2012 ) . Live performances are included on À l'Olympia ( album ) , Live à Paris ( album ) , Live à Paris ( video ) , Au cœur du stade ( video ) , Live in Las Vegas : A New Day ... ( video ) , Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert ( album / video ) , and Céline une seule fois / Live 2013 ( album / video ) . She also performed the song at the American Music Awards of 1995 and her CBS television special That 's Just the Woman in Me on 15 February 2008 .", "7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love '' ( Radio edit ) 4 : 42 2 . `` No Living Without Loving You '' 4 : 23 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love '' ( Radio edit ) 4 : 42 2 . `` No Living Without Loving You '' 4 : 23 3 . `` Did You Give Enough Love '' 4 : 22 CD single ( Japan ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love '' ( Radio edit ) 4 : 42 2 . `` No Living Without Loving You '' 4 : 23 3 . `` If You Asked Me To '' 3 : 55", "7 '' single No . 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end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 160 US Billboard Hot 100 48", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 94 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada ( The Record 's Retail Singles Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Contemporary Hit Radio ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 62 Chart ( 1994 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 10 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 148 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 47 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 61 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 160 US Billboard Hot 100 48", "Chart ( 1993 -- 94 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada ( The Record 's Retail Singles Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Contemporary Hit Radio ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 21", "Chart ( 1993 -- 94 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA )", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5", "Canada ( The Record 's Retail Singles Chart )", "Canada ( The Record 's Contemporary Hit Radio )", "Canada Top Singles ( RPM )", "Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM )", "Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 17", "France ( SNEP )", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57", "Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 )", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 13", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7", "Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard )", "US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )", "US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 21", "Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 62 Chart ( 1994 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 10 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 148 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 47 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 61 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 1993 ) Position", "Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 62", "Chart ( 1994 ) Position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 6", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25", "Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 10", "Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM )", "France ( SNEP ) 12", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 148", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 47", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 27", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 61", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 160 US Billboard Hot 100 48", "Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position", "France ( SNEP ) 160", "US Billboard Hot 100 48", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 221,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,471,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000", "France ( SNEP ) Silver 221,000", "New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000", "United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,471,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Country Date Format United States 23 November 1993 CD cassette 7 '' United Kingdom 17 January 1994", "Country Date Format", "United States 23 November 1993 CD cassette 7 ''", "CD cassette 7 ''", "United Kingdom 17 January 1994" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Witcher Cover of the first book The Last Wish ( 1993 ) Sword of Destiny ( 1992 ) Blood of Elves ( 1994 ) Time of Contempt ( 1995 ) Baptism of Fire ( 1995 ) The Tower of Swallows ( 1997 ) Lady of the Lake ( 1999 ) Season of Storms ( 2013 ) Author Andrzej Sapkowski Country Poland Language Polish Genre Fantasy Publisher Gollancz , Orbit", "Cover of the first book", "The Last Wish ( 1993 ) Sword of Destiny ( 1992 ) Blood of Elves ( 1994 ) Time of Contempt ( 1995 ) Baptism of Fire ( 1995 ) The Tower of Swallows ( 1997 ) Lady of the Lake ( 1999 ) Season of Storms ( 2013 )", "Author Andrzej Sapkowski", "Country Poland", "Language Polish", "Genre Fantasy", "Publisher Gollancz , Orbit", "The Witcher ( Polish : Wiedźmin , Polish pronunciation : ( ˈvjɛd͡ʑmjin ) ) , by Polish writer Andrzej Sapkowski , is a fantasy series of short stories and novels about the witcher Geralt of Rivia . In Sapkowski 's books , `` witchers '' are monster hunters who ( with training and body modification ) develop supernatural abilities at a young age to battle deadly beasts . The books have been adapted into a film , a television series , video games , and a graphic novel series . The series of novels is known as the Witcher Saga . The short stories and novels have been translated into numerous languages , including English .", "The books have been described as having a cult following in Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Slovakia , Ukraine , Romania , Russia , Serbia , Bulgaria and other Central and Eastern European countries .", "The Witcher short stories were first published in Fantastyka , a Polish science fiction and fantasy magazine , beginning in the mid-1980s . The first short story , `` Wiedźmin '' ( `` The Witcher '' ) ( 1986 ) , was written for a contest held by the magazine and won third place . The first four stories dealing with the witcher Geralt were originally featured in a 1990 short - story collection entitled Wiedźmin -- now out of print -- with `` Droga , z której się nie wraca '' ( `` The Road With No Return '' ) , which is set in the world before the Witcher stories and features Geralt 's mother to be .", "The second published short - story collection was Miecz przeznaczenia ( Sword of Destiny ) . Although Ostatnie życzenie ( The Last Wish ) was published after Sword of Destiny , it replaced The Witcher as the first book since it included all the stories in The Witcher except `` The Road With No Return '' ( the only story without Geralt ) . Although new short stories were added to The Last Wish , they took place before those in Sword of Destiny .", "Although `` The Road With No Return '' and `` Coś się kończy , coś się zaczyna '' ( `` Something Ends , Something Begins '' , an alternate ending of the Witcher saga about Geralt and Yennefer 's wedding written as a wedding gift for Sapkowski 's friends ) were later published in Coś się kończy , coś się zaczyna , the other stories in that book are unconnected to the Witcher series . In some Polish editions , `` Droga , z której się nie wraca '' ( `` The Road From Which You Do n't Return '' ) and `` Coś się kończy , coś się zaczyna '' are added to The Last Wish or Sword of Destiny .", "In 2015 , a video game compendium entitled `` The World of the Witcher '' was released to coincide with the release of The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt . The book acts as a guide to the lore and histories of the universe as told by Dandelion and various other characters from the Continent .", "Miecz Przeznaczenia ( Sword of Destiny ) ( 1992 , English edition : 2015 ) Ostatnie życzenie ( The Last Wish ) ( 1993 , English edition : 2007 ) . Note that , while The Last Wish was published after The Sword of Destiny , the stories contained in The Last Wish take place first chronologically , and many of the individual stories were published before The Sword of Destiny .", "Miecz Przeznaczenia ( Sword of Destiny ) ( 1992 , English edition : 2015 )", "Ostatnie życzenie ( The Last Wish ) ( 1993 , English edition : 2007 ) . Note that , while The Last Wish was published after The Sword of Destiny , the stories contained in The Last Wish take place first chronologically , and many of the individual stories were published before The Sword of Destiny .", "The saga focuses on Geralt of Rivia and Ciri , a child of destiny . Ciri , princess of a recently conquered country and a pawn of international politics , becomes a witcher - in - training . Geralt is drawn into a whirlwind of events in his attempts to protect her .", "Krew elfów ( Blood of Elves ) ( 1994 , English edition : 2008 ) Czas pogardy ( Time of Contempt ) ( 1995 , English edition : 2013 ) Chrzest ognia ( Baptism of Fire ) ( 1996 , English edition : 2014 ) Wieża Jaskółki ( The Tower of the Swallow ) ( 1997 , English edition : 2016 ) Pani Jeziora ( Lady of the Lake ) ( 1999 , English edition : 2017 )", "Krew elfów ( Blood of Elves ) ( 1994 , English edition : 2008 )", "Czas pogardy ( Time of Contempt ) ( 1995 , English edition : 2013 )", "Chrzest ognia ( Baptism of Fire ) ( 1996 , English edition : 2014 )", "Wieża Jaskółki ( The Tower of the Swallow ) ( 1997 , English edition : 2016 )", "Pani Jeziora ( Lady of the Lake ) ( 1999 , English edition : 2017 )", "Sezon burz ( Season of Storms ) ( 2013 , English edition : 2018 ) -- set between short stories in The Last Wish , but containing a few hints on events which follow the original pentalogy .", "Sezon burz ( Season of Storms ) ( 2013 , English edition : 2018 ) -- set between short stories in The Last Wish , but containing a few hints on events which follow the original pentalogy .", "Coś się kończy , coś się zaczyna ( Something Ends , Something Begins ) ( 2000 ) -- Stories by Sapkowski , including two Witcher stories A Polish Book of Monsters ( 2010 ) -- English anthology edited and translated by Michael Kandel , with a translation of `` The Witcher '' entitled `` Spellmaker . '' The story also appears , with a different translation , in The Last Wish .", "Coś się kończy , coś się zaczyna ( Something Ends , Something Begins ) ( 2000 ) -- Stories by Sapkowski , including two Witcher stories", "A Polish Book of Monsters ( 2010 ) -- English anthology edited and translated by Michael Kandel , with a translation of `` The Witcher '' entitled `` Spellmaker . '' The story also appears , with a different translation , in The Last Wish .", "In 2013 , the Polish publishing house Solaris published a collection of eight short stories , Opowieści ze świata Wiedźmina , written by eight Russian and Ukrainian fantasy writers ( including Andrei Belyanin and Vladimir Vasilyev ) set in the world of The Witcher and / or featuring characters from the saga . In 2017 , a similar collection of eleven short stories by eleven authors chosen through a competition organized in 2016 by the Polish magazine Nowa Fantastyka was published by SuperNowa .", "The stories are set on the Continent , which was settled several thousand years earlier by elves from overseas . When they arrived , the elves encountered gnomes and dwarves . After a period of war between the elves and dwarves , the dwarves retreated into the mountains and the elves settled in the plains and forests . Human colonists arrived about five hundred years before the events in the stories , igniting a series of wars . The humans were victorious , and became dominant ; the non-human races , now considered second - class citizens , often live in small ghettos within human settlements . Those not confined to the ghettos live in wilderness regions not yet claimed by humans . Other races on the Continent are halflings and dryads ; werewolves and vampires appeared after a magical event , known as the Conjunction of the Spheres .", "During the centuries preceding the stories , most of the Continent 's southern regions have been taken over by the Nilfgaard Empire ; the north belongs to the fragmented Northern Kingdoms . The Witcher saga takes place in the aftermath of the first major war between the Nilfgaard Empire and the Northern Kingdoms , with a second war beginning in the middle of the series .", "Geralt of Rivia ( Polish : Geralt z Rivii ) , known also as Gwynnbleid ( Elder Speech : `` White Wolf '' ) and the Butcher of Blaviken , is the protagonist of the series and its adaptations . A witcher , he travels the Continent and makes a living hunting monsters that plague the land . Péter Apor argues that he embodies the `` neo-liberal anti-politics '' spirit of the Polish popular culture of the 1990s .", "Yennefer of Vengerberg ( Polish : Yennefer z Vengerbergu ) first appeared in the collection of short stories , The Last Wish , featuring in both `` The Last Wish '' short story and `` The Voice of Reason '' frame story . She went on to appear in numerous other Witcher stories as the `` soul mate '' of Geralt and is one of the main characters of the Witcher saga .", "Cirilla Fiona Elen Riannon ( known as Ciri , from the name Zireael in the Elder Speech ( meaning `` Swallow '' ; Jaskółka in Polish original ) , also known as the Lion Cub of Cintra , Child of the Elder Blood , and the Lady of Time and Space ) , is the princess of Cintra , daughter of Pavetta and Duny ( also known as the Urcheon of Erlenwald ) and granddaughter of Queen Calanthe . She is also Geralt 's and Yennefer 's adopted daughter , around whom much of the plot is centered . Ciri is a descendant of Lara Dorren and has the Elder blood which gives her access to powers that allow her to cross space and time . Ciri has ashen grey hair and green emerald eyes , a trait that runs in her family .", "Triss Merigold of Maribor , a sorceress and a friend of Geralt and Yennefer . She took care of Ciri for some time . She was member of the Lodge of Sorceresses . Triss is in love with Geralt . The image of Triss Merigold from The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings appeared as cover girl in the Polish edition of Playboy in May 2011 . She also appeared in a live model calendar for the game in Russia .", "Dandelion ( Polish : Jaskier ) is a poet , minstrel , bard and Geralt 's best friend . The Polish word jaskier actually refers to the Buttercup flower ( Ranunculus ) . Some of his more famous ballads were about the relationship between Geralt and Yennefer . By the time of the saga he is already in his 40s though it is said that he appears to be in his 30s and is sometimes mistaken for an elf . He accompanies Geralt in many of the short stories and ends up joining his hansa while searching for Ciri .", "Although no map of the universe created by Sapkowski has been released , several maps have been created by fans . According to Sapkowski , the existing maps are `` mostly accurate '' and he uses a version created by Czech translator Stanislav Komárek . CD Projekt created a map for The Witcher video game in consultation with Sapkowski .", "Kovir & Poviss Hengfors Kaedwen Redania Mahakam Aedirn Cintra Temeria Lyria & Rivia Nilfgaard", "Kovir & Poviss Hengfors Kaedwen", "Redania Mahakam Aedirn", "Cintra Temeria Lyria & Rivia", "Nilfgaard", "The Continent can be divided into four regions . The Northern Kingdoms ( where most of the saga takes place ) consists of Aedirn , Cidaris , Cintra , Hengfors League , Kaedwen , Kerack , Kovir and Poviss , Lyria and Rivia , Redania , Temeria and Verden and several minor duchies and principalities such as Bremervoord or Ellander . The Nilfgaard Empire occupies most of the area south of the Northern Kingdoms . The eastern part of the Continent , such as the Korath desert , Zerrikania , Hakland and the Fiery Mountains , is mostly unknown . The book series mentions overseas countries with whom the Northern Kingdoms trade , including Zangvebar , Ofir , Hannu and Barsa .", "Sapkowski created a language for the series known as Elder Speech , based on English , French , Irish , Latin and other languages . Dialects are spoken on the Skellige Islands and in Nilfgaard . In an interview Sapkowski explained that he wanted the language to be reasonably legible to a reader , to avoid footnotes . As he said : `` In my book , I do not want for an orc telling to another orc ' Burbatuluk grabataluk ! ' to be supplied with a footnote : ' Shut the door , do n't let the flies in ! ' ''", "The stories and novels have been translated into Slovak , Czech , Danish , Portuguese , German , Russian , Lithuanian , Estonian , Finnish , French , Spanish , Italian , Bulgarian , Romanian , Ukrainian , Serbian , Swedish , Hungarian , Dutch , Chinese , Georgian , English and Farsi. ( 1 )", "Title Publication date Publisher The Last Wish ( Ostanie życzenie ) Translated by Danusia Stok 2007 Gollancz 2008 Orbit Sword of Destiny ( Miecz przeznaczenia ) Translated by David French May 2015 Gollancz December 2015 Orbit Blood of Elves ( Krew elfów ) Translated by Danusia Stok 2008 Gollancz 2009 Orbit Time of Contempt ( Czas pogardy ) Translated by David French 2013 Gollancz Orbit Baptism of Fire ( Chrzest ognia ) Translated by David French 2014 Gollancz Orbit The Tower of the Swallow ( UK ) The Tower of Swallows ( US ) ( Wieża jaskółki ) Translated by David French May 2016 Gollancz Orbit Lady of the Lake ( Pani Jeziora ) Translated by David French 2017 Gollancz Orbit Season of Storms ( Sezon burz ) Translated by David French 2018 Gollancz Orbit", "Title Publication date Publisher", "The Last Wish ( Ostanie życzenie ) Translated by Danusia Stok 2007 Gollancz", "Translated by Danusia Stok", "2008 Orbit", "Sword of Destiny ( Miecz przeznaczenia ) Translated by David French May 2015 Gollancz", "Translated by David French", "December 2015 Orbit", "Blood of Elves ( Krew elfów ) Translated by Danusia Stok 2008 Gollancz", "Translated by Danusia Stok", "2009 Orbit", "Time of Contempt ( Czas pogardy ) Translated by David French 2013 Gollancz", "Translated by David French", "Orbit", "Baptism of Fire ( Chrzest ognia ) Translated by David French 2014 Gollancz", "Translated by David French", "Orbit", "The Tower of the Swallow ( UK ) The Tower of Swallows ( US ) ( Wieża jaskółki ) Translated by David French May 2016 Gollancz", "Translated by David French", "Orbit", "Lady of the Lake ( Pani Jeziora ) Translated by David French 2017 Gollancz", "Translated by David French", "Orbit", "Season of Storms ( Sezon burz ) Translated by David French 2018 Gollancz", "Translated by David French", "Orbit", "Although wiedźmin has been translated as `` witcher '' , the translation preferred by Sapkowski was initially `` hexer '' ( the title of the film adaptation ) . Hexe and Hexer are the German words for `` witch '' and `` warlock '' respectively ; CD Projekt used `` witcher '' for the title of its video game , and Danusia Stok used it in her translation of Ostanie życzenie . Sapkowski used the word `` witcher '' in his book Historia i Fantastyka , and Michael Kandel used `` spellmaker '' in his 2010 translation of `` Wiedźmin '' .", "From 1993 to 1995 , Sapkowski 's stories were adapted into six comic books by Maciej Parowski ( story ) , Bogusław Polch ( art ) and Sapkowski :", "Droga bez powrotu ( The Road with No Return ) -- Based on the short story `` Droga , z której się nie wraca '' Geralt -- Based on the short story `` Wiedźmin '' Mniejsze zło ( Lesser Evil ) Ostatnie życzenie ( The Last Wish ) Granica możliwości ( Border of Ability ) -- Based on short stories with the same titles Zdrada ( Betrayal ) -- Based on an `` unused idea for a short story ''", "Droga bez powrotu ( The Road with No Return ) -- Based on the short story `` Droga , z której się nie wraca ''", "Geralt -- Based on the short story `` Wiedźmin ''", "Mniejsze zło ( Lesser Evil )", "Ostatnie życzenie ( The Last Wish )", "Granica możliwości ( Border of Ability ) -- Based on short stories with the same titles", "Zdrada ( Betrayal ) -- Based on an `` unused idea for a short story ''", "On October 11 , 2013 , Dark Horse Comics announced a comic book series called The Witcher , based on the video - game series and made in collaboration with CD Projekt Red . The first volume , The Witcher : House of Glass with a cover by Mike Mignola , was published on September 24 , 2014 . A second comic - book series , The Witcher : Fox Children , was published on December 16 , 2015 . The third comic - book series The Witcher : Curse of Crows was released on June 21 , 2017 .", "The Hexer is the title of a 2001 film and a 2002 TV series , both directed by Marek Brodzki . Michał Żebrowski played Geralt in both . In several interviews , Sapkowski criticized the screen adaptations : `` I can answer only with a single word , an obscene , albeit a short one . ''", "In 2015 , Platige Image planned an American film adaptation of the novel series to arrive in 2017 . In May 2017 they announced that they would be producing a The Witcher TV series in cooperation with Netflix and Sean Daniel Company , with Tomasz Bagiński as one of the directors and Sapkowski as a creative consultant .", "A tabletop role - playing game based on Sapkowski 's books , Wiedźmin : Gra Wyobraźni ( The Witcher : A Game of Imagination ) was published by MAG in 2001 . Another tabletop game based on the video games , produced by R. Talsorian Games , was planned for release in 2016 but was still in development in October 2017 .", "In 1996 and 1997 a Witcher video game was being developed by Metropolis Software in Poland , but it was cancelled . The game 's director was Adrian Chmielarz , former People Can Fly co-owner and creative director , who coined the translation `` The Witcher '' during its development . According to Chmielarz , the game would have been a 3D action - adventure game with role - playing elements such as moral choices and experience points .", "In 2007 Polish video - game developer CD Projekt Red released The Witcher , a role - playing game based on Sapkowski 's saga . The game was released in Europe on October 26 and in the US on October 30 for Windows and OS X . It was well - publicized and , although it was the developer 's first game , it received critical praise in Europe and North America . The Witcher was published in Poland by CD Projekt and worldwide by Atari . A console version , The Witcher : Rise of the White Wolf with the same story and a different engine and combat system , was scheduled for release in fall 2009 but was cancelled that spring .", "The Witcher : Crimson Trail ( Polish : Wiedźmin : Krwawy Szlak ) , also known as The Witcher Mobile is a mobile - phone action game created by Breakpoint on license from CD Projekt in November 2007 . It features a young Geralt as a promising student who has completed his training to become a monster - slayer -- a witcher .", "The Witcher : Versus was a Flash - based multiplayer fighting browser game , developed for CD Projekt Red by one2tribe and released in 2008 . In the game ( which has been discontinued ) , players created a character from one of three classes and challenged other players in battle .", "The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings is the sequel to The Witcher , developed by CD Projekt Red . On September 16 , 2009 , before Assassins of Kings was introduced , a video of the game was leaked ; two days later , CD Projekt Red confirmed that it was in development . Assassins of Kings was published in Poland by CD Projekt , by Namco Bandai Games in Europe and by Atari in North America . The game was also distributed digitally through Steam and DRM - free on Good Old Games .", "As of July 11 , 2012 , the first two Witcher games sold a worldwide total of four million copies for Windows , Mac , and Xbox 360 . As of February 6 , 2013 , the total was over five million copies . As of October 25 sales were at six million copies , and the franchise has sold more than eight million copies . CD Projekt Red announced The Witcher : Battle Arena , a free - to - play multiplayer online battle arena game for mobile devices , on July 1 , 2014 .", "The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt was released on May 19 , 2015 and has become one of the most awarded video games of all time . As of March 2016 , the game has shipped nearly 10 million copies worldwide .", "Geralt is set to appear as a special guest character in the 2018 fighting game Soulcalibur VI .", "In 2007 , Kuźnia Gier developed two card games based on CD Projekt 's The Witcher video game . One , Wiedźmin : Przygodowa Gra Karciana ( The Witcher : Adventure Cardgame ) , was published by Kuźnia Gier ; the other , Wiedźmin : Promocyjna Gra Karciana ( The Witcher Promo Card Game ) was added to the collector 's edition of The Witcher in some countries . Another card game , Gwent was planned for released with The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt as an in - game activity . Players can challenge for ( or buy ) Gwent cards from characters in the game . In 2016 a stand - alone Gwent online card game was announced and is currently in open beta .", "CD Projekt Red and Fantasy Flight Games released The Witcher Adventure Game , a board game designed by Ignacy Trzewiczek , in 2014 in physical and digital forms . The digital version is available on Windows , OS X , Android and iOS ." ]

[ [ "Windsor, Ontario" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Detroit -- Windsor Metroplex area View from Ouellette Avenue in Windsor across the river to Detroit 's Guardian and Penobscot Building cityscape . Country Canada United States State / Province Ontario Michigan Principal cities Detroit Windsor Elevation 600 ft ( 200 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Metro 5,700,000 ( 16th ) Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 )", "Detroit -- Windsor", "Metroplex area", "View from Ouellette Avenue in Windsor across the river to Detroit 's Guardian and Penobscot Building cityscape .", "Country Canada United States", "State / Province Ontario Michigan", "Principal cities Detroit Windsor", "Elevation 600 ft ( 200 m )", "Population ( 2010 )", "Metro 5,700,000 ( 16th )", "Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 )", "The Detroit -- Windsor region is an international transborder agglomeration comprising the American city of Detroit , Michigan , the Canadian city of Windsor , Ontario , and the Detroit River between them . The Detroit -- Windsor area acts as a critical commercial link straddling the Canada -- United States border and has a total population of about 5,700,000 . It is North America 's largest cross-border conurbation .", "The Detroit -- Windsor area covers the southeastern Michigan counties of St. Clair , Macomb , Lapeer , Genesee , Livingston , Oakland , Washtenaw , Monroe and Wayne ; as well as the Southern Ontario City of Windsor and counties of Essex , Lambton , and Kent .", "The Detroit -- Windsor region is not recognized formally as a single metropolitan area by either the U.S. or Canadian government . If it were , the region would be the eighth most populous urban region in North America . Nevertheless , the communities have been historically tied by several partnerships and agreements , including the Detroit and Windsor Tunnel Corporation , the firm that is owned equally by the City of Detroit and City of Windsor and operates the tunnel . The cities are historically linked through the rise of the auto industry in both countries due to the U.S. - Canadian Auto Pact in the 1960s , and share geopolitical concerns affecting transportation and shared resources , such as the Detroit River . Many federal , state and provincial bi-national agreements affecting trade and border security also link the region . Today , increasing governmental co-operation is being formalized . On June 15 , 2012 , the construction of a new bridge between Windsor and Detroit was announced in the two cities by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , Transport Minister Denis Lebel and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder . The bridge announcement was a long - anticipated formalization of a new partnership between Canada and Michigan , with Canada paying the entire Michigan share of the new bridge , including a new interchange with Interstate - 75 . The joint Royal Canadian Mounted Police and U.S. Coast Guard Shiprider program of marine border security are examples . The increasing interdependence of Detroit -- Windsor was recognized by U.S. regional business and government in 2007 when Windsor Mayor Eddie Francis was invited to take part in , and speak at , the annual Mackinac Policy Conference , a committee of regional business and political leaders , developed to address the economic and quality of life issues that matter most to Southeast Michigan .", "Detroit is home to the Big Three automobile companies . As a result , Windsor is home to the Chrysler Canada Headquarters and car plants for two of the `` Big Three '' . While the inner city of Detroit has experienced economic difficulties over the years , the affluent suburbs are magnets for immigrants , wealth , and population growth . Windsor 's economy is reliant on the automotive industry , but has diversified . As an example , Caesars Windsor casino , the largest in Canada , attracts visitors from the Metro Detroit region . In fact , Kwame Kilpatrick stated that Detroit is transitioning `` from a manufacturing economy to a casino economy '' in his re-election campaign .", "Moreover , Windsor 's economy has continued to diversify with several hundred green - energy jobs having been created as of June 2011 . More capital investment in the city is expected , especially in the aerospace and air cargo industry . Windsor Airport is currently undergoing a major expansion , with an aircraft maintenance and repair hangar being constructed , as well as cargo facilities for air to rail / road transport .", "Many people commute across the Detroit -- Windsor International border daily . Professions identified in the 1988 Free Trade Act are permitted TN Visas for legal work in the United States and Canada . As an example , over 5,000 Windsor residents work in the healthcare industry in Metro Detroit ; as such , the industry is one of Windsor 's largest indirect employers . One of the largest U.S. law firms , Miller , Canfield , Paddock and Stone P.L.C. , has offices in both Windsor and Detroit .", "A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 257,000 jobs in Michigan and $13 billion in annual production depend on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing . With many new businesses in the suburbs , the region is competitive in emerging technologies including biotechnology , nanotechnology , information technology , and hydrogen fuel cell development .", "Together , the two metropolitan areas have a population of almost 6,000,000 people , with 5.4 million in the Detroit area , 375,000 people in Essex County ( Windsor ) , 125,000 in Lambton County ( Sarnia ) , and 110,000 in Chatham - Kent , Ontario . It is the second largest border region in the world , after Kinshasa - Brazzaville in Central Africa , with some 5,700,000 people living in its metropolitan area ) . The Detroit side contains over one - half of the population of Michigan , whereas Windsor and Sarnia contain only two percent of Ontario 's population . An estimated 46 million people , nearly 16 % of the U.S. population , live within a 480 km ( 300 mi ) radius of the area , with other metropolitan areas within this radius , such as Toronto , Ontario ; Hamilton , Ontario ; Buffalo , New York ; Cleveland , Ohio ; Akron , Ohio ; Toledo , Ohio ; Columbus , Ohio ; Cincinnati , Ohio ; Northern Kentucky ; Grand Rapids , Michigan ; London , Ontario ; Regional Municipality of Waterloo , Ontario ; Flint , Michigan ; Saginaw , Michigan ; Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and Chicago , Illinois .", "While about four - fifths of the population of Metro Detroit lives outside the city itself , Windsor has a balanced population between the city of Windsor itself and the rest of Essex County . There are over 50 different communities within Metro Detroit , all ranging in population from the hundreds to the hundreds of thousands . Windsor 's CMA , however , has only eight official municipalities ( with Windsor being a recent separated municipality ) , consisting of LaSalle ( pop . 25,000 ) , Tecumseh ( pop . 25,000 ) , Amherstburg ( pop . 20,000 ) , Lakeshore ( pop . 30,000 ) Leamington , Kingsville and of course Windsor ( pop . 226,000 ) . Within each of these municipalities lie several smaller communities that serve as bedroom communities for Windsor 's working force . Windsor has recently been given a boost by immigration . However , Detroit itself has less than half of its peak population ." ]

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[ "Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online The cover of the first light novel . ソード アート ・ オンライン オルタナティブ ガンゲイル ・ オンライン Light novel Written by Keiichi Sigsawa Illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi Published by ASCII Media Works English publisher Yen Press Demographic Male Imprint Dengeki Bunko Original run December 10 , 2014 -- present Volumes 7 ( List of volumes ) Manga Illustrated by Tadadi Tamori Published by ASCII Media Works English publisher Yen Press Demographic Seinen Magazine Dengeki Maoh Original run December 27 , 2015 -- present Volumes 2 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Masayuki Sakoi Written by Yōsuke Kuroda Music by Starving Trancer Studio 3Hz Licensed by Aniplex of America Original network Tokyo MX , BS11 , GYT , GTV , MBS , TVA , CS NTV Plus Original run April 8 , 2018 -- June 30 , 2018 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) Anime and Manga portal", "Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online", "The cover of the first light novel .", "ソード アート ・ オンライン オルタナティブ ガンゲイル ・ オンライン", "Light novel", "Written by Keiichi Sigsawa", "Illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi", "Published by ASCII Media Works", "English publisher Yen Press", "Demographic Male", "Imprint Dengeki Bunko", "Original run December 10 , 2014 -- present", "Volumes 7 ( List of volumes )", "Manga", "Illustrated by Tadadi Tamori", "Published by ASCII Media Works", "English publisher Yen Press", "Demographic Seinen", "Magazine Dengeki Maoh", "Original run December 27 , 2015 -- present", "Volumes 2 ( List of volumes )", "Anime television series", "Directed by Masayuki Sakoi", "Written by Yōsuke Kuroda", "Music by Starving Trancer", "Studio 3Hz", "Licensed by Aniplex of America", "Original network Tokyo MX , BS11 , GYT , GTV , MBS , TVA , CS NTV Plus", "Original run April 8 , 2018 -- June 30 , 2018", "Episodes 12 ( List of episodes )", "Anime and Manga portal", "Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online ( Japanese : ソード アート ・ オンライン オルタナティブ ガンゲイル ・ オンライン , Hepburn : Sōdo Āto Onrain Orutanatibu Gangeiru Onrain ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Keiichi Sigsawa and illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi . The series is a spinoff of Reki Kawahara 's Sword Art Online series . A manga adaptation by Tadadi Tamori launched in 2015 , and an anime television series adaptation by studio 3Hz aired between April and June 2018 . Both the light novels and the manga adaptation are published in North America by Yen Press , while the anime is licensed by Aniplex of America .", "Due to the incident that occurred in VR MMORPG Sword Art Online -- where 10,000 players were trapped in the game on launch day -- the popularity of VR games has plummeted due to fear of similar incidents . The NerveGear , SAO 's VR device , was recalled and destroyed , but with the launch of its successor , the AmuSphere , combined with release of the license - free development support package the `` Seed , '' the popularity of VR games saw a sudden resurgence .", "The story follows Karen Kohiruimaki , a university student with a complex about her abnormal height . She begins playing a VR game called Gun Gale Online after it gives her the short , cute avatar that she has always wanted .", "Llenn ( レン , Ren ) / Karen Kohiruimaki ( 小比類巻 香 蓮 , Kohiruimaki Karen ) Voiced by : Tomori Kusunoki Karen is a shy girl from Obihiro , Hokkaido who has a complex about her tall height in the real world . As a result , she begins playing Gun Gale Online thanks to the small - statured avatar it gives her . As her avatar Llenn , she wears a pink outfit , which provides camouflage in certain environments , is equipped with a pink FN P90 submachine - gun named `` P - chan '' , and can use super-speed . Pitohui ( ピトフーイ , Pitofūi ) / Elsa Kanzaki ( 神崎 エルザ , Kanzaki Eruza ) Voiced by : Yōko Hikasa , Reona ( singing ) Elsa is a popular singer and songwriter . She is a former beta - tester for Sword Art Online , but did not log in on the day of the game 's official release due to certain circumstances , thus sparing her from the tragic fate from over 10,000 players for the next two years . Angry that she was not able to participate in the `` death game '' , she would gain a psychotic personality that would later develop very prominently in her Gun Gale Online avatar , Pitohui . At one point she tried to purchase Sinon 's Hecate rifle from her , but to no avail . M ( エム , Emu ) / Gōshi Asōgi ( 阿 僧 祇 豪志 , Asōgi Gōshi ) Voiced by : Kazuyuki Okitsu Goshi is Elsa Kanzaki 's manager and longtime best friend . Formally an obese man who stalked Elsa during her restaurant waiting days , he came to her rescue when she was attacked by a salaryman , but eventually fell under Elsa 's sexual abuse and became somewhat of a secretary to her . Goshi , however enjoyed doing so and lost weight , eventually joining Gun Gale Online alongside her as M , an avatar of a husky male dressed in a green combat battledress . His avatar name was chosen because of his masochistic nature . He is a medium - ranged sniper using the Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle , and has extensive knowledge of military and special operations techniques and tactics . He also has a HK45 as a side arm . Fukaziroh ( フカ 次郎 , Fukajirō ) / Miyu Shinohara ( 篠原 美優 , Shinohara Miyu ) Voiced by : Chinatsu Akasaki Miyu is Karen 's best friend from her hometown in Hokkaido and a huge VR game freak whom Karen receives advice on for . She normally plays Alfheim Online as a Sylph , but will occasionally convert to Gun Gale Online to participate in Squad Jam events under the name Fukaziroh , named after her deceased dog . In GGO , she uses a pair of grenade launchers as her main set of weapons .", "Llenn ( レン , Ren ) / Karen Kohiruimaki ( 小比類巻 香 蓮 , Kohiruimaki Karen )", "Voiced by : Tomori Kusunoki", "Karen is a shy girl from Obihiro , Hokkaido who has a complex about her tall height in the real world . As a result , she begins playing Gun Gale Online thanks to the small - statured avatar it gives her . As her avatar Llenn , she wears a pink outfit , which provides camouflage in certain environments , is equipped with a pink FN P90 submachine - gun named `` P - chan '' , and can use super-speed .", "Pitohui ( ピトフーイ , Pitofūi ) / Elsa Kanzaki ( 神崎 エルザ , Kanzaki Eruza )", "Voiced by : Yōko Hikasa , Reona ( singing )", "Elsa is a popular singer and songwriter . She is a former beta - tester for Sword Art Online , but did not log in on the day of the game 's official release due to certain circumstances , thus sparing her from the tragic fate from over 10,000 players for the next two years . Angry that she was not able to participate in the `` death game '' , she would gain a psychotic personality that would later develop very prominently in her Gun Gale Online avatar , Pitohui . At one point she tried to purchase Sinon 's Hecate rifle from her , but to no avail .", "M ( エム , Emu ) / Gōshi Asōgi ( 阿 僧 祇 豪志 , Asōgi Gōshi )", "Voiced by : Kazuyuki Okitsu", "Goshi is Elsa Kanzaki 's manager and longtime best friend . Formally an obese man who stalked Elsa during her restaurant waiting days , he came to her rescue when she was attacked by a salaryman , but eventually fell under Elsa 's sexual abuse and became somewhat of a secretary to her . Goshi , however enjoyed doing so and lost weight , eventually joining Gun Gale Online alongside her as M , an avatar of a husky male dressed in a green combat battledress . His avatar name was chosen because of his masochistic nature . He is a medium - ranged sniper using the Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle , and has extensive knowledge of military and special operations techniques and tactics . He also has a HK45 as a side arm .", "Fukaziroh ( フカ 次郎 , Fukajirō ) / Miyu Shinohara ( 篠原 美優 , Shinohara Miyu )", "Voiced by : Chinatsu Akasaki", "Miyu is Karen 's best friend from her hometown in Hokkaido and a huge VR game freak whom Karen receives advice on for . She normally plays Alfheim Online as a Sylph , but will occasionally convert to Gun Gale Online to participate in Squad Jam events under the name Fukaziroh , named after her deceased dog . In GGO , she uses a pair of grenade launchers as her main set of weapons .", "Dengeki Bunko announced on September 18 , 2014 that Keiichi Sigsawa would be writing a light novel based on Reki Kawahara 's Sword Art Online light novel series . The series is supervised by Kawahara and illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi , and ASCII Media Works published the first novel under the Dengeki imprint on December 10 , 2014 . During their panel at Anime NYC on November 18 , 2017 , Yen Press announced that they had licensed the series .", "Tadadi Tamori launched a manga adaptation in ASCII Media Works seinen manga magazine Dengeki Maoh on October 27 , 2015 . Yen Press announced their license to the series at Sakura - Con on April 15 , 2017 .", "An anime television series adaptation was announced at the Dengeki Bunko Fall Festival 2017 event on October 1 , 2017 . The series is directed by Masayuki Sakoi , written by Yōsuke Kuroda , and animated by studio 3Hz , with character designs by Yoshio Kosakai . The opening theme song is `` Ryūsei '' ( 流星 , Meteor ) by Eir Aoi and the ending theme song is `` To see the future '' by Tomori Kusunoki .", "The series aired in Japan between April 8 and June 30 , 2018 , and is airing on Tokyo MX , BS11 , Tochigi TV , Gunma TV , MBS , and TV Aichi . The series will be released on 6 home video sets with 2 episodes each , for a total of 12 episodes . Aniplex of America has licensed the series and simulcast the series on Crunchyroll and Hulu .", "No . Title Original airdate `` Squad Jam '' `` Sukuwaddo Jamu '' ( スクワッド ・ ジャム ) April 8 , 2018 In the online virtual reality game , Gun Gale Online , a girl with the username Llenn participates in a team - based Squad Jam event alongside her teammate M. Taking cover , the two observe as one skilled team takes out another , deducing that they must be combat pros using GGO to gain battle experience . While the other teams eliminate each other , Llenn and M retreat to the residential area to come up with a plan against the pros . Using her small stature and quick speed to her advantage , Llenn launches a surprise attack on the pro team , leading the survivors to resign . In the real world , Llenn 's user , Karen Kohiruimaki receives praise for her efforts . `` GGO '' April 15 , 2018 Karen Kohiruimaki , who has a complex about her tall height , takes up an interest in VR gaming , but ends up constantly panicking and logging out whenever her Llenn avatar turns out to be too tall or otherwise outrageous . After going through several games , Karen eventually tries Gun Gale Online and becomes delighted with the diminutive avatar that 's generated for her , only to discover that the game she picked is one of gunfire and survival . Deciding to stick with the game anyway , Karen gradually improves her skill and updates her outfit to a pink color to suit her taste . Upon finding herself surrounded by other players , Llenn manages to defeat them using pink camouflage and high speed , quickly gaining a reputation as `` The Pink Devil '' . Later , Llenn is befriended by another female player named Pitohui , who helps her pick out a new gun which she nicknames P - chan . Forming a squadron together , Pitohui makes a promise with Llenn that if she can manage to defeat her one day , they will meet each other in real life . `` Fan Letter '' `` Fan Retā '' ( ファン レター ) April 22 , 2018 Pitohui tells Llenn about the upcoming Squad Jam team battle royale tournament , inspired by the events of the previous Ballet of Bullets tournament . Unable to participate due to real life obligations , Pitohui suggests that Llenn should enter the tournament in a team with another male player . After her friend fails to get her tickets to a concert taking place on the same day , Llenn agrees to enter the tournament , meeting up with her arranged partner , M , while also learning she has been appointed as the team leader as part of a strategy . Later , Karen writes a fan letter to singer Elsa Kanzaki , whose concert she could n't attend , detailing how her songs had helped her through hard times . On the day of the Squad Jam , M gives Llenn a combat knife to use as a backup weapon before the tournament gets underway . `` Death Game '' `` Desu Gēmu '' ( デス ゲーム ) April 29 , 2018 With three teams remaining in Squad Jam , Llenn and M find themselves up against another team using hovercrafts . Using a shield for cover , M uses his skills as a sniper to take out the opposing team without relying on the game 's assist systems . Just as the two are suddenly ambushed by the remaining team , SHINC , and retreat to a mountain area , M reads a letter and attempts to kill Llenn . Managing to reverse the situation by activating the safety on M 's gun , Llenn is surprised to find M caving under pressure when questioned about his actions . 5 `` Leave the Last Battle to Me '' `` Rasuto Batoru wa Watashi ni '' ( ラスト バトル は 私 に ) May 6 , 2018 M , who reveals his true nature , explains that he was frightened over what Pitohui would do to him in real life if he dies in the game , so he attempted to kill Llenn in order to become leader and surrender . Leaving M alone , Llenn tries to take on SHINC herself , only to get caught up in their trap . Realizing she can not run away , Llenn faces SHINC head on , soon receiving backup from M. Coming down to a final battle against the remaining member , Llenn is protected by P - chan and wins using the knife she received from M. Later in the real world , Karen gets a haircut to symbolize overcoming her complex while also meeting a group of high school girls , who are revealed to be the team she faced in GGO . 5.5 `` Refrain '' `` Rufuran '' ( ルフラン ) May 13 , 2018 Recap of the first five episodes . 6 `` SAO Loser '' `` SAO Rūzā '' ( SAO 失敗 者 ) May 20 , 2018 The rhythm athletics club who Llenn faced in the Squad Jam as SHINC come over to Karen 's place to learn her secrets . Later , as Karen receives news about the next Squad Jam event while heading home to Hokkaido to see her parents , she is approached by M 's real life persona , Gōshi Asōgi . He explains how Pitohui became obsessed with Sword Art Online during its beta test , becoming enraged when she was unable to take part in the death game that was the SAO Incident . Believing that Pitohui intends to commit suicide if she dies during the next Squad Jam , Gōshi asks Karen to defeat Pitohui in order to fulfil their promise to meet up in real - life . Agreeing to help , Karen calls upon her best friend Miyu Shinohara , aka Fukaziroh , to form a team with her . 7 `` Second Squad Jam '' `` Sekando Sukuwaddo Jamu '' ( セカンド ・ スクワッド ・ ジャム ) May 27 , 2018 Receiving some funds from Gōshi upon her arrival in GGO , Fukaziroh decides to buy a pair of grenade launchers as her main weapons . On the day of Squad Jam 2 , Llenn has a brief confrontation with Pitohui before the tournament gets underway . 8 `` Booby Trap '' `` Būbī Torappu '' ( ブービー トラップ ) June 3 , 2018 Squad Jam 2 begins with Llenn 's team and Pitohui 's team starting on opposite ends of the playing field . Fukaziroh quickly runs into trouble when her legs are temporarily blown off by a booby trap , but Llenn manages to take out the first opposing team without too much trouble . The pair then head to a train station , where Llenn gives Fukaziroh directions to launch grenades at the enemy . After discovering that seven teams have n't moved , Llenn deduces they are all working with each other to take down Pitohui . 9 `` Ten Minute Massacre '' `` Juppunkan no Ōsatsu '' ( 十分 間 の 鏖殺 ) June 9 , 2018 Undeterred by the number of opposing teams , Pitohui and her team launch an ambush on them , taking them all out within ten minutes . Meanwhile , Llenn and Fukaziroh make their way through a dome , having to resort to using a smokescreen tactic when they are discovered . After taking out the other players in the dome , the girls end up having to deal with the remaining player , Clarence , for her remaining magazines , before coming up against the skilled MMTM team . 10 `` The Devil 's Comeback '' `` Maō Fukkatsu '' ( 魔王 復活 ) June 16 , 2018 Helped out by SHINC 's Eva , who forces MMTM to retreat , Llenn explains the situation concerning Pitohui to her . Following this , Eva leads SHINC in an assault against PM4 , using one of their dead teammate 's body as a pedestal an anti-tank rifle to destroy M 's shield . This provides Llenn with the opportunity to make a beeline towards Pitohui , only for another team 's sniper to hit her first , bringing her down to a sliver of health . With Pitohui passed out and MMTM closing in on their location , the rest of PM4 sacrifice themselves to protect Pitohui before she regains consciousness . 11 `` Psycho Llenn '' `` Ikareta Ren '' ( イカ れ た レン ) June 23 , 2018 After Pitohui finishes off MMTM all by herself , Fukaziroh pins an uncertain Llenn in place while she and the rest of SHINC launch an attack on Pitohui and M. Although SHINC gets wiped out , Llenn is motivated into action , luring out Pitohui and M as they pursue her in a vehicle . Just as Llenn is cornered , Fukaziroh comes to her rescue in her own vehicle , resulting in a car chase between hot geysers that culminates in a one - on - one confrontation between Llenn and Pitohui . 12 `` Applause '' `` Hakushu '' ( 拍手 ) June 30 , 2018 Pitohui 's attempt at killing Llenn with her own weapon backfires when P - chan self - destructs , but she still manages to put a stop to Llenn 's counterattacks before killing M for his betrayal . However , Fukaziroh manages to give Llenn the opportunity to deal Pitohui a fatal blow , reminding her of their promise before finishing her off . After Squad Jam 2 ends with Llenn 's team ending up in second place due to a sneak attack by the remaining team , Goushi invites Karen and Miyu to meet with the real - life Pitohui , explaining how he formed a masochistic relationship with her . Goushi brings the two to Elsa Kanzaki 's , where it is revealed Elsa is Pitohui herself . Although Karen had already figured out Pitohui 's identity due to Elsa and Goushi knowing details that they would only know from reading her fan letter , she is taken aback when Elsa kisses her . A post credits scene shows LLENN and Pitohui back in Gun Gale Online as they enjoy the game again together .", "No . Title Original airdate", "`` Squad Jam '' `` Sukuwaddo Jamu '' ( スクワッド ・ ジャム ) April 8 , 2018", "In the online virtual reality game , Gun Gale Online , a girl with the username Llenn participates in a team - based Squad Jam event alongside her teammate M. Taking cover , the two observe as one skilled team takes out another , deducing that they must be combat pros using GGO to gain battle experience . While the other teams eliminate each other , Llenn and M retreat to the residential area to come up with a plan against the pros . Using her small stature and quick speed to her advantage , Llenn launches a surprise attack on the pro team , leading the survivors to resign . In the real world , Llenn 's user , Karen Kohiruimaki receives praise for her efforts .", "`` GGO '' April 15 , 2018", "Karen Kohiruimaki , who has a complex about her tall height , takes up an interest in VR gaming , but ends up constantly panicking and logging out whenever her Llenn avatar turns out to be too tall or otherwise outrageous . After going through several games , Karen eventually tries Gun Gale Online and becomes delighted with the diminutive avatar that 's generated for her , only to discover that the game she picked is one of gunfire and survival . Deciding to stick with the game anyway , Karen gradually improves her skill and updates her outfit to a pink color to suit her taste . Upon finding herself surrounded by other players , Llenn manages to defeat them using pink camouflage and high speed , quickly gaining a reputation as `` The Pink Devil '' . Later , Llenn is befriended by another female player named Pitohui , who helps her pick out a new gun which she nicknames P - chan . Forming a squadron together , Pitohui makes a promise with Llenn that if she can manage to defeat her one day , they will meet each other in real life .", "`` Fan Letter '' `` Fan Retā '' ( ファン レター ) April 22 , 2018", "Pitohui tells Llenn about the upcoming Squad Jam team battle royale tournament , inspired by the events of the previous Ballet of Bullets tournament . Unable to participate due to real life obligations , Pitohui suggests that Llenn should enter the tournament in a team with another male player . After her friend fails to get her tickets to a concert taking place on the same day , Llenn agrees to enter the tournament , meeting up with her arranged partner , M , while also learning she has been appointed as the team leader as part of a strategy . Later , Karen writes a fan letter to singer Elsa Kanzaki , whose concert she could n't attend , detailing how her songs had helped her through hard times . On the day of the Squad Jam , M gives Llenn a combat knife to use as a backup weapon before the tournament gets underway .", "`` Death Game '' `` Desu Gēmu '' ( デス ゲーム ) April 29 , 2018", "With three teams remaining in Squad Jam , Llenn and M find themselves up against another team using hovercrafts . Using a shield for cover , M uses his skills as a sniper to take out the opposing team without relying on the game 's assist systems . Just as the two are suddenly ambushed by the remaining team , SHINC , and retreat to a mountain area , M reads a letter and attempts to kill Llenn . Managing to reverse the situation by activating the safety on M 's gun , Llenn is surprised to find M caving under pressure when questioned about his actions .", "5 `` Leave the Last Battle to Me '' `` Rasuto Batoru wa Watashi ni '' ( ラスト バトル は 私 に ) May 6 , 2018", "M , who reveals his true nature , explains that he was frightened over what Pitohui would do to him in real life if he dies in the game , so he attempted to kill Llenn in order to become leader and surrender . Leaving M alone , Llenn tries to take on SHINC herself , only to get caught up in their trap . Realizing she can not run away , Llenn faces SHINC head on , soon receiving backup from M. Coming down to a final battle against the remaining member , Llenn is protected by P - chan and wins using the knife she received from M. Later in the real world , Karen gets a haircut to symbolize overcoming her complex while also meeting a group of high school girls , who are revealed to be the team she faced in GGO .", "5.5 `` Refrain '' `` Rufuran '' ( ルフラン ) May 13 , 2018", "Recap of the first five episodes .", "6 `` SAO Loser '' `` SAO Rūzā '' ( SAO 失敗 者 ) May 20 , 2018", "The rhythm athletics club who Llenn faced in the Squad Jam as SHINC come over to Karen 's place to learn her secrets . Later , as Karen receives news about the next Squad Jam event while heading home to Hokkaido to see her parents , she is approached by M 's real life persona , Gōshi Asōgi . He explains how Pitohui became obsessed with Sword Art Online during its beta test , becoming enraged when she was unable to take part in the death game that was the SAO Incident . Believing that Pitohui intends to commit suicide if she dies during the next Squad Jam , Gōshi asks Karen to defeat Pitohui in order to fulfil their promise to meet up in real - life . Agreeing to help , Karen calls upon her best friend Miyu Shinohara , aka Fukaziroh , to form a team with her .", "7 `` Second Squad Jam '' `` Sekando Sukuwaddo Jamu '' ( セカンド ・ スクワッド ・ ジャム ) May 27 , 2018", "Receiving some funds from Gōshi upon her arrival in GGO , Fukaziroh decides to buy a pair of grenade launchers as her main weapons . On the day of Squad Jam 2 , Llenn has a brief confrontation with Pitohui before the tournament gets underway .", "8 `` Booby Trap '' `` Būbī Torappu '' ( ブービー トラップ ) June 3 , 2018", "Squad Jam 2 begins with Llenn 's team and Pitohui 's team starting on opposite ends of the playing field . Fukaziroh quickly runs into trouble when her legs are temporarily blown off by a booby trap , but Llenn manages to take out the first opposing team without too much trouble . The pair then head to a train station , where Llenn gives Fukaziroh directions to launch grenades at the enemy . After discovering that seven teams have n't moved , Llenn deduces they are all working with each other to take down Pitohui .", "9 `` Ten Minute Massacre '' `` Juppunkan no Ōsatsu '' ( 十分 間 の 鏖殺 ) June 9 , 2018", "Undeterred by the number of opposing teams , Pitohui and her team launch an ambush on them , taking them all out within ten minutes . Meanwhile , Llenn and Fukaziroh make their way through a dome , having to resort to using a smokescreen tactic when they are discovered . After taking out the other players in the dome , the girls end up having to deal with the remaining player , Clarence , for her remaining magazines , before coming up against the skilled MMTM team .", "10 `` The Devil 's Comeback '' `` Maō Fukkatsu '' ( 魔王 復活 ) June 16 , 2018", "Helped out by SHINC 's Eva , who forces MMTM to retreat , Llenn explains the situation concerning Pitohui to her . Following this , Eva leads SHINC in an assault against PM4 , using one of their dead teammate 's body as a pedestal an anti-tank rifle to destroy M 's shield . This provides Llenn with the opportunity to make a beeline towards Pitohui , only for another team 's sniper to hit her first , bringing her down to a sliver of health . With Pitohui passed out and MMTM closing in on their location , the rest of PM4 sacrifice themselves to protect Pitohui before she regains consciousness .", "11 `` Psycho Llenn '' `` Ikareta Ren '' ( イカ れ た レン ) June 23 , 2018", "After Pitohui finishes off MMTM all by herself , Fukaziroh pins an uncertain Llenn in place while she and the rest of SHINC launch an attack on Pitohui and M. Although SHINC gets wiped out , Llenn is motivated into action , luring out Pitohui and M as they pursue her in a vehicle . Just as Llenn is cornered , Fukaziroh comes to her rescue in her own vehicle , resulting in a car chase between hot geysers that culminates in a one - on - one confrontation between Llenn and Pitohui .", "12 `` Applause '' `` Hakushu '' ( 拍手 ) June 30 , 2018", "Pitohui 's attempt at killing Llenn with her own weapon backfires when P - chan self - destructs , but she still manages to put a stop to Llenn 's counterattacks before killing M for his betrayal . However , Fukaziroh manages to give Llenn the opportunity to deal Pitohui a fatal blow , reminding her of their promise before finishing her off . After Squad Jam 2 ends with Llenn 's team ending up in second place due to a sneak attack by the remaining team , Goushi invites Karen and Miyu to meet with the real - life Pitohui , explaining how he formed a masochistic relationship with her . Goushi brings the two to Elsa Kanzaki 's , where it is revealed Elsa is Pitohui herself . Although Karen had already figured out Pitohui 's identity due to Elsa and Goushi knowing details that they would only know from reading her fan letter , she is taken aback when Elsa kisses her . A post credits scene shows LLENN and Pitohui back in Gun Gale Online as they enjoy the game again together .", "During the first half of 2015 , the series was 11th best - selling light novel series , with its first and second volumes ranking at 8th and 17th place , respectively . The 4th volume also managed to be the 25th best - selling novel during the first half of 2016 . As of May 2018 , the series had 1 million copies in print ." ]

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[ "The Shack Author William P Young Cover artist Dave Aldrich Country United States Language English Genre Fiction Publisher Windblown Media , FaithWords , Hodder & Stoughton Publication date May 2007 Media type Print , e-book Pages 256 pp ISBN 0 - 9647292 - 3 - 7 OCLC 166263178", "Author William P Young", "Cover artist Dave Aldrich", "Country United States", "Language English", "Genre Fiction", "Publisher Windblown Media , FaithWords , Hodder & Stoughton", "Publication date May 2007", "Media type Print , e-book", "Pages 256 pp", "ISBN 0 - 9647292 - 3 - 7", "OCLC 166263178", "The Shack is a novel by Canadian author William P. Young that was published in 2007 .", "The novel was self - published but became a USA Today bestseller , having sold 1 million copies as of June 8 , 2008 . It was the No. 1 paperback trade fiction seller on The New York Times Best Seller list from June 2008 to early 2010 , in a publishing partnership with Hachette Book Group USA 's FaithWords imprint ( Hodder & Stoughton in the UK ) . In 2009 it was awarded the `` Diamond Award '' for sales of over 10 million copies by the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association .", "The title of the book is a metaphor for `` the house you build out of your own pain '' , as Young explained in a telephone interview . He also told radio host talk show Drew Marshall that The Shack `` is a metaphor for the places you get stuck , you get hurt , you get damaged ... the thing where shame or hurt is centered . ''", "The novel is set in the American Northwest . The main character is Mackenzie Allen Phillips , a father of five , called `` Mack '' by his family and friends . Four years prior to the main events of the story , Mack takes three of his children on a camping trip to Wallowa Lake near Joseph , Oregon , stopping at Multnomah Falls on the way . Two of his children are playing in a canoe when it flips and almost drowns Mack 's son . Mack is able to save his son by rushing to the water and freeing him from the canoe 's webbing , but unintentionally leaves his youngest daughter Missy alone at their campsite . After Mack returns , he sees that Missy is missing . The police are called , and the family discovers that Missy has been abducted and murdered by a serial killer known as the `` Little Ladykiller '' . The police find an abandoned shack in the woods where Missy was taken . Her bloodied clothing is found , but her body is not located . Mack 's life sinks into what he calls `` The Great Sadness '' .", "As the novel begins , Mack receives a note in his mailbox from `` Papa '' , saying that he would like to meet with Mack that coming weekend at the shack . Mack is puzzled by the note -- he has had no relationship with his abusive father since he left home at age 13 . He suspects that the note may be from God whom his wife Nan refers to as `` Papa '' .", "Mack 's family leaves to visit relatives and he goes alone to the shack , unsure of what he will see there . He arrives and initially finds nothing , but as he is leaving , the shack and its surroundings are supernaturally transformed into a lush and inviting scene . He enters the shack and encounters manifestations of the three persons of the Trinity . God the Father takes the form of an African American woman who calls herself Elousia and Papa ; Jesus Christ is a Middle - Eastern carpenter ; and the Holy Spirit physically manifests as an Asian woman named Sarayu .", "The bulk of the book narrates Mack 's conversations with Papa , Jesus , and Sarayu as he comes to terms with Missy 's death and his relationship with the three of them . Mack also has various experiences with each of them . Mack walks across a lake with Jesus , sees an image of his ( Earthly ) father in Heaven with Sarayu , and has a conversation with Sophia , the personification of God 's wisdom . At the end of his visit , Mack goes on a hike with Papa , now appearing as an older Native American male , who shows him where Missy 's body was left in a cave .", "After spending the weekend at the shack , Mack leaves and is so preoccupied with his thoughts that he is nearly killed in an automobile accident . After his recovery , he realizes that he did not in fact spend the weekend at the shack , but that his accident occurred on the same day that he arrived at the shack . He also leads the police to the cave that Papa revealed , and they find Missy 's body still lying there . With the help of forensic evidence discovered at the scene , the Little Ladykiller is arrested and put on trial .", "Young originally wrote The Shack as a Christmas gift for his six children with no apparent intention of publishing it . After letting several friends read the book he was urged to publish it for the general public . In 2006 , Young worked with Wayne Jacobsen , Brad Cummings ( both former pastors from Los Angeles ) and Bobby Downes ( filmmaker ) to bring the book to publication . They had no success with either religious or secular publishers , so they formed Windblown Media for the purpose of publishing the book . The Shack achieved its No. 1 best selling success via word - of - mouth and with the help of a USD $300.00 website ; it is often reported that nothing else had been spent on marketing up to September 2007 . Additional startup funds were supplied by Brad Cummings , president of Windblown Media , who spent the maximum credit limit on 12 personal credit cards in order to publish the book .", "The Shack went largely unnoticed for over a year after its initial publication , but suddenly became a very popular seller in mid-2008 , when it debuted at No. 1 on The New York Times paperback fiction best seller list on June 8 . Its success was the result of `` word - of - mouth , church - to - church , blog - to - blog campaign '' by Young , Jacobsen and Cummings in churches and Christian - themed radio , websites , and blogs .", "As of May 2010 , The Shack had over 10 million copies in print , and had been at No. 1 on The New York Times best seller list for 70 weeks . The Shack was also released in hardcover , and translated into Spanish as La Cabaña . In June 2009 a German translation with the title Die Hütte -- ein Wochenende mit Gott ( ... a Weekend with God ) was released . It was also translated into Croatian as `` Koliba '' and it became very popular in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The book was also translated into Polish as `` Chata '' and published in 2009 . There were re-editions in 2011 and 2017 due to its popularity .", "However , Mars Hill Church pastor Mark Driscoll criticized The Shack , saying `` it misrepresents God '' and called William P. Young `` a heretic '' . Evangelical author Chuck Colson wrote a review called `` Stay Out of The Shack , '' in which he criticizes the attribution of `` silly lines '' to characters representing the three Persons of the Trinity , and the author 's `` low view of scripture '' . R. Albert Mohler , Jr. called The Shack `` deeply troubling '' on his radio show , saying that it `` includes undiluted heresy '' . Apologists author Norman Geisler and William C. Roach published a critique in 2012 detailing their 14 points of theological disagreement with the book ( including `` unorthodox '' , `` false '' , `` classic heresy '' , `` non-rational '' , `` psychologically helpful ... doctrinally harmful '' , and `` very dangerous '' ) .", "Theologian Randal Rauser has written a generally sympathetic guide to The Shack in his companion volume Finding God in the Shack ( Paternoster , 2009 ) . In the book Rauser responds to many of the objections raised by critics like Colson and Mohler .", "Brad Robison , a psychiatrist and family therapist who used `` The Shack '' in his practice , wrote `` The Shack Study Guide '' ( Windblown Media , 2016 ) to assist his patients on their healing journey . It is co-authored by William P. Young .", "Wayne Jacobsen , one of Young 's early collaborators , wrote a detailed response to several common points of criticism . His column `` Is the Shack Heresy ? '' was published online by Windblown Media .", "In July 2010 the Los Angeles Times reported that The Shack had `` spawned a tangle of lawsuits over royalties and even the book 's authorship . '' Young claimed that he was owed $8 million in royalties , Jacobsen and Cummings filed a suit against Young , Young asked the court to dismiss or stay the claims , and Jacobsen and Cummings responded . Hachette , the commercial publisher involved , asked the court to determine to whom it should pay royalties from the book . On January 10 , 2011 the court declared that it had been advised that the case between Young et al. and Jacobsen et al. `` has been settled or is in the process of being settled '' and the case was dismissed .", "A movie adaptation of The Shack , directed by Stuart Hazeldine , was released on March 3 , 2017 , with Sam Worthington portraying Mack , Octavia Spencer as Papa , and Tim McGraw as Willie . Rotten Tomatoes critics score is 21 % ; audience score is 85 % .", "The Shack was referred to by Stephen King in his 2010 title , Full Dark , No Stars , which is a compilation of four novellas . In the final novella , A Good Marriage , the protagonist recalls that her husband recommended she read The Shack and he said the novel was `` a life - changer . ''" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Cyclical variations in moods and energy levels have been recorded at least as far back as several thousand years . The words `` melancholia '' ( an old word for depression ) and `` mania '' have their etymologies in Ancient Greek . The word melancholia is derived from melas / μελας , meaning `` black '' , and chole / χολη , meaning `` bile '' or `` gall '' , indicative of the term 's origins in pre-Hippocratic humoral theories . A man known as Aretaeus of Cappadocia has the first records of analyzing the symptoms of depression and mania in the 1st century of Greece . There is documentation that explains how bath salts were used to calm those with manic symptoms and also help those who are dealing with depression . Even today , lithium is used as a treatment to bipolar disorder which is significant because lithium could have been an ingredient in the Greek bath salt . Centuries passed and very little was studied or discovered . It was n't until the mid-19th century that a French psychiatrist by the name of Jean - Pierre Falret wrote an article describing `` circular insanity '' and this is believed to be the first recorded diagnosis of bipolar disorder . Years later , in the early 1900s , Emil Kraepelin , a German psychiatrist , analyzed the influence of biology on mental disorders , including bipolar disorder . His studies are still used as the basis of classification of mental disorders today .", "The linguistic origins of mania , however , are not so clear - cut . Several etymologies are proposed by the Roman physician Caelius Aurelianus , including the Greek word `` '' ania `` , meaning to produce great mental anguish , and `` manos '' , meaning relaxed or loose , which would contextually approximate to an excessive relaxing of the mind or soul . There are at least five other candidates , and part of the confusion surrounding the exact etymology of the word mania is its varied usage in the pre-Hippocratic poetry and mythologies .", "The idea of a relationship between mania and melancholia can be traced back to at least the 2nd century AD . Soranus of Ephesus ( 98 -- 177 AD ) described mania and melancholia as distinct diseases with separate etiologies ; however , he acknowledged that `` many others consider melancholia a form of the disease of mania '' .", "The earliest written descriptions of a relationship between mania and melancholia are attributed to Aretaeus of Cappadocia . Aretaeus was an eclectic medical philosopher who lived in Alexandria somewhere between 30 and 150 AD . Aretaeus is recognized as having authored most of the surviving texts referring to a unified concept of manic - depressive illness , viewing both melancholia and mania as having a common origin in `` black bile '' .", "A clear understanding of bipolar disorder as a mental illness was recognized by early Chinese authors . The encyclopedist Gao Lian ( c. 1583 ) describes the malady in his Eight Treatises on the Nurturing of Life ( Ts'un - sheng pa - chien ) .", "Avicenna , a Persian physician and psychological thinker who wrote The Canon of Medicine in 1025 , identified bipolar disorder as a manic depressive psychosis , which he clearly distinguished from other forms of madness ( Junun ) such as mania , rabies , and schizophrenia ( Junun Mufrit or severe madness ) .", "The basis of the current conceptualisation of manic - depressive illness can be traced back to the 1850s ; on January 31 , 1854 , Jules Baillarger described to the French Imperial Academy of Medicine a biphasic mental illness causing recurrent oscillations between mania and depression , which he termed folie à double forme ( ' dual - form insanity ' ) . Two weeks later , on February 14 , 1854 , Jean - Pierre Falret presented a description to the Academy on what was essentially the same disorder , and designated folie circulaire ( ' circular insanity ' ) by him . The two bitterly disputed as to who had been the first to conceptualise the condition .", "These concepts were developed by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin ( 1856 -- 1926 ) , who , using Kahlbaum 's concept of cyclothymia , categorized and studied the natural course of untreated bipolar patients . He coined the term manic depressive psychosis , after noting that periods of acute illness , manic or depressive , were generally punctuated by relatively symptom - free intervals where the patient was able to function normally .", "The first diagnostic distinction to be made between manic - depression involving psychotic states , and that which does not involve psychosis , came from Carl Gustav Jung in 1903 . Jung 's distinction is today referred to in the DSM - IV as that between ' bipolar I ' ( mania involving possible psychotic episodes ) and ' bipolar II ' ( hypomania without psychosis ) . In his paper Jung introduced the non-psychotic version of the illness with the introductory statement , `` I would like to publish a number of cases whose peculiarity consists in chronic hypomanic behaviour '' where `` it is not a question of real mania at all but of a hypomanic state which can not be regarded as psychotic '' . Jung illustrated the non-psychotic variation with 5 case histories , each involving hypomanic behaviour , occasional bouts of depression , and mixed mood states , which involved personal and interpersonal upheaval for each patient .", "After World War II , John Cade , an Australian psychiatrist , was investigating the effects of various compounds on veteran patients with manic depressive psychosis . In 1949 , Cade discovered that lithium carbonate could be used as a successful treatment of manic depressive psychosis . Because there was a fear that table salt substitutes could lead to toxicity or death , Cade 's findings did not immediately lead to treatments . In the 1950s , U.S. hospitals began experimenting with lithium on their patients . By the mid-60s , reports started appearing in the medical literature regarding lithium 's effectiveness . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration did not approve of lithium 's use until 1970 .", "The term `` manic - depressive reaction '' appeared in the first American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic Manual in 1952 , influenced by the legacy of Adolf Meyer who had introduced the paradigm illness as a reaction of biogenetic factors to psychological and social influences . Subclassification of bipolar disorder was first proposed by German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard in 1957 ; he was also the first to introduce the terms bipolar ( for those with mania ) and unipolar ( for those with depressive episodes only ) .", "In 1968 , both the newly revised classification systems ICD - 8 and DSM - II termed the condition `` manic - depressive illness '' as biological thinking came to the fore .", "The current nosology , bipolar disorder , became popular only recently , and some individuals prefer the older term because it provides a better description of a continually changing multi-dimensional illness .", "Empirical and theoretical work on bipolar disorder has throughout history `` seesawed '' between psychological and biological ways of understanding . Despite the work of Kraepelin ( 1921 ) emphasizing the psychosocial context , conceptions of bipolar disorder as a genetically based illness dominated the 20th century . Since the 1990s , however , there has been a resurgence of interest and research into the role of psychosocial processes ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Insidious : The Last Key Theatrical release poster Directed by Adam Robitel Produced by Jason Blum Oren Peli James Wan Leigh Whannell Written by Leigh Whannell Starring Lin Shaye Angus Sampson Leigh Whannell Spencer Locke Caitlin Gerard Bruce Davison Music by Joseph Bishara Cinematography Toby Oliver Edited by Timothy Alverson Production company Blumhouse Productions Stage 6 Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $167.5 million", "Insidious : The Last Key", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Adam Robitel", "Produced by Jason Blum Oren Peli James Wan Leigh Whannell", "Jason Blum Oren Peli James Wan Leigh Whannell", "Written by Leigh Whannell", "Starring Lin Shaye Angus Sampson Leigh Whannell Spencer Locke Caitlin Gerard Bruce Davison", "Lin Shaye Angus Sampson Leigh Whannell Spencer Locke Caitlin Gerard Bruce Davison", "Music by Joseph Bishara", "Cinematography Toby Oliver", "Edited by Timothy Alverson", "Production company Blumhouse Productions Stage 6 Films", "Blumhouse Productions Stage 6 Films", "Stage 6 Films", "Distributed by Universal Pictures", "Release date January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) ( United States )", "January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) ( United States )", "January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) ( United States )", "Running time 103 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $10 million", "Box office $167.5 million", "Insidious : The Last Key is a 2018 American supernatural horror film directed by Adam Robitel and written by Leigh Whannell . It is produced by Jason Blum , Oren Peli , and James Wan . It is the fourth installment in the Insidious franchise , and the second in the chronology of the story running through the series . Starring Lin Shaye , Angus Sampson , Leigh Whannell , Spencer Locke , Caitlin Gerard , and Bruce Davison , the film follows parapsychologist Elise Rainier as she investigates a haunting in her childhood home .", "The film was released in the United States on January 5 , 2018 , by Universal Pictures . It grossed $167 million worldwide , the highest of the franchise , and received mixed reviews , with praise for Shaye 's performance but some critics stating that the franchise had run its course .", "In 1953 , young Elise Rainier lives with her parents Audrey and Gerald , a prison executioner , and her brother Christian , in New Mexico . Elise claims to see the ghosts of the prisoners that have been executed , alarming her parents . One night , Elise encounters a ghost in their room . Frightened , Christian looks for the whistle their mother gave them to call for help , but it 's lost . Gerald , furious , beats Elise and locks her in the basement . A demon called `` Key Face '' comes through , possessing Elise and killing Audrey by hanging her . Gerald arrives to find Elise and Audrey 's body .", "Decades later , Elise works as a paranormal investigator with her colleagues , Specs and Tucker . Ted Garza calls Elise , saying he 'd been experiencing paranormal activity at his house , which is actually Elise 's childhood home . She hesitates , but accepts the job .", "Ted explains that many paranormal incidents have happened , mostly in her old bedroom . Elise finds the lost whistle in her room . In the basement , she is attacked by a female ghost that shouts `` Help her ! '' before vanishing with the whistle . Elise tells them that she has seen her before , as a teenager , but when her father said he saw nothing , Elise fled the house in fear of another beating , abandoning Christian . The next morning , Elise , Tucker , and Specs meet sisters Melissa and Imogen , Christian 's daughters . Christian is still furious at Elise for abandoning him . Hoping to repair their relationship , Elise hands Melissa a photo of the whistle , telling her to show it to Christian .", "That night , Elise and Tucker hear the whistle being blown . The sound comes from behind a wall that is actually a door ; behind the door is a bloodied girl with a chain around her neck . Ted storms into the room and it 's revealed that he was keeping the girl against her will . He locks the group in and tries to kill Specs , but Specs kills him with a bookcase . The police rescue the group .", "Christian and his girls go to find the whistle and Melissa is attacked by `` Key Face '' . The entity sticks two keys in Melissa : one steals her voice , and the other takes her soul and sends her into a coma . Christian demands that Elise stay away and Melissa is taken to the hospital .", "In the basement , Elise and Tucker find the red door that is the entrance into The Further . Elise also finds a night gown that belonged to the female ghost , Anna . A flashback shows that Elise had seen Anna in the laundry room . Anna was actually alive and had escaped from the room she was locked in . When Gerald walked in , he saw Anna , but pretended he saw nothing . After Elise ran away , Gerald brutally killed Anna . Inside the vents , Elise finds several suitcases filled with the remains of women that had been locked in the house . She is then ambushed by Key Face who takes her into The Further , leaving her unconscious body in the real world .", "Imogen enters The Further , led by Anna into a prison realm where Key Face is holding all of the souls he has taken . Elise figures Key Face had been manipulating both Gerald and Ted by feeding on the fear and hatred generated by the women , whose souls were trapped in there . Key Face tries to coerce Elise into hurting her father as revenge for what he 's done . Elise sees through the ruse and refuses to feed Key Face any more hatred . Key Face attacks Elise , but Gerald saves her before he is stabbed by Key Face , and his soul vanishes .", "Key Face stabs Melissa , causing her physical body to start dying . He attempts to possess Elise . Elise blows the whistle , and Audrey saves them , vanquishing Key Face . With Melissa dying , they move to find her body in The Further . They open a door and see a young boy , Dalton Lambert , falling from a ladder , and he sees them . Realizing they opened the wrong door , they leave and find Melissa in the next door . Melissa 's spirit returns to her body in the real world , saving her life . Elise makes amends with her mother and says goodbye . Elise and Imogen return to the real world and reunite with Melissa and Christian . Christian forgives Elise and she gives him the whistle .", "In her sleep , Elise sees a vision of Dalton , with the Red - faced demon looming over him . A woman , Lorraine , calls for help for her grandson , Dalton . Elise had helped her with her son Josh years earlier and she agrees to help Dalton .", "Lin Shaye as Elise Rainier Ava Kolker as Young Elise Rainier Hana Hayes as Teenage Elise Rainier Angus Sampson as Tucker Leigh Whannell as Specs Spencer Locke as Melissa Rainier , Elise 's niece and Christian 's youngest daughter . Caitlin Gerard as Imogen Rainier , Elise 's niece and Christian 's eldest daughter . She has also inherited the gift that Elise holds . Bruce Davison as Christian Rainier , Elise 's estranged younger brother . Pierce Pope as Young Christian Rainier Thomas Robie as Teenage Christian Rainier Kirk Acevedo as Ted Garza , a man who makes residence in Elise 's old home and calls for her help . Josh Stewart as Gerald Rainier , Elise and Christian 's abusive father and Aubrey 's husband . Tessa Ferrer as Audrey Rainier , Elise and Christian 's mother and Gerald 's wife . Aleque Reid as Anna Marcus Henderson as Detective Whitfield Amanda Jaros as Mara Jennings Javier Botet as Key Face Joseph Bishara as Lipstick - Face Demon Ayub Veno as Imprisoned Spirit", "Lin Shaye as Elise Rainier Ava Kolker as Young Elise Rainier Hana Hayes as Teenage Elise Rainier", "Ava Kolker as Young Elise Rainier Hana Hayes as Teenage Elise Rainier", "Ava Kolker as Young Elise Rainier", "Hana Hayes as Teenage Elise Rainier", "Angus Sampson as Tucker", "Leigh Whannell as Specs", "Spencer Locke as Melissa Rainier , Elise 's niece and Christian 's youngest daughter .", "Caitlin Gerard as Imogen Rainier , Elise 's niece and Christian 's eldest daughter . She has also inherited the gift that Elise holds .", "Bruce Davison as Christian Rainier , Elise 's estranged younger brother . Pierce Pope as Young Christian Rainier Thomas Robie as Teenage Christian Rainier", "Pierce Pope as Young Christian Rainier Thomas Robie as Teenage Christian Rainier", "Pierce Pope as Young Christian Rainier", "Thomas Robie as Teenage Christian Rainier", "Kirk Acevedo as Ted Garza , a man who makes residence in Elise 's old home and calls for her help .", "Josh Stewart as Gerald Rainier , Elise and Christian 's abusive father and Aubrey 's husband .", "Tessa Ferrer as Audrey Rainier , Elise and Christian 's mother and Gerald 's wife .", "Aleque Reid as Anna", "Marcus Henderson as Detective Whitfield", "Amanda Jaros as Mara Jennings", "Javier Botet as Key Face", "Joseph Bishara as Lipstick - Face Demon", "Ayub Veno as Imprisoned Spirit", "Additionally , Ty Simpkins , Rose Byrne , Barbara Hershey , and Patrick Wilson reprise their roles as Dalton Lambert , Renai Lambert , Lorraine Lambert , and Josh Lambert , respectively , from the first two films , in archive footage .", "Principal photography began in August 2016 , and ended the following month . On August 29 , 2017 , it was announced via Universal Studios ' Halloween Horror Nights that the film would be titled Insidious : The Last Key .", "Insidious : The Last Key was released on January 5 , 2018 . The film was then released a week later on January 12 , 2018 in the United Kingdom .", "Insidious : The Last Key has grossed $67.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $100.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $167.4 million , against a production budget of $10 million . It is the highest grossing film in the franchise , surpassing the second installment 's $161 million , and the first film of the series to gross $100 million overseas .", "In the United States and Canada Insidious : The Last Key was released alongside the wide expansion of Molly 's Game , and was projected to gross $20 -- 22 million from 3,116 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.98 grossed from Thursday night previews , the highest preview total of the franchise . It went on to debut to $29.3 million for the weekend , finishing second at the box office behind holdover Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and marking the second - highest opening of the series and grossing , behind Chapter 2 .", "On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 32 % , based on 87 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Insidious : The Last Key offers franchise star Lin Shaye another welcome opportunity to take the lead , but her efforts are n't enough to rescue this uninspired sequel . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the lowest score of the franchise .", "Brent McKnight of the Seattle Times rated the film two stars and said , `` Old horror franchises do n't die , they unspool tepid , uninspired sequels in perpetuity . And with the fourth chapter , Insidious : The Last Key , this saga is on a familiar path . '' Screen Rant 's Sandy Schaefer scored the film 3 / 5 stars , stating `` Insidious : The Last Key is a solid finale to the Insidious franchise that gives series lead Lin Shaye the chance to take a graceful final bow . '' Emily Yoshida of New York Magazine noted the criticism of genre films for playing `` fast and loose '' with their internal logic , but credited the fourth Insidious for having `` wrapped up its own free - association illogic with an impenetrable tangle of woo - woo spirit - world mechanics and lingo . ''", "Insidious : The Last Key was released on Digital HD on March 20 , 2018 and was released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 3 , 2018 , by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment .", "In an interview , Whannell stated that he does not know if he will be the one to write a potential sequel . On February 22 , 2018 , it was reported that , after the box office success of Insidious : The Last Key , a fifth installment is in development ." ]

[ [ "Wilt Chamberlain" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game .", "This feat has been accomplished 67 times in NBA history . Twenty - three different players have scored 60 or more points in a game . Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion : Wilt Chamberlain ( 32 times ) , Kobe Bryant ( 6 times ) , Michael Jordan ( 5 times ) , and Elgin Baylor ( 4 times ) .", "Jordan ( 63 ) and Baylor ( 61 ) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs , each accomplishing this once .", "Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA * Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Occurred in playoff competition Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts", "Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA", "* Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame", "Occurred in playoff competition", "Player 's team lost the game", "MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts", "3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play", "FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts", "Rank Points Player Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Team Opponent Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes Ref . Scoring by quarter 100 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 48 36 63 -- -- 28 32 81 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002006 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 41 : 56 28 46 7 13 18 20 78 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 151 63 31 62 -- -- 16 31 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 117 48 29 48 -- -- 15 25 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127 -- 111 48 29 43 -- -- 15 19 73 Thompson , David David Thompson * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137 -- 139 43 28 38 -- -- 17 20 7 72 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115 -- 127 -- 29 48 -- -- 14 18 8 71 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001960 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1960 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123 -- 108 45 28 48 -- -- 15 18 71 Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 97 44 26 41 18 25 10 70 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148 -- 163 48 27 38 -- -- 16 22 70 Booker , Devin Devin Booker ^ March 24 , 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120 -- 130 45 21 40 11 24 26 12 69 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001990 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117 -- 113 50 23 37 6 21 23 13 68 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001967 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143 -- 123 -- 30 40 -- -- 8 22 68 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 000000001977 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124 -- 107 43 26 43 -- -- 16 19 15 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 126 -- 27 37 -- -- 13 17 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 121 -- 128 48 26 44 -- -- 15 20 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 149 48 25 38 -- -- 17 22 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129 -- 134 -- 28 47 -- -- 11 17 19 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134 -- 116 48 29 35 -- -- 8 18 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132 -- 152 48 24 40 -- -- 17 30 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147 -- 137 48 25 43 -- -- 15 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132 -- 125 -- 28 43 -- -- 9 20 65 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 49 : 58 23 39 8 12 11 12 24 64 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001959 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136 -- 115 -- 25 47 -- -- 14 19 64 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1974 -- -- 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143 -- 120 43 30 45 -- -- 5 64 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001993 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124 -- 128 47 27 49 5 9 11 27 63 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 000000001949 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1949 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108 -- 87 -- 27 56 -- -- 9 14 63 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151 -- 147 -- 23 55 -- -- 17 24 63 West , Jerry Jerry West * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129 -- 121 39 22 36 -- -- 19 22 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118 -- 120 -- 24 41 -- -- 15 20 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117 -- 128 -- 27 58 -- -- 9 20 63 Gervin , George George Gervin * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132 -- 153 33 23 49 -- -- 17 20 63 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001986 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 34 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136 -- 145 48 27 45 -- -- 8 10 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136 -- 130 53 24 48 -- -- 14 20 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139 -- 132 53 25 42 -- -- 12 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123 -- 103 -- 27 44 -- -- 8 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122 -- 106 -- 26 44 -- -- 10 21 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135 -- 125 -- 26 39 -- -- 10 19 62 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 000000002004 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108 -- 99 45 : 50 20 37 5 14 17 26 62 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002005 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 32 : 53 18 31 10 22 25 62 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 000000002014 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125 -- 96 38 : 39 23 35 6 11 10 10 43 61 Mikan , George George Mikan * 000000001952 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1952 18 18 -- -- Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91 -- 81 -- 22 45 -- -- 17 21 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 113 48 28 48 -- -- 5 10 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 139 -- 121 48 21 36 -- -- 19 34 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128 -- 119 48 24 46 -- -- 13 17 61 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001962 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126 -- 121 -- 22 46 -- -- 17 19 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139 -- 143 -- 27 52 -- -- 7 15 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136 -- 124 -- 27 57 -- -- 7 11 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130 -- 110 -- 26 53 -- -- 9 14 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125 -- 120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114 -- 117 41 22 38 0 17 21 61 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 000000001990 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144 -- 96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 61 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 000000002000 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123 -- 103 44 : 52 24 35 0 0 13 22 61 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002009 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126 -- 117 36 : 48 19 31 6 20 20 61 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 000000002014 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 107 41 : 12 22 33 8 10 9 12 57 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138 -- 117 48 22 47 -- -- 16 26 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 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[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Time of the Season '' Single by the Zombies from the album Odessey and Oracle B - side `` I 'll Call You Mine '' ( UK ) Friends of Mine ( US ) Released March 1968 ( 1968 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded August 1967 , Abbey Road Studios , London Genre Psychedelic rock Length 3 : 34 Label CBS Songwriter ( s ) Rod Argent Producer ( s ) The Zombies the Zombies singles chronology `` Butcher 's Tale ( Western Front 1914 ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Time of the Season '' ( 1968 ) `` Imagine the Swan '' ( 1969 )", "`` Time of the Season ''", "Single by the Zombies", "from the album Odessey and Oracle", "B - side `` I 'll Call You Mine '' ( UK ) Friends of Mine ( US )", "`` I 'll Call You Mine '' ( UK ) Friends of Mine ( US )", "`` I 'll Call You Mine '' ( UK )", "Friends of Mine ( US )", "Released March 1968 ( 1968 - 03 )", "Format 7 - inch single", "Recorded August 1967 , Abbey Road Studios , London", "August 1967 , Abbey Road Studios , London", "August 1967 ,", "Abbey Road Studios , London", "Genre Psychedelic rock", "Length 3 : 34", "Label CBS", "Songwriter ( s ) Rod Argent", "Producer ( s ) The Zombies", "the Zombies singles chronology", "`` Butcher 's Tale ( Western Front 1914 ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Time of the Season '' ( 1968 ) `` Imagine the Swan '' ( 1969 )", "`` Butcher 's Tale ( Western Front 1914 ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Time of the Season '' ( 1968 ) `` Imagine the Swan '' ( 1969 )", "`` Butcher 's Tale ( Western Front 1914 ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Time of the Season '' ( 1968 ) `` Imagine the Swan '' ( 1969 )", "`` Time of the Season '' is a song by the British rock band the Zombies , featured on their 1968 album Odessey and Oracle . It was written by keyboard player Rod Argent and recorded at Abbey Road Studios in August 1967 .", "Several other songs from Odessey and Oracle were released as singles prior to `` Time of the Season '' . Columbia Records supported the album and its singles at the urging of new A&R representative Al Kooper . One of the singles issued on Columbia 's Date label was the non-commercial - sounding `` Butcher 's Tale '' , which Columbia thought might catch on as an anti-war statement , at the time a popular trend . `` Time of the Season '' was only released at Kooper 's urging , initially coupled with its original UK B - side , `` I 'll Call You Mine '' , without success . After previous singles flopped , Date re-released `` Time of the Season '' backed with another UK flop single , `` Friends of Mine '' , and it made its breakthrough in early 1969 , over a year after the band split up . It reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March , topped the Cashbox chart , and reached number 1 in Canada . It did not chart in the band 's native Britain , despite being rereleased twice , but it later found fame there with Rod Argent saying that it became `` a classic in the UK , but it 's never been a hit . '' In mid-1969 , it peaked at number 2 on the South African hit parade .", "The song extensively uses call - and - response vocals interweaved with the voice of lead singer Colin Blunstone and fast - paced psychedelic improvisation keyboards .", "In 1998 , Big Beat Records released a CD reissue of Odessey and Oracle containing both the original stereo and mono versions of `` Time of the Season '' . It also featured a newly remixed alternate version containing instrumental backing underneath the vocals during the entire chorus . These instrumental backings had been mixed out on the original 1968 stereo and mono versions to create a cappella vocal sections . The outro is also different , with a different organ solo featuring only one organ , instead of the two interleaved organs in the original mix .", "Music critic Antonio Mendez called it one of the sublime songs on Odessey and Oracle .", "Milwaukee 's Third Coast Daily.com called the song `` something of a counterculture anthem '' .", "In 2012 , NME named the track the 35th - best song of the 1960s .", "`` Time of the Season '' is frequently used in pop culture to represent the era of its release . In that sense , it is featured in the films 1969 , Awakenings , A Walk on the Moon and Riding the Bullet , all of which depict 1969 , The Conjuring , which depicts 1971 and in All the Money in the World , which depicts in 1973 . The Zombies and `` Time of the Season '' , as well as `` She 's Not There '' , are intensively used in Thomas Vinterberg 's Dear Wendy ( 2006 ) .", "During the 2006 playoffs , the song was played in Shea Stadium as the home team New York Mets took the field .", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 43 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 19 US Billboard Hot 100 39 US Cash Box 15", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 43 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 19 US Billboard Hot 100 39 US Cash Box 15", "Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 43 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100", "Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position", "Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 43", "Canada Top Singles ( RPM )", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Cash Box Top 100", "Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 19 US Billboard Hot 100 39 US Cash Box 15", "Chart ( 1969 ) Rank", "Canada 19", "US Billboard Hot 100 39", "US Cash Box 15", "The song has been covered many times by other bands in recordings , including :", "In 1969 , Thyme covered `` Time of the Season '' for A-Square records . Argent released a live version from a 1974 concert on their 1976 compilation album The Argent Anthology - A Collection of Greatest Hits . Brent Bourgeois covered `` Time of the Season '' on his eponymous self - titled album in 1990 . In 1997 , Kurt Elling and Cassandra Wilson for Elling 's second album The Messenger . In the following year , the Scofflaws released an instrumental cover of the song on their fourth album Record of Conviction . In 1999 , Big Blue Missile and Scott Weiland recorded the song for the soundtrack of Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me . In 2001 , it was recorded by Larry Goldings for Goldings ' ninth album As One . In 2003 , Ben Taylor recorded the song for his album Famous Among the Barns , later featured in the horror film Prom Night ( 2008 ) . In 2005 , the Guess Who released a cover of the song in the compilation album Let 's Go . Dave Matthews Band had the song on the CD - DVD Weekend on the Rocks ( 2005 ) and Live Trax Vol. 9 ( 2007 ) . In 2006 , Sage Francis covered the song for his live album Dead Poet Live Album . In March 20 , 2007 , it was performed by Blake Lewis , the runner - up on the sixth season of American Idol , and included on later recordings . Also in 2007 , it was recorded by Tommy Shaw ( of Styx ) and Jack Blades ( of Night Ranger ) for their album Influence . America remade `` Time of the Season '' for their 2012 release Back Pages a cover album . In 2017 , it was recorded by Haley Reinhart for Reinharts ' third album What 's That Sound ? .", "In 1969 , Thyme covered `` Time of the Season '' for A-Square records .", "Argent released a live version from a 1974 concert on their 1976 compilation album The Argent Anthology - A Collection of Greatest Hits .", "Brent Bourgeois covered `` Time of the Season '' on his eponymous self - titled album in 1990 .", "In 1997 , Kurt Elling and Cassandra Wilson for Elling 's second album The Messenger . In the following year , the Scofflaws released an instrumental cover of the song on their fourth album Record of Conviction .", "In 1999 , Big Blue Missile and Scott Weiland recorded the song for the soundtrack of Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me .", "In 2001 , it was recorded by Larry Goldings for Goldings ' ninth album As One .", "In 2003 , Ben Taylor recorded the song for his album Famous Among the Barns , later featured in the horror film Prom Night ( 2008 ) .", "In 2005 , the Guess Who released a cover of the song in the compilation album Let 's Go .", "Dave Matthews Band had the song on the CD - DVD Weekend on the Rocks ( 2005 ) and Live Trax Vol. 9 ( 2007 ) .", "In 2006 , Sage Francis covered the song for his live album Dead Poet Live Album .", "In March 20 , 2007 , it was performed by Blake Lewis , the runner - up on the sixth season of American Idol , and included on later recordings .", "Also in 2007 , it was recorded by Tommy Shaw ( of Styx ) and Jack Blades ( of Night Ranger ) for their album Influence .", "America remade `` Time of the Season '' for their 2012 release Back Pages a cover album .", "In 2017 , it was recorded by Haley Reinhart for Reinharts ' third album What 's That Sound ? .", "It has been sampled many times , including in 2005 on the Necro album The Sexorcist in the opening track `` Who 's Ya Daddy ? '' ; in 2009 by Melanie Fiona in her single `` Give It to Me Right '' ; in 2011 on the ScHoolboy Q album Setbacks in the bonus track `` Rolling Stone '' ; in the outro on Miguel 's `` Do n't Look Back '' from the 2012 album Kaleidoscope Dream ; and on Eminem 's 2013 album The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , in `` Rhyme or Reason '' ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' Dutch 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Van Morrison from the album Blowin ' Your Mind ! A-side `` Brown Eyed Girl '' B - side `` Goodbye Baby '' Released June 1967 Recorded 28 March 1967 Length 3 : 03 Label Bang Songwriter ( s ) Van Morrison Producer ( s ) Bert Berns Van Morrison singles chronology `` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Ro Ro Rosey '' ( 1967 ) `` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Ro Ro Rosey '' ( 1967 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( audio ) on YouTube", "`` Brown Eyed Girl ''", "Dutch 7 - inch vinyl single", "Single by Van Morrison", "from the album Blowin ' Your Mind !", "A-side `` Brown Eyed Girl ''", "B - side `` Goodbye Baby ''", "Released June 1967", "Recorded 28 March 1967", "Length 3 : 03", "Label Bang", "Songwriter ( s ) Van Morrison", "Producer ( s ) Bert Berns", "Van Morrison singles chronology", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Ro Ro Rosey '' ( 1967 )", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Ro Ro Rosey '' ( 1967 )", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Ro Ro Rosey '' ( 1967 )", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Ro Ro Rosey '' ( 1967 )", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Ro Ro Rosey '' ( 1967 )", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Ro Ro Rosey '' ( 1967 )", "Audio sample", "file help", "file help", "Music video", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' ( audio ) on YouTube", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' is a song by Northern Irish singer and songwriter Van Morrison . Written by Morrison and recorded in March 1967 for Bang Records owner and producer Bert Berns , it was released as a single in June 1967 on the Bang label , peaking at No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It featured The Sweet Inspirations singing back - up vocals and is considered to be Van Morrison 's signature song . `` Brown Eyed Girl '' has remained a staple on classic rock radio , and has been covered by hundreds of bands over the decades .", "After finishing his contract with Decca Records and the mid-1966 break - up of his band , Them , Morrison returned to Belfast seeking a new recording company . When he received a phone call from Bert Berns , owner of Bang Records , who had produced a number of recordings with Them , he flew to New York City and hastily signed a contract ( which biographer Clinton Heylin says probably still gives him sleepless nights ) . During a two - day recording session starting 28 March 1967 , he recorded eight songs intended to be used as four singles . The recording session took place at A & R Studios and `` Brown Eyed Girl '' was captured on the 22nd take on the first day . Of the musicians Berns had assembled , there were three guitarists - Eric Gale , Hugh McCracken , and Al Gorgoni - plus bassist Russ Savakus , pianist Paul Griffin and drummer Gary Chester . It was released as a single in mid-June 1967 .", "Originally titled `` Brown - Skinned Girl '' , Morrison changed it to `` Brown Eyed Girl '' when he recorded it . Morrison remarked on the original title : `` That was just a mistake . It was a kind of Jamaican song . Calypso . It just slipped my mind . I changed the title . '' `` After we 'd recorded it , I looked at the tape box and did n't even notice that I 'd changed the title . I looked at the box where I 'd lain it down with my guitar and it said ' Brown Eyed Girl ' on the tape box . It 's just one of those things that happen . '' It has also been stated that the song was about an inter-racial relationship and Morrison changed the title to `` make it more palatable to radio stations . ''", "The song 's nostalgic lyrics about a former love were considered too suggestive at the time to be played on many radio stations . A radio - edit of the song was released which removed the lyrics `` making love in the green grass '' , replacing them with `` laughin ' and a-runnin ' , hey hey '' from a previous verse . This edited version appears on some copies of the compilation album The Best of Van Morrison . However the remastered CD seems to have the bowdlerised lyrics in the packaging but the original `` racy '' lyrics on the disc . Lyrically , it `` shows early hints of the idealized pastoral landscapes that would flow through his songs through the decades , a tendency that links him to the Romantic poets , whom Morrison has cited as an influence '' according to music journalist Erik Hage .", "Because of a contract he signed with Bang Records without legal advice , Morrison states that he has never received any royalties for writing or recording this song . The contract made him liable for virtually all recording expenses incurred for all of his Bang Records recordings before royalties would be paid , and after those expenses were recouped , the revenue would become the `` subject of some highly creative accounting . '' Morrison vented frustration about this unjust contract in his sarcastic nonsense song `` The Big Royalty Check . '' Morrison has stated that `` Brown Eyed Girl '' is not among his favorite songs , remarking `` it 's not one of my best . I mean I 've got about 300 songs that I think are better '' .", "To capitalise on the success of the single , producer Berns assembled the album Blowin ' Your Mind without Morrison 's input or knowledge . Released in September 1967 , the album contained the single as its lead - off track as well as songs recorded by Morrison at the March recording sessions for Berns . The album peaked at No. 182 on the Billboard 200 .", "Morrison 's original recording of `` Brown Eyed Girl '' remains widely familiar today , as the uncensored version is regularly played by many `` oldies '' and `` classic rock '' radio stations . In 2005 , Van Morrison received a Million - Air certificate by BMI as a `` Top European Writer '' for reaching 7 million US radio and television airplays for `` Brown Eyed Girl '' and again in 2007 , Morrison was awarded another Million - Air certificate by BMI for 8 million air plays of `` Brown Eyed Girl '' . In 2009 , `` Brown Eyed Girl '' was at the top of the list for most played songs at the BMI London awards winning a Million - Air certificate for nine million air plays . In 2011 , `` Brown Eyed Girl '' joined an elite group of songs as it was honoured for having 10 million US radio air plays and therefore becoming one of the ten songs that have been registered with BMI that have received that number of radio plays . As of 2015 , `` Brown Eyed Girl '' remains the most downloaded and most played song of the entire 1960s decade .", "Paul Williams included `` Brown Eyed Girl '' in his book Rock and Roll : The 100 Best Singles , writing that :", "`` I was going to say this is a song about sex , and it is , and a song about youth and growing up , and memory , and it 's also -- very much and very wonderfully -- a song about singing . ''", "This song proved to be the impetus for Morrison 's career . It was his first single after leaving his position as lead singer for the Belfast - formed Them and led to his relocation to the United States and an eventual contract with Warner Bros. Records , where he recorded his career - defining album , Astral Weeks .", "Dave Marsh in his 1989 book , The Heart of Rock and Soul , The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever , rated it No. 386 . In 1999 , Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) listed it as one of the Top 100 Songs of the Century . In 2000 , it was listed at No. 21 on the Rolling Stone / MTV list of 100 Greatest Pop Songs and as No. 49 on VH1 's list of the 100 Greatest Rock Songs . In 2001 , It was ranked No. 131 as one of the RIAAs Songs of the Century , a list of the top 365 songs of the 20th century chosen with historical significance in mind .", "In November 2004 , `` Brown Eyed Girl '' by Van Morrison was ranked No. 110 on the Rolling Stone magazine list of 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . At the same year , it was listed as No. 79 on the All Time 885 Greatest Songs compiled by WXPN from listeners ' votes . In January 2007 , `` Brown Eyed Girl '' was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . It was ranked as the 152nd greatest song of all time , as well as the tenth best song of 1967 , by Acclaimed Music . It is also one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll .", "The song has been featured in several popular films , including the 1983 film The Big Chill , the 1989 film Born on the Fourth of July , and the 1991 film Sleeping with the Enemy , starring Julia Roberts . Mayor of London Boris Johnson included the song as one of his eight Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4 on 20 April 2003 . Fashion designer Betty Jackson also included the song on her list on 28 April 2002 . In April 2005 , the White House announced that `` Brown Eyed Girl '' gets regular rotation on George W. Bush 's iPod . Morrison announced before a university performance in England : `` Yeah , it 's good to hear things like that , you know . But I would have preferred if it was a new song . '' A 2008 FoxTrot strip portrays `` Brown Eyed Girl '' , along with `` Eye of the Tiger '' by Survivor and `` My Eyes Adored You '' by The Four Seasons as music played on the music site `` EyeTunes . '' In March 2009 , former US president Bill Clinton picked `` Brown Eyed Girl '' as top pick on his list of favourite ten tunes included on his signed iPod donated for a charity auction for musical victims of Hurricane Katrina . On Sunday 23 June 2013 , British actor , comedian and singer Hugh Laurie chose `` Brown Eyed Girl '' as his eighth - favourite track on the BBC radio programme Desert Island Discs . The song was played at the end of the funeral for comedian Rik Mayall in June 2014 . In Graeme Simsion 's 2017 novel The Best of Adam Sharp , Adam is playing `` Brown Eyed Girl '' when he first meets Angelina , and it is the song he plays over the phone when they reconnect 22 years later .", "The song has been featured in several popular films , including the 1983 film The Big Chill , the 1989 film Born on the Fourth of July , and the 1991 film Sleeping with the Enemy , starring Julia Roberts .", "Mayor of London Boris Johnson included the song as one of his eight Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4 on 20 April 2003 . Fashion designer Betty Jackson also included the song on her list on 28 April 2002 .", "In April 2005 , the White House announced that `` Brown Eyed Girl '' gets regular rotation on George W. Bush 's iPod . Morrison announced before a university performance in England : `` Yeah , it 's good to hear things like that , you know . But I would have preferred if it was a new song . ''", "A 2008 FoxTrot strip portrays `` Brown Eyed Girl '' , along with `` Eye of the Tiger '' by Survivor and `` My Eyes Adored You '' by The Four Seasons as music played on the music site `` EyeTunes . ''", "In March 2009 , former US president Bill Clinton picked `` Brown Eyed Girl '' as top pick on his list of favourite ten tunes included on his signed iPod donated for a charity auction for musical victims of Hurricane Katrina .", "On Sunday 23 June 2013 , British actor , comedian and singer Hugh Laurie chose `` Brown Eyed Girl '' as his eighth - favourite track on the BBC radio programme Desert Island Discs .", "The song was played at the end of the funeral for comedian Rik Mayall in June 2014 .", "In Graeme Simsion 's 2017 novel The Best of Adam Sharp , Adam is playing `` Brown Eyed Girl '' when he first meets Angelina , and it is the song he plays over the phone when they reconnect 22 years later .", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' was one of the songs included on the 1990 compilation album , The Best of Van Morrison . It is one of the songs performed live at Morrison 's concert of performance of 15 September 2006 at the Austin City Limits Festival and is included on the limited CD album , Live at Austin City Limits Festival . `` Brown Eyed Girl '' was one of the nineteen songs featured on Van Morrison 's 2007 compilation album , Van Morrison at the Movies - Soundtrack Hits . The version on this compilation is a recent re-recording of the original version of the song . The original version is one of the hits on the 2007 compilation album , Still on Top - The Greatest Hits . A live version of this song is featured on the 2008 reissue of the live double album It 's Too Late to Stop Now .", "`` Brown Eyed Girl '' has been recorded and performed by many popular and well - known artists such as : Iain Matthews ( 1975 ) , Jimmy Buffett ( 1984 ) , Adele ( 2008 ) , Busted , Everclear , Johnny Rivers , Bruce Springsteen , U2 , Bob Dylan , Brian Kennedy , Steel Pulse , Roberto Jordan ( Spanish version `` La Chica De Los Ojos Cafes '' ) , Lagwagon , John Anderson , El Chicano , The Black Sorrows , Ronan Keating , Reel Big Fish , and Joe Camilleri . A cover by Joe Stampley peaked at number 29 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1983 .", "Year Billboard UK Singles Chart Hot 100 Hot Ringtones 1967 10 - - 2006 - 18 - 2013 - - 60", "Year Billboard UK Singles Chart", "Hot 100 Hot Ringtones", "1967 10 - -", "2006 - 18 -", "2013 - - 60" ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "National University of Study and Research in Law , Ranchi Motto Nasato vidyate bhavo nabhavo vidyate satah . ( Sanskrit ) Motto in English That which exists can not cease to exist and that which is non-existent can not come into existence Type National Law University Established Chancellor Aniruddha Bose Vice-Chancellor Gautam Kumar Choudhary ( I / C ) Location Ranchi , Jharkhand , Jharkhand , India 23 ° 27 ′ 8.7732 '' N 85 ° 18 ′ 59.472 '' E  /  23.452437000 ° N 85.31652000 ° E  / 23.452437000 ; 85.31652000 Coordinates : 23 ° 27 ′ 8.7732 '' N 85 ° 18 ′ 59.472 '' E  /  23.452437000 ° N 85.31652000 ° E  / 23.452437000 ; 85.31652000 Affiliations UGC Website www.nusrlranchi.in", "Motto Nasato vidyate bhavo nabhavo vidyate satah . ( Sanskrit )", "Motto in English That which exists can not cease to exist and that which is non-existent can not come into existence", "Type National Law University", "Established", "Chancellor Aniruddha Bose", "Vice-Chancellor Gautam Kumar Choudhary ( I / C )", "Location Ranchi , Jharkhand , Jharkhand , India 23 ° 27 ′ 8.7732 '' N 85 ° 18 ′ 59.472 '' E  /  23.452437000 ° N 85.31652000 ° E  / 23.452437000 ; 85.31652000 Coordinates : 23 ° 27 ′ 8.7732 '' N 85 ° 18 ′ 59.472 '' E  /  23.452437000 ° N 85.31652000 ° E  / 23.452437000 ; 85.31652000", "Affiliations UGC", "Website www.nusrlranchi.in", "National University of Study and Research in Law ( NUSRL ) is a law university located in Ranchi , Jharkhand , India . It was established by a legislative act , by the State Of Jharkhand ( Act no . 4 of 2010 ) as the fourteenth National Law University of India . Gautam Kumar Choudhary is the Vice-Chancellor ( In - Charge ) of the university and is also the Director of Jharkhand Judicial Academy . Prof. ( Dr . ) A.K. Koul was the founding vice-chancellor of the university , who specialized in international trade law , especially on WTO . Earlier he was the vice-chancellor of National Law University , Jodhpur . Prof. ( Dr . ) B.C. Nirmal was the Vice-Chancellor from 2014 to 2017 . B.C. Nirmal was formerly the Head and Dean of Law School , Banaras Hindu University ( Varanasi ) . The university is located on Kanke - Pithoria Road on the outskirts of Ranchi just ahead of Ranchi Institute of Neuro - Psychiatry & Allied Sciences and Birsa Agricultural University . It was formally inaugurated by the Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court and Supreme Court Judge designate Justice Gyan Sudha Mishra on 26 April 2010 . The 63.76 - acre site is among the largest National Law Universities in India .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The university has a semester system i.e. 2 semesters in an academic year . Each academic year a student has to undertake 3 CAT ( Continuous Assessment Test ) for each subject , consisting of announced tests as well as unannounced ones . The students are also required to undertake compulsory CRE ( Court Room Exercises ) . The number of CREs depends on the number of law subjects . The curriculum also includes compulsory Research Papers from the first semester itself .", "Admissions to NUSRL are done through the Common Law Admission Test ( CLAT ) . Student preference shows that the university is faring well in the league of National Law Universities and remains a priority amongst the newly open National Law Universities .", "NUSRL offers undergraduates a five - year integrated B.A. ( Hons , ) LL. B ( Hons ) . program which , upon completion , qualifies the student to sit for the bar to practice law in India . The program is a mix of relevant social science subjects and law subjects . The time span for the course is 5 years divided into 10 semesters . In the first two years , the law student attends courses on English , Political Science , Philosophy and Economics alongside standard legal subjects , such as Law of Torts , Law of Contracts and Constitutional law . In the latter three the curriculum consists majorly of legal subjects .", "At the postgraduate level , the university offers four - year integrated LL. M - PhD , three - year Doctor of Juridical Science ( J.S.D ) and two - year PhD programs , for which the admission is through an entrance test , group discussion and oral test conducted by the university .", "The university is equipped with an extensive library covering all subjects of law . Besides legal subjects , the library also has books on social sciences . The library also has acquired subscription to various online databases such as Manupatra , HeinOnline , WestLaw India , Jstor and SCC OnLine . The university houses a wide range of law journals .", "The Moot Court Committee ( MCC ) of National University Of Study And Research in Law , Ranchi ( NUSRL ) was established in the year 2011 with Dr. K. Syamala as its chairperson . The Moot Court Association has been constantly receiving overwhelming response for participation in various moot court competitions . The university is also excelling in various National Moot Court Competitions . The MCC , NUSRL is currently headed and chaired by Dr. K. Syamala , along with faculty and student members . The MCC organized the 1st NUSRL National Trial Advocacy Competition , 2015 which saw participation of 18 law universities from India . After the successful completion of the first edition , National University of Study & Research in Law , Ranchi organized the 2nd NUSRL National Trial Advocacy Competition , 2017 . The latest 3rd edition of NUSRL National Trial Advocacy Competition was held from May 17 - 20 , 2018 which witnessed a great participation from different law schools all across the country . The MCC also organizes the O.P. Jalan Memorial National Taxation Moot Court Competition . The first edition was held from March 31 , 2016 - April 2 , 2016 and second edition from March 16 - 18 , 2018 .", "The Centre was founded in response to an escalating need felt by scientists , lawyers , technologists and companies . The object is to gain a thoughtful knowledge in patent , trademarks , design and copyright law . More in meticulous the CSRIPR wishes to gain a better insight and glimpse into new and evolving areas of intellectual property law ( such as the protection of software , semi-conductor products and biotechnological inventions , standardisation and technology transfers ) and the general problems of patents , trademarks , designs and copyright . To achieve these objects the CSRIPR has organized a manifold of activities on an interdisciplinary level . The CSRIPR has organised various seminars and conference relating to the field of IPR . The Director of the centre is Dr. M.R.S Murthy .", "Center for Legal Aid and Program , NUSRL ( CLAP ) is a student - cum - faculty - run society with an aim to spread legal awareness and give real - time effective legal aid to the marginalized section of our society . CLAP was established in the very first year of the inception of the university . CLAP seeks to improve the legal scenario in the state of Jharkhand . It has organised various field trips and conducted surveys and seminars all over the State of Jharkhand so as to spread legal awareness amongst the weaker section of the society . The committee is headed by Mr. Kaushik Bagchi .", "The university is very active when it comes to extracurricular activities , especially in sports . The Sports Committee of NUSRL is headed and chaired by Mr. Gunjan . The university organises an Intra Sports fest every year in which the students of the university actively participate . The university has organised NUSRL Cricket Premier League ( Teams -- Invaders , RDX , Sabers , and Pipers ) and NUSRL Football premier league ( Teams - Invaders , Tornadoes , Renegade , Encounters ) . The students of the university has brought laurels to the college by participating and winning in various national sports fests organized by other universities all across the country . Recently , the students organised a gully cricket league , NUSRL Gully Cricket . Apart from these , the University has Basketball Court , Lawn Tennis court , Football ground , Badminton courts as well .", "The University organises its Annual fest named as Ulgulan . Ulgulan 2016 witnessed a footfall of around 5,000 visitors from PAN-India . The second edition of Ulgulan was held in the year 2017 which also saw a massive participation . Apart from the inter - university fest Ulgulan , the Cultural committee of NUSRL organises the intra university cultural fest `` Yuventas '' which unites the spirit of the students. The university organises a food fest every month . Every food fest has a different theme and sumptuous dishes .", "The university has recently stated off with its maiden edition of NUSRL Journal on Law and Policy . Besides this the university has also published CSRIPR Diary Vol . I , 2013 .", "The university currently accommodates its male and female students in on - campus four - storied hostels of around 300 rooms which are well equipped with amenities like wi - fi , hot running water and parking space for local students and faculty members ," ]

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[ "The Three Musketeers Promotional film poster Directed by Paul W.S. Anderson Produced by Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Robert Kulzer Written by Andrew Davies Alex Litvak Based on The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas père Starring Matthew Macfadyen Logan Lerman Ray Stevenson Gabriella Wilde Luke Evans Milla Jovovich Orlando Bloom Christoph Waltz Music by Paul Haslinger Cinematography Glen MacPherson Edited by Alexander Berner Production company Impact Pictures Constantin Film NEF Productions New Legacy Film Distributed by Constantin Film ( Germany ) Entertainment One ( UK ) Summit Entertainment ( US ) Release date 1 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) ( Germany ) 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) ( France / United Kingdom ) 21 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 110 minutes Country Germany France United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $132.2 million", "The Three Musketeers", "Promotional film poster", "Directed by Paul W.S. Anderson", "Produced by Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Robert Kulzer", "Written by Andrew Davies Alex Litvak", "Based on The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas père", "Starring Matthew Macfadyen Logan Lerman Ray Stevenson Gabriella Wilde Luke Evans Milla Jovovich Orlando Bloom Christoph Waltz", "Music by Paul Haslinger", "Cinematography Glen MacPherson", "Edited by Alexander Berner", "Production company Impact Pictures Constantin Film NEF Productions New Legacy Film", "Distributed by Constantin Film ( Germany ) Entertainment One ( UK ) Summit Entertainment ( US )", "Release date 1 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) ( Germany ) 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) ( France / United Kingdom ) 21 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) ( United States )", "1 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) ( Germany ) 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) ( France / United Kingdom ) 21 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) ( United States )", "1 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) ( Germany )", "12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) ( France / United Kingdom )", "21 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) ( United States )", "Running time 110 minutes", "Country Germany France United Kingdom United States", "Language English", "Budget $75 million", "Box office $132.2 million", "The Three Musketeers is a 2011 romantic action adventure film directed by Paul W.S. Anderson and starring Matthew Macfadyen , Logan Lerman , Ray Stevenson , Milla Jovovich , Luke Evans , Mads Mikkelsen , Orlando Bloom , and Christoph Waltz . It is based on Alexandre Dumas 's 1844 novel of the same title with clock - punk elements .", "The film was released on 1 September 2011 in Germany , 12 October 2011 in the United Kingdom and France and 21 October 2011 in the United States , Canada and Australia . Upon its release , it grossed $132 million against a production budget of $75 million and received negative critical reaction . Critics praised its action sequences , score , the performances of Macfadyen and Mikkelsen , and visual style but criticized its writing , direction and characters .", "In Venice , the musketeers Athos , Porthos , and Aramis , with the help of Milady de Winter , steal airship blueprints made by Leonardo da Vinci . However , they are betrayed by Milady , who incapacitates them and sells the blueprints to the Duke of Buckingham .", "A year later , d'Artagnan leaves his village in Gascony for Paris in hopes of becoming a musketeer as his father was , only to learn that they were disbanded . At a rural bar , he challenges Captain Rochefort , leader of Cardinal Richelieu 's guard , to a duel after being offended by him , but Rochefort merely shoots him while he 's distracted . Once in Paris , d'Artagnan separately encounters Athos , Porthos and Aramis and , accidentally offending all three , schedules separate duels with each . Athos brings Porthos and Aramis to the duel as his seconds , causing d'Artagnan to realize their true identities . Richelieu 's guards arrive to apprehend them , but , inspired by d'Artagnan , the musketeers fight together and win . All four are summoned before the young King Louis XIII and Richelieu urges him to execute them , but Queen Anne is impressed by their bravery and the king condecorates them instead .", "Richelieu instructs Milady , now his accomplice , to plant false love letters among Queen Anne 's possessions , steal her diamond necklace , and take it to the Tower of London in order to frame her as having an affair with Buckingham , which would force King Louis to execute her and declare war on England . At this point , the people would demand a more experienced leader : Richelieu himself . In order to secure her own position , Milady demands that Richelieu declare in a written authorization that she is working on behalf of France .", "The false letters are found and given to King Louis , who is advised by Richelieu to set up a ball at which Queen Anne would be forced to wear the necklace . If she does n't , then her affair is real , and there will be war . Queen Anne 's lady - in - waiting Constance Bonacieux discovers Richelieu 's plan and pleads with the musketeers to stop him . They follow Milady and Buckingham to London , while Constance is captured by Rochefort for helping the musketeers to escape from him .", "In London , Milady tells Buckingham the musketeers have arrived to take revenge on him and teaches him all their tendencies in battle . D'Artagnan is captured , but turns out to be a decoy following the plan Milady would have expected the Musketeers to follow , allowing his associates to steal Buckingham 's airship and rescue him . Milady 's getaway coachman reveals himself as the musketeers ' manservant Planchet and delivers her to his masters , who retrieve the necklace from her . Athos prepares to execute Milady for her treachery , but she leaps off the airship , apparently dying on her own terms .", "The musketeers depart back to Paris , only to be intercepted by Rochefort in a much larger airship , for Milady had given Richelieu copies of da Vinci 's blueprints . Rochefort offers to exchange Constance for the necklace , but captures d'Artagnan and mounts an assault as soon as he retrieves the jewels . His superior airship has the upper hand and severely damages the opposing vessel , but the musketeers use the clouds to rally and counterattack . The fight ends when both ships ram each other , crashing onto Notre Dame . On the roof , d'Artagnan duels and ultimately kills Rochefort . Constance is sent ahead to quietly return the necklace to Queen Anne . The musketeers arrive at the ball and , for the sake of King Louis and his people , lie by claiming that Rochefort tried to sabotage an airship that Richelieu built for them , and that they executed him for his treason on Richelieu 's permission . To convince the king , Athos presents Milady 's authorization , which the former accepts . Richelieu , satisfied , offers the musketeers a place in his guards , but they refuse , and Richelieu vows revenge .", "Meanwhile , Milady is found alive at the English Channel by Buckingham , who declares his intention to exact revenge . The camera then pulls back to show him advancing towards France with a massive fleet of battleships and airships .", "Matthew Macfadyen as Athos Logan Lerman as D'Artagnan Ray Stevenson as Porthos Luke Evans as Aramis Orlando Bloom as Duke of Buckingham Milla Jovovich as Milady de Winter Christoph Waltz as Cardinal Richelieu Mads Mikkelsen as Captain Rochefort Gabriella Wilde as Constance Bonacieux , d'Artagnan's love interest James Corden as Planchet , the Musketeers ' manservant Freddie Fox as King Louis XIII Juno Temple as Queen Anne Til Schweiger as Cagliostro Carsten Norgaard as Jussac , a leader of Richelieu 's guards Nina Eichinger as Minette", "Matthew Macfadyen as Athos", "Logan Lerman as D'Artagnan", "Ray Stevenson as Porthos", "Luke Evans as Aramis", "Orlando Bloom as Duke of Buckingham", "Milla Jovovich as Milady de Winter", "Christoph Waltz as Cardinal Richelieu", "Mads Mikkelsen as Captain Rochefort", "Gabriella Wilde as Constance Bonacieux , d'Artagnan's love interest", "James Corden as Planchet , the Musketeers ' manservant", "Freddie Fox as King Louis XIII", "Juno Temple as Queen Anne", "Til Schweiger as Cagliostro", "Carsten Norgaard as Jussac , a leader of Richelieu 's guards", "Nina Eichinger as Minette", "Location filming was done in Bavaria with indoor shooting at Studio Babelsberg . Filming locations include :", "Bamberg , Bavaria , Germany Burghausen , Bavaria , Germany Herrenchiemsee Palace , Bavaria , Germany Marienberg Fortress , Würzburg , Bavaria , Germany Munich , Bavaria , Germany Studio Babelsberg , Potsdam , Brandenburg , Germany Würzburg Residence , Würzburg , Bavaria , Germany", "Bamberg , Bavaria , Germany", "Burghausen , Bavaria , Germany", "Herrenchiemsee Palace , Bavaria , Germany", "Marienberg Fortress , Würzburg , Bavaria , Germany", "Munich , Bavaria , Germany", "Studio Babelsberg , Potsdam , Brandenburg , Germany", "Würzburg Residence , Würzburg , Bavaria , Germany", "It was filmed with an Arri Alexa camera . A sizeable proportion of the funding for the film came from German sources : $4 million from Bavaria 's bank fund ( BBF ) and film and TV fund ( FFF ) , about $1.3 million from the German Federal Film Board , about $10 million in tax rebate cash from the German film fund , the DFF and $1 million ( € 800,000 ) in subsidy financing from the Berlin - Brandenburg Medienboard . The production budget was between $75 million and $90 million .", "The soundtrack was composed by Paul Haslinger .", "British band Take That wrote and recorded the official single entitled `` When We Were Young '' ; it was released on 22 August 2011 in the UK .", "All tracks written by Paul Haslinger .", "No . Title Length 1 . `` Only Four Men '' 2 : 15 2 . `` Special Delivery for The King '' 2 : 26 3 . `` Buckingham 's Departure '' 1 : 20 4 . `` All For One '' 1 : 48 5 . `` Do You Know Who I Am ? '' 2 : 03 6 . `` As Far Away As Possible '' 1 : 40 7 . `` The King and Queen '' 1 : 38 8 . `` Announcing Lady De Winter '' 0 : 50 9 . `` Concealed Weapons Tango '' 1 : 00 10 . `` Get Me One of Those ! '' 2 : 32 11 . `` The Venice Heist '' 5 : 15 12 . `` She Died The Way She Lived '' 1 : 44 13 . `` I Hate Air Travel '' 1 : 00 14 . `` Rochefort Ante Portas '' 1 : 15 15 . `` Open Fire ! '' 2 : 36 16 . `` A Chance to Escape '' 1 : 05 17 . `` Round Two '' 1 : 50 18 . `` If You Insist ! '' 1 : 48 19 . `` You Should Have Apologized To My Horse '' 1 : 48 20 . `` Boys Will Be Boys '' 1 : 40 Total length : 1 : 02 : 25", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` Only Four Men '' 2 : 15", "2 . `` Special Delivery for The King '' 2 : 26", "3 . `` Buckingham 's Departure '' 1 : 20", "4 . `` All For One '' 1 : 48", "5 . `` Do You Know Who I Am ? '' 2 : 03", "6 . `` As Far Away As Possible '' 1 : 40", "7 . `` The King and Queen '' 1 : 38", "8 . `` Announcing Lady De Winter '' 0 : 50", "9 . `` Concealed Weapons Tango '' 1 : 00", "10 . `` Get Me One of Those ! '' 2 : 32", "11 . `` The Venice Heist '' 5 : 15", "12 . `` She Died The Way She Lived '' 1 : 44", "13 . `` I Hate Air Travel '' 1 : 00", "14 . `` Rochefort Ante Portas '' 1 : 15", "15 . `` Open Fire ! '' 2 : 36", "16 . `` A Chance to Escape '' 1 : 05", "17 . `` Round Two '' 1 : 50", "18 . `` If You Insist ! '' 1 : 48", "19 . `` You Should Have Apologized To My Horse '' 1 : 48", "20 . `` Boys Will Be Boys '' 1 : 40", "Total length : 1 : 02 : 25", "The film grossed $132,249,913 . First released in Germany on 1 September 2011 , it topped the box office with $3.38 million and has since grossed $16.20 million . It was released in Austria the same day , topping the box office with $503,239 on its opening weekend . It topped the box office during its opening weekends in Italy ( $2,023,021 ) , Brazil ( $2,343,786 ) and Turkey ( $219,645 ) . In the UK , Ireland and Malta , it debuted with $2,312,509 , when it was released on 12 -- 14 October 2011 . Its highest - grossing opening to date overseas was achieved in Japan ( $3.86 million ) .", "It was released on 21 October 2011 in North America opening at fourth place with $8,674,452 . 3D accounted for 55 % of its total opening and the movie received a B CinemaScore . Milla Jovovich criticised Summit Entertainment for not `` promoting ( the film ) properly '' as a `` family film '' in the United States . Deadline Hollywood reported that Summit responded with `` She does n't know what she 's talking about and we do n't know where she 's coming from . '' and that `` Would n't you think she would call us first about this ? It 's frustrating . It 's not the right way to behave . If she has a problem then come to the studio and talk about it '' .", "The film received negative reviews from critics , including criticism on the lack of originality , acting performances and outdated visual style . `` Only Matthew Macfadyen 's Athos exhibits the semblance of a personality ... Without drama or reverence for its source and lacking any genuine interest in history or literature , the film offers small pleasures with its visual kicks , found principally in protracted scenes of battling airships and generic stunt work adapted from Hong Kong action movies , '' according to Stephen Holden 's review in The New York Times . `` Not original enough to be funny , nor serious enough to be gripping , this film seemed to go on forever , and then ended with the threat of a sequel , '' was part of Robbie Collins ' criticism in a review for The Telegraph . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that only 24 % of 90 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 4.1 out of 10 . The website 's consensus is `` It plays admirably fast and loose with Alexandre Dumas ' classic tale , but in every other respect , The Three Musketeers offers nothing to recommend -- or to set it apart from the many other film adaptations '' . Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film a score of 35 based on 15 reviews . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B '' on an A+ to F scale .", "The Three Musketeers was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc in the United States on 13 March 2012 ." ]

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[ "Snowboarding is a sport that has been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Snowboarding was one of five new sports or disciplines added to the Winter Olympic programme between 1990 and 2002 , and was the only one not to have been a previous medal or demonstration event . In 1998 , four events , two for men and two for women , were held in two specialities : the giant slalom , a downhill event similar to giant slalom skiing ; and the half - pipe , in which competitors perform tricks while going from one side of a semi-circular ditch to the other . Canadian Ross Rebagliati won the men 's giant slalom and became the first athlete to win a gold medal in snowboarding . Rebagliati was briefly stripped of his medal by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after testing positive for marijuana . However , the IOC 's decision was reverted following an appeal from the Canadian Olympic Association . For the 2002 Winter Olympics , the giant slalom was dropped in favour of the parallel giant slalom , an event that involves head - to - head racing . In 2006 , a third event , the snowboard cross , was held for the first time . In this event , competitors race against each other down a course with jumps , beams and other obstacles .", "Five athletes have won two medals . Philipp Schoch of Switzerland , Shaun White of the United States and Seth Wescott of the United States are the only double gold medalists . Karine Ruby of France and Americans Ross Powers and Danny Kass also won two medals . In the men 's half - pipe event , American snowboarders have collected six of nine possible medals , achieving a unique medal sweep in 2002 . Overall , the United States won a total of 14 medals , more than any other nation . The Americans and the Swiss collected five gold medals each . As of the 2010 Winter Olympics , 60 medals ( 20 of each colour ) have been awarded since 1998 , and have been won by athletes from 14 National Olympic Committees .", "Table of contents Men Big air Halfpipe Parallel giant slalom Snowboard cross Slopestyle Women Big air Halfpipe Parallel giant slalom Snowboard cross Slopestyle Discontinued Giant slalom ( men women ) Parallel slalom ( men women ) Statistics Athlete medal leaders Medals per year Medal sweep events See also References External links", "Table of contents", "Men Big air Halfpipe Parallel giant slalom Snowboard cross Slopestyle", "Big air Halfpipe Parallel giant slalom Snowboard cross Slopestyle", "Women Big air Halfpipe Parallel giant slalom Snowboard cross Slopestyle", "Big air Halfpipe Parallel giant slalom Snowboard cross Slopestyle", "Discontinued Giant slalom ( men women ) Parallel slalom ( men women )", "Giant slalom ( men women ) Parallel slalom ( men women )", "Statistics Athlete medal leaders Medals per year Medal sweep events", "Athlete medal leaders Medals per year Medal sweep events", "See also References External links", "See also References External links", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2018 Pyeongchang details Sébastien Toutant Canada Kyle Mack United States Billy Morgan Great Britain", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2018 Pyeongchang details Sébastien Toutant Canada Kyle Mack United States Billy Morgan Great Britain", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 1998 Nagano details Gian Simmen Switzerland Daniel Franck Norway Ross Powers United States 2002 Salt Lake City details Ross Powers United States Danny Kass United States Jarret Thomas United States 2006 Turin details Shaun White United States Danny Kass United States Markku Koski Finland 2010 Vancouver details Shaun White United States Peetu Piiroinen Finland Scott Lago United States 2014 Sochi details Iouri Podladtchikov Switzerland Ayumu Hirano Japan Taku Hiraoka Japan 2018 Pyeongchang details Shaun White United States Ayumu Hirano Japan Scott James Australia", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "1998 Nagano details Gian Simmen Switzerland Daniel Franck Norway Ross Powers United States", "2002 Salt Lake City details Ross Powers United States Danny Kass United States Jarret Thomas United States", "2006 Turin details Shaun White United States Danny Kass United States Markku Koski Finland", "2010 Vancouver details Shaun White United States Peetu Piiroinen Finland Scott Lago United States", "2014 Sochi details Iouri Podladtchikov Switzerland Ayumu Hirano Japan Taku Hiraoka Japan", "2018 Pyeongchang details Shaun White United States Ayumu Hirano Japan Scott James Australia", "Medals :", "( show ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States 9 Switzerland Japan Finland 5 Norway 6 Australia", "( show ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total", "United States 9", "Switzerland", "Japan", "Finland", "5 Norway", "6 Australia", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 1998 Nagano details Ross Rebagliati Canada Thomas Prugger Italy Ueli Kestenholz Switzerland", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "1998 Nagano details Ross Rebagliati Canada Thomas Prugger Italy Ueli Kestenholz Switzerland", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2002 Salt Lake City details Philipp Schoch Switzerland Richard Richardsson Sweden Chris Klug United States 2006 Turin details Philipp Schoch Switzerland Simon Schoch Switzerland Siegfried Grabner Austria 2010 Vancouver details Jasey - Jay Anderson Canada Benjamin Karl Austria Mathieu Bozzetto France 2014 Sochi details Vic Wild Russia Nevin Galmarini Switzerland Žan Košir Slovenia 2018 Pyeongchang details Nevin Galmarini Switzerland Lee Sang - ho South Korea Žan Košir Slovenia", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2002 Salt Lake City details Philipp Schoch Switzerland Richard Richardsson Sweden Chris Klug United States", "2006 Turin details Philipp Schoch Switzerland Simon Schoch Switzerland Siegfried Grabner Austria", "2010 Vancouver details Jasey - Jay Anderson Canada Benjamin Karl Austria Mathieu Bozzetto France", "2014 Sochi details Vic Wild Russia Nevin Galmarini Switzerland Žan Košir Slovenia", "2018 Pyeongchang details Nevin Galmarini Switzerland Lee Sang - ho South Korea Žan Košir Slovenia", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2014 Sochi details Vic Wild Russia Žan Košir Slovenia Benjamin Karl Austria", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2014 Sochi details Vic Wild Russia Žan Košir Slovenia Benjamin Karl Austria", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2006 Turin details Seth Wescott United States Radoslav Židek Slovakia Paul - Henri de Le Rue France 2010 Vancouver details Seth Wescott United States Mike Robertson Canada Tony Ramoin France 2014 Sochi details Pierre Vaultier France Nikolay Olyunin Russia Alex Deibold United States 2018 Pyeongchang details Pierre Vaultier France Jarryd Hughes Australia Regino Hernandez Spain", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2006 Turin details Seth Wescott United States Radoslav Židek Slovakia Paul - Henri de Le Rue France", "2010 Vancouver details Seth Wescott United States Mike Robertson Canada Tony Ramoin France", "2014 Sochi details Pierre Vaultier France Nikolay Olyunin Russia Alex Deibold United States", "2018 Pyeongchang details Pierre Vaultier France Jarryd Hughes Australia Regino Hernandez Spain", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2014 Sochi details Sage Kotsenburg United States Ståle Sandbech Norway Mark McMorris Canada 2018 Pyeongchang details Red Gerard United States Max Parrot Canada Mark McMorris Canada", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2014 Sochi details Sage Kotsenburg United States Ståle Sandbech Norway Mark McMorris Canada", "2018 Pyeongchang details Red Gerard United States Max Parrot Canada Mark McMorris Canada", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2018 Pyeongchang details Anna Gasser Austria Jamie Anderson United States Zoi Sadowski - Synnott New Zealand", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2018 Pyeongchang details Anna Gasser Austria Jamie Anderson United States Zoi Sadowski - Synnott New Zealand", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 1998 Nagano details Nicola Thost Germany Stine Brun Kjeldaas Norway Shannon Dunn United States 2002 Salt Lake City details Kelly Clark United States Doriane Vidal France Fabienne Reuteler Switzerland 2006 Turin details Hannah Teter United States Gretchen Bleiler United States Kjersti Buaas Norway 2010 Vancouver details Torah Bright Australia Hannah Teter United States Kelly Clark United States 2014 Sochi details Kaitlyn Farrington United States Torah Bright Australia Kelly Clark United States 2018 Pyeongchang details Chloe Kim United States Liu Jiayu China Arielle Gold United States", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "1998 Nagano details Nicola Thost Germany Stine Brun Kjeldaas Norway Shannon Dunn United States", "2002 Salt Lake City details Kelly Clark United States Doriane Vidal France Fabienne Reuteler Switzerland", "2006 Turin details Hannah Teter United States Gretchen Bleiler United States Kjersti Buaas Norway", "2010 Vancouver details Torah Bright Australia Hannah Teter United States Kelly Clark United States", "2014 Sochi details Kaitlyn Farrington United States Torah Bright Australia Kelly Clark United States", "2018 Pyeongchang details Chloe Kim United States Liu Jiayu China Arielle Gold United States", "Medals :", "( show ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States 10 Australia Germany Norway 6 France . China 7 Switzerland", "( show ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total", "United States 10", "Australia", "Germany", "Norway", "6 France . China", "7 Switzerland", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 1998 Nagano details Karine Ruby France Heidi Maria Renoth Germany Brigitte Köck Austria", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "1998 Nagano details Karine Ruby France Heidi Maria Renoth Germany Brigitte Köck Austria", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2002 Salt Lake City details Isabelle Blanc France Karine Ruby France Lidia Trettel Italy 2006 Turin details Daniela Meuli Switzerland Amelie Kober Germany Rosey Fletcher United States 2010 Vancouver details Nicolien Sauerbreij Netherlands Yekaterina Ilyukhina Russia Marion Kreiner Austria 2014 Sochi details Patrizia Kummer Switzerland Tomoka Takeuchi Japan Alena Zavarzina Russia 2018 Pyeongchang details Ester Ledecká Czech Republic Selina Jörg Germany Ramona Theresia Hofmeister Germany", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2002 Salt Lake City details Isabelle Blanc France Karine Ruby France Lidia Trettel Italy", "2006 Turin details Daniela Meuli Switzerland Amelie Kober Germany Rosey Fletcher United States", "2010 Vancouver details Nicolien Sauerbreij Netherlands Yekaterina Ilyukhina Russia Marion Kreiner Austria", "2014 Sochi details Patrizia Kummer Switzerland Tomoka Takeuchi Japan Alena Zavarzina Russia", "2018 Pyeongchang details Ester Ledecká Czech Republic Selina Jörg Germany Ramona Theresia Hofmeister Germany", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2014 Sochi details Julia Dujmovits Austria Anke Karstens Germany Amelie Kober Germany", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2014 Sochi details Julia Dujmovits Austria Anke Karstens Germany Amelie Kober Germany", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2006 Turin details Tanja Frieden Switzerland Lindsey Jacobellis United States Dominique Maltais Canada 2010 Vancouver details Maëlle Ricker Canada Déborah Anthonioz France Olivia Nobs Switzerland 2014 Sochi details Eva Samková Czech Republic Dominique Maltais Canada Chloé Trespeuch France 2018 Pyeongchang details Michela Moioli Italy Julia Pereira de Sousa Mabileau France Eva Samková Czech Republic", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2006 Turin details Tanja Frieden Switzerland Lindsey Jacobellis United States Dominique Maltais Canada", "2010 Vancouver details Maëlle Ricker Canada Déborah Anthonioz France Olivia Nobs Switzerland", "2014 Sochi details Eva Samková Czech Republic Dominique Maltais Canada Chloé Trespeuch France", "2018 Pyeongchang details Michela Moioli Italy Julia Pereira de Sousa Mabileau France Eva Samková Czech Republic", "Games Gold Silver Bronze 2014 Sochi details Jamie Anderson United States Enni Rukajärvi Finland Jenny Jones Great Britain 2018 Pyeongchang details Jamie Anderson United States Laurie Blouin Canada Enni Rukajärvi Finland", "Games Gold Silver Bronze", "2014 Sochi details Jamie Anderson United States Enni Rukajärvi Finland Jenny Jones Great Britain", "2018 Pyeongchang details Jamie Anderson United States Laurie Blouin Canada Enni Rukajärvi Finland", "Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total White , Shaun Shaun White United States ( USA ) 2006 -- 2018 0 0 Anderson , Jamie Jamie Anderson United States ( USA ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Clark , Kelly Kelly Clark United States ( USA ) 2002 -- 2018 0 Košir , Žan Žan Košir Slovenia ( SLO ) 2010 - 2018 0 Schoch , Philipp Philipp Schoch Switzerland ( SUI ) 2002 -- 2006 0 0 Wescott , Seth Seth Wescott United States ( USA ) 2006 -- 2010 0 0 Wild , Vic Vic Wild Russia ( RUS ) 2014 0 0 Vaultier , Pierre Pierre Vaultier France ( FRA ) 2014 -- 2018 0 0 Bright , Torah Torah Bright Australia ( AUS ) 2010 -- 2014 0 Ruby , Karine Karine Ruby France ( FRA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Teter , Hannah Hannah Teter United States ( USA ) 2006 -- 2014 0 Galmarini , Nevin Nevin Galmarini Switzerland ( SUI ) 2010 - 2018 0 Samková , Eva Eva Samková Czech Republic ( CZE ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Powers , Ross Ross Powers United States ( USA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Kass , Danny Danny Kass United States ( USA ) 2002 -- 2006 0 0 Hirano , Ayumu Ayumu Hirano Japan ( JPN ) 2014 - 2018 0 0 Maltais , Dominique Dominique Maltais Canada ( CAN ) 2006 - 2014 0 Kober , Amelie Amelie Kober Germany ( GER ) 2006 -- 2014 0 Karl , Benjamin Benjamin Karl Austria ( AUT ) 2010 - 2018 0 Rukajärvi , Enni Enni Rukajärvi Finland ( FIN ) 2014 -- 2018 0 McMorris , Mark Mark McMorris Canada ( CAN ) 2014 - 2018 0 0", "Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total", "White , Shaun Shaun White United States ( USA ) 2006 -- 2018 0 0", "Anderson , Jamie Jamie Anderson United States ( USA ) 2014 -- 2018 0", "Clark , Kelly Kelly Clark United States ( USA ) 2002 -- 2018 0", "Košir , Žan Žan Košir Slovenia ( SLO ) 2010 - 2018 0", "Schoch , Philipp Philipp Schoch Switzerland ( SUI ) 2002 -- 2006 0 0", "Wescott , Seth Seth Wescott United States ( USA ) 2006 -- 2010 0 0", "Wild , Vic Vic Wild Russia ( RUS ) 2014 0 0", "Vaultier , Pierre Pierre Vaultier France ( FRA ) 2014 -- 2018 0 0", "Bright , Torah Torah Bright Australia ( AUS ) 2010 -- 2014 0", "Ruby , Karine Karine Ruby France ( FRA ) 1998 -- 2002 0", "Teter , Hannah Hannah Teter United States ( USA ) 2006 -- 2014 0", "Galmarini , Nevin Nevin Galmarini Switzerland ( SUI ) 2010 - 2018 0", "Samková , Eva Eva Samková Czech Republic ( CZE ) 2014 -- 2018 0", "Powers , Ross Ross Powers United States ( USA ) 1998 -- 2002 0", "Kass , Danny Danny Kass United States ( USA ) 2002 -- 2006 0 0", "Hirano , Ayumu Ayumu Hirano Japan ( JPN ) 2014 - 2018 0 0", "Maltais , Dominique Dominique Maltais Canada ( CAN ) 2006 - 2014 0", "Kober , Amelie Amelie Kober Germany ( GER ) 2006 -- 2014 0", "Karl , Benjamin Benjamin Karl Austria ( AUT ) 2010 - 2018 0", "Rukajärvi , Enni Enni Rukajärvi Finland ( FIN ) 2014 -- 2018 0", "McMorris , Mark Mark McMorris Canada ( CAN ) 2014 - 2018 0 0", "Key", "Numbers in bold indicate the highest medal count at that year 's Olympic Games .", "Numbers in bold indicate the highest medal count at that year 's Olympic Games .", "Nation 24 -- 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Total Australia ( AUS ) -- -- -- Austria ( AUT ) -- 7 Canada ( CAN ) -- 11 China ( CHN ) -- -- -- -- -- Czech Republic ( CZE ) -- -- -- -- Finland ( FIN ) -- -- France ( FRA ) 12 Germany ( GER ) -- -- 7 Great Britain ( GBR ) -- -- -- -- Italy ( ITA ) -- -- -- Japan ( JPN ) -- -- -- -- Netherlands ( NED ) -- -- -- -- -- New Zealand ( NZL ) -- -- -- -- -- Norway ( NOR ) -- -- -- Russia ( RUS ) -- -- -- -- 5 Slovakia ( SVK ) -- -- -- -- -- Slovenia ( SLO ) -- -- -- -- South Korea ( KOR ) -- -- -- -- -- Spain ( ESP ) -- -- -- -- -- Sweden ( SWE ) -- -- -- -- -- Switzerland ( SUI ) 13 United States ( USA ) 5 7 5 5 7 31 Year 24 -- 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 --", "Nation 24 -- 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Total", "Australia ( AUS ) -- -- --", "Austria ( AUT ) -- 7", "Canada ( CAN ) -- 11", "China ( CHN ) -- -- -- -- --", "Czech Republic ( CZE ) -- -- -- --", "Finland ( FIN ) -- --", "France ( FRA ) 12", "Germany ( GER ) -- -- 7", "Great Britain ( GBR ) -- -- -- --", "Italy ( ITA ) -- -- --", "Japan ( JPN ) -- -- -- --", "Netherlands ( NED ) -- -- -- -- --", "New Zealand ( NZL ) -- -- -- -- --", "Norway ( NOR ) -- -- --", "Russia ( RUS ) -- -- -- -- 5", "Slovakia ( SVK ) -- -- -- -- --", "Slovenia ( SLO ) -- -- -- --", "South Korea ( KOR ) -- -- -- -- --", "Spain ( ESP ) -- -- -- -- --", "Sweden ( SWE ) -- -- -- -- --", "Switzerland ( SUI ) 13", "United States ( USA ) 5 7 5 5 7 31", "Year 24 -- 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 --", "These are podium sweep events in which athletes from one NOC won all three medals .", "Games Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze 2002 Salt Lake City Men 's Halfpipe United States ( USA ) Ross Powers Danny Kass Jarret Thomas", "Games Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze", "2002 Salt Lake City Men 's Halfpipe United States ( USA ) Ross Powers Danny Kass Jarret Thomas" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Know Nothing Other name Native American Party American Party First Leader Lewis Charles Levin Founded 1844 ( 1844 ) Dissolved 1860 ( 1860 ) Preceded by Whig Party Succeeded by Constitutional Union Party Headquarters New York City Secret wing Order of the Star Spangled Banner Ideology American nationalism Anti-Catholicism Populism Nativism Republicanism Political position Right - wing Religion Protestantism Colors Red White Blue ( United States national colors ) Politics of United States Political parties Elections", "Know Nothing", "Other name Native American Party American Party", "First Leader Lewis Charles Levin", "Founded 1844 ( 1844 )", "Dissolved 1860 ( 1860 )", "Preceded by Whig Party", "Succeeded by Constitutional Union Party", "Headquarters New York City", "Secret wing Order of the Star Spangled Banner", "Ideology American nationalism Anti-Catholicism Populism Nativism Republicanism", "Political position Right - wing", "Religion Protestantism", "Colors Red White Blue ( United States national colors )", "Politics of United States Political parties Elections", "Politics of United States Political parties Elections", "Politics of United States", "The Native American Party , renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement , was an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s . It was primarily anti-Catholic , xenophobic , and hostile to immigration , starting originally as a secret society . The movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party . Adherents to the movement were to reply `` I know nothing '' when asked about its specifics by outsiders , thus providing the group with its common name .", "The Know Nothings believed a `` Romanist '' conspiracy was afoot to subvert civil and religious liberty in the United States and sought to politically organize native - born Protestants in the defense of traditional religious and political values . It is remembered for this theme because of fears by Protestants that Catholic priests and bishops would control a large bloc of voters . In most places , Know Nothingism lasted only a year or two before disintegrating because of weak local leaders , few publicly declared national leaders and a deep split over the issue of slavery . In the South , the party did not emphasize anti-Catholicism , but was the main alternative to the dominant Democratic Party .", "The collapse of the Whig Party after the passage of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act left an opening for the emergence of a new major party in opposition to the Democrats . The Know Nothings elected congressman Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts and several other individuals in the 1854 elections and created a new party organization known as the American Party . Particularly in the South , the American Party served as a vehicle for politicians opposed to the Democratic Party . Many also hoped that it would seek a middle ground between the pro-slavery positions of many Democratic politicians and the anti-slavery positions of the emerging Republican Party . The American Party nominated former President Millard Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election , although he kept quiet about his membership . Fillmore received 21.5 % of the popular vote in the 1856 presidential election , finishing behind the Democratic and Republican nominees and eventually prevented Fremont from winning the Presidency .", "The party declined rapidly after the 1856 election . The 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision further aroused opposition to slavery in the North , where many Know Nothings joined the Republicans . Most of the remaining members of the party supported the Constitutional Union Party in the 1860 presidential election .", "Anti-Catholicism had been a factor in colonial America but played a minor role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics in the 1840s . It then reemerged in nativist attacks on Catholic immigration . It appeared in New York politics as early as 1843 under the banner of the American Republican Party . The movement quickly spread to nearby states using that name or Native American Party or variants of it . They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections , notably in 1844 in Philadelphia , where the anti-Catholic orator Lewis Charles Levin , who went on to be the first Jewish congressman , was elected Representative from Pennsylvania 's 1st district . In the early 1850s , numerous secret orders grew up , of which the Order of United Americans and the Order of the Star Spangled Banner came to be the most important . They merged in New York in the early 1850s as a secret order that quickly spread across the North , reaching non-Catholics , particularly those who were lower middle class or skilled workmen .", "The name `` Know Nothing '' originated in the semi-secret organization of the party . When a member was asked about his activities , he was supposed to reply `` I know nothing '' . Outsiders called them `` Know Nothings '' and the name stuck . In 1855 , the Know Nothings first entered politics under the American Party label .", "The immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue . Violence occasionally erupted at the polls . Protestants alleged that Pope Pius IX had put down the failed liberal Revolutions of 1848 and that he was an opponent of liberty , democracy and republicanism . One Boston minister described Catholicism as `` the ally of tyranny , the opponent of material prosperity , the foe of thrift , the enemy of the railroad , the caucus , and the school '' . These fears encouraged conspiracy theories regarding papal intentions of subjugating the United States through a continuing influx of Catholics controlled by Irish bishops obedient to and personally selected by the Pope .", "In 1849 , an oath - bound secret society , the Order of the Star Spangled Banner , was created by Charles B. Allen in New York City . At its inception , the Order of the Star Spangled Banner only had about 36 members . Fear of Catholic immigration led to a dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party , whose leadership in many cities included Catholics of Irish descent . Activists formed secret groups , coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates sympathetic to their cause :", "Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier . Most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded into the tenements of large cities . Crime and welfare costs soared . Cincinnati 's crime rate , for example , tripled between 1846 and 1853 and its murder rate increased sevenfold . Boston 's expenditures for poor relief rose threefold during the same period .", "In spring 1854 , the Know Nothings carried Boston , Salem and other New England cities . They swept the state of Massachusetts in the fall 1854 elections , their biggest victory . The Whig candidate for mayor of Philadelphia , editor Robert T. Conrad , was soon revealed as a Know Nothing as he promised to crack down on crime , close saloons on Sundays and to appoint only native - born Americans to office -- he won by a landslide . In Washington , D.C. , Know Nothing candidate John T. Towers defeated incumbent Mayor John Walker Maury , causing opposition of such proportion that the Democrats , Whigs and Freesoilers in the capital united as the `` Anti-Know - Nothing Party '' . In New York , in a four - way race the Know Nothing candidate ran third with 26 % . After the 1854 elections , they claimed to have exerted decisive influence in Maine , Indiana , Pennsylvania and California , but historians are unsure due to the secrecy as all parties were in turmoil and the anti-slavery and prohibition issues overlapped with nativism in complex and confusing ways . They helped elect Stephen Palfrey Webb as Mayor of San Francisco and J. Neely Johnson as Governor of California . Nathaniel P. Banks was elected to Congress as a Know Nothing candidate , but after a few months he aligned with Republicans . A coalition of Know Nothings , Republicans and other members of Congress opposed to the Democratic Party elected Banks to the position of Speaker of the House .", "The results of the 1854 elections were so favorable to the Know Nothings , up to then an informal movement with no centralized organization , that they formed officially as a political party called the American Party , which attracted many members of the now nearly defunct Whig party as well as a significant number of Democrats . Membership in the American Party increased dramatically , from 50,000 to an estimated one million plus in a matter of months during that year .", "The historian Tyler Anbinder concluded :", "The key to Know Nothing success in 1854 was the collapse of the second party system , brought about primarily by the demise of the Whig Party . The Whig Party , weakened for years by internal dissent and chronic factionalism , was nearly destroyed by the Kansas -- Nebraska Act . Growing anti-party sentiment , fueled by anti-slavery as well as temperance and nativism , also contributed to the disintegration of the party system . The collapsing second party system gave the Know Nothings a much larger pool of potential converts than was available to previous nativist organizations , allowing the Order to succeed where older nativist groups had failed .", "In San Francisco , California , a Know Nothing chapter was founded in 1854 to oppose Chinese immigration -- members included a judge of the state supreme court , who ruled that no Chinese person could testify as a witness against a white man in court .", "In the spring of 1855 , Levi Boone was elected mayor of Chicago for the Know Nothings and barred all immigrants from city jobs . Abraham Lincoln was strongly opposed to the principles of the Know Nothing movement , but did not denounce it publicly because he needed the votes of its membership to form a successful anti-slavery coalition in Illinois . Ohio was the only state where the party gained strength in 1855 . Their Ohio success seems to have come from winning over immigrants , especially German American Lutherans and Scots - Irish Presbyterians , both hostile to Catholicism . In Alabama , Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs , malcontented Democrats and other political outsiders who favored state aid to build more railroads . Virginia attracted national attention in its tempestuous 1855 gubernatorial . Democrat Henry Alexander Wise won by convincing state voters that Know Nothings were in bed with Northern abolitionists . With the victory by Wise , the movement began to collapse in the South .", "Know Nothings scored victories in Northern state elections in 1854 , winning control of the legislature in Massachusetts and polling 40 % of the vote in Pennsylvania . Although most of the new immigrants lived in the North , resentment and anger against them was national and the American Party initially polled well in the South , attracting the votes of many former southern Whigs .", "The party name gained wide but brief popularity . Nativism became a new American rage : Know Nothing candy , Know Nothing tea and Know Nothing toothpicks appeared . Stagecoaches were dubbed `` The Know Nothing '' . In Trescott , Maine , a shipowner dubbed his new 700 - ton freighter ' mKnow Nothing . The party was occasionally referred to contemporaneously in a slightly pejorative shortening `` Knism '' .", "Historian John Mulkern has examined the party 's success in sweeping to almost complete control of the Massachusetts legislature after its 1854 landslide victory . He finds the new party was populist and highly democratic , hostile to wealth , elites and to expertise and deeply suspicious of outsiders , especially Catholics . The new party 's voters were concentrated in the rapidly growing industrial towns , where Yankee workers faced direct competition with new Irish immigrants . Whereas the Whig Party was strongest in high income districts , the Know Nothing electorate was strongest in the poor districts . They expelled the traditional upper - class closed political leadership class , especially the lawyers and merchants . In their stead , they elected working class men , farmers and a large number of teachers and ministers . Replacing the moneyed elite were men who seldom owned $10,000 in property .", "Nationally , the new party leadership showed incomes , occupation and social status that were about average . Few were wealthy , according to detailed historical studies of once - secret membership rosters . Fewer than 10 % were unskilled workers who might come in direct competition with Irish laborers . They enlisted few farmers , but on the other hand they included many merchants and factory owners . The party 's voters were by no means all native - born Americans , for it won more than a fourth of the German and British Protestants in numerous state elections . It especially appealed to Protestants such as the Lutherans , Dutch Reformed and Presbyterians .", "The most aggressive and innovative legislation came out of Massachusetts , where the new party controlled all but three of the 400 seats -- only 35 had any previous legislative experience . The Massachusetts legislature in 1855 passed a series of reforms that `` burst the dam against change erected by party politics , and released a flood of reforms '' . Historian Stephen Taylor says :", "( In addition to nativist legislation ) , the party also distinguished itself by its opposition to slavery , support for an expansion of the rights of women , regulation of industry , and support of measures designed to improve the status of working people .", "It passed legislation to regulate railroads , insurance companies and public utilities . It funded free textbooks for the public schools and raised the appropriations for local libraries and for the school for the blind . Purification of Massachusetts against divisive social evils was a high priority . The legislature set up the state 's first reform school for juvenile delinquents while trying to block the importation of supposedly subversive government documents and academic books from Europe . It upgraded the legal status of wives , giving them more property rights and more rights in divorce courts . It passed harsh penalties on speakeasies , gambling houses and bordellos . It passed prohibition legislation with penalties that were so stiff -- such as six months in prison for serving one glass of beer -- that juries refused to convict defendants . Many of the reforms were quite expensive ; state spending rose 45 % on top of a 50 % hike in annual taxes on cities and towns . Extravagance angered the taxpayers and few Know Nothings were reelected .", "The highest priority included attacks on the civil rights of Irish Catholic immigrants . After this , state courts lost the power to process applications for citizenship and public schools had to require compulsory daily reading of the Protestant Bible ( which the nativists were sure would transform the Catholic children ) . The governor disbanded the Irish militias and replaced Irish holding state jobs with Protestants . It failed to reach the two - thirds vote needed to pass a state constitutional amendment to restrict voting and office holding to men who had resided in Massachusetts for at least 21 years . The legislature then called on Congress to raise the requirement for naturalization from five years to 21 years , but Congress never acted . The most dramatic move by the Know Nothing legislature was to appoint an investigating committee designed to prove widespread sexual immorality underway in Catholic convents . The press had a field day following the story , especially when it was discovered that the key reformer was using committee funds to pay for a prostitute . The legislature shut down its committee , ejected the reformer and saw its investigation become a laughing stock .", "The Know Nothings also dominated politics in Rhode Island , where in 1855 William W. Hoppin held the governorship and five out of every seven votes went to the party , which dominated the Rhode Island legislature . Local newspapers such as The Providence Journal fueled anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment .", "Fearful that Catholics were flooding the polls with non-citizens , local activists threatened to stop them . Tensions came to a head on 6 August 1855 in Louisville , Kentucky , where in a hotly contested race for the office of governor 22 were killed and many injured . The Louisville riot was not the only spectacle of violent riots between Know Nothing activists and Catholics in 1855 . In Baltimore , the mayoral elections of 1856 , 1857 and 1858 were all marred by violence and well - founded accusations of ballot - rigging . In Maine , Know Nothings were associated with the tarring and feathering of a Catholic priest , Father Johannes Bapst , in the coastal town of Ellsworth in 1851 and the burning of a Catholic church in Bath in 1854 .", "In the South , the American Party was composed chiefly of ex-Whigs looking for a vehicle to fight the dominant Democratic Party and worried about both the pro-slavery extremism of the Democrats and the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican party in the North . In the South as a whole , the American Party was strongest among former Unionist Whigs . States - rightist Whigs shunned it , enabling the Democrats to win most of the South . Whigs supported the American Party because of their desire to defeat the Democrats , their unionist sentiment , their anti-immigrant attitudes and the Know Nothing neutrality on the slavery issue .", "David T. Gleeson notes that many Irish Catholics in the South feared the arrival of the Know - Nothing movement portended a serious threat . He argues :", "The southern Irish , who had seen the dangers of Protestant bigotry in Ireland , had the distinct feeling that the Know - Nothings were an American manifestation of that phenomenon . Every migrant , no matter how settled or prosperous , also worried that this virulent strain of nativism threatened his or her hard - earned gains in the South and integration into its society . Immigrants ' fears were unjustified , however , because the national debate over slavery and its expansion , not nativism or anti-Catholicism , was the major reason for Know - Nothing success in the South . The southerners who supported the Know - Nothings did so , for the most part , because they thought the Democrats who favored the expansion of slavery might break up the Union .", "In 1855 , the American Party challenged the Democrats ' dominance . In Alabama , the Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs , malcontented Democrats and other political misfits ; they favored state aid to build more railroads . In the fierce campaign , the Democrats argued that Know Nothings could not protect slavery from Northern abolitionists . The Know Nothing American Party disintegrated soon after losing in 1855 .", "In Louisiana and Maryland , the Know Nothings enlisted native - born Catholics . Know Nothing congressman John Edward Bouligny was the only member of the Louisiana congressional delegation to refuse to resign his seat after the state seceded from the Union . In Maryland , the party 's influence lasted at least through the Civil War : the American Party 's Governor and later Senator Thomas Holliday Hicks , Representative Henry Winter Davis , and Senator Anthony Kennedy , with his brother , former Representative John Pendleton Kennedy , all supported the United States in a State which bordered the Confederate states . Historian Michael F. Holt argues that `` Know Nothingism originally grew in the South for the same reasons it spread in the North -- nativism , anti-Catholicism , and animosity toward unresponsive politicos -- not because of conservative Unionism '' . Holt cites William B. Campbell , former governor of Tennessee , who wrote in January 1855 : `` I have been astonished at the widespread feeling in favor of their principles -- to wit , Native Americanism and anti-Catholicism -- it takes everywhere '' .", "The party declined rapidly in the North after 1855 . In the presidential election of 1856 , it was bitterly divided over slavery . The main faction supported the ticket of presidential nominee Millard Fillmore and vice presidential nominee Andrew Jackson Donelson . Fillmore , a former President , had been a Whig and Donelson was the nephew of Democratic President Andrew Jackson , so the ticket was designed to appeal to loyalists from both major parties , winning 23 % of the popular vote and carrying one state , Maryland , with eight electoral votes . Fillmore did not win enough votes to block Democrat James Buchanan from the White House . During this time , Nathaniel Banks decided he was not as strongly for the anti-immigrant platform as the party wanted him to be , so he left the Know Nothing Party for the more anti-slavery Republican Party . He contributed to the decline of the Know Nothing Party by taking two - thirds of its members with him .", "Many were appalled by the Know Nothings . Abraham Lincoln expressed his own disgust with the political party in a private letter to Joshua Speed written August 24 , 1855 . Lincoln never publicly attacked the Know Nothings , whose votes he needed :", "I am not a Know - Nothing -- that is certain . How could I be ? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes , be in favor of degrading classes of white people ? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid . As a nation , we began by declaring that `` all men are created equal . '' We now practically read it `` all men are created equal , except negroes . '' When the Know - Nothings get control , it will read `` all men are created equals , except negroes and foreigners and Catholics . '' When it comes to that I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty -- to Russia , for instance , where despotism can be taken pure , and without the base alloy of hypocrisy .", "Historian Allan Nevins , writing about the turmoil preceding the American Civil War , states that Millard Fillmore was never a Know Nothing nor a nativist . Fillmore was out of the country when the presidential nomination came and had not been consulted about running . Nevins further states :", "( Fillmore ) was not a member of the party ; he had never attended an American ( Know - Nothing ) gathering . By no spoken or written word had he indicated a subscription to American ( Party ) tenets .", "After the Supreme Court 's controversial Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling in 1857 , most of the anti-slavery members of the American Party joined the Republican Party . The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states , but by the 1860 election , they were no longer a serious national political movement . Most of their remaining members supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860 .", "United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 6 / 227 6 James K. Polk 1846 1 / 230 5 1848 1 / 233 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 233 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 234 Franklin Pierce 1854 52 / 234 52 1856 14 / 237 38 James Buchanan 1858 6 / 238 8 1860 0 / 239 6 Abraham Lincoln United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 0 / 58 James K. Polk 1846 0 / 60 1848 0 / 62 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 62 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 62 Franklin Pierce 1854 1 / 62 1856 5 / 66 James Buchanan 1858 2 / 66 1860 0 / 68 Abraham Lincoln", "United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 6 / 227 6 James K. Polk 1846 1 / 230 5 1848 1 / 233 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 233 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 234 Franklin Pierce 1854 52 / 234 52 1856 14 / 237 38 James Buchanan 1858 6 / 238 8 1860 0 / 239 6 Abraham Lincoln United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 0 / 58 James K. Polk 1846 0 / 60 1848 0 / 62 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 62 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 62 Franklin Pierce 1854 1 / 62 1856 5 / 66 James Buchanan 1858 2 / 66 1860 0 / 68 Abraham Lincoln", "United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 6 / 227 6 James K. Polk 1846 1 / 230 5 1848 1 / 233 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 233 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 234 Franklin Pierce 1854 52 / 234 52 1856 14 / 237 38 James Buchanan 1858 6 / 238 8 1860 0 / 239 6 Abraham Lincoln", "Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency", "1844 6 / 227 6 James K. Polk", "1846 1 / 230 5", "1848 1 / 233 Zachary Taylor", "1850 0 / 233 Millard Fillmore", "1852 0 / 234 Franklin Pierce", "1854 52 / 234 52", "1856 14 / 237 38 James Buchanan", "1858 6 / 238 8", "1860 0 / 239 6 Abraham Lincoln", "United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 0 / 58 James K. Polk 1846 0 / 60 1848 0 / 62 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 62 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 62 Franklin Pierce 1854 1 / 62 1856 5 / 66 James Buchanan 1858 2 / 66 1860 0 / 68 Abraham Lincoln", "Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency", "1844 0 / 58 James K. Polk", "1846 0 / 60", "1848 0 / 62 Zachary Taylor", "1850 0 / 62 Millard Fillmore", "1852 0 / 62 Franklin Pierce", "1854 1 / 62", "1856 5 / 66 James Buchanan", "1858 2 / 66", "1860 0 / 68 Abraham Lincoln", "Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1852 Jacob Broom Reynell Coates 2,566 0.1 0 / 294 Democratic victory 1856 Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson 873,053 21.5 8 / 294 8 Democratic victory", "Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election", "1852 Jacob Broom Reynell Coates 2,566 0.1 0 / 294 Democratic victory", "1856 Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson 873,053 21.5 8 / 294 8 Democratic victory", "The Nativist spirit of the Know Nothing movement was revived in later political movements , such as the American Protective Association of the 1890s and the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s . In the late 19th century , Democrats would call the Republicans `` Know Nothings '' in order to secure the votes of Germans as in the Bennett Law campaign in Wisconsin in 1890 . A similar culture war took place in Illinois in 1892 , where Democrat John Peter Altgeld denounced the Republicans :", "The spirit which enacted the Alien and Sedition laws , the spirit which actuated the `` Know - nothing '' party , the spirit which is forever carping about the foreign - born citizen and trying to abridge his privileges , is too deeply seated in the party . The aristocratic and know - nothing principle has been circulating in its system so long that it will require more than one somersault to shake the poison out of its bones .", "The term has become a provocative slur , suggesting that the opponent is both nativist and ignorant . George Wallace 's 1968 presidential campaign was said by Time to be under the `` neo-Know Nothing banner '' . Fareed Zakaria wrote that politicians who `` encourage ( d ) Americans to fear foreigners '' were becoming `` modern incarnations of the Know - Nothings '' . In 2006 , an editorial in The Weekly Standard by neoconservative William Kristol accused populist Republicans of `` turning the GOP into an anti-immigration , Know - Nothing party '' . The lead editorial of the May 20 , 2007 issue of The New York Times on a proposed immigration bill referred to `` this generation 's Know - Nothings '' . An editorial written by Timothy Egan in The New York Times on August 27 , 2010 and entitled `` Building a Nation of Know - Nothings '' discussed the birther movement , which falsely claimed that Barack Obama was not a natural - born United States citizen , which is a requirement for the office of President of the United States .", "In the 2016 United States presidential election , a number of commentators and politicians compared candidate Donald Trump to the Know Nothings due to his anti-immigration policies .", "The American Party was represented in the 2002 film Gangs of New York , led by William `` Bill the Butcher '' Cutting ( Daniel Day - Lewis ) , the fictionalized version of real - life Know Nothing leader William Poole , who was also the real life leader of the Bowery Boys . The Know Nothings also play a prominent role in the historical fiction novel Shaman by novelist Noah Gordon .", "Nathaniel P. Banks , Congress Speaker of the House from Massachusetts and Union Army general Levi Boone , Mayor of Chicago John Edward Bouligny , congressman from Louisiana Henry Winter Davis , congressman from Maryland Millard Fillmore , 13th President of the United States Thomas Holliday Hicks , Governor of Maryland William W. Hoppin , Governor of Rhode Island Sam Houston , Senator from Texas J. Neely Johnson , Governor of California Anthony Kennedy , Senator from Maryland Lewis Charles Levin , politician and social activist Samuel Morse , politician , painter and inventor of morse code William Poole , politician and a founder and leader of the New York City criminal Nativist gang the Bowery Boys Thaddeus Stevens , congressman from Pennsylvania Stephen Palfrey Webb , Mayor of San Francisco Henry Wilson , 18th Vice President of the United States", "Nathaniel P. Banks , Congress Speaker of the House from Massachusetts and Union Army general", "Levi Boone , Mayor of Chicago", "John Edward Bouligny , congressman from Louisiana", "Henry Winter Davis , congressman from Maryland", "Millard Fillmore , 13th President of the United States", "Thomas Holliday Hicks , Governor of Maryland", "William W. Hoppin , Governor of Rhode Island", "Sam Houston , Senator from Texas", "J. Neely Johnson , Governor of California", "Anthony Kennedy , Senator from Maryland", "Lewis Charles Levin , politician and social activist", "Samuel Morse , politician , painter and inventor of morse code", "William Poole , politician and a founder and leader of the New York City criminal Nativist gang the Bowery Boys", "Thaddeus Stevens , congressman from Pennsylvania", "Stephen Palfrey Webb , Mayor of San Francisco", "Henry Wilson , 18th Vice President of the United States" ]

[ [ "the Pope" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Papal infallibility is a dogma of the Catholic Church that states that , in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter , the Pope is preserved from the possibility of error `` when , in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians , in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority , he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church . ''", "This doctrine was defined dogmatically at the First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican of 1869 -- 1870 , but had been defended before that , existing already in medieval theology and being the majority opinion at the time of the Counter-Reformation .", "According to Catholic theology , there are several concepts important to the understanding of infallible , divine revelation : Sacred Scripture , Sacred Tradition , and the Sacred Magisterium . The infallible teachings of the Pope are part of the Sacred Magisterium , which also consists of ecumenical councils and the `` ordinary and universal magisterium . '' In Catholic theology , papal infallibility is one of the channels of the infallibility of the Church . The infallible teachings of the Pope must be based on , or at least not contradict , Sacred Tradition or Sacred Scripture .", "The doctrine of infallibility relies on one of the cornerstones of Catholic dogma : that of Petrine supremacy of the pope , and his authority as the ruling agent who decides what are accepted as formal beliefs in the Roman Catholic Church . The use of this power is referred to as speaking ex cathedra . The solemn declaration of papal infallibility by Vatican I took place on 18 July 1870 . Since that time , the only example of an ex cathedra decree took place in 1950 , when Pope Pius XII defined the Assumption of Mary as an article of faith . Prior to the solemn definition of 1870 , there were other decrees which fit the definition of ex cathedra , for example , Pope Boniface VIII in the bull Unam Sanctam of 1302 , and Pope Pius IX in the Papal constitution Ineffabilis Deus of 1854 .", "The church teaches that infallibility is a charism entrusted by Christ to the whole church , whereby the Pope , as `` head of the college of bishops , '' enjoys papal infallibility . This charism is the supreme degree of participating in Christ 's divine authority , which , in the New Covenant , so as to safeguard the faithful from defection and guarantee the profession of faith , ensures the faithful abide in the truth . The church further teaches that divine assistance is also given to the Pope when he exercises his ordinary Magisterium .", "As with all charisms , the church teaches that the charism of papal infallibility must be properly discerned , though only by the Church 's leaders . The way to know if something a pope says is infallible or not is to discern if they are ex cathedra teachings . Also considered infallible are the teachings of the whole body of bishops of the Church , especially but not only in an ecumenical council ( see Infallibility of the Church ) .", "According to the teaching of the First Vatican Council and Catholic tradition , the conditions required for ex cathedra papal teaching are as follows :", "the Roman Pontiff speaks ex cathedra , that is , when , ( in the discharge of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians , and by virtue of his supreme apostolic authority , ) he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church", "the Roman Pontiff", "speaks ex cathedra , that is , when , ( in the discharge of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians , and by virtue of his supreme apostolic authority , ) he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church", "that is , when , ( in the discharge of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians , and by virtue of his supreme apostolic authority , ) he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church", "that is , when , ( in the discharge of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians , and by virtue of his supreme apostolic authority , )", "a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church", "concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church", "concerning faith or morals", "to be held by the whole Church", "For a teaching by a pope or ecumenical council to be recognized as infallible , the teaching must :", "Be a decision of the supreme teaching authority of the Church ( the Pope alone or with the College of Bishops ) Concern a doctrine of faith or morals Bind the universal Church Be proposed as something to hold firmly and immutably", "Be a decision of the supreme teaching authority of the Church ( the Pope alone or with the College of Bishops )", "Concern a doctrine of faith or morals", "Bind the universal Church", "Be proposed as something to hold firmly and immutably", "The terminology of a definitive decree usually makes clear that this last condition is fulfilled , as through a formula such as `` By the authority of Our Lord Jesus Christ and of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul , and by Our own authority , We declare , pronounce and define the doctrine ... to be revealed by God and as such to be firmly and immutably held by all the faithful , '' or through an accompanying anathema stating that anyone who deliberately dissents is outside the Catholic Church .", "For example , in 1950 , with Munificentissimus Deus , Pope Pius XII 's infallible definition regarding the Assumption of Mary , there are attached these words :", "Hence if anyone , which God forbid , should dare willfully to deny or to call into doubt that which We have defined , let him know that he has fallen away completely from the divine and Catholic Faith .", "In July 2005 Pope Benedict XVI stated during an impromptu address to priests in Aosta that : `` The Pope is not an oracle ; he is infallible in very rare situations , as we know . '' Pope John XXIII once remarked : `` I am only infallible if I speak infallibly but I shall never do that , so I am not infallible . '' A doctrine proposed by a pope as his own opinion , not solemnly proclaimed as a doctrine of the Church , may be rejected as false , even if it is on a matter of faith and morals , and even more any view he expresses on other matters . A well - known example of a personal opinion on a matter of faith and morals that was taught by a pope but rejected by the Church is the view that Pope John XXII expressed on when the dead can reach the beatific vision . The limitation on the pope 's infallibility `` on other matters '' is frequently illustrated by Cardinal James Gibbons 's recounting how the pope mistakenly called him Jibbons .", "Catholic theologians in general hold that the canonization of a saint by a pope is infallible teaching that the person canonized is definitely in heaven with God . A decree of canonization commands that the person be venerated by the whole Church as a saint , while beatification merely permits it .", "`` Cathedra '' and `` sedes '' are Latin words for a chair , the symbol of the teacher in the ancient world ; the `` chair '' is still used metaphorically as the office of a university professor , and to the `` see '' of a bishop ( from `` sedes '' ) . The pope is said to occupy the `` chair of Peter '' or the `` Holy See '' , since Catholics hold that the pope is the successor of Peter . Also , Catholics hold that Peter had a special role among the apostles as the preserver of unity , and that the pope therefore holds the role of spokesman for the whole church among the bishops , whom Catholics hold to be the successors of the apostles .", "The doctrine of papal infallibility , the Latin phrase ex cathedra ( literally , `` from the chair '' ) was proclaimed by Pius IX in 1870 as meaning `` when , in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians , in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority , ( the Bishop of Rome ) defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church . ''", "The response demanded from believers has been characterized as `` assent '' in the case of ex cathedra declarations of the popes and `` due respect '' with regard to their other declarations .", "On the basis of Mark 3 : 16 , 9 : 2 , Luke 24 : 34 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 5 , the Catechism of the Catholic Church describes Peter as holding first place among the apostles . It speaks of Peter as the rock on which , because of Peter 's faith , Christ said in Matthew 16 : 18 he would build his Church , which he declared would be victorious over the powers of death . In Luke 22 : 32 , Jesus gave Peter the mission to keep his faith after every lapse and to strengthen his brothers in it . The Catechism of the Catholic Church sees the power of the keys that Jesus promised to Peter alone in Matthew 16 : 19 as signifying authority to govern the house of God , that is , the Church , an authority that Jesus after his resurrection confirmed for Peter by instructing him in John 21 : 15 -- 17 to feed Christ 's sheep . The power to bind and loose , conferred on all the apostles jointly and to Peter in particular ( Matthew 16 : 19 ) is seen in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as authority to absolve sins , to pronounce judgments on doctrine and to make decisions on Church discipline .", "Doctrine - based religions evolve their theologies over time , and Catholicism is no exception : its theology did not spring instantly and fully formed within the bosom of the earliest Church .", "The doctrine of the Primacy of the Roman Bishops , like other Church teachings and institutions , has gone through a development . Thus the establishment of the Primacy recorded in the Gospels has gradually been more clearly recognised and its implications developed . Clear indications of the consciousness of the Primacy of the Roman bishops , and of the recognition of the Primacy by the other churches appear at the end of the 1st century . L. Ott", "Pope St. Clement of Rome , c. 99 , stated in a letter to the Corinthians : `` Indeed you will give joy and gladness to us , if having become obedient to what we have written through the Holy Spirit , you will cut out the unlawful application of your zeal according to the exhortation which we have made in this epistle concerning peace and union . '' ( Denziger § 41 , emphasis added )", "St. Clement of Alexandria wrote on the primacy of Peter c. 200 : `` the blessed Peter , the chosen , the pre-eminent , the first among the disciples , for whom alone with Himself the Savior paid the tribute ... '' ( Jurgens § 436 ) .", "The existence of an ecclesiastical hierarchy is emphasized by St. Stephan I , 251 , in a letter to the bishop of Antioch : `` Therefore did not that famous defender of the Gospel ( Novatian ) know that there ought to be one bishop in the Catholic Church ( of the city of Rome ) ? It did not lie hidden from him ... '' ( Denziger § 45 ) .", "St. Julius I , in 341 wrote to the Antiochenes : `` Or do you not know that it is the custom to write to us first , and that here what is just is decided ? '' ( Denziger § 57a , emphasis added ) .", "Catholicism holds that an understanding among the apostles was written down in what became the scriptures , and rapidly became the living custom of the Church , and that from there , a clearer theology could unfold .", "St. Siricius wrote to Himerius in 385 : `` To your inquiry we do not deny a legal reply , because we , upon whom greater zeal for the Christian religion is incumbent than upon the whole body , out of consideration for our office do not have the liberty to dissimulate , nor to remain silent . We carry the weight of all who are burdened ; nay rather the blessed apostle PETER bears these in us , who , as we trust , protects us in all matters of his administration , and guards his heirs '' ( Denziger § 87 , emphasis in original ) .", "Many of the Church Fathers spoke of ecumenical councils and the Bishop of Rome as possessing a reliable authority to teach the content of scripture and tradition .", "Klaus Schatz asserts that `` it is impossible to fix a single author or era as the starting point '' for the doctrine of papal infallibility . Others such as Brian Tierney have argued that the doctrine of papal infallibility was first proposed by Peter Olivi in the Middle Ages . Schatz and others see the roots of the doctrine as going much further back to the early days of Christianity .", "Brian Tierney argued that the 13th - century Franciscan priest Peter Olivi was the first person to attribute infallibility to the pope . Tierney 's idea was accepted by August Bernhard Hasler , and by Gregory Lee Jackson , It was rejected by James Heft , and by John V. Kruse . Klaus Schatz says Olivi by no means played the key role assigned to him by Tierney , who failed to acknowledge the work of earlier canonists and theologians , and that the crucial advance in the teaching came only in the 15th century , two centuries after Olivi ; and he declares that , `` It is impossible to fix a single author or era as the starting point . '' Ulrich Horst criticized the Tierney view for the same reasons . In his Protestant evaluation of the ecumenical issue of papal infallibility , Mark E. Powell rejects Tierney 's theory about 13th - century Olivi , saying that the doctrine of papal infallibility defined at Vatican I had its origins in the 14th century -- he refers in particular to Bishop Guido Terreni -- and was itself part of a long development of papal claims .", "Schatz points to `` ... the special esteem given to the Roman church community ( that ) was always associated with fidelity in the faith and preservation of the paradosis ( the faith as handed down ) . '' Schatz differentiates between the later doctrine of `` infallibility of the papal magisterium '' and the Hormisdas formula in 519 , which asserted that , `` The Roman church has never erred ( and will never err ) . '' He emphasizes that Hormisdas formula was not meant to apply so much to , `` ... individual dogmatic definitions but to the whole of the faith as handed down and the tradition of Peter preserved intact by the Roman Church . '' Specifically , Schatz argues that the Hormisdas formula does not exclude the possibility of individual popes become heretics because the formula refers `` ... primarily to the Roman tradition as such and not exclusively to the person of the pope . ''", "The 12th - century Decretum Gratiani contained the declaration by Pope Gregory I ( 590 -- 604 ) that the first four ecumenical councils were to be revered `` ... like the four gospels , '' because they had been `` established by universal consent , '' and also Gratian 's assertion that , `` The holy Roman Church imparts authority to the sacred canons but is not bound by them . '' Commentators on the Decretum , known as the Decretists , generally concluded that a pope could change the disciplinary decrees of the ecumenical councils but was bound by their pronouncements on articles of faith , in which field the authority of a general council was higher than that of an individual pope . Unlike those who propounded the 15th - century conciliarist theories , they understood an ecumenical council as necessarily involving the pope , and meant that the pope plus the other bishops was greater than a pope acting alone .", "Several medieval theologians discussed the infallibility of the pope when defining matters of faith and morals , including Thomas Aquinas .", "The Dictatus papae have been attributed to Pope Gregory VII ( 1073 -- 1085 ) in the year 1075 , but some have argued that they are later than 1087 . They assert that no one can judge the pope ( Proposition 19 ) and that `` the Roman church has never erred ; nor will it err to all eternity , the Scripture bearing witness '' ( Proposition 22 ) . This is seen as a further step in advancing the idea that `` ... had been part of church history and debate as far back as 519 when the notion of the Bishop of Rome as the preserver of apostolic truth was set forth in the Formula of Hormisdas . ''", "In the early years of the 14th century , the Franciscan Order found itself in open conflict about the form of poverty to observe , with the Spirituals ( so called because associated with the Age of the Spirit that Joachim of Fiore had said would begin in 1260 ) pitched against the Conventual Franciscans . The Spirituals , who in the 13th century were led by the Joachimist Peter Olivi , adopted extremist positions that eventually discredited the notion of apostolic poverty and led to its condemnation by Pope John XXII . This pope determined to suppress what he considered to be the excesses of the Spirituals , who contended eagerly for the view that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing , either separately or jointly . In March 1322 , he commissioned experts to examine the idea of poverty based on belief that Christ and the apostles owned nothing . The experts disagreed among themselves , but the majority condemned the idea on the grounds that it would condemn the Church 's right to have possessions . The Franciscan chapter held in Perugia in May 1322 declared on the contrary : `` To say or assert that Christ , in showing the way of perfection , and the Apostles , in following that way and setting an example to others who wished to lead the perfect life , possessed nothing either severally or in common , either by right of ownership and dominium or by personal right , we corporately and unanimously declare to be not heretical , but true and catholic . '' One argument used by them was that John XXII 's predecessors had declared the absolute poverty of Christ to be an article of faith and that therefore no pope could declare the contrary . Appeal was made in particular to the 14 August 1279 bull Exiit qui seminat , in which Pope Nicholas III stated that renunciation of ownership of all things `` ... both individually but also in common , for God 's sake , is meritorious and holy ; Christ , also , showing the way of perfection , taught it by word and confirmed it by example , and the first founders of the Church militant , as they had drawn it from the fountainhead itself , distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly . ''", "By the bull Ad conditorem canonum of 8 December of the same year , John XXII , declaring it ridiculous to pretend that every scrap of food given to the friars and eaten by them belonged to the pope , forced them to accept ownership by ending the arrangement according to which all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the Holy See , which granted the friars the mere use of it . He thus demolished the fictitious structure that gave the appearance of absolute poverty to the life of the Franciscan friars , a structure that `` ... absolved the Franciscans from the moral burden of legal ownership , and enabled them to practise apostolic poverty without the inconvenience of actual poverty . '' This document was concerned with disciplinary rather than doctrinal matters , but leaders of the Franciscans reacted with insistence on the irreformability of doctrinal papal decrees , with special reference to Exiit . A year later , John XXII issued the short 12 November 1323 bull Cum inter nonnullos , which declared `` erroneous and heretical '' the doctrine that Christ and his apostles had no possessions whatever .", "The next year , the Pope responded to continued criticisms with the bull Quia quorundam of 10 November 1324 , He denied the major premise of an argument of his adversaries , `` What the Roman pontiffs have once defined in faith and morals with the key of knowledge stands so immutably that it is not permitted to a successor to revoke it . '' He declared that there was no contradiction between his own statements and those of his predecessors ; that it could not be inferred from the words of the 1279 bull that Christ and the apostles had nothing : `` indeed , it can be inferred rather that the Gospel life lived by Christ and the Apostles did not exclude some possessions in common , since living ' without property ' does not require that those living thus should have nothing in common '' ; that there were many things in the Franciscan rule `` ... which Christ neither taught nor confirmed by his example , '' and that there was neither merit nor truth in pretending Christ and the apostles had no rights in law .", "In his book on the First Vatican Council , August Hasler wrote , `` John XXII did n't want to hear about his own infallibility . He viewed it as an improper restriction of his rights as a sovereign , and in the bull Qui quorundam ( 1324 ) condemned the Franciscan doctrine of papal infallibility as the work of the devil . ''", "Brian Tierney has summed up his view of the part played by John XXII as follows :", "Pope John XXII strongly resented the imputation of infallibility to his office -- or at any rate to his predecessors . The theory of irreformability proposed by his adversaries was a ' pestiferous doctrine ' , he declared ; and at first he seemed inclined to dismiss the whole idea as ' pernicious audacity ' . However , through some uncharacteristic streak of caution or through sheer good luck ( or bad luck ) the actual terms he used in condemning the Franciscan position left a way open for later theologians to re-formulate the doctrine of infallibility in different language .", "In 1330 , the Carmelite bishop Guido Terreni described the pope 's charism of infallibility in terms very similar to those that the First Vatican Council was to use in 1870 .", "In the period following the Counter-Reformation the Dominican school of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas in Rome , the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum was active in defending the doctrine of Papal infallibility . Vincentius Ferre ( + 1682 ) , Regent of College of St. Thomas from 1654 to 1672 . writes in his De Fide in defense of Papal Infallibility that Christ said `` I have prayed for thee , Peter ; sufficiently showing that the infallibility was not promised to the Church as apart from ( seorsum ) the head , but promised to the head , that from him it should be derived to the Church . '' Dominic Gravina , professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas in Rome wrote concerning Papal infallibility : `` To the Pontiff , as one ( person ) and alone , it was given to be the head , '' and again , `` The Roman Pontiff for the time being is one , therefore he alone has infallibility . '' Vincenzo Maria Gatti , also a professor of theology at the College of st . Thomas defended papal infallibility says of Christ 's words `` I have prayed for thee , '' etc. , that `` indefectibility is promised to Peter apart from ( seorsum ) the Church , or from the Apostles ; but it is not promised to the Apostles , or to the Church . apart ( seorsum ) the head , or with the head , '' adding `` Therefore Peter , even apart from ( seorsum ) the Church , is infallible . ''", "The infallibility of the pope was formally defined in 1870 , although the tradition behind this view goes back much further . In the conclusion of the fourth chapter of its Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Pastor aeternus , the First Vatican Council declared the following , with bishops Aloisio Riccio and Edward Fitzgerald dissenting :", "We teach and define that it is a dogma Divinely revealed that the Roman pontiff when he speaks ex cathedra , that is when in discharge of the office of pastor and doctor of all Christians , by virtue of his supreme Apostolic authority , he defines a doctrine regarding faith or morals to be held by the universal Church , by the Divine assistance promised to him in Blessed Peter , is possessed of that infallibility with which the Divine Redeemer willed that his Church should be endowed in defining doctrine regarding faith or morals , and that therefore such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves and not from the consent of the Church irreformable .", "According to Catholic theology , this is an infallible dogmatic definition by an ecumenical council . Because the 1870 definition is not seen by Catholics as a creation of the Church , but as the dogmatic revelation of a truth about the papal magisterium , papal teachings made prior to the 1870 proclamation can , if they meet the criteria set out in the dogmatic definition , be considered infallible . Ineffabilis Deus is an example of this .", "A British Prime Minister , William Ewart Gladstone , publicly attacked Vatican I , stating that Roman Catholics had `` ... forfeited their moral and mental freedom . '' He published a pamphlet called The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance in which he described the Catholic Church as `` an Asian monarchy : nothing but one giddy height of despotism , and one dead level of religious subservience . '' He further claimed that the Pope wanted to destroy the rule of law and replace it with arbitrary tyranny , and then to hide these `` ... crimes against liberty beneath a suffocating cloud of incense . '' Cardinal Newman famously responded with his Letter to the Duke of Norfolk . In the letter he argues that conscience , which is supreme , is not in conflict with papal infallibility -- though he toasts , `` I shall drink to the Pope if you please -- still , to conscience first and to the Pope afterwards . '' He stated later that , `` The Vatican Council left the Pope just as it found him , '' satisfied that the definition was very moderate , and specific in regards to what specifically can be declared as infallible .", "The dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium of the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council , which was also a document on the Church itself , explicitly reaffirmed the definition of papal infallibility , so as to avoid any doubts , expressing this in the following words :", "This Sacred Council , following closely in the footsteps of the First Vatican Council , with that Council teaches and declares that Jesus Christ , the eternal Shepherd , established His holy Church , having sent forth the apostles as He Himself had been sent by the Father ; ( 136 ) and He willed that their successors , namely the bishops , should be shepherds in His Church even to the consummation of the world . And in order that the episcopate itself might be one and undivided , He placed Blessed Peter over the other apostles , and instituted in him a permanent and visible source and foundation of unity of faith and communion . And all this teaching about the institution , the perpetuity , the meaning and reason for the sacred primacy of the Roman Pontiff and of his infallible magisterium , this Sacred Council again proposes to be firmly believed by all the faithful .", "The Catholic Church does not teach that the pope is infallible in everything he says ; official invocation of papal infallibility is -- apart from canonizations of saints -- extremely rare . And those are usually regarded as not of divine faith , as they depend on facts that post-date New Testament revelation .", "Catholic theologians agree that both Pope Pius IX 's 1854 definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary and Pope Pius XII 's 1950 definition of the dogma of the Assumption of Mary are instances of papal infallibility , a fact confirmed by the Church 's magisterium . However , theologians disagree about what other documents qualify .", "Regarding historical papal documents , Catholic theologian and church historian Klaus Schatz made a thorough study , published in 1985 , that identified the following list of ex cathedra documents ( see Creative Fidelity : Weighing and Interpreting Documents of the Magisterium , by Francis A. Sullivan , chapter 6 ) :", "Tome to Flavian , Pope Leo I , 449 , on the two natures in Christ , received by the Council of Chalcedon ; Letter of Pope Agatho , 680 , on the two wills of Christ , received by the Third Council of Constantinople ; Benedictus Deus , Pope Benedict XII , 1336 , on the beatific vision of the just after death rather than only just prior to final judgment ; Cum occasione , Pope Innocent X , 1653 , condemning five propositions of Jansen as heretical ; Auctorem fidei , Pope Pius VI , 1794 , condemning seven Jansenist propositions of the Synod of Pistoia as heretical ; Ineffabilis Deus , Pope Pius IX , 1854 , defining the Immaculate Conception ; Munificentissimus Deus , Pope Pius XII , 1950 , defining the Assumption of Mary .", "Tome to Flavian , Pope Leo I , 449 , on the two natures in Christ , received by the Council of Chalcedon ;", "Letter of Pope Agatho , 680 , on the two wills of Christ , received by the Third Council of Constantinople ;", "Benedictus Deus , Pope Benedict XII , 1336 , on the beatific vision of the just after death rather than only just prior to final judgment ;", "Cum occasione , Pope Innocent X , 1653 , condemning five propositions of Jansen as heretical ;", "Auctorem fidei , Pope Pius VI , 1794 , condemning seven Jansenist propositions of the Synod of Pistoia as heretical ;", "Ineffabilis Deus , Pope Pius IX , 1854 , defining the Immaculate Conception ;", "Munificentissimus Deus , Pope Pius XII , 1950 , defining the Assumption of Mary .", "There is no complete list of papal statements considered infallible . A 1998 commentary on Ad Tuendam Fidem issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith published on L'Osservatore Romano in July 1998 listed a number of instances of infallible pronouncements by popes and by ecumenical councils , but explicitly stated ( at no . 11 ) that this was not meant to be a complete list .", "One of the documents mentioned is Pope John Paul II 's apostolic letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis on reserving priestly ordination to men alone , which the Congregation earlier stated to be infallible , although not taught ex cathedra ( i.e. , although not a teaching of the extraordinary magisterium ) , clarifying that the content of this letter has been taught infallibly by the ordinary and universal magisterium . This was confirmed in a commentary by the same Congregation and in commentaries by Cardinals Joseph Ratzinger and Tarcisio Bertone . Many eminent theologians dispute that this is truly infallible , including Nicholas Lash , an ex-priest and Emeritus Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . The Catholic Theological Society of America in a report , `` Tradition and the Ordination of Women '' , concluded that Ordinatio Sacerdotalis is mistaken with regard to its claims on the authority of this teaching and its grounds in Tradition .", "As well as popes , ecumenical councils have made pronouncements that the Church considers infallible .", "Examples of Catholics who before the First Vatican Council disbelieved in papal infallibility are French abbé François - Philippe Mesenguy ( 1677 -- 1763 ) , who wrote a catechism denying the infallibility of the pope , and the German Felix Blau ( 1754 -- 1798 ) , who as professor at the University of Mainz criticized infallibility .", "In 1822 , Bishop Baine declared : `` In England and Ireland I do not believe that any Catholic maintains the Infallibility of the Pope . ''", "A 1989 -- 1992 survey of young people of the 15 to 25 age group ( 81 % of whom were Catholics , 84 % were younger than 19 , and 62 % were male ) chiefly from the United States , but also from Austria , Canada , Ecuador , France , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Korea , Peru , Spain and Switzerland , found that 36.9 % affirmed that , `` The Pope has the authority to speak with infallibility , '' 36.9 % ( exactly the same proportion ) denied it , and 26.2 % said they did n't know .", "In addition , before 1870 , belief in papal infallibility was not a defined requirement of Catholic faith . The Church therefore accepted the oath required of Catholics in Ireland from 1793 for admittance to certain positions and stated that , `` It is not an article of the Catholic Faith , neither am I thereby required to believe or profess that the Pope is infallible . '' The Irish bishops repeated their acceptance in a 25 January 1826 pastoral address to the Catholic clergy and laity in Ireland , stating : `` The Catholics of Ireland not only do not believe , but they declare upon oath ... that it is not an article of the Catholic faith , neither are they required to believe , that the Pope is infallible , and that they do not hold themselves ' bound to obey any order in its own nature immoral ' , though the Pope or any ecclesiastical power should issue or direct such an order ; but , on the contrary , that it would be sinful in them to pay any respect or obedience thereto . ''", "In the Declaration and Protestation signed by the English Catholic Dissenters in 1789 , the year of the French Revolution , the signatories state :", "We have also been accused of holding , as a Principle of our Religion , That implicit Obedience is due from us to the Orders and Decrees of Popes and General Councils ; and that therefore if the Pope , or any General Council , should , for the Good of the Church , command us to take up Arms against the Government , or by any means to subvert the Laws and Liberties of this Country , or to exterminate Persons of a different Persuasion from us , we ( it is asserted by our Accusers ) hold ourselves bound to obey such Orders or Decrees , on pain of eternal Fire :", "Whereas we positively deny , That we owe any such Obedience to the Pope and General Council , or to either of them ; and we believe that no Act that is in itself immoral or dishonest can ever be justified by or under Colour that it is done either for the Good of the Church , or in Obedience to any ecclesiastical Power whatever . We acknowledge no Infallibility in the Pope , and we neither apprehend nor believe , that our Disobedience to any such Orders or Decrees ( should any such be given or made ) could subject us to any Punishment whatever .", "Sparrow Simpson remarked that , `` All works reprinted since 1870 have been altered into conformity with Vatican ideas . In some cases the process of reducing to conformity was begun at an earlier date . It is therefore with works printed before 1870 that we are now concerned . '' He therefore cites editions prior to that date .", "In his theological works published in 1829 , Professor Delahogue asserted that the doctrine that the Roman Pontiff , even when he speaks ex cathedra , is possessed of the gift of inerrancy or is superior to General Councils may be denied without loss of faith or risk of heresy or schism .", "In his 1829 study On the Church , Delahogue stated : `` Ultramontane theologians attribute infallibility to the Bishop of Rome considered in this aspect and when he speaks , as the saying is , ex cathedra . This is denied by others , in particular by Gallicans . ''", "The 1830 edition of Berrington and Kirk 's Faith of Catholics stated : `` Papal definitions or decrees , in whatever form pronounced , taken exclusively from a General Council or acceptance of the Church , oblige no one under pain of heresy to an interior assent . ''", "The 1860 edition of Keenan 's Catechism in use in Catholic schools in England , Scotland and Wales attributed to Protestants the idea that Catholics were obliged to believe in papal infallibility :", "( Q . ) Must not Catholics believe the Pope himself to be infallible ? ( A . ) This is a Protestant invention : it is no article of the Catholic faith : no decision of his can oblige under pain of heresy , unless it be received and enforced by the teaching body , that is by the bishops of the Church .", "Sparrow Simpson quotes also from the 1895 revision :", "( Q . ) But some Catholics before the Vatican Council denied the Infallibility of the Pope , which was also formerly impugned in this very Catechism .", "( A . ) Yes ; but they did so under the usual reservation -- ' in so far as they could then grasp the mind of the Church , and subject to her future definitions ' ...", "In 1861 , Professor Murray of the major Irish Catholic seminary of Maynooth wrote that those who genuinely deny the infallibility of the pope `` are by no means or only in the least degree ( unless indeed some other ground be shown ) to be considered alien from the Catholic Faith . ''", "Critical works such as Roman Catholic Opposition to Papal Infallibility ( 1909 ) by W.J. Sparrow Simpson have thus documented opposition to the definition of the dogma during the First Vatican Council even by those who believed in its teaching but felt that defining it was not opportune .", "Following the 1869 -- 1870 First Vatican Council , dissent arose among a few Catholics , almost exclusively German , Austrian , and Swiss , over the definition of papal infallibility . The dissenters , while holding the General Councils of the Church infallible , were unwilling to accept the dogma of papal infallibility , and thus a schism arose between them and the Church , resulting in the formation of communities in schism with Rome , which became known as the Old Catholic Churches . The vast majority of Catholics accepted the definition .", "Before the First Vatican Council , John Henry Newman , while personally convinced , as a matter of theological opinion , of papal infallibility , opposed its definition as dogma , fearing that the definition might be expressed in over-broad terms open to misunderstanding . He was pleased with the moderate tone of the actual definition , which `` affirmed the pope 's infallibility only within a strictly limited province : the doctrine of faith and morals initially given to the apostolic Church and handed down in Scripture and tradition . ''", "A few present - day Catholics , such as Hans Küng , author of Infallible ? An Inquiry , and historian Garry Wills , author of Papal Sin , refuse to accept papal infallibility as a matter of faith . Küng has been sanctioned by the Church by being excluded from teaching Catholic theology . Brian Tierney agrees with Küng , whom he cites , and concludes : `` There is no convincing evidence that papal infallibility formed any part of the theological or canonical tradition of the church before the thirteenth century ; the doctrine was invented in the first place by a few dissident Franciscans because it suited their convenience to invent it ; eventually , but only after much initial reluctance , it was accepted by the papacy because it suited the convenience of the popes to accept it . '' Garth Hallett , `` drawing on a previous study of Wittgenstein 's treatment of word meaning , '' argued that the dogma of infallibility is neither true nor false but meaningless ; in practice , he claims , the dogma seems to have no practical use and to have succumbed to the sense that it is irrelevant .", "Catholic priest August Bernhard Hasler ( d . 3 July 1980 ) wrote a detailed analysis of the First Vatican Council , presenting the passage of the infallibility definition as orchestrated . Roger O'Toole described Hasler 's work as follows :", "It weakens or demolishes the claim that papal infallibility was already a universally accepted truth , and that its formal definition merely made de jure what had long been acknowledged de facto . It emphasizes the extent of resistance to the definition , particularly in France and Germany . It clarifies the ' inopportunist ' position as largely a polite fiction and notes how it was used by Infallibilists to trivialize the nature of the opposition to papal claims . It indicates the extent to which ' spontaneous popular demand ' for the definition was , in fact , carefully orchestrated . It underlines the personal involvement of the pope who , despite his coy disclaimers , appears as the prime mover and driving force behind the Infallibilist campaign . It details the lengths to which the papacy was prepared to go in wringing formal ' submissions ' from the minority even after their defeat in the Council . It offers insight into the ideological basis of the dogma in European political conservatism , monarchism and counter-revolution . It establishes the doctrine as a key contributing element in the present ' crisis ' of the Roman Catholic Church .", "It weakens or demolishes the claim that papal infallibility was already a universally accepted truth , and that its formal definition merely made de jure what had long been acknowledged de facto .", "It emphasizes the extent of resistance to the definition , particularly in France and Germany .", "It clarifies the ' inopportunist ' position as largely a polite fiction and notes how it was used by Infallibilists to trivialize the nature of the opposition to papal claims .", "It indicates the extent to which ' spontaneous popular demand ' for the definition was , in fact , carefully orchestrated .", "It underlines the personal involvement of the pope who , despite his coy disclaimers , appears as the prime mover and driving force behind the Infallibilist campaign .", "It details the lengths to which the papacy was prepared to go in wringing formal ' submissions ' from the minority even after their defeat in the Council .", "It offers insight into the ideological basis of the dogma in European political conservatism , monarchism and counter-revolution .", "It establishes the doctrine as a key contributing element in the present ' crisis ' of the Roman Catholic Church .", "Mark E. Powell , in his examination of the topic from a Protestant point of view , writes : `` August Hasler portrays Pius IX as an uneducated , abusive megalomaniac , and Vatican I as a council that was not free . Hasler , though , is engaged in heated polemic and obviously exaggerates his picture of Pius IX . Accounts like Hasler 's , which paint Pius IX and Vatican I in the most negative terms , are adequately refuted by the testimony of participants at Vatican I . ''", "Those opposed to papal infallibility such as Geisler and MacKenzie say that it is contrary to Scripture and to the teaching of the early Church .", "On linguistic grounds and their understanding that Peter 's authority was shared , James Robert White and others say that Matthew 16 : 18 does not refer to Peter as the Rock . They argue that in this passage Peter is in the second person ( `` you '' ) , but that `` this rock , '' being in the third person , refers to Christ , the subject of Peter 's truth confession in verse 16 , and the revelation referred to in verse 17 , who is explicitly affirmed to be the foundation of the church . White cites Catholic authorities such as John Chrysostom and St. Augustine of Hippo as supporting this understanding , with Augustine stating , `` On this rock , therefore , He said , which thou hast confessed . I will build my Church . For the Rock ( petra ) is Christ ; and on this foundation was Peter himself built . '' They understand `` keys '' in the Matthean passage and its authority as primarily or exclusively pertaining to the gospel . They see the prayer of Jesus for Peter , that his faith fail not ( Luke 22 : 32 ) as not promising infallibility to a papal office , which they hold to be a late and novel doctrine . While recognizing Peter 's significant role in the early church , and his initial brethren - type leadership , they contend that the Book of Acts manifests him as inferior to the apostle Paul in his level of contribution and influence , with Paul becoming the dominant focus in the Biblical records of the early church , and the writer of most of the New Testament ( receiving direct revelation ) , and having authority to publicly reprove Peter . ( Gal. 2 : 11 -- 14 ) Geisler and MacKenzie also see the absence of any reference by Peter referring to himself distinctively , such as the chief of apostles , and instead only as `` an apostle '' or `` an elder '' ( 1 Pet. 1 : 1 ; 5 : 1 ) as weighing against Peter being the supreme and infallible head of the church universal , and indicating he would not accept such titles as Holy Father . They say that the revelatory function connected to the office of the high priest Caiaphas , ( Jn. 11 : 49 -- 52 ) does not establish a precedent for Petrine infallibility , since ( among other reasons ) they infer from Revelation 22 : 18 that there is no new revelation after the time of the New Testament , as held also by Catholics . Likewise , they hold that no Jewish infallible magisterium existed , but the faith yet endured , and that the Roman Catholic doctrine on infallibility is a new invention . They see the promise of papal infallibly as violated by certain popes who spoke heresy ( as recognized , they say , by the Roman church itself ) under conditions that , they argue , fit the criteria for infallibility . They say that at the Council of Jerusalem Peter was not looked to as the infallible head of the church , with James exercising the more decisive leadership , and providing the definitive sentence ; and that he is not seen elsewhere as the final and universal arbiter about any doctrinal dispute about faith in the life of the church . They hold as unwarranted on scriptural and historical grounds the idea that monarchical leadership by an infallible pope is needed or has existed ; that the infallible authority is the scriptures rather than an infallible head . and that church leadership in the New Testament is understood as being that of bishops and elders , denoting the same office , rather than an infallible pope . ( Titus 1 : 5 -- 7 ) They argue further that the doctrine of papal infallibility lacked universal or widespread support in the bulk of church history , and that substantial opposition to it existed within the Catholic Church , even at the time of its official institution , saying that this testifies to its lack of scriptural and historical warrant . Chapter 7 of Lytton Strachey 's biography of Cardinal Manning includes a discussion of papal infallibility and some possible objections .", "On linguistic grounds and their understanding that Peter 's authority was shared , James Robert White and others say that Matthew 16 : 18 does not refer to Peter as the Rock . They argue that in this passage Peter is in the second person ( `` you '' ) , but that `` this rock , '' being in the third person , refers to Christ , the subject of Peter 's truth confession in verse 16 , and the revelation referred to in verse 17 , who is explicitly affirmed to be the foundation of the church . White cites Catholic authorities such as John Chrysostom and St. Augustine of Hippo as supporting this understanding , with Augustine stating , `` On this rock , therefore , He said , which thou hast confessed . I will build my Church . For the Rock ( petra ) is Christ ; and on this foundation was Peter himself built . ''", "They understand `` keys '' in the Matthean passage and its authority as primarily or exclusively pertaining to the gospel .", "They see the prayer of Jesus for Peter , that his faith fail not ( Luke 22 : 32 ) as not promising infallibility to a papal office , which they hold to be a late and novel doctrine .", "While recognizing Peter 's significant role in the early church , and his initial brethren - type leadership , they contend that the Book of Acts manifests him as inferior to the apostle Paul in his level of contribution and influence , with Paul becoming the dominant focus in the Biblical records of the early church , and the writer of most of the New Testament ( receiving direct revelation ) , and having authority to publicly reprove Peter . ( Gal. 2 : 11 -- 14 )", "Geisler and MacKenzie also see the absence of any reference by Peter referring to himself distinctively , such as the chief of apostles , and instead only as `` an apostle '' or `` an elder '' ( 1 Pet. 1 : 1 ; 5 : 1 ) as weighing against Peter being the supreme and infallible head of the church universal , and indicating he would not accept such titles as Holy Father .", "They say that the revelatory function connected to the office of the high priest Caiaphas , ( Jn. 11 : 49 -- 52 ) does not establish a precedent for Petrine infallibility , since ( among other reasons ) they infer from Revelation 22 : 18 that there is no new revelation after the time of the New Testament , as held also by Catholics .", "Likewise , they hold that no Jewish infallible magisterium existed , but the faith yet endured , and that the Roman Catholic doctrine on infallibility is a new invention .", "They see the promise of papal infallibly as violated by certain popes who spoke heresy ( as recognized , they say , by the Roman church itself ) under conditions that , they argue , fit the criteria for infallibility .", "They say that at the Council of Jerusalem Peter was not looked to as the infallible head of the church , with James exercising the more decisive leadership , and providing the definitive sentence ; and that he is not seen elsewhere as the final and universal arbiter about any doctrinal dispute about faith in the life of the church .", "They hold as unwarranted on scriptural and historical grounds the idea that monarchical leadership by an infallible pope is needed or has existed ; that the infallible authority is the scriptures rather than an infallible head . and that church leadership in the New Testament is understood as being that of bishops and elders , denoting the same office , rather than an infallible pope . ( Titus 1 : 5 -- 7 )", "They argue further that the doctrine of papal infallibility lacked universal or widespread support in the bulk of church history , and that substantial opposition to it existed within the Catholic Church , even at the time of its official institution , saying that this testifies to its lack of scriptural and historical warrant .", "Chapter 7 of Lytton Strachey 's biography of Cardinal Manning includes a discussion of papal infallibility and some possible objections .", "The dogma of papal infallibility is rejected by Eastern Orthodoxy . Orthodox Christians hold that the Holy Spirit will not allow the whole Body of Orthodox Christians to fall into error but leave open the question of how this will be ensured in any specific case . Eastern Orthodoxy considers that the first seven ecumenical councils were infallible as accurate witnesses to the truth of the gospel , not so much on account of their institutional structure as on account of their reception by the Christian faithful .", "Additionally , Orthodox Christians do not believe that any individual bishop is infallible or that the idea of papal infallibility was taught during the first centuries of Christianity . Orthodox historians often point to the condemnation of Pope Honorius I as a heretic by the Sixth Ecumenical council as a significant indication . However , it is debated whether Honorius ' letter to Sergius met ( in retrospect ) the criteria set forth at Vatican I. Other Orthodox scholars argue that past papal statements that appear to meet the conditions set forth at Vatican I for infallible status presented teachings in faith and morals are now acknowledged as problematic .", "The Church of England and its sister churches in the Anglican Communion reject papal infallibility , a rejection given expression in the Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion ( 1571 ) :", "XIX . Of the Church . The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men , in which the pure Word of God is preached , and the Sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ 's ordinance , in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same . As the Church of Jerusalem , Alexandria , and Antioch , have erred , so also the Church of Rome hath erred , not only in their living and manner of Ceremonies , but also in matters of Faith .", "XXI . Of the Authority of General Councils . General Councils may not be gathered together without the commandment and will of Princes . And when they be gathered together , ( forasmuch as they be an assembly of men , whereof all be not governed with the Spirit and Word of God , ) they may err , and sometimes have erred , even in things pertaining unto God . Wherefore things ordained by them as necessary to salvation have neither strength nor authority , unless it may be declared that they be taken out of holy Scripture .", "John Wesley amended the Anglican Articles of Religion for use by Methodists , particularly those in America . The Methodist Articles omit the express provisions in the Anglican articles concerning the errors of the Church of Rome and the authority of councils , but retain Article V , which implicitly pertains to the Roman Catholic idea of papal authority as capable of defining articles of faith on matters not clearly derived from Scripture :", "V. Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation . The Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation ; so that whatsoever is not read therein , nor may be proved thereby , is not to be required of any man that it should be believed as an article of faith , or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation ...", "Presbyterian and Reformed churches reject papal infallibility . The Westminster Confession of Faith , which was intended in 1646 to replace the Thirty - Nine Articles , goes so far as to label the Roman pontiff `` Antichrist '' ; it contains the following statements :", "( Chapter one ) IX . The infallible rule of interpretation of Scripture is the Scripture itself : and therefore , when there is a question about the true and full sense of any Scripture ( which is not manifold , but one ) , it must be searched and known by other places that speak more clearly .", "( Chapter one ) X . The supreme judge by which all controversies of religion are to be determined , and all decrees of councils , opinions of ancient writers , doctrines of men , and private spirits , are to be examined , and in whose sentence we are to rest , can be no other but the Holy Spirit speaking in the Scripture .", "( Chapter Twenty - Five ) VI . There is no other head of the Church but the Lord Jesus Christ . Nor can the Pope of Rome , in any sense , be head thereof ; but is that Antichrist , that man of sin , and son of perdition , that exalts himself , in the Church , against Christ and all that is called God .", "Evangelical churches do not believe in papal infallibility for reasons similar to those of Methodist and Reformed Christians . Evangelicals believe that the Bible alone is infallible or inerrant . Most evangelical churches and ministries have statements of doctrine that explicitly say that the Bible , composed of the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament , is the sole rule for faith and practice . Most of these statements , however , are articles of faith that evangelicals affirm in a positive way , and contain no reference to the papacy or other beliefs that are not part of evangelical doctrine .", "According to Raffaele De Cesare :", "The first idea of convening an Ecumenical Council in Rome to elevate the temporal power into a dogma , originated in the third centenary of the Council of Trent , which took place in that city in December , 1863 , and was attended by a number of Austrian and Hungarian prelates .", "However , following the Austro - Prussian War , Austria had recognized the Kingdom of Italy . Consequently , because of this and other substantial political changes : `` The Civiltà Cattolica suggested that the papal infallibility should be substituted for the dogma of temporal power ... ''", "Moritz Busch 's Bismarck : Some secret pages of his history , Vol. II , Macmillan ( 1898 ) contains the following entry for 3 March 1872 in pp. 43 -- 44 .", "Bucher brings me from upstairs instructions and material for a Rome despatch for the Kölnische Zeitung . It runs as follows : `` Rumours have already been circulated on various occasions to the effect that the Pope intends to leave Rome . According to the latest of these the Council , which was adjourned in the summer , will be reopened at another place , some persons mentioning Malta and others Trient . ( ... ) Doubtless the main object of this gathering will be to elicit from the assembled fathers a strong declaration in favour of the necessity of the Temporal Power . Obviously a secondary object of this Parliament of Bishops , convoked away from Rome , would be to demonstrate to Europe that the Vatican does not enjoy the necessary liberty , although the Act of Guarantee proves that the Italian Government , in its desire for reconciliation and its readiness to meet the wishes of the Curia , has actually done everything that lies in its power . ''", "According to F.B.M. Hollyday , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck feared that Pius IX and future popes would use the infallibility dogma as a weapon for promoting a potential `` papal desire for international political hegemony '' :", "Bismarck 's attention was also riveted by fear of what he believed to be the desire of the international Catholic church to control national Germany by means of the papal claim of infallibility , announced in 1870 . If , as has been argued , there was no papal desire for international political hegemony and Bismarck 's resistance to it may be described as shadowboxing , many statesmen of the time were of the chancellor 's persuasion . The result was the Kulturkampf , which , with its largely Prussian measures , complemented by similar actions in several other German states , sought to curb the clerical danger by legislation restricting the Catholic church 's political power . ( F.B.M. Hollyday , Bismarck , ( Great Lives Observed , Prentice - Hall ( 1970 ) p. 6 )", "One example of the Catholic church 's political actions , to add to the many that had occurred down the centuries , had already occurred in Italy on 29 February 1868 , when the Sacred Penitentiary issued the decree Non Expedit , which declared that a Catholic should be `` neither elector nor elected '' in the Kingdom of Italy . The principal motive of this decree was that the oath taken by deputies might be interpreted as an approval of the spoliation of the Holy See , as Pius IX declared in an audience of 11 October 1874 . Only in 1888 was the decree declared to be an absolute prohibition rather than an admonition meant for one particular occasion .", "In 1872 Bismarck attempted to reach an understanding with other European governments , whereby future papal elections would be manipulated . He proposed that European governments should agree beforehand on unsuitable papal candidates , and then instruct their national cardinals to vote in the appropriate manner . This plan was circulated in ( `` Bismarck 's confidential diplomatic circular to German representatives abroad , '' Berlin , 14 May 1872 , as translated in : F.B.M. Hollyday , Bismarck , ( Great Lives Observed , Prentice - Hall ( 1970 ) pp. 42 -- 44 ) , in which Bismarck wrote :", "The concordats already concluded at the beginning of the century produced direct and , to some extent , intimate relations between the Pope and governments , but , above all , the Vatican Council , and both its most important statements about infallibility and about the jurisdiction of the Pope , also entirely altered his position in relation to the governments . Their interest in the election of the Pope increased to the greatest degree -- but with that their right to concern themselves with it was also given a much firmer basis . For , by these decisions , the Pope has come into the position of assuming episcopal rights in every single diocese and of substituting papal for episcopal power . Episcopal has merged into papal jurisdiction ; the Pope no longer exercises , as heretofore , individual stipulated special privileges , but the entire plenitude of episcopal rights rests in his hands . In principle , he has taken the place of each individual bishop , and , in practice , at every single moment , it is up to him alone to put himself in the former 's position in relation to the governments . Further the bishops are only his tools , his officials without responsibility . In relation to the governments , they have become officials of a foreign sovereign , and , to be sure , a sovereign who , by virtue of his infallibility , is a completely absolute one -- more so than any absolute monarch in the world . Before the governments concede such a position to a new Pope and grant him the exercise of such rights , they must ask themselves whether the election and person chosen offer the guarantees they are justified in demanding against the misuse of such rights . ( p. 43 )", "When this scheme did not materialize , Bismarck accelerated his Kulturkampf against the Catholic Church in Germany .", "Islam stated the infallibility of the prophets and of tradition , but did not point a particular authority in present time as infallible . However , concepts of infallibility developed in some contemporary fundamentalist Islamic movements . In Judaism , the doctrine of Da'as Torah has grown some ideas regarding the infallibility of leading Ultra-Orthodox rabbis . These are far from being consented by all or even most of the Orthodox Jews , let alone others .", "The Baha'i religion ascribes various forms or degrees of infallibility to Baha'u'llah , Abdul - Baha , Shoghi Effendi , and to the Universal House of Justice ." ]

[ [ "Alison Mulvaney" ] ]

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[ "Roo Stewart Georgie Parker as Roo Stewart ( 2013 ) Home and Away character Portrayed by Justine Clarke ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Georgie Parker ( 2010 -- ) Duration 1988 -- 1989 , 2010 -- First appearance 20 January 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 20 ) Introduced by Alan Bateman ( 1988 ) Cameron Welsh ( 2010 ) Book appearances Family Matters Home and Away Volume 1 : Summer Bay Blues Home and Away Volume 2 : Scandal at Summer Bay Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Macklin employee Businesswoman Foster parent Waitress University lecturer Teacher 's aide Home Summer Bay House Justine Clarke as Roo Stewart ( 1988 ) ( show ) Family Father Alf Stewart Mother Martha Stewart Stepmother Ailsa Stewart Half - brothers Owen Dalby Duncan Stewart Half - sisters Quinn Jackson Husband Frank Morgan ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Harvey Ryan ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Daughters Martha MacKenzie Stepdaughters Lottie Ryan Grandfathers Gordon Stewart Grandmothers Sarah Stewart Aunts Morag Bellingham Celia Stewart Barbara Stewart Debra Stewart Colleen Smart Nephews Ric Dalby Bryce Stewart First cousins Alan Fisher Rebecca Nash Bobby Simpson Lance Smart Other relatives Seb Miller", "Roo Stewart", "Georgie Parker as Roo Stewart ( 2013 )", "Home and Away character", "Portrayed by Justine Clarke ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Georgie Parker ( 2010 -- )", "Duration 1988 -- 1989 , 2010 --", "First appearance 20 January 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 20 )", "Introduced by Alan Bateman ( 1988 ) Cameron Welsh ( 2010 )", "Book appearances Family Matters Home and Away Volume 1 : Summer Bay Blues Home and Away Volume 2 : Scandal at Summer Bay", "Family Matters Home and Away Volume 1 : Summer Bay Blues Home and Away Volume 2 : Scandal at Summer Bay", "Home and Away Volume 1 : Summer Bay Blues", "Home and Away Volume 2 : Scandal at Summer Bay", "Classification Present ; regular", "Profile", "Occupation Student Macklin employee Businesswoman Foster parent Waitress University lecturer Teacher 's aide", "Student Macklin employee Businesswoman Foster parent Waitress University lecturer Teacher 's aide", "Teacher 's aide", "Home Summer Bay House", "Justine Clarke as Roo Stewart ( 1988 )", "( show ) Family Father Alf Stewart Mother Martha Stewart Stepmother Ailsa Stewart Half - brothers Owen Dalby Duncan Stewart Half - sisters Quinn Jackson Husband Frank Morgan ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Harvey Ryan ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Daughters Martha MacKenzie Stepdaughters Lottie Ryan Grandfathers Gordon Stewart Grandmothers Sarah Stewart Aunts Morag Bellingham Celia Stewart Barbara Stewart Debra Stewart Colleen Smart Nephews Ric Dalby Bryce Stewart First cousins Alan Fisher Rebecca Nash Bobby Simpson Lance Smart Other relatives Seb Miller", "( show ) Family Father Alf Stewart Mother Martha Stewart Stepmother Ailsa Stewart Half - brothers Owen Dalby Duncan Stewart Half - sisters Quinn Jackson Husband Frank Morgan ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Harvey Ryan ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Daughters Martha MacKenzie Stepdaughters Lottie Ryan Grandfathers Gordon Stewart Grandmothers Sarah Stewart Aunts Morag Bellingham Celia Stewart Barbara Stewart Debra Stewart Colleen Smart Nephews Ric Dalby Bryce Stewart First cousins Alan Fisher Rebecca Nash Bobby Simpson Lance Smart Other relatives Seb Miller", "( show ) Family", "Father Alf Stewart", "Mother Martha Stewart", "Stepmother Ailsa Stewart", "Half - brothers Owen Dalby Duncan Stewart", "Half - sisters Quinn Jackson", "Husband Frank Morgan ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Harvey Ryan ( 2012 -- 2014 )", "Daughters Martha MacKenzie", "Stepdaughters Lottie Ryan", "Grandfathers Gordon Stewart", "Grandmothers Sarah Stewart", "Aunts Morag Bellingham Celia Stewart Barbara Stewart Debra Stewart Colleen Smart", "Morag Bellingham Celia Stewart Barbara Stewart Debra Stewart Colleen Smart", "Nephews Ric Dalby Bryce Stewart", "First cousins Alan Fisher Rebecca Nash Bobby Simpson Lance Smart", "Alan Fisher Rebecca Nash Bobby Simpson Lance Smart", "Other relatives Seb Miller", "Ruth Martha `` Roo '' Stewart ( also Morgan ) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away , played by Justine Clarke from 1988 to 1989 . The character made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 20 January 1988 . Clarke quit the role in 1989 and the character was written out . In August 2010 , it was announced that Roo would return to Home and Away with Georgie Parker in the role . The character returned on 29 October 2010 .", "In 1987 , Clarke auditioned for the roles of Carly Morris , Lynn Davenport and Bobby Simpson ; but was unsuccessful each time . After the series had finished filming their pilot episode , producers changed their minds and invited Clarke to audition for the role of Roo , which she won . Clarke told a reporter from TV Life that she was `` really pleased '' because she thought Roo was a `` great character '' .", "`` Roo is the much - hated character who attempts to sabotage her father 's marriage to Ailsa and who nearly fools Frank into marrying her by claiming that she is carrying his baby . There are two sides to her personality ; to the adults she is charming and personable . To people her own age she is boy - crazy and scheming . '' -- Kesta Desmond on Roo ( 1990 ) .", "`` Roo is the much - hated character who attempts to sabotage her father 's marriage to Ailsa and who nearly fools Frank into marrying her by claiming that she is carrying his baby . There are two sides to her personality ; to the adults she is charming and personable . To people her own age she is boy - crazy and scheming . ''", "-- Kesta Desmond on Roo ( 1990 ) .", "Roo 's personality gained an unwelcome reception amongst viewers . Clarke said that `` everyone '' hated Roo and revealed that people would `` boo '' at her while attending promotional appearances . On one occasion Clarke had to leave a shopping centre because females were shouting `` slut '' at her . Clarke said that Roo is `` a cow '' but defended her because Roo ultimately ends up suffering .", "In the serial 's first season , Alan Bateman wanted Home and Away to tackle serious social issues and a few months later Roo became the first character to have a teenage pregnancy . The production team felt that Roo 's pregnancy was `` risque '' because Home and Away was aired in an early evening time - slot . Clarke said she did not know what it was like to be pregnant and had to carry out research . While filming the storyline , Clarke was required to wear a bag filled with lentils beneath her clothing . This was to give the impression that Roo was pregnant , and as her pregnancy progressed more lentils were added to the bag to maintain continuity . Clarke remained unaware of how to portray a convincing birth scene . The wife of the episode 's director had previously given birth during a complicated labour . She helped Clarke with her research , which also included watching child birth videos . Clarke said that while she had learned most aspects of labour , not experiencing the actual pain of birth resulted in her feeling unprepared for the scenes . The birth scenes were filmed over the period of one day , consisting of more than fifteen shoots . Clarke said the dramatic breathing left her `` dizzy '' and even caused her to hyperventilate .", "Clarke played the role of Roo from 1988 , until the character was written out a year later after Clarke quit the show . Clarke has been asked to return to the show and reprise her role as Roo many times , but she has never agreed .", "In August 2010 , it was announced that Roo would be returning to Home and Away . Producers decided to recast the role after Clarke became busy with other television shows and her career as a children 's singer . Former All Saints actress , Georgie Parker was given the role and she began filming her first scenes in the same month . Of her casting , Parker said `` I 'm thrilled to be back at Channel Seven and to be part of Home and Away . Working with Ray is a joy . We are having a fantastic time together . The whole cast and crew have been wonderful '' . Of the decision to bring the character back , series producer Cameron Welsh said `` We had such a positive reaction to Emily Symons 's return as Marilyn ; we trust the fans will love having an original character such as Roo back in the Bay . Securing Georgie Parker to bring her back to our screens is a real coup for the show '' .", "Parker called her `` a colourful character who has a strong history with the origin of the show '' . Parker has said the grown up Roo is very different from the teenager . She said `` She was a colourful character when she left . She lost her mother when she was very young , and I think that when girls lose their mothers , they can go off the rails - and that 's exactly what Roo did '' . Parker added that she gets to play the adult who may have learned from past mistakes . During an interview , Meagher said the adult Roo is `` still full of energy , bluff and bravado . She 's had a few financial problems and is possibly running away from a bloke . '' He added that Alf has trouble getting her to tell him the truth , but he is `` pleased to see her back in the Bay . ''", "In July 2014 , the character was diagnosed with meningitis . After returning from an extended trip to Las Vegas to look after her injured aunt Colleen Smart ( Lyn Collingwood ) , Roo was very secretive about her times away . Within a day , Roo started showing symptoms of an illness . Parker explained `` This illness hits her fast and hard . She 's lethargic , but thinks it 's just jetlag . She also has a splitting headache that affects her eyes , and she 's low on energy . It 's all very out of character . '' Roo 's decision to keep quiet about her trip meant that nobody had any idea what was wrong with her . Roo fell unconscious at home and the situation became very serious . Roo was eventually diagnosed with meningitis . Her condition later took a turn for the worse and she suffered a seizure . In order to treat her , the doctors needed to know about her trip and her foster - daughter Maddy Osborne ( Kassandra Clementi ) found her passport , which revealed that she had been to Peru . With the information , the doctors were able to treat Roo and save her life .", "Roo begins to resent her father 's relationship with Ailsa Hogan ( Judy Nunn ) out of loyalty to her late mother , Martha ( Alison Mulvaney ) . Roo begins dating Frank Morgan ( Alex Papps ) and they start a band with Lance Smart ( Peter Vroom ) and Martin Dibble ( Craig Thompson ) . Roo 's continued obsession with Ailsa drives a rift between her and Frank , despite nearly sleeping with him as an act of rebellion over Ailsa staying over . Roo contacts her aunt , Morag Bellingham ( Cornelia Frances ) , who is a judge and asks her to do a background check on Ailsa . At Alf and Ailsa 's engagement party , Roo reveals Ailsa went to prison for killing her abusive father . However , Ailsa 's friends and Frank , side with her . Roo begins a feud with Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) , Ailsa 's friend . Tired of her behaviour , Alf sends Roo to boarding school in Sydney .", "Roo begins dating Brett Macklin ( Gerry Sont ) and she gets pregnant . Brett 's reaction to this to book an abortion for her . Roo returns to Summer Bay and tries convincing Frank that he is the baby 's father . She pretends to accept Alf and Ailsa 's relationship so she will be allowed to stay . Roo sleeps with Frank and arranges for Alf to catch them together . She tells her aunt , Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) , that she is pregnant with Frank 's baby . Frank agrees to marry her and Roo tries to accept Alf and Ailsa 's marriage . Brett turns up and tells Roo the mumps has left him infertile and that he now wants the baby . She refuses to let him back into her life , so Brett goes to Morag , who tries to talk Roo into changing her mind . In the middle of her wedding , she reveals that Frank is not the father of her baby . Frank drives off in anger and swerves off the road to avoid Bobby and the car falls into a ditch , almost killing him .", "The incident leaves Roo an outcast within the town . Morag tries to persuade her to move to the city with her , but Celia talks her out of it . Brett applies for custody , but Roo suggests they sort it out between themselves . She begins helping Brett 's family as they set up a business in the Bay . She is pleased when Alf and Ailsa 's differences over the development causes them to split up . With Ailsa returning to town to be Christopher Fletcher 's ( Ashleigh Bell - Weir ) godmother , Roo fakes stomach pains to stop Alf attending the christening . However , by hyperventilating she sends herself into premature labour and gives birth to a baby girl , who she names , Martha ( Burcin Kapkin ) . She is pleased when Frank seems to take an interest , until she learns that he is dating Bobby . Brett tries to force Roo into giving him custody of Martha . He kidnaps the baby and Roo considered suicide , before she is informed that Brett had returned Martha . Roo refuses to press charges and the couple realise that they can not raise Martha , so they give her up for adoption . Roo then begins to accept Ailsa , when she and Alf reconcile .", "Roo decides to take a break from the Bay and when she returns , she reveals that she has a new boyfriend , David Lee ( Anthony Wong ) . Alf and Celia are slightly shocked as David is Chinese and they are uncomfortable with Roo being in a mixed race relationship . Alf eventually gives the pair his blessing , but David later leaves town . Frank and Bobby marry and Roo is stunned to learn Bobby is Morag 's daughter and thus her cousin . Roo takes a job at the Macklin Corporation . Her manager , Nicholas Walsh ( Robert Taylor ) , sends nasty letters to Ailsa and frames Roo , with help from Morag . With Alf and Ailsa believing the letters are from her , Roo moves in with Celia and then with Morag . When Alf discovers the truth , he apologises and Roo moves back in . She then starts dating Simon Yates ( Christopher Saunders ) .", "Ailsa becomes pregnant , which pleases Roo . Alf and Tom Fletcher ( Roger Oakley ) go missing on a fishing trip and Ailsa goes into premature labour . Roo stays as her half - brother Duncan ( Allana Ellis ) is born , shortly before Alf is found . Roo finds herself working closely with Frank and when he is offered a promotion in the city , he celebrates by kissing Roo . She feels guilty about the kiss and when Frank goes to the city without Bobby , everyone assumes he and Roo had an affair . Roo is upset when Sally Fletcher ( Katie Ritchie ) blames her for the break - up . Bobby tells her that she and Frank would have broken up anyway and gives them her blessing . Roo then goes to the city to meet Frank and tells him she wants to give their relationship another go . Frank and Roo marry , but they split by the time Frank returns to town . Roo later moves to New York , where she is joined for a time by both Martha and Duncan . In 2005 , Roo has a near fatal car - accident and Alf and Morag fly to New York to be with her while she recovers .", "Five years later , Roo returns to Summer Bay . Alf is shocked to see her and Roo tells him that she has come for a visit as a job fell through and she had some frequent - flyer miles to use up . Roo starts receiving texts and calls from her boyfriend , Tim , and her bank manager . Colleen Smart is also shocked to see Roo and starts mentioning all the bad things she did in the past , until Alf tells her to stop . Robert Robertson ( Socratis Otto ) questions Roo about Martha and Hugo Austin ( Bernard Curry ) for the Federal Police and she states that she has not been in contact with them . Roo later tries to persuade Hugo 's mother , Gina ( Sonia Todd ) , to give them the money Hugo left behind , but Gina is reluctant . Gina runs a credit check on Roo and discovers that she is broke . Roo denies wanting the money for herself . Roo advises Alf to get a lawyer when rumours begin to circulate that he killed Penn Graham ( Christian Clark ) . Gina gets Roo to take a job with John Palmer ( Shane Withington ) , who pays her with Hugo 's money . Roo attends Bianca Scott 's ( Lisa Gormley ) bridal shower and wedding , before leaving for the States .", "On her return , Roo finds Alf has gone travelling and her aunt Morag has been placed in charge of the caravan park . Roo goes to the relaunch of Angelo Rosetta 's ( Luke Jacobz ) restaurant where she gets drunk and wakes up in bed with Miles Copeland ( Josh Quong Tart ) . Angelo offers Roo a room at his place and tries to make a pass at her . John hires Roo to organise sponsorship for the upcoming surf carnival . Roo becomes close friends with Nicole Franklin ( Tessa James ) and Marilyn Chambers ( Emily Symons ) . She also gets on well with Marilyn 's partner , Sid Walker ( Robert Mammone ) . Roo supports Nicole during her pregnancy and she asks her to be present at the birth . Roo also supports Romeo Smith 's ( Luke Mitchell ) attempts to start a charter business . Laura Carmody ( Roxanne Wilson ) arrives in the Bay and reveals she and Roo are old friends . Roo invites Laura to stay with her and they work together on a hospital fundraiser . Roo invites Romeo to accompany her on a business trip to Hawaii and he brings Indigo Walker ( Samara Weaving ) with them . When they announce that they are getting married , Roo calls Sid and he flies over . Sid kisses Roo , but she rejects him because he is with Marilyn . However , she runs after his taxi , but fails to stop him leaving .", "When she returns home , Roo is shocked to learn Marilyn and Sid have broken up . She and Sid kiss again and agree to be a couple . Roo and Laura organise a ball at Sid 's farm and Roo tries to make peace with Marilyn . Bianca is raped at the ball and Roo criticises Laura for selling tickets to the River Boys . Alf disapproves of Roo 's relationship with Sid , as he is worried about how he will treat her . Roo and Marilyn eventually become friends again and Roo breaks up with Sid when she realises his family will always be a priority over her . Roo takes over the running of the Diner due to staff shortages and she starts dating Harvey Ryan ( Marcus Graham ) , despite being warned not to by Romeo , Indi and Sid . Roo and Harvey break up when she learns he sabotaged Alf 's boat . Roo is disgusted when Harvey tries to blackmail John and she persuades Alf to stand against him during the council elections . Roo later takes a job alongside Harvey and becomes jealous of him and his girlfriend , Fleur Simpson ( Alys Daroy ) . Roo and Harvey later get back together and she is surprised when his ex-wife , Mel ( Allison Cratchley ) , and daughter , Lottie ( Morgan Weaving ) , arrive in Summer Bay .", "Sid tells Roo that Harvey had a young son who drowned and she becomes upset that Harvey did not tell her . Harvey admits to Roo that he and the Mayor rigged the election , so he would win . Harvey is arrested and Roo stands by him . She later tells Harvey that she loves him . Roo bonds with Lottie and agrees that she can move in with her and Harvey , when Mel goes to the city . Lottie and Mel eventually leave the Bay and Harvey asks Roo to marry him . Roo 's ex-boyfriend , Tim ( Jonny Pasvolsky ) , comes to the Bay and tries to win Roo back . Harvey and Roo marry and they take in teen runaways Maddy Osborne and Spencer Harrington ( Andrew Morley ) . Harvey sails around the world with his best friend , Winston Markman ( John Batchelor ) . Winston returns a few months later to tell Roo that he lost Harvey . Roo holds a memorial service for Harvey and says goodbye . Roo is delighted when Harvey eventually returns . However , he can not cope being back in the Bay , causing problems with his marriage . Roo decides the best thing for them to do is get divorced . Harvey agrees and leaves the Bay .", "When Colleen has an accident , Roo flies to Las Vegas to care for her . On her return , she becomes ill and collapses . She is diagnosed with meningitis and has to have fluid removed from her brain , but she shows no improvement . Nate Cooper ( Kyle Pryor ) discovers growths on her brain and her family learn that Roo went to Peru , where she had suffered a reaction to her inoculations . Roo is given antiviral drugs and recovers . Roo plans Marilyn and John 's wedding . At the reception , she is informed that Maddy has stolen her credit card to buy clothes . Maddy is later fired from the gym for stealing and Roo pays off her debt , preferring that Maddy owes her instead . When Maddy learns that she has ovarian cancer , Roo supports her through her treatment . Alf collapses during a school field trip to a war memorial and he is diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder . He experiences mood swings and Roo encourages him to speak to a therapist . James Edmunds ( Myles Pollard ) returns to the Bay and offers Roo a job as a lecturer at the university . She and James get on well and begin dating . Roo and Maddy then move in with James . He later proposes to her and she accepts . James and Roo try to get married quickly , but their wedding is stopped by Alf who thinks James lied about where he used to work . James and Roo then decide to put the wedding on hold . Roo later discovers James is already married with children , and has been lying to her all along . She calls off their engagement , but continues her relationship with him . After James confesses to Roo that he also lied to her about his parents being alive , she finally breaks up with him .", "When Roo visits her brother Duncan in Hawaii , she meets James Mayvers ( Tim Ross ) and they begin a relationship . Roo initially tries to keep the relationship a secret due to the age gap between them , but Morag soon catches them together . Roo faints and is convinced by Morag that she is going through the menopause . However , she soon learns she is pregnant . James tells Roo that he does not want children and asks her to have an abortion , but she refuses and decides to the raise the child as a single parent . James 's father David Mayvers ( Noel Hodda ) offers Roo $250,000 with the condition that she or her child does not contact James . Roo turns the offer down . While driving back from the pharmacy , she collapses in pain . Nate and Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) find her and diagnose a ruptured ectopic pregnancy . She undergoes surgery , but loses the baby . Roo leaves town to try and find Martha , but she is unsuccessful and returns home .", "A writer for Ausculture named Roo fifth on their Top Ten Aussie Soap Villains list . They called Roo `` evil '' for trying to break up Alf 's relationship with Ailsa , lying to and trying to marry Frank , leaving him at the altar and later having an affair with him . They added `` If she had n't already left town , I would n't have been surprised to hear that she was driving the speedboat that struck down Summer Bay 's beloved butch Bobby and killed her . On the plus side , she does have the rather hilarious name of ' Roo ' . '' Andrew Mercado described Roo as Alf Stewart 's ( Ray Meagher ) `` Minxy teenage daughter '' in his book , Super Aussie soaps : behind the scenes of Australia 's best loved TV shows . A TV Week columnist describe Roo as `` Summer Bay 's original spoilt brat '' who was never very far from drama .", "A Holy Soap writer stated that Roo 's most memorable moment was `` Bowling over her dad Alf by unexpectedly arriving back in Summer Bay after more than two decades away . '' The Herald Sun said Roo is `` Manipulative , mysterious and returned from living what she claims was the high life in New York '' , they predicted that her motives for returning to the Bay would puzzle viewers . When she slept with Miles , The Sun 's television magazine Buzz said : `` Will she ever give up her wild - child way ? '' Jaci Stephen writing for the Daily Mail highlighted the fact that Roo and Sid were fighting an attraction for one another . She said she could guess they would give into their desires in a number of `` days rather than weeks . '' Laura Morgan writing for All About Soap hoped Roo would not steal Sid from Marilyn and said : `` Keep your hands off that Sid , Roo ! '' When Roo finds happiness with Harvey , Stephen predicted that it would take one week before Roo became unhappy again ." ]

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[ "This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Survey Corps , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans .", "Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST .", "From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮 の 弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき 残酷 な 世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由 の 翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit . `` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales .", "A second season premiered on April 1 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll are streaming the second season on their respective websites , with Adult Swim airing a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓 を 捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れ の 鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan .", "On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for April 2018 .", "Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 )", "Season Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 )", "12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 )", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ ― シガンシナ 陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Young Eren Yeager , of the town of Shiganshina , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Survey Corps , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their mother Carla Yeager are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join which impresses his father Grisha Yeager . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlert from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , a Titan much taller than the walls ( later named the Colossal Titan ) suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to Shiganshina , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria ) , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush to their home to find their mother pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until the city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as the Smiling Titan eats Carla . `` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ 陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of the Shiganshina townsfolk escape to the inner Wall Maria while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but one of the Titans ( later named the Armored Titan ) rams the gate , breaching inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace choose to fight but they are wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る ― 人類 の 再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Shardis inspects the new recruits and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an Omni - directional Mobility Gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , however Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 ― 人類 の 再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Survey Corps on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack . 5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) May 31 , 2014 As Eren attacks the Colossal Titan , it destroys the wall 's cannons , revealing itself to be intelligent . As Eren prepares to attack its weak point , it inexplicably vanishes in a burst of steam . The Military Police scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Eren calms Armin and Jean , who both start having nervous breakdowns due to the approaching Titans . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . Despite Mikasa 's protest of wanting to stay and protect Eren , he convinces her to do her duty after promising her he will not die . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , one by one their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a bearded Titan and almost swallowed . As Eren recalls his past , where he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , he manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . Eren reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Connie Springer , Krista Lenz and Ymir . When Armin breaks down in tears after Connie asks what happened to his squad , Ymir correctly deduces that they are all dead . As Armin heads back to the rear guard , he blames himself for being weak and not saving Eren . Meanwhile , a greedy merchant tries to force his cargo into the city 's exit gate and refuses to allow the refugees to go first . As the crowd grows impatient , an Abnormal Titan suddenly approaches but is killed by Mikasa right before it can reach the crowd . When she realizes the merchant is the cause of the holdup at the gate , she threatens him into moving his cargo for the refugees . As she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa is targeted by slave traders , who murder her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discover the dead bodies while making a visit , Grisha orders Eren to return home . Instead , Eren tracks down the slave traders to a nearby hut and kills two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appears and begins strangling Eren , who tells Mikasa to kill the man if she wants to live , which she does after overcoming her fear and gaining resolve . Eventually , the children are found by the Military Police . As Mikasa cries that she has no home to go back to , she is invited to live with Grisha and Eren , who gives her a red scarf to wear . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな 刃 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their Omni - directional Mobility Gears being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa learns from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . Seemingly unfazed , Mikasa rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , and they are inspired to join her in the attack . Mikasa ends up running out of gas mid-air and falls into an alleyway , leading Jean to assume command . However , he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she at first accepts her fate but instinctively starts fighting back after remembering Eren 's words of perseverance . As she prepares to attack with her only remaining broken blade , another Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Connie show up , and they are all shocked to see the Rogue Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Rogue Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot area swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Rogue Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Connie agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Connie arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Rogue Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Connie fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat , but they see the Rogue Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , and much to their shock , watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that his severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕 の 行方 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Survey Corps and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . It is revealed that when Eren was eaten and swallowed by the bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims , one of whom was still alive . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming into a Titan himself and going on a rampage against them . To Eren 's confusion when regaining consciousness , Kitts 's men aim their weapons at him . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Rogue Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men corner Eren , but Armin and Mikasa defend him . Kitts accuses Eren of actually being a Titan in disguise , but Eren has no memories of becoming a Titan or how his limbs grew back . Even though Eren claims he is human , Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them . As they try to escape , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Rogue Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs . 10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) July 12 , 2014 After partially transforming himself to protect Mikasa and Armin , Eren climbs out of the Titan to talk with the two regarding the basement in his former house and how he believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts is still afraid and once again orders the cannon to be loaded . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for him to transform into a Titan and run away on his own , forever criminalizing himself in the eyes of humanity . The second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset , not a danger . Armin has several flashbacks and comes to the realization that even though he is physically weak and cowardly , he can still defend his friends , and decides to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control his Titan form . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren in Titan form carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison : Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in Titan form , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his Omni - directional Mobility Gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初 的 欲求 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of Omni - directional Mobility Gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Connie and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren in Titan form now fully awake and carrying the boulder towards the gate as planned , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs , with many of them sacrificing their lives in the process . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and a tearful Rico , the only remaining member of the elite squad , fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans but are then saved by the timely arrival of Levi . With the gate finally sealed , the army eliminates all of the Titans remaining in the Trost District except two , which are captured for research . As the army counts their casualties , a shocked Jean finds Marco 's dead and half - eaten body , Sasha 's group is horrified to find a pile of corpses regurgitated from a Titan , and Annie mourns one of her dead comrades . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Survey Corps . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの 日 から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes . 14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない ― 反撃 前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) August 9 , 2014 When word spreads about a Titan siding with humankind , the populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Darius Zackly , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police or the Survey Corps , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Survey Corps wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . As both sides get into heated arguments over Eren 's Titan powers , one of the merchants siding with the Military Police accuses Mikasa of being a Titan as well , much to Eren 's anger . When Eren calls out the Military Police and their supporters for their cowardice , one of them prepares to shoot him , only for Levi to beat Eren down . Despite being brutally beaten , he does not transform into a Titan , which Levi uses to show to the court that the Survey Corps can control Eren , and proposes that he is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zackly gives Eren to the Survey Corps where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out during Levi 's beating . 15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別 作戦 班 ― 反撃 前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Petra Ral , Oluo Bozado , Eld Jinn and Gunther Schultz , who are all elites chosen by him , bring Eren to the old Survey Corps headquarters where Eren will learn to control his Titan 's power under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that despite his rude and harsh demeanor , Levi does care about the people under his command . Meanwhile , Erwin and Mike Zacharias discuss the new recruits joining the Survey Corps and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . While discussing his powers with Levi 's squad , Hange arrives and asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . Hange is revealed to have an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . During her all night talks with Eren , she reveals that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . But the next day , the Survey Corps discover Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Survey Corps deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their Omni - directional Mobility Gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is . 16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか ― 反撃 前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police later , gives advice to Armin and Connie that it is their choice to decide on which branch of the military they join . The recruits from the 104th are later greeted by Commander Erwin at the ' Decision Ceremony ' , where he tells them that the goal of the Survey Corps 's expedition the following month is to reclaim Shiganshina and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Survey Corps 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Survey Corps in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertolt , Connie , Sasha , Krista and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Survey Corps prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Survey Corps begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls . 17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) September 6 , 2014 As the expedition gets underway , the Survey Corps assemble into their ' Long - Range Scouting Formation ' wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if a Titan is nearby so the group can steer to avoid them and avoid conflict if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Titan with a feminine body suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize it was the Female Titan 's work and she is possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the centre . 18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Krista , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . Soon , the whole formation reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . As he considers turning himself into his Titan form , Levi tells him to choose to either rely on his own strength or believe in his squad mates . Eren starts remembering when Hange , Levi and his squad had him try to transform into a Titan for experimental purposes but was unable to . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , much to the squad 's shock . They almost attacked him but Levi ordered them to stand down . Hange deduced that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks at the Female Titan , trapping her . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Survey Corps before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Survey Corps 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Survey Corps member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther . 21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all humans who can transform into Titans are like Eren since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice , while elsewhere the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into his Titan form , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Petra , Oluo and Eld manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms and kill her . However , the Female Titan manages to quickly regenerate her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into his Titan form , which gets Mikasa and Levi 's attention . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired . 22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者 達 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) October 11 , 2014 Levi , who orders Mikasa to distract the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , successfully debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but he injures his leg in the process when saving Mikasa from the Female Titan after leaving herself vulnerable when attempting to finish off . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Survey Corps mournfully retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . However , a Scout named Dieter retrieves the corpse of his friend Ivan against this direct order , which draws the attention of two Titans to the retreating Survey Corps . Mikasa kills one of the Titans to save Dieter , who loses both Ivan 's corpse and his friend Jurgen . In order to outrun the remaining Titan , Levi reluctantly orders some of the corpses , including Petra 's , be disposed of in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past to find himself and the Survey Corps back at town , safely behind Wall Sina . He becomes angry upon hearing the townspeople berate the Survey Corps 's ineptitude , until he sees a boy who admires their bravery , which sends him into tears . All the while , a shocked Levi is questioned by Petra 's father over his daughter 's whereabouts , who reveals that Petra planned on devoting her life to Levi . The townspeople also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス 区 急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District of Wall Sina , the Military Police are ordered to escort the Survey Corps convoy once they enter the capital . The Military Police are shown to be lazy and corrupt ; one of Annie 's colleagues , Hitch Dreyse , reveals that she joined the police for that reason . Another colleague named Marlowe Freudenberg is disgusted , revealing he joined the Military Police so he could reform it to become a better organization , which Annie respects since he reminds her of Eren . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin asks for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although refusing at first , she finally agrees after Armin begs again , believing she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel . However , Annie refuses to enter as she has noticed Armin behaving strangely and hidden Scouts watching her . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's Omni - directional Mobility Gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the last expedition . Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , but knowing her identity is exposed , Annie laughs sadly and tries to transform . Despite the Scouts ' attempts to bind and gag her , she succeeds in transforming using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin reveal to him they have a plan to capture the person they believe is the Female Titan and is shocked when they tell him it is Annie . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie in Titan form . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dok of the Military Police demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Survey Corps distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Rogue Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths while Hange orders her men to stand by before they capture Annie . Meanwhile , Erwin tells Nile that he will accept responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , for which Nile has Erwin arrested and orders the Military Police to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , a berserk Eren completely overpowers Annie , who attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina . However , Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers , sending her falling . As Annie falls , she remembers her father asking for forgiveness , telling her to hate the world and asking her to promise him she will come back home . When it appears Eren is about to eat Annie , he stops once he sees her crying , and her body starts encasing itself in crystal . As Eren recuperates , he admits to Mikasa , Armin and Jean that he allowed Annie to get herself encased . As Armin and Jean wonder if sacrificing their humanity to defeat the Titans is worth the price , Erwin attends a government inquiry , where he reveals that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks . He further explains that despite the deaths and casualties of his plan and how they can not get any information from Annie now that she is encased , she is proof there are humans that can turn into Titans living within the walls and he plans to find and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . In the end , Erwin 's name is cleared , Eren stays with the Survey Corps , Annie is put under the Survey Corps 's custody and the rest of the 104th Top Trainees go on their different missions . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate", "`` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ ― シガンシナ 陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) May 3 , 2014", "For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Young Eren Yeager , of the town of Shiganshina , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Survey Corps , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their mother Carla Yeager are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join which impresses his father Grisha Yeager . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlert from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , a Titan much taller than the walls ( later named the Colossal Titan ) suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to Shiganshina , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria ) , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush to their home to find their mother pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until the city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as the Smiling Titan eats Carla .", "`` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ 陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) May 10 , 2014", "Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of the Shiganshina townsfolk escape to the inner Wall Maria while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but one of the Titans ( later named the Armored Titan ) rams the gate , breaching inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace choose to fight but they are wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin .", "`` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る ― 人類 の 再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) May 17 , 2014", "The drill instructor Keith Shardis inspects the new recruits and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an Omni - directional Mobility Gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , however Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment .", "`` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 ― 人類 の 再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) May 24 , 2014", "Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Survey Corps on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack .", "5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) May 31 , 2014", "As Eren attacks the Colossal Titan , it destroys the wall 's cannons , revealing itself to be intelligent . As Eren prepares to attack its weak point , it inexplicably vanishes in a burst of steam . The Military Police scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Eren calms Armin and Jean , who both start having nervous breakdowns due to the approaching Titans . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . Despite Mikasa 's protest of wanting to stay and protect Eren , he convinces her to do her duty after promising her he will not die . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , one by one their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a bearded Titan and almost swallowed . As Eren recalls his past , where he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , he manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . Eren reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him .", "6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) June 7 , 2014", "Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Connie Springer , Krista Lenz and Ymir . When Armin breaks down in tears after Connie asks what happened to his squad , Ymir correctly deduces that they are all dead . As Armin heads back to the rear guard , he blames himself for being weak and not saving Eren . Meanwhile , a greedy merchant tries to force his cargo into the city 's exit gate and refuses to allow the refugees to go first . As the crowd grows impatient , an Abnormal Titan suddenly approaches but is killed by Mikasa right before it can reach the crowd . When she realizes the merchant is the cause of the holdup at the gate , she threatens him into moving his cargo for the refugees . As she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa is targeted by slave traders , who murder her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discover the dead bodies while making a visit , Grisha orders Eren to return home . Instead , Eren tracks down the slave traders to a nearby hut and kills two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appears and begins strangling Eren , who tells Mikasa to kill the man if she wants to live , which she does after overcoming her fear and gaining resolve . Eventually , the children are found by the Military Police . As Mikasa cries that she has no home to go back to , she is invited to live with Grisha and Eren , who gives her a red scarf to wear . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate .", "7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな 刃 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) June 14 , 2014", "The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their Omni - directional Mobility Gears being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa learns from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . Seemingly unfazed , Mikasa rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , and they are inspired to join her in the attack . Mikasa ends up running out of gas mid-air and falls into an alleyway , leading Jean to assume command . However , he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she at first accepts her fate but instinctively starts fighting back after remembering Eren 's words of perseverance . As she prepares to attack with her only remaining broken blade , another Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Connie show up , and they are all shocked to see the Rogue Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Rogue Titan 's strange behavior .", "8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) June 21 , 2014", "With the supply depot area swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Rogue Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Connie agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Connie arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Rogue Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Connie fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat , but they see the Rogue Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , and much to their shock , watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that his severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well .", "9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕 の 行方 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) June 28 , 2014", "Captain Levi of the Survey Corps and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . It is revealed that when Eren was eaten and swallowed by the bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims , one of whom was still alive . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming into a Titan himself and going on a rampage against them . To Eren 's confusion when regaining consciousness , Kitts 's men aim their weapons at him . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Rogue Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men corner Eren , but Armin and Mikasa defend him . Kitts accuses Eren of actually being a Titan in disguise , but Eren has no memories of becoming a Titan or how his limbs grew back . Even though Eren claims he is human , Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them . As they try to escape , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Rogue Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs .", "10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) July 12 , 2014", "After partially transforming himself to protect Mikasa and Armin , Eren climbs out of the Titan to talk with the two regarding the basement in his former house and how he believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts is still afraid and once again orders the cannon to be loaded . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for him to transform into a Titan and run away on his own , forever criminalizing himself in the eyes of humanity . The second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset , not a danger . Armin has several flashbacks and comes to the realization that even though he is physically weak and cowardly , he can still defend his friends , and decides to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control his Titan form .", "11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) July 19 , 2014", "As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren in Titan form carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison : Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa .", "12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) July 26 , 2014", "Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in Titan form , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his Omni - directional Mobility Gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control .", "13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初 的 欲求 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) August 2 , 2014", "Jean manages to acquire another set of Omni - directional Mobility Gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Connie and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren in Titan form now fully awake and carrying the boulder towards the gate as planned , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs , with many of them sacrificing their lives in the process . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and a tearful Rico , the only remaining member of the elite squad , fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans but are then saved by the timely arrival of Levi . With the gate finally sealed , the army eliminates all of the Titans remaining in the Trost District except two , which are captured for research . As the army counts their casualties , a shocked Jean finds Marco 's dead and half - eaten body , Sasha 's group is horrified to find a pile of corpses regurgitated from a Titan , and Annie mourns one of her dead comrades . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Survey Corps . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again .", "13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの 日 から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) --", "This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes .", "14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない ― 反撃 前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) August 9 , 2014", "When word spreads about a Titan siding with humankind , the populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Darius Zackly , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police or the Survey Corps , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Survey Corps wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . As both sides get into heated arguments over Eren 's Titan powers , one of the merchants siding with the Military Police accuses Mikasa of being a Titan as well , much to Eren 's anger . When Eren calls out the Military Police and their supporters for their cowardice , one of them prepares to shoot him , only for Levi to beat Eren down . Despite being brutally beaten , he does not transform into a Titan , which Levi uses to show to the court that the Survey Corps can control Eren , and proposes that he is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zackly gives Eren to the Survey Corps where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out during Levi 's beating .", "15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別 作戦 班 ― 反撃 前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) August 16 , 2014", "Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Petra Ral , Oluo Bozado , Eld Jinn and Gunther Schultz , who are all elites chosen by him , bring Eren to the old Survey Corps headquarters where Eren will learn to control his Titan 's power under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that despite his rude and harsh demeanor , Levi does care about the people under his command . Meanwhile , Erwin and Mike Zacharias discuss the new recruits joining the Survey Corps and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . While discussing his powers with Levi 's squad , Hange arrives and asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . Hange is revealed to have an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . During her all night talks with Eren , she reveals that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . But the next day , the Survey Corps discover Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Survey Corps deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their Omni - directional Mobility Gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is .", "16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか ― 反撃 前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) August 23 , 2014", "As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police later , gives advice to Armin and Connie that it is their choice to decide on which branch of the military they join . The recruits from the 104th are later greeted by Commander Erwin at the ' Decision Ceremony ' , where he tells them that the goal of the Survey Corps 's expedition the following month is to reclaim Shiganshina and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Survey Corps 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Survey Corps in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertolt , Connie , Sasha , Krista and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Survey Corps prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Survey Corps begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls .", "17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) September 6 , 2014", "As the expedition gets underway , the Survey Corps assemble into their ' Long - Range Scouting Formation ' wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if a Titan is nearby so the group can steer to avoid them and avoid conflict if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Titan with a feminine body suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize it was the Female Titan 's work and she is possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the centre .", "18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) September 13 , 2014", "Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Krista , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . Soon , the whole formation reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun .", "19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) September 20 , 2014", "Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . As he considers turning himself into his Titan form , Levi tells him to choose to either rely on his own strength or believe in his squad mates . Eren starts remembering when Hange , Levi and his squad had him try to transform into a Titan for experimental purposes but was unable to . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , much to the squad 's shock . They almost attacked him but Levi ordered them to stand down . Hange deduced that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks at the Female Titan , trapping her . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan .", "20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) September 27 , 2014", "With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Survey Corps before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Survey Corps 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Survey Corps member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther .", "21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) October 4 , 2014", "Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all humans who can transform into Titans are like Eren since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice , while elsewhere the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into his Titan form , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Petra , Oluo and Eld manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms and kill her . However , the Female Titan manages to quickly regenerate her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into his Titan form , which gets Mikasa and Levi 's attention . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired .", "22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者 達 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) October 11 , 2014", "Levi , who orders Mikasa to distract the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , successfully debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but he injures his leg in the process when saving Mikasa from the Female Titan after leaving herself vulnerable when attempting to finish off . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Survey Corps mournfully retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . However , a Scout named Dieter retrieves the corpse of his friend Ivan against this direct order , which draws the attention of two Titans to the retreating Survey Corps . Mikasa kills one of the Titans to save Dieter , who loses both Ivan 's corpse and his friend Jurgen . In order to outrun the remaining Titan , Levi reluctantly orders some of the corpses , including Petra 's , be disposed of in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past to find himself and the Survey Corps back at town , safely behind Wall Sina . He becomes angry upon hearing the townspeople berate the Survey Corps 's ineptitude , until he sees a boy who admires their bravery , which sends him into tears . All the while , a shocked Levi is questioned by Petra 's father over his daughter 's whereabouts , who reveals that Petra planned on devoting her life to Levi . The townspeople also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made .", "23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス 区 急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) October 18 , 2014", "Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District of Wall Sina , the Military Police are ordered to escort the Survey Corps convoy once they enter the capital . The Military Police are shown to be lazy and corrupt ; one of Annie 's colleagues , Hitch Dreyse , reveals that she joined the police for that reason . Another colleague named Marlowe Freudenberg is disgusted , revealing he joined the Military Police so he could reform it to become a better organization , which Annie respects since he reminds her of Eren . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin asks for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although refusing at first , she finally agrees after Armin begs again , believing she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel . However , Annie refuses to enter as she has noticed Armin behaving strangely and hidden Scouts watching her . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's Omni - directional Mobility Gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the last expedition . Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , but knowing her identity is exposed , Annie laughs sadly and tries to transform . Despite the Scouts ' attempts to bind and gag her , she succeeds in transforming using the spike in her ring .", "24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) October 25 , 2014", "A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin reveal to him they have a plan to capture the person they believe is the Female Titan and is shocked when they tell him it is Annie . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie in Titan form . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dok of the Military Police demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Survey Corps distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Rogue Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral .", "25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) November 1 , 2014", "Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths while Hange orders her men to stand by before they capture Annie . Meanwhile , Erwin tells Nile that he will accept responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , for which Nile has Erwin arrested and orders the Military Police to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , a berserk Eren completely overpowers Annie , who attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina . However , Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers , sending her falling . As Annie falls , she remembers her father asking for forgiveness , telling her to hate the world and asking her to promise him she will come back home . When it appears Eren is about to eat Annie , he stops once he sees her crying , and her body starts encasing itself in crystal . As Eren recuperates , he admits to Mikasa , Armin and Jean that he allowed Annie to get herself encased . As Armin and Jean wonder if sacrificing their humanity to defeat the Titans is worth the price , Erwin attends a government inquiry , where he reveals that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks . He further explains that despite the deaths and casualties of his plan and how they can not get any information from Annie now that she is encased , she is proof there are humans that can turn into Titans living within the walls and he plans to find and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . In the end , Erwin 's name is cleared , Eren stays with the Survey Corps , Annie is put under the Survey Corps 's custody and the rest of the 104th Top Trainees go on their different missions . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣 の 巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) April 22 , 2017 As the encased Annie is taken into custody , Hange and her team discover the Titan sealed inside the walls . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult appears , urging them to cover it from sunlight . After the Titan is covered with sheets , Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him . She suspects that more titans are hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . 12 hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Trainees are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Mike Zacharias orders the soldiers and trainees to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . In Stohess , Eren wakes up with Mikasa at his bedside and Armin tells them the Titans have breached Wall Rose . Back at the outpost , Mike buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a mysterious ape - like Titan covered in fur that is capable of speaking . The Beast Titan inquires about his three - dimensional maneuvering equipment ( 立体 機動 装置 , Rittai kidō sōchi ) , but Mike does not answer , so the Titan strips Mike of his gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) April 29 , 2017 Hange and Armin deduce that the Titans encased within the walls provide its strength . The Survey Corps depart from Stohess to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha rushes to warn her father and her village . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees but they are chased by the Titan . Sasha decides to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away . Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Connie arrives at his village , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Connie discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside . He and the others wonder how it got so far from the walls when its short , thin legs seem too weak to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西 へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) May 6 , 2017 Connie grieves for the death of his family while his senior Lynn tries to assure him they might be still be alive since no bodies nor blood was found despite Gelgar 's suspicions since the village horses are still at their stables . As Connie rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , the Titan in his house speaks to him , saying `` Welcome Back . '' Elsewhere , Ymir asks her seniors Nanaba and Henning to allow her and Krista to leave their group since they do n't have their gear which the latter tells Ymir not to worry about her . Eventually , both groups meet up but are surprised to discover there were no breaches at the Walls and rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Hange explains to Eren that she discovered the hardened crystallized skin that Annie created from her Titan form is the same material that the Walls are made of which might help them seal the breach at Shiganshina if Eren can learn to do the same thing . After witnessing the flight of the people of Wall Rose due to the Titans , Pastor Nick relents and tells Hange that a 104th Trainee can help her find the answers she seeks ; this is none other than Krista . Following this , an out - of - breath Sasha arrives and hands Hange a report . Shortly thereafter Hange and her group head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , Titans , led by the Beast Titan , attack Castle Utgard despite it being night time , forcing Gelgar , Lynn , Nanaba and Henning to defend the 104th Trainees . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Trainees rest as their seniors keep watch . Connie mentions the Titan he encountered at his village resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can . The Titans soon appear , and Nanaba and the Senior Scouts hold them off from the outside while Connie , Reiner , Bertoldt , Ymir and Krista defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower the unarmed Trainees are on , Ymir , in order to save Krista 's life and honor the promise they made , jumps off the tower , and transforms into a Titan . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) May 20 , 2017 During their winter training in the mountains as cadets , Krista and Ymir become lost while saving fellow cadet Daz during a blizzard . Ymir accuses of Krista of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She also reveals she knows that Krista is an unwanted illegitimate child of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Telling Krista that they were both given a second chance in life , Ymir makes Krista promise that should she ever reveal her true name , she should live her own life . Back in the present , Titan Ymir fights off the other Titans as Reiner and Bertholdt recognize Ymir as the Titan who ate their childhood friend in the past . Realizing Ymir is trying to help them , Krista tells Ymir to destroy the tower instead in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Krista and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir ; only the timely arrival of Hange and the other Scouts saves them . With the battle over , Krista attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Trainees learn Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Krista reveals that her real name is Historia . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) June 3 , 2017 After the battle , the Scouts climb the wall nearest to Castle Utgard and prepare to take the comatose Ymir to Trost for medical attention . They are surprised that there are no titans in the area , especially when a patrol led by Hannes reports that the walls were never breached . As the Scouts prepare to set off for Trost , Reiner takes Eren aside and casually reveals that he is the Armored Titan , Bertholdt is the Colossal Titan , and that their mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply come with them . The episode flashes back to 12 hours earlier in Ehrmich District where Hange explains that the scroll she received earlier from Sasha contained a background report on Annie which suggests a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little background information available . After reaching into their memories of Reiner and Bertholdt , they begin to suspect that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Hange therefore orders everyone to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their respective Titan forms despite a quick intervention by Mikasa . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and heads down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , an angry Eren shifts into his Titan form and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat '' `` Da tō kyoku '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) June 10 , 2017 As the Armored Titan and Eren 's Titan Form engage in battle , Mikasa regrets not having succeeded at killing Bertholdt and Reiner before they shifted into Titans . Hange orders the Scouts to attack the slow - moving Colossal Titan after it `` eats '' Ymir and another Scout , but it releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . Meanwhile , the Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and despite the best efforts of Mikasa to help , the situation seems desperate . Fortunately , Eren remembers the hand - to - hand techniques taught to him by Annie during their training and he begins to seriously damage the Armored Titan . Armin implores Eren to fall back to the wall for his own safety , and much to everyone 's surprise , he obliges . Hannes ' patrol returns , and Hannes is shocked to see the Colossal Titan , not to mention Eren 's Titan Form as well as the Armored Titan . The latter charges at Eren once more , who again utilizes grapple techniques to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . With the encouragement of his comrades , he is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . To the Scout 's horror , the Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫 う 者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan 's falling body hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of heat and steam and enabling the Armored Titan to free itself from Eren 's grasp and extract Eren from his Titan form . Bertholdt , carrying the still unconscious Ymir , uses stolen 3DMG to leave with the Armored Titan . The blast seriously injures many of the Scouts , including Mikasa and Hange . Several hours later in Trost District , Commander Pyxis , Erwin , Jean , and the other military forces are informed about the battle with the Colossal and Armored Titans as well as the capture of Eren and Ymir . Back at the walls , Armin watches over the unconscious Mikasa . While unconscious , Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she rescued Eren from the neighborhood bullies . She wakes , and is distraught to find that Eren is gone . There is nothing they can do about it in their current state , but Hannes gives a rousing speech reminding them of Eren 's steadfast resolve , and vows to help them rescue Eren . Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements . Hange , now awake , posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the relative safety of a nearby Forest of Giant Trees to rest until nightfall , assuming their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their missing and damaged limbs while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The episode ends with the soldiers departing from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , the badly injured Hange demands a horse to ride to Connie 's town to see the captured Titan who was unable to walk . Her assistant Moblit refuses and goes in her stead . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , Eren realizes that he has no arms , but his attempts to Titan Shift are stopped by Ymir . She points out that they are they deep within Titan territory , surrounded by Titans , weakened from their earlier battle , and only Reiner and Bertholdt possess 3DMG . When questioned , Reiner says that they are taking them to their hometown , and are waiting until nightfall , when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren remains unconvinced , but Ymir reminds him that they are not in a position to fight until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and warrior , which Ymir figures indicates confusion between his undercover and real personas . This infuriates Eren , who confronts Reiner and Bertholdt about the death and destruction they have caused as Titans . Ymir however , is more concerned about the ape - like Titan that caused the recent Titan invasion and who may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Ymir and Eren . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts , which angers Reiner and Bertholdt . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供 達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) At Connie 's village , Moblit assumes the Titans destroyed it without killing any humans . However , when he is handed a portrait of Connie 's parents , it appears that the disabled Titan is Connie 's mother . At the Forest of Giant Trees , Reiner continues to press Ymir to join them , but she 'll only help if they agree to take Christa with them . In a flashback to Ymir 's childhood , she is taken in and worshiped by a cult , who insist she has royal blood . She lives this lie until the cult is apprehended by soldiers , who punish the cultists and Ymir by injecting them with something and throwing them off a wall , resulting in them Titan Shifting . Ymir then spends the next 60 years as a Titan , only to happen upon Reiner , Bertholdt , Annie , and their friend Marcel . Marcel saves Reiner , but is eaten by Ymir , allowing her to return to human form . She realizes the freedom she felt in accepting who she was instead of living a lie was why she developed such empathy with Christa . Returning to the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to Titan Shift and take Christa with them . When the 104th Trainees enter the forest , Titan Ymir singles out Christa and envelops her in her mouth before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . At the edge of the forest , Reiner shifts into the Armored Titan , and with Bertholdt , Eren and Titan Ymir on his shoulders , he flees , with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir removes Christa from her mouth and exits her Titan Form in order to explain her actions to Christa . She claims she is doing this only to save herself , as she believes that by handing Christa over to those outside the Walls she will be granted amnesty , though in secret is trying to save her . Their conversation is interrupted by attacks from the Scouts , who have caught up to the Armored Titan . Christa convinces Ymir not to intervene as Mikasa desperately throws herself at Bertholdt to save Eren , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan surrounds the two with his hands . The rest of the 104th Trainees catch up with Mikasa and attempt to reason with Bertholdt to give up Eren but he refuses , distraughtly professing he and Reiner have done too much harm to let their mission be a failure . Hannes then orders them to scatter when he sees them charging straight towards a group of Titans baited by Erwin . As the Armored Titan is attacked by the arriving Titans , Erwin orders a charge but is carried away in the mouth of a Titan . Reiner , realizing he has no choice but to use his arms to defend himself , releases Eren and Bertholdt , but Mikasa is severely wounded by a Titan while trying to save Eren . Desperate , Armin distracts Bertholdt by infuriating him with the revelation that Annie was captured , allowing an opening for Erwin - now missing an arm - to cut Eren free of Bertholdt , allowing the injured Mikasa to finally rescue him . As the Scouts retreat , Connie and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying as she would never harm her . The retreat is hampered by the Armored Titan , who begins to throw Titans at the group , successfully knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Helpless , they hear an approaching Titan and turn to face it , coming face - to - face with the same Titan that ate Eren 's mother . 37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) July 22 , 2017 With the Scouts in a losing battle as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position , Eren tries but fails to transform and is forced to watch Hannes get killed protecting Mikasa and him from the Smiling Titan . Despairing , Mikasa comforts Eren and thanks him for always being there for her . Rekindling his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , Eren throws a punch at the Smiling Titan , activating an unknown power within him that suddenly causes the non-sentient Titans to attack and kill it , avenging both his mother and Hannes . Ymir realizes Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the `` Coordinate '' , the ability to control other Titans . The survivors escape after Eren causes the Titans to stop the Armored Titan . Feeling guilty for them , Ymir decides to leave Historia , believing she will be safe within the Walls , and saves Reiner and Bertholdt , letting them take her back to their hometown so they wo n't come back empty - handed . A week after the Wall Rose incident , Hange gives her report to Levi , Erwin and Pyxis , revealing the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were in fact the people of Connie 's village , shocked by her theory that all Titans were once human . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate", "26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣 の 巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) April 22 , 2017", "As the encased Annie is taken into custody , Hange and her team discover the Titan sealed inside the walls . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult appears , urging them to cover it from sunlight . After the Titan is covered with sheets , Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him . She suspects that more titans are hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . 12 hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Trainees are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Mike Zacharias orders the soldiers and trainees to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . In Stohess , Eren wakes up with Mikasa at his bedside and Armin tells them the Titans have breached Wall Rose . Back at the outpost , Mike buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a mysterious ape - like Titan covered in fur that is capable of speaking . The Beast Titan inquires about his three - dimensional maneuvering equipment ( 立体 機動 装置 , Rittai kidō sōchi ) , but Mike does not answer , so the Titan strips Mike of his gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans .", "27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) April 29 , 2017", "Hange and Armin deduce that the Titans encased within the walls provide its strength . The Survey Corps depart from Stohess to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha rushes to warn her father and her village . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees but they are chased by the Titan . Sasha decides to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away . Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Connie arrives at his village , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Connie discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside . He and the others wonder how it got so far from the walls when its short , thin legs seem too weak to support its body .", "28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西 へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) May 6 , 2017", "Connie grieves for the death of his family while his senior Lynn tries to assure him they might be still be alive since no bodies nor blood was found despite Gelgar 's suspicions since the village horses are still at their stables . As Connie rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , the Titan in his house speaks to him , saying `` Welcome Back . '' Elsewhere , Ymir asks her seniors Nanaba and Henning to allow her and Krista to leave their group since they do n't have their gear which the latter tells Ymir not to worry about her . Eventually , both groups meet up but are surprised to discover there were no breaches at the Walls and rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Hange explains to Eren that she discovered the hardened crystallized skin that Annie created from her Titan form is the same material that the Walls are made of which might help them seal the breach at Shiganshina if Eren can learn to do the same thing . After witnessing the flight of the people of Wall Rose due to the Titans , Pastor Nick relents and tells Hange that a 104th Trainee can help her find the answers she seeks ; this is none other than Krista . Following this , an out - of - breath Sasha arrives and hands Hange a report . Shortly thereafter Hange and her group head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , Titans , led by the Beast Titan , attack Castle Utgard despite it being night time , forcing Gelgar , Lynn , Nanaba and Henning to defend the 104th Trainees .", "29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) May 13 , 2017", "Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Trainees rest as their seniors keep watch . Connie mentions the Titan he encountered at his village resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can . The Titans soon appear , and Nanaba and the Senior Scouts hold them off from the outside while Connie , Reiner , Bertoldt , Ymir and Krista defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower the unarmed Trainees are on , Ymir , in order to save Krista 's life and honor the promise they made , jumps off the tower , and transforms into a Titan .", "30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) May 20 , 2017", "During their winter training in the mountains as cadets , Krista and Ymir become lost while saving fellow cadet Daz during a blizzard . Ymir accuses of Krista of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She also reveals she knows that Krista is an unwanted illegitimate child of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Telling Krista that they were both given a second chance in life , Ymir makes Krista promise that should she ever reveal her true name , she should live her own life . Back in the present , Titan Ymir fights off the other Titans as Reiner and Bertholdt recognize Ymir as the Titan who ate their childhood friend in the past . Realizing Ymir is trying to help them , Krista tells Ymir to destroy the tower instead in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Krista and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir ; only the timely arrival of Hange and the other Scouts saves them . With the battle over , Krista attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Trainees learn Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Krista reveals that her real name is Historia .", "31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) June 3 , 2017", "After the battle , the Scouts climb the wall nearest to Castle Utgard and prepare to take the comatose Ymir to Trost for medical attention . They are surprised that there are no titans in the area , especially when a patrol led by Hannes reports that the walls were never breached . As the Scouts prepare to set off for Trost , Reiner takes Eren aside and casually reveals that he is the Armored Titan , Bertholdt is the Colossal Titan , and that their mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply come with them . The episode flashes back to 12 hours earlier in Ehrmich District where Hange explains that the scroll she received earlier from Sasha contained a background report on Annie which suggests a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little background information available . After reaching into their memories of Reiner and Bertholdt , they begin to suspect that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Hange therefore orders everyone to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their respective Titan forms despite a quick intervention by Mikasa . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and heads down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , an angry Eren shifts into his Titan form and begins to fight the Armored Titan .", "32 7 `` Close Combat '' `` Da tō kyoku '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) June 10 , 2017", "As the Armored Titan and Eren 's Titan Form engage in battle , Mikasa regrets not having succeeded at killing Bertholdt and Reiner before they shifted into Titans . Hange orders the Scouts to attack the slow - moving Colossal Titan after it `` eats '' Ymir and another Scout , but it releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . Meanwhile , the Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and despite the best efforts of Mikasa to help , the situation seems desperate . Fortunately , Eren remembers the hand - to - hand techniques taught to him by Annie during their training and he begins to seriously damage the Armored Titan . Armin implores Eren to fall back to the wall for his own safety , and much to everyone 's surprise , he obliges . Hannes ' patrol returns , and Hannes is shocked to see the Colossal Titan , not to mention Eren 's Titan Form as well as the Armored Titan . The latter charges at Eren once more , who again utilizes grapple techniques to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . With the encouragement of his comrades , he is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . To the Scout 's horror , the Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan .", "33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫 う 者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) June 17 , 2017", "The Colossal Titan 's falling body hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of heat and steam and enabling the Armored Titan to free itself from Eren 's grasp and extract Eren from his Titan form . Bertholdt , carrying the still unconscious Ymir , uses stolen 3DMG to leave with the Armored Titan . The blast seriously injures many of the Scouts , including Mikasa and Hange . Several hours later in Trost District , Commander Pyxis , Erwin , Jean , and the other military forces are informed about the battle with the Colossal and Armored Titans as well as the capture of Eren and Ymir . Back at the walls , Armin watches over the unconscious Mikasa . While unconscious , Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she rescued Eren from the neighborhood bullies . She wakes , and is distraught to find that Eren is gone . There is nothing they can do about it in their current state , but Hannes gives a rousing speech reminding them of Eren 's steadfast resolve , and vows to help them rescue Eren . Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements . Hange , now awake , posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the relative safety of a nearby Forest of Giant Trees to rest until nightfall , assuming their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their missing and damaged limbs while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The episode ends with the soldiers departing from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation .", "34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) June 24 , 2017", "As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , the badly injured Hange demands a horse to ride to Connie 's town to see the captured Titan who was unable to walk . Her assistant Moblit refuses and goes in her stead . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , Eren realizes that he has no arms , but his attempts to Titan Shift are stopped by Ymir . She points out that they are they deep within Titan territory , surrounded by Titans , weakened from their earlier battle , and only Reiner and Bertholdt possess 3DMG . When questioned , Reiner says that they are taking them to their hometown , and are waiting until nightfall , when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren remains unconvinced , but Ymir reminds him that they are not in a position to fight until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and warrior , which Ymir figures indicates confusion between his undercover and real personas . This infuriates Eren , who confronts Reiner and Bertholdt about the death and destruction they have caused as Titans . Ymir however , is more concerned about the ape - like Titan that caused the recent Titan invasion and who may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Ymir and Eren . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts , which angers Reiner and Bertholdt .", "35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供 達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 )", "At Connie 's village , Moblit assumes the Titans destroyed it without killing any humans . However , when he is handed a portrait of Connie 's parents , it appears that the disabled Titan is Connie 's mother . At the Forest of Giant Trees , Reiner continues to press Ymir to join them , but she 'll only help if they agree to take Christa with them . In a flashback to Ymir 's childhood , she is taken in and worshiped by a cult , who insist she has royal blood . She lives this lie until the cult is apprehended by soldiers , who punish the cultists and Ymir by injecting them with something and throwing them off a wall , resulting in them Titan Shifting . Ymir then spends the next 60 years as a Titan , only to happen upon Reiner , Bertholdt , Annie , and their friend Marcel . Marcel saves Reiner , but is eaten by Ymir , allowing her to return to human form . She realizes the freedom she felt in accepting who she was instead of living a lie was why she developed such empathy with Christa . Returning to the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to Titan Shift and take Christa with them . When the 104th Trainees enter the forest , Titan Ymir singles out Christa and envelops her in her mouth before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . At the edge of the forest , Reiner shifts into the Armored Titan , and with Bertholdt , Eren and Titan Ymir on his shoulders , he flees , with the Scouts in hot pursuit .", "36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) July 15 , 2017", "As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir removes Christa from her mouth and exits her Titan Form in order to explain her actions to Christa . She claims she is doing this only to save herself , as she believes that by handing Christa over to those outside the Walls she will be granted amnesty , though in secret is trying to save her . Their conversation is interrupted by attacks from the Scouts , who have caught up to the Armored Titan . Christa convinces Ymir not to intervene as Mikasa desperately throws herself at Bertholdt to save Eren , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan surrounds the two with his hands . The rest of the 104th Trainees catch up with Mikasa and attempt to reason with Bertholdt to give up Eren but he refuses , distraughtly professing he and Reiner have done too much harm to let their mission be a failure . Hannes then orders them to scatter when he sees them charging straight towards a group of Titans baited by Erwin . As the Armored Titan is attacked by the arriving Titans , Erwin orders a charge but is carried away in the mouth of a Titan . Reiner , realizing he has no choice but to use his arms to defend himself , releases Eren and Bertholdt , but Mikasa is severely wounded by a Titan while trying to save Eren . Desperate , Armin distracts Bertholdt by infuriating him with the revelation that Annie was captured , allowing an opening for Erwin - now missing an arm - to cut Eren free of Bertholdt , allowing the injured Mikasa to finally rescue him . As the Scouts retreat , Connie and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying as she would never harm her . The retreat is hampered by the Armored Titan , who begins to throw Titans at the group , successfully knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Helpless , they hear an approaching Titan and turn to face it , coming face - to - face with the same Titan that ate Eren 's mother .", "37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) July 22 , 2017", "With the Scouts in a losing battle as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position , Eren tries but fails to transform and is forced to watch Hannes get killed protecting Mikasa and him from the Smiling Titan . Despairing , Mikasa comforts Eren and thanks him for always being there for her . Rekindling his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , Eren throws a punch at the Smiling Titan , activating an unknown power within him that suddenly causes the non-sentient Titans to attack and kill it , avenging both his mother and Hannes . Ymir realizes Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the `` Coordinate '' , the ability to control other Titans . The survivors escape after Eren causes the Titans to stop the Armored Titan . Feeling guilty for them , Ymir decides to leave Historia , believing she will be safe within the Walls , and saves Reiner and Bertholdt , letting them take her back to their hometown so they wo n't come back empty - handed . A week after the Wall Rose incident , Hange gives her report to Levi , Erwin and Pyxis , revealing the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were in fact the people of Connie 's village , shocked by her theory that all Titans were once human . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' .", "The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga .", "No . Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 ― ある 調査 兵 団員 の 手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family . 3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然 の 来訪 者 ― 苛ま れる 青春 の 呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Connie and Reiner teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their maneuver gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Krista hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Krista at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along .", "No . Title Original air date", "3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 ― ある 調査 兵 団員 の 手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 )", "In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family .", "3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然 の 来訪 者 ― 苛ま れる 青春 の 呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 )", "In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Connie and Reiner teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother .", "3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 )", "In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their maneuver gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Krista hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Krista at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along .", "Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ち み キャラ 劇場 と んで け ! 訓練 兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon .", "No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日 目 / 02 日 目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日 目 / 04 日 目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日 目 / 06 日 目 / 07 日 目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness . `` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日 目 / 9 日 目 / 10 日 目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Krista and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日 目 / 12 日 目 / 13 日 目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertolt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日 目 / 15 日 目 / 16 日 目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Connie and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Connie when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日 目 / 18 日 目 / 19 日 目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the Three Dimensional Maneuver Gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag . 8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日 目 / 21 日 目 / 22 日 目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hanji tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日 目 / 24 日 目 / 25 日 目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Trainee Corps takes place .", "No . Title Original air date", "`` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日 目 / 02 日 目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 )", "Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office .", "`` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日 目 / 04 日 目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 )", "Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa .", "`` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日 目 / 06 日 目 / 07 日 目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 )", "Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness .", "`` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日 目 / 9 日 目 / 10 日 目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 )", "Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Krista and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with .", "5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日 目 / 12 日 目 / 13 日 目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 )", "Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertolt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren .", "6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日 目 / 15 日 目 / 16 日 目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 )", "Connie and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Connie when they failed their test .", "7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日 目 / 18 日 目 / 19 日 目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 )", "Eren struggles to balance himself on the Three Dimensional Maneuver Gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag .", "8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日 目 / 21 日 目 / 22 日 目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 )", "Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hanji tries to communicate with a Titan .", "9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日 目 / 24 日 目 / 25 日 目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 )", "Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Trainee Corps takes place ." ]

[ [ "Rajendra Prasad", "the first President of India" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Rashtrapati Bhavan राष्ट्रपति भवन Location in New Delhi , Delhi , India General information Architectural style Delhi Order Location Rajpath , New Delhi , India Coordinates 28 ° 36 ′ 51.63 '' N 77 ° 11 ′ 59.29 '' E  /  28.6143417 ° N 77.1998028 ° E  / 28.6143417 ; 77.1998028 Current tenants Ram Nath Kovind ( President of India ) Construction started 1912 Completed 1929 Technical details Floor area 200,000 sq ft ( 19,000 m ) Design and construction Architect Edwin Lutyens", "Rashtrapati Bhavan राष्ट्रपति भवन", "Location in New Delhi , Delhi , India", "General information", "Architectural style Delhi Order", "Location Rajpath , New Delhi , India", "Coordinates 28 ° 36 ′ 51.63 '' N 77 ° 11 ′ 59.29 '' E  /  28.6143417 ° N 77.1998028 ° E  / 28.6143417 ; 77.1998028", "Current tenants Ram Nath Kovind ( President of India )", "Construction started 1912", "Completed 1929", "Technical details", "Floor area 200,000 sq ft ( 19,000 m )", "Design and construction", "Architect Edwin Lutyens", "The Rashtrapati Bhavan ( pronunciation ( help info ) , `` rásh - tra - pa - ti bha - van '' ; Presidential Residence '' previously `` Viceroy 's House '' ) is the official home of the president located at the Western end of Rajpath in New Delhi , India . It may refer to only the mansion ( the 340 - room main building ) that has the president 's official residence , halls , guest rooms and offices ; it may also refer to the entire 130 - hectare ( 320 acre ) President Estate that additionally includes huge presidential gardens ( Mughal Gardens ) , large open spaces , residences of bodyguards and staff , stables , other offices and utilities within its perimeter walls . In terms of area , it is one of the largest residences of a head of state in the world .", "This decision to build a residence in New Delhi for the British Viceroy was taken after it was decided during the Delhi Durbar in December 1911 that the capital of India would be relocated from Calcutta to Delhi . When the plan for a new city , New Delhi , adjacent to end south of Old Delhi , was developed after the Delhi Durbar , the new palace for the Viceroy of India was given an enormous size and prominent position . About 4,000 acres of land was acquired to begin the construction of Viceroy 's House , as it was officially called , and adjacent Secretariat Building between 1911 and 1916 by relocating Raisina and Malcha villages that existed there and their 300 families under the Land & Acquisition Act .", "The British architect Edwin Landseer Lutyens , a major member of the city - planning process , was given the primary architectural responsibility . The completed Governor - General 's palace turned out very similar to the original sketches which Lutyens sent Herbert Baker , from Simla , on 14 June 1912 . Lutyens ' design is grandly classical overall , with colors and details inspired by Indian architecture . Lutyens and Baker who had been assigned to work on Viceroy 's House and the Secretariats began on friendly terms . Baker had been assigned to work on the two secretariat buildings which were in front of Viceroy 's House . The original plan was to have Viceroy 's House on the top of Raisina Hill , with the secretariats lower down . It was later decided to build it 400 yards back and put both buildings on top of the plateau . While Lutyens wanted Viceroy 's House to be higher , he was forced to move it back from the intended position , which resulted in a dispute with Baker . After completion , Lutyens argued with Baker , because the view of the front of the building was obscured by the high angle of the road .", "Lutyens campaigned for its fixing , but was not able to get it to be changed . Lutyens wanted to make a long inclined grade all the way to Viceroy 's House with retaining walls on either side . While this would give a view of the house from further back , it would also cut through the square between the secretariat buildings . The committee with Lutyens and Baker established in January 1914 said the grade was to be no steeper than 1 in 25 , though it eventually was changed to 1 in 22 , a steeper gradient which made it more difficult to see the Viceroy 's palace . While Lutyens knew about the gradient , and the possibility that the Viceroy 's palace would be obscured by the road , it is thought that Lutyens did not fully realize how little the front of the house would be visible . In 1916 the Imperial Delhi committee dismissed Lutyens 's proposal to alter the gradient . Lutyens thought Baker was more concerned with making money and pleasing the government , rather than making a good architectural design .", "Lutyens traveled between India and England almost every year for twenty years , to work on the construction of Viceroy 's House in both countries . Lutyens reduced the building from 13,000,000 cubic feet ( 370,000 m ) to 8,500,000 cubic feet ( 240,000 m ) because of the budget restrictions of Lord Hardinge . While Hardinge demanded that costs be reduced , he nevertheless wanted the house to retain a certain amount of ceremonial grandeur .", "When Chakravarti Rajagopalachari assumed the office as the first Indian - born Governor General of India and became the occupant of this building he preferred to stay in a few rooms which is now the family wing of the President and converted the then Viceroy 's apartments into the Guest Wing where visiting heads of state stay while in India .", "On 26 January 1950 , when Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India and occupied this building , it was renamed as Rashtrapati Bhavan -- the President 's House .", "Consisting of four floors and 340 rooms , with a floor area of 200,000 square feet ( 19,000 m ) , it was built using 700 million bricks and 3,000,000 cu ft ( 85,000 m ) of stone with little steel .", "The design of the building fell into the time period of the Edwardian Baroque , a time at which emphasis was placed on the use of heavy classical motifs in order to emphasise power and imperial authority . The design process of the mansion was long , complicated and politically charged . Lutyens ' early designs were all starkly classical and entirely European in style . His disrespect for the local building tradition he dismissed as primitive , is evident in his numerous sketches with appended scrawls such as ' Moghul tosh ' and his short remark that ' they want me to do Hindu -- Hindo n't I say ! ' In the post-Mutiny era , however , it was decided that sensitivity must be shown to the local surroundings in order to better integrate the building within its political context , and after much political debate Lutyens conceded to incorporating local indo - Saracenic motifs , albeit in a rather superficial decorational form on the skin of the building . Various Indian designs were added to the building . These included several circular stone basins on top of the building , as water features are an important part of Indian architecture . There was also a traditional Indian chujja or chhajja , which occupied the place of a frieze in classical architecture ; it was a sharp , thin , protruding element which extended 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) from the building , and created deep shadows . It blocks harsh sunlight from the windows and also shields the windows from heavy rain during the monsoon season . On the roofline were several chuttris , which helped to break up the flatness of the roofline not covered by the dome . Lutyens appropriated some Indian designs , but used them sparingly and effectively throughout the building . There were also statues of elephants and fountain sculptures of cobras in the gar of the retaining walls , as well as the bas - reliefs around the base of the Jaipur Column , made by British sculptor , Charles Sargeant Jagger . The column has a `` distinctly peculiar crown on top , a glass star springing out of bronze lotus blossom '' .", "There were grilles made from red sandstone , called jalis or jaalis . These jalis were inspired by Rajasthani design . The front of the palace , on the east side , has twelve unevenly spaced massive columns with the Delhi Order capitals . These capitals have a fusion of acanthus leaves with the four pendant Indian bells . The bells are similar in style to Indian Hindu and Buddhist temples , the idea being inspired from a Jain temple at Moodabidri in Karnataka . One bell is on each corner at the top of the column . It was said that as the bells were silent British rule in India would not end . The front of the building does not have windows , except in the wings at the sides . Lutyens established ateliers in Delhi and Lahore to employ local craftsmen . The chief engineer of the project was Sir Teja Singh Malik , and four main contractors included Sir Sobha Singh .", "Lutyens added several small personal elements to the house , such as an area in the garden walls and two ventilator windows on the stateroom to look like the glasses which he wore . The Viceregal Lodge was completed largely by 1929 , and ( along with the rest of New Delhi ) inaugurated officially in 1931 . Interestingly , the building took seventeen years to complete and eighteen years later India became independent . After Indian independence in 1947 , the now ceremonial Governor - General continued to live there , being succeeded by the President in 1950 when India became a republic and the house was renamed `` Rashtrapati Bhavan '' .", "Lutyens stated that the dome is inspired by the Pantheon of Rome . There is also the presence of Mughal and European colonial architectural elements . Overall the structure is distinctly different from other contemporary British Colonial symbols . It has 355 decorated rooms and a floor area of 200,000 square feet ( 19,000 m2 ) . The structure includes 700 million bricks and 3.5 million cubic feet ( 85,000 m3 ) of stone , with only minimal usage of steel .", "The layout plan of the building is designed around a massive square with multiple courtyards and open inner areas within . The plan called for two wings ; one for the Viceroy and residents and another for guests . The residence wing is a separate four - storey house in itself , with its own court areas within . This wing was so large that the last Indian governor - general , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , opted to live in the smaller guest wing , a tradition followed by subsequent presidents . The original residence wing is now used primarily for state receptions and as a guest wing for visiting heads of state .", "Rashtrapati Bhavan has many halls which are used for state functions and other purposes . Two of them , Durbar Hall and Ashoka Hall , are the most prominent .", "Durbar Hall is situated directly under the double - dome of the main building . Known as the `` Throne Room '' before independence , it had two separate thrones for the Viceroy and Vicereine . Presently , a single high chair for the President is kept here under a 2 - ton chandelier hanging from a height of 33 m by a 23 m long rope . The flooring of the hall is made of chocolate - coloured Italian marble . The columns in Durbar Hall are made in Delhi Order which combines vertical lines with the motif of a bell . The vertical lines from the column were also used in the frieze around the room , which could not have been done with one of the traditional Greek orders of columns . The columns are made from yellow Jaisalmer marble , with a thick line running along the centre . It is said that the line thus drawn on the floor perfectly divides the mansion into two equal parts . It houses a 5th century Buddha statue from the Gupta period . This ancient Buddha statue is in a perfect straight line to the Gupta - period Bull placed outside and onto the India Gate at the end of Rajpath . The elevation of Raisina Hills is so much that the top of the India Gate lies at the same level as the feet of the Buddha 's statue placed in the Durbar Hall . The interior of this room and almost all the rooms of the palace are bare , relying on stonework and shapes to show austerity rather than intricate decoration .", "Durbar Hall has a capacity of 500 people and it is here in this building that Jawahar Lal Nehru took the oath of office of Prime Minister of Independent India from Lord Mountbatten at 8.30 am on 15 August 1947 .", "Ashoka Hall is a rectangular room of 32 × 20 m and the most beautiful of all the halls . It was originally built as a state ballroom with wooden flooring . The Persian painting on its ceiling depicts a royal hunting expedition led by King Fateh Ali Shah of Persia . The walls have fresco paintings .", "The two state drawing rooms , the state supper room and the state library are each on the four corners of Durbar Hall . There are also other rooms such as many loggias ( galleries with open air on one side ) which face out into the courtyards , a large dining hall with an extremely long table to seat 104 persons , sitting rooms , billiards rooms and staircases .", "The dome , in the middle , reflects both Indian and British styles . In the centre is a tall copper dome , surmounting a drum , which stands out from the rest of the building . The dome is exactly in the middle of the diagonals between the four corners of the building . The dome is more than twice the height of the building itself .", "The height of the dome was increased by Lord Hardinge in the plan of the building in 1913 . The dome combines classical and Indian styles . Lutyens said the design evolved from that of the Pantheon in Rome , while it is also possible that it was modeled partly after the great Stupa at Sanchi . The dome is supported by evenly spaced columns which form a porch with an open area between . In the New Delhi summer heat haze this gives an impression of the dome being afloat . Workers began to form the reinforced concrete shell of the outer dome at the beginning of 1929 . The last stone of the dome was laid on 6 April 1929 .", "Water features are present throughout the mansion , such as near the Viceroy 's stairs , which has eight marble lion statues spilling water into six basins . These lions were symbolic of the heraldry of Great Britain . There is also an open area in one room to the sky , which lets in much of the natural light .", "The Mughal Gardens are situated at the back of the Rashtrapati Bhavan , incorporate both Mughal and English landscaping styles and feature a great variety of flowers . The Rashtrapati Bhavan gardens are open to the public in February every year .", "Main garden : Two channels running North to South and two running East to West divide this garden into a grid of squares . There are six lotus shaped fountains at the crossings of these channels . Whereas the energetic fountains rising up to a height of 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) create a soothing murmur that enthralls the visitor , the channels are so tranquil in their movement that they seem frozen . In the channels at appropriate times of day can be seen reflections of the imposing building and the proud flowers . There are wooden trays placed on stands in the centre of the channels where grain is put for the birds to feed upon .", "Terrace garden : There are two longitudinal strips of garden , at a higher level on each side of the Main Garden , forming the Northern and Southern boundaries . The plants grown are the same as in the Main Garden . At the centre of both of the strips is a fountain , which falls inwards , forming a well . On the Western tips are located two gazebos and on the Eastern tips two ornately designed sentry posts .", "Long Garden or the ' Purdha Garden ' : This is located to the West of the Main Garden , and runs along on each side of the central pavement which goes to the circular garden . Enclosed in walls about 12 feet high , this is predominantly a rose garden . It has 16 square rose beds encased in low hedges . There is a red sandstone pergola in the centre over the central pavement which is covered with Rose creepers , Petrea , Bougainvillea and Grape Vines . The walls are covered with creepers like Jasmine , Rhyncospermum , Tecoma Grandiflora , Bignonia Vanista , Adenoclyma , Echitice , Parana Paniculata . Along the walls are planted the China Orange trees .", "Around the circular garden there are rooms for the office of the horticulturist , a green house , stores , nursery etc . Here is housed the collection of Bonsais , one of the best in the country .", "All the presidents who have stayed at the Rashtrapati Bhavan have taken a keen interest in the maintenance and upkeep of the Mughal Gardens . All have contributed in their own way . The underlying themes , however , have remained unaltered .", "The Mughal Gardens opens for general public viewing in February -- March every year during Udyanotsav .", "In July 2014 , a museum inside Rashtrapati Bhavan was inaugurated by President of India Pranab Mukherjee . The museum helps visitors to get an inside view of the Rashtrapati Bhavan , its art , architecture and get educated about lives of past presidents .", "The first restoration project at the Rashtrapati Bhavan was started in 1985 and ended in 1989 , during which the Ashoka Hall was stripped of its later additions and restored to its original state by the architectural restorer Sunita Kohli . The second restoration project , begun in 2010 , involved Charles Correa and Sunita Kohli ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Chris Potter Potter at the 2015 CBC Con Christopher Jay Potter ( 1960 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1960 ( age 57 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Nationality Canadian Occupation Actor , musician , pitchman Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) Karen Potter ( 1985 - present ) ( 4 children )", "Chris Potter", "Potter at the 2015 CBC Con", "Christopher Jay Potter ( 1960 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1960 ( age 57 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada", "Nationality Canadian", "Occupation Actor , musician , pitchman", "Years active 1988 -- present", "Spouse ( s ) Karen Potter ( 1985 - present ) ( 4 children )", "Christopher Jay `` Chris '' Potter ( born August 23 , 1960 ) is a Canadian actor , musician , and pitchman . He is primarily known for his roles on soap operas and prime - time television . Potter is known for his roles as Peter Caine , the son of Kwai Chang Caine ( played by David Carradine ) on the 1990s crime drama Kung Fu : The Legend Continues , Dr. David Cameron on the first season of Queer as Folk , as the voice of Gambit in the animated X-Men series , and for his recurring role as con - artist Evan Owen on The Young and the Restless . He plays Tim Fleming on the drama Heartland .", "The oldest of three children , Potter was born in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , to Ron Potter , an ex - pro-football player and insurance salesman , and Judith Potter , a singer . Potter was raised in London , Ontario , Canada . He had an early interest in sports such as hockey , baseball , and football , as well as in community theater .", "Successful in sports throughout his high school years ( attended Oakridge Secondary School in London , Ontario ) , Chris wanted a professional career as an athlete ; however , his father would not permit it . He later quit college to start a career as a rock musician . He discovered a love for the theater and became a professional stage actor . He also worked on an oil rig in Northern Canada , sold cars , and later became an insurance salesman . He left the insurance company to start his career on TV , as an actor and a pitchman .", "His wife 's name is Karen , and they have four children : Jesse , Quinn , Claire , and Gray .", "After being a spokesman on many commercials in the 1980s , and his role in Material World , he finally made his mark in TV playing David Carradine 's son and crime - fighting partner , Det . Peter Caine on Kung Fu : The Legend Continues , after receiving a contract with Warner Bros. in 1992 , and remained close friends with Carradine until his death in 2009 . His first role , in 1993 , was a hit in both Canada and United States . He also appeared on Silk Stalkings and provided the voice of Gambit for at least the first four seasons of the X-Men animated series .", "Aside from acting , Potter is also a singer and songwriter . He recorded the CD Tourmaline , for which he wrote all the songs . He also plays guitar , drums , and piano .", "Potter was featured in Rocket 's Red Glare ( 2000 ) . He appeared on the first season as Dr. David Cameron on Queer as Folk opposite Hal Sparks , and he starred in a mini-series A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 ) for ABC . Potter also appeared in Spymate ( 2006 ) .", "The following year , he landed another role opposite Amber Marshall in the CBC Television series Heartland playing the role of Tim Fleming . Also in 2007 , Potter joined the cast of The Young and the Restless in a recurring role as Evan Owen , playing opposite Judith Chapman , with whom he had previously appeared on an episode of Silk Stalkings ; Potter remained on The Young and the Restless until being written out in early 2008 .", "From 2008 - 2014 Potter was in a series of TV movies featuring The Good Witch , portraying Jake Russell . On three of the films , The Good Witch 's Charm , The Good Witch 's Destiny and The Good Witch 's Wonder he was co-executive producer . His co-star Catherine Disher had previously worked with him , on the X-men and two episodes of KF : TLC . Potter was unable to continue the role on the Good Witch television series because of scheduling conflicts with his work on Heartland .", "Angels in the Snow ( 2015 ) ... Charles Montgomery The Good Witch 's Wonder ( 2014 ) ... Jake Russell The Good Witch 's Destiny ( 2013 ) ... Jake Russell The Good Witch 's Charm ( 2012 ) ... Jake Russell A Warrior 's Heart ( 2011 ) ... Seamus Sullivan The Good Witch 's Family ( 2011 ) ... Jake Russell The Good Witch 's Gift ( 2010 ) ... Jake Russell The Good Witch 's Garden ( 2009 ) ... Jake Russell The Perfect Assistant ( 2008 ) ... David Westcott The Good Witch ( 2008 ) ... Jake Russell She Drives Me Crazy ( 2007 ) ... Hank Meacham Superstorm ( 2007 ) ... Dan Abrams Thrill of the Kill ( 2006 ) ... Graydon Jennings Spymate ( 2006 ) ... Mike Muggins Trump Unauthorized ( 2005 ) ... Fred Trump Jr. , adult The Pacifier ( 2005 ) ... Capt . Bill Fawcett Sex Traffic ( 2004 ) ... Tom Harlsburgh Right Hook : A Tall Tail ( Short ) ( 2004 ) ... Fisherman Rush of Fear ( 2003 ) ... Sam Bryant A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 ) ... Dr Jack Murry Open House ( 2003 ) ... David Morrow Arachnid ( 2001 ) ... Valentine Final Jeopardy ( 2001 ) ... Jed Seigel The Shrink Is In ( 2001 ) ... Jonathon Rocket 's Red Glare ( 2000 ) ... Tom Young The Waiting Game ( 1998 ) ... Adrian Seville", "Angels in the Snow ( 2015 ) ... Charles Montgomery", "The Good Witch 's Wonder ( 2014 ) ... Jake Russell", "The Good Witch 's Destiny ( 2013 ) ... Jake Russell", "The Good Witch 's Charm ( 2012 ) ... Jake Russell", "A Warrior 's Heart ( 2011 ) ... Seamus Sullivan", "The Good Witch 's Family ( 2011 ) ... Jake Russell", "The Good Witch 's Gift ( 2010 ) ... Jake Russell", "The Good Witch 's Garden ( 2009 ) ... Jake Russell", "The Perfect Assistant ( 2008 ) ... David Westcott", "The Good Witch ( 2008 ) ... Jake Russell", "She Drives Me Crazy ( 2007 ) ... Hank Meacham", "Superstorm ( 2007 ) ... Dan Abrams", "Thrill of the Kill ( 2006 ) ... Graydon Jennings", "Spymate ( 2006 ) ... Mike Muggins", "Trump Unauthorized ( 2005 ) ... Fred Trump Jr. , adult", "The Pacifier ( 2005 ) ... Capt . Bill Fawcett", "Sex Traffic ( 2004 ) ... Tom Harlsburgh", "Right Hook : A Tall Tail ( Short ) ( 2004 ) ... Fisherman", "Rush of Fear ( 2003 ) ... Sam Bryant", "A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 ) ... Dr Jack Murry", "Open House ( 2003 ) ... David Morrow", "Arachnid ( 2001 ) ... Valentine", "Final Jeopardy ( 2001 ) ... Jed Seigel", "The Shrink Is In ( 2001 ) ... Jonathon", "Rocket 's Red Glare ( 2000 ) ... Tom Young", "The Waiting Game ( 1998 ) ... Adrian Seville", "Heartland ( ep . 3.14 `` The Happy List '' ) January 31 , 2010 Silk Stalkings ( ep . # 8.14 `` It 's The Great Pumpkin , Harry '' ) January 24 , 1999 Silk Stalkings ( ep . # 8.6 `` Hidden Agenda '' ) August 30 , 1998 Silk Stalkings ( ep . # 7.22 `` Genius '' ) April 19 , 1998", "Heartland ( ep . 3.14 `` The Happy List '' ) January 31 , 2010", "Silk Stalkings ( ep . # 8.14 `` It 's The Great Pumpkin , Harry '' ) January 24 , 1999", "Silk Stalkings ( ep . # 8.6 `` Hidden Agenda '' ) August 30 , 1998", "Silk Stalkings ( ep . # 7.22 `` Genius '' ) April 19 , 1998", "Heartland ( 2007 -- present ) ... Tim Fleming ( Main ) The Young and the Restless ( 2007 ) ... Evan Owen ( Regular ) Runaway ( 2006 ) ... Bob Sullivan ( Minor ) Wild Card aka Zoe Busiek : Wild Card ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ... Dan Lennox ( Main ) Astronauts ( 2002 ) ... Sam Ryan Queer as Folk ( 2001 ) ... Dr. David Cameron ( Season 1 ) The Big House ( Pilot ) aka Being Brewster ( 2001 ) ... Jack Brewster Silk Stalkings ( 1996 -- 1999 ) ... Sgt . Tom Ryan ( Main Season 6 - 8 ) Kung Fu : The Legend Continues ( 1993 -- 1997 ) ... Peter Caine ( Main ) X-Men ( 1992 -- 1996 ) ... Gambit ( Remy LeBeau ) # 1 ( voice ) ( Main ) Material World ( 1990 -- 1992 ) ... Tim Lyons ( Season 1 - 3 )", "Heartland ( 2007 -- present ) ... Tim Fleming ( Main )", "The Young and the Restless ( 2007 ) ... Evan Owen ( Regular )", "Runaway ( 2006 ) ... Bob Sullivan ( Minor )", "Wild Card aka Zoe Busiek : Wild Card ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ... Dan Lennox ( Main )", "Astronauts ( 2002 ) ... Sam Ryan", "Queer as Folk ( 2001 ) ... Dr. David Cameron ( Season 1 )", "The Big House ( Pilot ) aka Being Brewster ( 2001 ) ... Jack Brewster", "Silk Stalkings ( 1996 -- 1999 ) ... Sgt . Tom Ryan ( Main Season 6 - 8 )", "Kung Fu : The Legend Continues ( 1993 -- 1997 ) ... Peter Caine ( Main )", "X-Men ( 1992 -- 1996 ) ... Gambit ( Remy LeBeau ) # 1 ( voice ) ( Main )", "Material World ( 1990 -- 1992 ) ... Tim Lyons ( Season 1 - 3 )", "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( ep . # 7.15 `` Manipulated '' ) February 7 , 2006 One Tree Hill ( ep . # 2.19 `` I 'm Wide Awake , It 's Morning '' ) May 3 , 2005 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( ep . # 5.25 `` Head '' ) May 18 , 2004 Andromeda ( ep . # 3.14 `` The Right Horse '' ) February 17 , 2003 Touched by an Angel ( ep . # 8.10 `` Angels Anonymous '' ) December 15 , 2001 Will & Grace ( ep . # 2.16 `` Hey La , Hey La , My Ex-Boyfriend's Back '' ) March 7 , 2000 The Outer Limits ( ep . # 5.19 `` Stranded '' ) July 30 , 1999 Lonesome Dove : The Outlaw Years ( ep . # 1.7 `` Providence '' ) November 23 , 1995 Spider - Man ( ep . # 2.5 `` Neogenic Nightmare Chapter 5 : Mutants ' Revenge '' ) October 7 , 1995 ( voice ) Spider - Man ( ep . # 2.4 `` Neogenic Nightmare Chapter 4 : The Mutant Agenda '' ) September 30 , 1995 ( voice ) Counterstrike ( ep . # 2.15 `` The Three Tramps '' ) January 11 , 1992 Top Cops ( ep . `` Betty Jane Hendricks and Wally Crabtree '' ) 1992 Top Cops ( ep . `` William Freeman '' ) 1992 The Hidden Room ( ep . # 1.7 `` Let Death Do Us Part '' ) December 7 , 1991 Top Cops ( ep . `` Dave Driscoll and Robert Cea '' ) 1991 Top Cops ( ep . `` Mike Eubanks and Robert Kurowski '' ) 1991 Top Cops ( ep . `` Rocky Bridges '' ) 1990 Top Cops ( ep . `` Snidersich '' ) 1990 Katts and Dog ( ep . # 2.22 `` Fatal Obsession '' ) 1989 Street Legal ( ep . # 4.8 `` Confession '' ) December 1 , 1989 Knightwatch ( ep . # 1.9 `` Cops : Part 2 ) January 19 , 1989 War of the Worlds ( ep . # 1.3 `` The Walls of Jericho '' ) October 10 , 1988", "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( ep . # 7.15 `` Manipulated '' ) February 7 , 2006", "One Tree Hill ( ep . # 2.19 `` I 'm Wide Awake , It 's Morning '' ) May 3 , 2005", "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( ep . # 5.25 `` Head '' ) May 18 , 2004", "Andromeda ( ep . # 3.14 `` The Right Horse '' ) February 17 , 2003", "Touched by an Angel ( ep . # 8.10 `` Angels Anonymous '' ) December 15 , 2001", "Will & Grace ( ep . # 2.16 `` Hey La , Hey La , My Ex-Boyfriend's Back '' ) March 7 , 2000", "The Outer Limits ( ep . # 5.19 `` Stranded '' ) July 30 , 1999", "Lonesome Dove : The Outlaw Years ( ep . # 1.7 `` Providence '' ) November 23 , 1995", "Spider - Man ( ep . # 2.5 `` Neogenic Nightmare Chapter 5 : Mutants ' Revenge '' ) October 7 , 1995 ( voice )", "Spider - Man ( ep . # 2.4 `` Neogenic Nightmare Chapter 4 : The Mutant Agenda '' ) September 30 , 1995 ( voice )", "Counterstrike ( ep . # 2.15 `` The Three Tramps '' ) January 11 , 1992", "Top Cops ( ep . `` Betty Jane Hendricks and Wally Crabtree '' ) 1992", "Top Cops ( ep . `` William Freeman '' ) 1992", "The Hidden Room ( ep . # 1.7 `` Let Death Do Us Part '' ) December 7 , 1991", "Top Cops ( ep . `` Dave Driscoll and Robert Cea '' ) 1991", "Top Cops ( ep . `` Mike Eubanks and Robert Kurowski '' ) 1991", "Top Cops ( ep . `` Rocky Bridges '' ) 1990", "Top Cops ( ep . `` Snidersich '' ) 1990", "Katts and Dog ( ep . # 2.22 `` Fatal Obsession '' ) 1989", "Street Legal ( ep . # 4.8 `` Confession '' ) December 1 , 1989", "Knightwatch ( ep . # 1.9 `` Cops : Part 2 ) January 19 , 1989", "War of the Worlds ( ep . # 1.3 `` The Walls of Jericho '' ) October 10 , 1988" ]

[ [] ]

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[ "`` Fame '' Artwork for Dutch and Belgian releases Single by Irene Cara from the album Fame soundtrack B - side `` Never Alone '' ( performed by the Contemporary Gospel Chorus , The High School of Music and Art ) Released June 1980 Format 7 '' single 12 '' single ( Europe only ) Recorded 1979 Genre Pop , post-disco Length 3 : 48 ( 7 '' version ) 5 : 14 ( 12 '' version ) Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Michael Gore Dean Pitchford Producer ( s ) Michael Gore Irene Cara singles chronology `` Fame '' ( 1980 ) `` Out Here on My Own '' ( 1980 ) `` Fame '' ( 1980 ) `` Out Here on My Own '' ( 1980 )", "`` Fame ''", "Artwork for Dutch and Belgian releases", "Single by Irene Cara", "from the album Fame soundtrack", "B - side `` Never Alone '' ( performed by the Contemporary Gospel Chorus , The High School of Music and Art )", "Released June 1980", "Format 7 '' single 12 '' single ( Europe only )", "7 '' single 12 '' single ( Europe only )", "7 '' single", "12 '' single ( Europe only )", "Recorded 1979", "Genre Pop , post-disco", "Length 3 : 48 ( 7 '' version ) 5 : 14 ( 12 '' version )", "3 : 48 ( 7 '' version ) 5 : 14 ( 12 '' version )", "3 : 48 ( 7 '' version )", "5 : 14 ( 12 '' version )", "Label RSO", "Songwriter ( s ) Michael Gore Dean Pitchford", "Michael Gore Dean Pitchford", "Producer ( s ) Michael Gore", "Irene Cara singles chronology", "`` Fame '' ( 1980 ) `` Out Here on My Own '' ( 1980 )", "`` Fame '' ( 1980 ) `` Out Here on My Own '' ( 1980 )", "`` Fame '' ( 1980 ) `` Out Here on My Own '' ( 1980 )", "`` Fame '' ( 1980 ) `` Out Here on My Own '' ( 1980 )", "`` Fame '' ( 1980 ) `` Out Here on My Own '' ( 1980 )", "`` Fame '' ( 1980 ) `` Out Here on My Own '' ( 1980 )", "`` Fame '' is a pop song , written by Michael Gore ( music ) and Dean Pitchford ( lyrics ) , released in 1980 that achieved chart success as the theme song to the Fame film and TV series . The song was performed by Irene Cara , who played the role of Coco Hernandez in the original movie . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1980 , and the Golden Globe Award the same year . In 2004 it finished at number 51 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema .", "Irene Cara played the role of Coco Hernandez in the movie Fame and sang the vocals for the theme song . The music for the song was by Michael Gore and the lyrics were by Dean Pitchford . The song earned Cara Grammy nominations for Best New Female Artist and Best New Pop Artist . The movie became an `` overnight sensation '' . The song won an Oscar for best film theme song in 1981 . In July 1982 it topped the British charts . The movie was adapted into a TV series and stage show which toured Europe .", "The song was later used as the theme song for the Fame television series , which aired from 1982 to 1987 . It was also used in other TV shows related to Fame .", "`` Fame '' rose to number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1980 . It also reached number one on the Billboard dance chart for one week . The song was rereleased in the United Kingdom in 1982 following the airing of the Fame television series . It hit number one in the UK Singles Chart for three weeks . It has sold 1.05 million copies in the UK as of June 2013 . The song also reached number one in Flanders , Ireland , the Netherlands and New Zealand , and number three in Australia and Sweden .", "Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 -- 83 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) 42 France ( SNEP ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 29 US Billboard Hot 100 66 US Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles 40 Chart ( 1982 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 UK ( British Market Research Bureau ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Netherlands ( Nationale Hitparade ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,050,000 shipments figures based on certification alone", "Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 -- 83 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) 42 France ( SNEP ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 29 US Billboard Hot 100 66 US Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles 40 Chart ( 1982 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 UK ( British Market Research Bureau ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Netherlands ( Nationale Hitparade ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,050,000 shipments figures based on certification alone", "Chart ( 1980 -- 83 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) 42 France ( SNEP ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles 5", "Chart ( 1980 -- 83 ) Peak position", "Australia ( Kent Music Report )", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )", "Canada ( RPM ) 42", "France ( SNEP )", "Ireland ( IRMA )", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 )", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 )", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard )", "US Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles 5", "Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 29 US Billboard Hot 100 66 US Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles 40 Chart ( 1982 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 UK ( British Market Research Bureau ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Netherlands ( Nationale Hitparade )", "Chart ( 1980 ) Rank", "Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 29", "US Billboard Hot 100 66", "US Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles 40", "Chart ( 1982 ) Rank", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11", "UK ( British Market Research Bureau )", "Chart ( 1983 ) Rank", "Netherlands ( Nationale Hitparade )", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,050,000 shipments figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,050,000", "shipments figures based on certification alone", "shipments figures based on certification alone", "Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1982 album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood . The British group Girls Aloud covered the song in their 2006 Chemistry Tour . Hayden Panettiere covered the song in a Grammy 's promo for the ABC / CMT series , Nashville . And singer - songwriter Mree covered the song in 2014 , which then was featured on an episode of the television show , Grey 's Anatomy . It was also featured in a 2017 Moneysupermarket.com advert with Skeletor and He - Man ." ]

[ [] ]

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[ "A missus dominicus ( plural missi dominici ) , Latin for `` envoy ( s ) of the lord ( ruler ) '' or palace inspector , also known in Dutch as Zendgraaf ( German : Sendgraf ) , meaning `` sent Graf '' , was an official commissioned by the Frankish king or Holy Roman Emperor to supervise the administration , mainly of justice , in parts of his dominions too remote for frequent personal visits . As such , the missus performed important intermediary functions between royal and local administrations . There are superficial points of comparison with the original Roman corrector , except that the missus was sent out on a regular basis . Four points made the missi effective as instruments of the centralized monarchy : the personal character of the missus , yearly change , isolation from local interests and the free choice of the king .", "Based on Merovingian ad hoc arrangements , using the form missus regis ( the `` king 's envoy '' ) and sending a layman and an ecclesiastic in pairs , the use of missi dominici was fully exploited by Charlemagne ( ruling 768 -- 814 ) , who made them a regular part of his administration , `` a highly intelligent and plausible innovation in Carolingian government '' , Norman F. Cantor observes , `` and a tribute to the administrative skill of the ecclesiastics , such as Alcuin and Einhard '' . The missi were at first chosen from Charlemagne 's personal , most trusted entourage , of whatever social degree . Soon they were selected only from the secular and eccesiastical nobility : the entry for 802 in the so - called Lorsch Annals ( 794 -- 803 ) states that instead of relying on `` poorer vassals '' , Charlemagne `` chose from the kingdom archbishops and bishops and abbots , with dukes and counts , who now had no need to receive gifts from the innocent , and sent them throughout his kingdom , so that they might administer justice to the churches , to widows , orphans and the poor , and to all the people . '' Presumably the same year the capitulary usually known as the Capitulare missorum generale was issued , which gives a detailed account of their duties and responsibilities . They were to execute justice , to ensure respect for the king , to control the government of the military dukes and administrative counts ( then still royal officials ) , to receive their oath of allegiance , to let the king 's will be known , at times by distributing capitularies around the empire , and to supervise the clergy of their assigned region . In short , they were the direct representatives of the king or Holy Roman Emperor . The inhabitants of the district they administered had to provide for their subsistence , and at times they led the host to battle . The missi were protected by a triple wergeld and resistance to them was punishable by death . In addition special instructions were given to various missi , and many of these have been preserved .", "As missi became a conventional part of court machinery , missus ad hoc came to signify missi sent out for some particular purpose . The districts placed under the ordinary missi , which it was their duty to visit for a month at a time , four times a year , were called missatici or legationes ( a term illustrating the analogy with a papal legate ) ; the missatica ( singular missaticum ) avoided division along the lines of the existing dioceses or provinces . The missi were not permanent officials , but were generally selected from the ranks of officials at the court , and during the reign of Charlemagne high - standing personages undertook this work . They were sent out collegially , usually in twos , an ecclesiastic and a layman , and were generally complete strangers to the district which they administered , to deter them from putting out local roots and acting on their own initiative , as the counts were doing . In addition extraordinary missi represented the emperor on special occasions , and at times beyond the limits of his dominions . Even under the strong rule of Charlemagne it was difficult to find men to discharge these duties impartially , and after his death in 814 it became almost impossible .", "Under Charlemagne 's surviving legitimate son , Louis the Pious ( ruling 813 -- 840 ) , the process of disintegration was hastened . Once the king associated the choice of missi with the assembly of nobles , the nobles interfered in the appointment of the missi . The missi were later selected from the district in which their duties lay , which led to their association with local hereditary filiations and in general a focus upon their own interests rather than that of the king. The 825 list of missi reveals that the circuits of the missatica now corresponded with provinces , strengthening local powers . The duties of missi , who gradually increased in number , became merged in the ordinary work of the bishops and counts , and under the emperor Charles the Bald ( ruling 843 -- 877 ) , who was repeatedly pressured by bishops to send out missi , they took control of associations for the preservation of the peace . Louis the German ( ruling 843 -- 876 ) is not known to have sent out missi . About the end of the ninth century , with the implosion of Carolingian power , the missi disappeared from France and during the 10th century from Italy .", "The missi were the last attempt to preserve centralised control in the Holy Roman Empire . In the course of the ninth century , the forces which were making for feudalism tended to produce inherited fiefdoms as the only way to ensure stability , especially in the face of renewed external aggression in the form of Viking attacks , to which the impaired central power was demonstrated to be impotent ." ]

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[ "Colonization ( or colonisation ) is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components .", "The term is derived from the Latin word colere , which means `` to inhabit '' . Also , colonization refers strictly to migration , for example , to settler colonies in America or Australia , trading posts , and plantations , while colonialism he existing indigenous peoples of styled `` new territories '' .", "Colonization was linked to the spread of tens of millions from Western European states all over the world . In many settled colonies , Western European settlers formed a large majority of the population . Examples include the Americas , Australia and New Zealand . These colonies were occasionally called ' neo-Europes ' . In other places , Western European settlers formed minority groups , who were often dominant in their places of settlement .", "When Britain started to settle in Australia , New Zealand and various other smaller islands , they often regarded the landmasses as terra nullius . Terra nullius meaning ' empty land ' in Latin . Due to the absence of European farming techniques , the land was deemed unaltered by man and therefore treated as uninhabited , despite the presence of indigenous populations . In the 19th century , laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' Manifest destiny encouraged further colonization of the Americas . ( OR ) The term is derived from the latin world `` coler '' which means `` to inhabit '' . It is a process which a central system of power demin - ates the surrounding land and its components", "In ancient times , maritime nations such as the city - states of Greece and Phoenicia often established colonies to farm what they believed was uninhabited land . Land suitable for farming was often occupied by migratory ' barbarian tribes ' who lived by hunting and gathering . To ancient Greeks and Phoenicians , these lands were regarded as simply vacant . However , this did not mean that conflict did not exist between the colonizers and local / native peoples . Greeks and Phoenicians also established colonies with the intent of regulating and expanding trade throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East .", "Another period of colonization in ancient times was during the Roman Empire . The Roman Empire conquered large parts of Western Europe , North Africa and West Asia . In North Africa and West Asia , the Romans often conquered what they regarded as ' civilized ' peoples . As they moved north into Europe , they mostly encountered rural peoples / tribes with very little in the way of cities . In these areas , waves of Roman colonization often followed the conquest of the areas . Many of the current cities throughout Europe began as Roman colonies , such as Cologne , Germany , originally called Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium by the Romans , and the British capital city of London , which the Romans founded as Londinium .", "The decline and collapse of the Roman Empire saw ( and was partly caused by ) the large - scale movement of people in Eastern Europe and Asia . This is largely seen as beginning with nomadic horsemen from Asia ( specifically the Huns ) moving into the richer pasture land to the west , thus forcing the local peoples there to move further west and so on until eventually the Goths were forced to cross into the Roman Empire , resulting in continuous war with Rome which played a major role in the fall of the Roman Empire . During this period there were the large - scale movements of peoples establishing new colonies all over western Europe . The events of this time saw the development of many of the modern day nations of Europe like the Franks in France and Germany and the Anglo - Saxons in England .", "In West Asia , during Sassanid Empire , some Persians established colonies in Yemen and Oman .", "The Vikings of Scandinavia also carried out a large - scale colonization . The Vikings are best known as raiders , setting out from their original homelands in Denmark , southern Norway and southern Sweden , to pillage the coastlines of northern Europe . In time , the Vikings began trading , and established colonies . The Vikings discovered Iceland and established colonies before moving onto Greenland , where they briefly held some colonies . The Vikings launched an unsuccessful attempt at colonizing an area they called Vinland , which is probably at a site now known as L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland and Labrador , on the eastern coastline of Canada .", "`` Colonialism '' in this context refers mostly to Western European countries ' colonization of lands mainly in the Americas , Africa , Asia and Oceania ; The main European countries active in this form of colonization included Spain , Portugal , France , the Kingdom of England ( later the Great Britain ) , the Netherlands , and the Kingdom of Prussia ( Now Germany ) , and beginning in the 18th century , the United States . Most of these countries had a period of almost complete power in world trade at some stage in the era from roughly 1500 to 1900 . Beginning in the late 19th century , Imperial Japan also engaged in settler colonization , most notably in Hokkaido and Korea .", "Some reports characterize Chinese activities in Tibet as colonization .", "While many European colonization schemes focused on shorter - term exploitation of economic opportunities ( Newfoundland , for example , or Siberia ) or addressed specific goals ( Massachusetts or New South Wales ) , a tradition developed of careful long - term social and economic planning for both parties , but more on the colonizing countries themselves , based on elaborate theory - building ( note James Oglethorpe 's Colony of Georgia in the 1730s and Edward Gibbon Wakefield 's New Zealand in the 1840s ) .", "Colonization may be used as a method of absorbing and assimilating foreign people into the culture of the imperial country , and thus destroying any remnant of the cultures that might threaten the imperial territory over the long term by inspiring reform .", "During the Russian Empire , a policy of Russification was followed , in order to impose the Russian language and culture on conquered people in territory adjacent to Russia itself . In this way , the Russian Empire aimed to gradually , and permanently , expand its territory by erasing foreign cultures . Foreign languages within its territory were banned , as were foreign religions .", "The Soviet regime in the 1920s tried to win the trust of non-Russians by promoting their ethnic cultures and establishing for them many of the characteristic institutional forms of the nation - state . The early Soviet regime was hostile to even voluntary assimilation , and tried to derussify assimilated non-Russians . Parents and students not interested in the promotion of their national languages were labeled as displaying `` abnormal attitudes '' . The authorities concluded that minorities unaware of their ethnicities had to be subjected to Belarusization , Yiddishization , Polonization etc .", "By the early - 1930s this extreme multiculturalist policy proved unworkable and the Soviet regime introduced a limited russification for practical reasons ; voluntary assimilation , which was often a popular demand , was allowed . The list of nationalities was reduced from 172 in 1927 to 98 in 1939 by revoking support for small nations in order to merge them into bigger ones . For example , Abkhazia was merged into Georgia and thousands of ethnic Georgians were sent to Abkhazia . The Abkhaz alphabet was changed to a Georgian base , Abkhazian schools were closed and replaced with Georgian schools , the Abkhaz language was banned . The ruling elite was purged of ethnic Abkhaz and by 1952 over 80 % of the 228 top party and government officials and enterprise managers in Abkhazia were ethnic Georgians ( there remained 34 Abkhaz , 7 Russians and 3 Armenians in these positions ) .", "Russians were now presented as the most advanced and least chauvinist people of the Soviet Union .", "Ethnic Russians were sent to colonize captured territory such as Latvia and Estonia , while local languages , religions and customs were banned or suppressed . Population transfer in the Soviet Union was also used both as a military strategy to extinguish opposition to Soviet expansion , and as a continuation of the Russification policy of assimilating , or failing that , eliminating ethnic minorities through exile to a distant territory such as Siberia .", "In 1934 , the Soviet government established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Soviet Far East to create a homeland for the Jewish people . Another motive was to strengthen Soviet presence along the vulnerable eastern border . The region was often infiltrated by the Chinese ; in 1927 , Chiang - Kai - Shek had ended cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party , which further increased the threat . Fascist Japan also seemed willing and ready to detach the Far Eastern provinces from the USSR . To make settlement of the inhospitable and undeveloped region more enticing , the Soviet government allowed private ownership of land . This led to many non-Jews to settle in the oblast to get a free farm .", "By the 1930s , a massive propaganda campaign developed to induce more Jewish settlers to move there . In one instance , a government - produced Yiddish film called Seekers of Happiness told the story of a Jewish family that fled the Great Depression in the United States to make a new life for itself in Birobidzhan . Some 1,200 non-Soviet Jews chose to settle in Birobidzhan . The Jewish population peaked in 1948 at around 30,000 , about one - quarter of the region 's population . By 2010 , according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau , there were only 1,628 people of Jewish descent remaining in the JAO ( 1 % of the total population ) , while ethnic Russians made up 92.7 % of the JAO population . The JAO is Russia 's only autonomous oblast and , aside of Israel , the world 's only Jewish territory with an official status .", "Mass migrations such as Chinese emigration or the British diaspora or German diaspora have resulted in colonies abroad . In some cases , expatriate niches set up permanently in target countries masked under the spread of `` religion and culture '' . The intentions behind the movement and settling of expatriates and in many cases ( especially when not gathered into a niche per se ) expatriates do not necessarily seek to `` expand their native civilization '' , but rather to integrate into the population of the new civilization for economic purposes . It must be recognized that expatriates are different from exiles and often there is very little if no relationship between them . Exiles are more often than not diasporic or displaced communities or persons who have fled their native territory or homeland to somewhere else and are usually in this position due to the results of war or other major political upheavals and sometimes this includes the influence of colonization .", "Many human colonists came to colonies for slaves to their colonizing countries , so the legal power to leave or remain may not be the issue so much as the actual presence of the people in the new country . This left the indigenous natives of their lands `` slaves '' in their own countries .", "The Canadian Indian residential school system was identified by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( Canada ) as colonization through depriving the youth of First Nations in Canada of their languages and cultures .", "During the mid 20th century , there was the most dramatic and devastating attempt at colonization , and that was pursued with Nazism . Hitler and Heinrich Himmler and their supporters schemed for a mass migration of Germans to Eastern Europe , where some of the Germans were to become colonists , having control over the native people . These indigenous people were planned to be reduced to slaves or wholly annihilated .", "Many advanced nations currently have large numbers of guest workers / temporary work visa holders who are brought in to do seasonal work such as harvesting or to do low - paid manual labor . Guest workers or contractors have a lower status than workers with visas , because guest workers can be removed at any time for any reason .", "Colonization may be a domestic strategy when there is a widespread security threat within a nation and weapons are turned inward , as noted by Paul Virilio :", "Obsession with security results in the endo - colonization of society : endo - colonization is the use of increasingly powerful and ubiquitous technologies of security turned inward , to attempt to secure the fast and messy circulations of our globalizing , networked society ... it is the increasing domination of public life with stories of dangerous otherness and suspicion ...", "Obsession with security results in the endo - colonization of society : endo - colonization is the use of increasingly powerful and ubiquitous technologies of security turned inward , to attempt to secure the fast and messy circulations of our globalizing , networked society ... it is the increasing domination of public life with stories of dangerous otherness and suspicion ...", "Some instances of the burden of endo - colonization have been noted :", "The acute difficulties of the Latin American and southern European military - bureaucratic dictatorships in the seventies and early eighties and the Soviet Union in the late eighties can in large part be attributed to the economic , political and social contradictions induced by endo - colonizing militarism .", "The acute difficulties of the Latin American and southern European military - bureaucratic dictatorships in the seventies and early eighties and the Soviet Union in the late eighties can in large part be attributed to the economic , political and social contradictions induced by endo - colonizing militarism .", "The hypothetical permanent habitation of locations in Earth 's oceans is called ocean colonization .", "Related ideas such as the floating city are much less hypothetical - funds are presently being sought to build several large ships that would have permanent populations of up to 50,000 people each .", "In science fiction , space colonization is sometimes more benign . Humans find an uninhabited planet , and inhabit it . The colonization of Mars is an often - used example of this type of space colonization . In more recent science fiction , humans may create habitable space ( by terraforming or constructing a space habitat ) and call that a `` colony '' .", "On the other hand , if a planet were found to be already inhabited , much less benign consequences ensue : indeed , some science fiction authors have used the colonization of alien planets by humans , or the colonization of Earth by aliens , to explore the real - world issues surrounding the phenomenon . Such works include those of Mary Doria Russell , The Sparrow and Children of God .", "The ultimate form of space colonization is the Kardashev scale which assumes that a single dominant civilization will take over all energy on one planet , then one star , then a whole galaxy full of stars . However , this would not necessarily be so if other species were to be discovered during a galactic expansion . This may require more than one species to share the galactic space with each other as they both develop ." ]

[ [ "Karen O" ] ]

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[ "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Film score by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross Released December 9 , 2011 Recorded October 2010 -- December 2011 ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Post-industrial experimental ambient electronic drone Length 173 : 34 Label The Null Corporation / Mute , Madison Gate Records -- NULL 02 Producer Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross chronology The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Social Network 2010 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) Gone Girl ( 2014 ) Gone Girl 2014", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo", "Film score by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross", "Released December 9 , 2011", "Recorded October 2010 -- December 2011 ( Los Angeles , California )", "Genre Post-industrial experimental ambient electronic drone", "Post-industrial experimental ambient electronic drone", "Length 173 : 34", "Label The Null Corporation / Mute , Madison Gate Records -- NULL 02", "Producer Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross", "Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross chronology", "The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Social Network 2010 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) Gone Girl ( 2014 ) Gone Girl 2014", "The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Social Network 2010 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) Gone Girl ( 2014 ) Gone Girl 2014", "The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Social Network 2010 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) Gone Girl ( 2014 ) Gone Girl 2014", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is an ambient soundtrack by Trent Reznor ( of Nine Inch Nails ) and Atticus Ross , for David Fincher 's film of the same name . It was released on December 9 , 2011 . This is the second soundtrack that Reznor and Ross have worked on together , the previous being the Oscar - winning The Social Network , also for Fincher . The album was released on Mute Records outside North America .", "The soundtrack is nearly three hours long , and includes covers of the Led Zeppelin track , `` Immigrant Song '' , featuring Karen O of Yeah Yeah Yeahs , and the Bryan Ferry song , `` Is Your Love Strong Enough ? '' , by Reznor and Ross 's own band , How to Destroy Angels . The former premiered on KROQ radio on December 2 , 2011 , and was made available as a download to anyone who purchased the iTunes pre-order of the album . In addition , the file was accompanied with an extended , 8 minute trailer for the film , scored specifically by Reznor and Ross . On December 2 , a six - song sampler of the album was made available for free online along with the pre-release of various different formats of the soundtrack .", "The score was nominated for the 2011 Golden Globe award for Best Original Score -- Motion Picture , and won the 2012 Grammy award for Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media . The album debuted on the UK Albums Chart on 7 January 2012 at position 199 .", "A teaser trailer for the film was released online on June 2 , 2011 , ( previously being attached to certain domestic and international films ) , featuring a cover of Led Zeppelin 's `` Immigrant Song '' , by Reznor , Ross and Karen O ( from the Yeah Yeah Yeahs ) .", "On August 10 , the film 's official website was updated to feature background music `` She Reminds Me of You '' , under the filename `` Dotcom. mp3 '' . As was the case with `` Hand Covers Bruise '' from The Social Network 's official site , this backing music was the first piece from the score to be available for listening .", "A full - length trailer for the film was released on September 22 , featuring music from the score again , the first time the score had been specifically set to footage . Specifically the track `` An Itch . ''", "One track from the score ( `` What If We Could ? '' ) has been performed live by Reznor 's band Nine Inch Nails on their Twenty Thirteen Tour in summer 2013 .", "A Tumblr blog entitled Mouth Taped Shut was launched on August 20 , 2011 , releasing behind - the - scenes photographs of the shooting and production of the film . On October 3 , the blog posted a YouTube video of custom posters for the film being printed , with backing music by Reznor and Ross . The blog was also used extensively to promote a public preview of the film , and had hosted snapshots of the score in progress .", "An image posted on Mouth Taped Shut showed Reznor in the studio , working on the score . On close inspection , however , the monitor of his computer displayed the url , http://www.comesforthinthethaw.com , which when typed in linked to a site featuring an ever - evolving array of further background music accompanied to various film stills .", "Following a hidden clue on ... Comes Forth in theThaw , the website http://www.whatishiddeninsnow.com was found , which led to a series of treasure trails around the world , finding pieces from the film as part of an Alternate Reality Game promotion .", "The album 's art was created by Nine Inch Nails and How to Destroy Angels ' creative director Rob Sheridan and Neil Kellerhouse .", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was opened for pre-orders online on December 2 , 2011 , on Reznor 's independent label website Null Corporation in a number of different formats at various price points . The digital copy was released on December 9 , whilst retail copies of the album were distributed by Mute Records on December 27 in CD format followed by the `` Deluxe '' edition on February 6 . The smallest Dragon Tattoo package contains the entire album in 320 kbit / s MP3 format made available for download directly from the website for US $12 . A lossless digital version includes a choice of Apple Lossless or FLAC for US $14 . A standard physical version is available for US $14 and includes three audio CDs stored in an eight panel digipak with custom `` ice '' slipcase and a six panel insert , alongside a digital version delivered in 320 kbit / s MP3 . A $300 `` Deluxe Edition '' includes a 6 - LP 180 gram vinyl set in a deluxe book package with metal cover in a hard plastic `` ice '' slip cover , an exclusive custom 8GB metal razor blade USB pendant ( inspired by Lisbeth Salander 's razor blade necklace ) containing the full album in high - fidelity 96k audio , a fold - out poster designed by Neil Kellerhouse , and a HD digital copy in either Apple Lossless , FLAC , or 320 kbit / s MP3 formats .", "On the day of the six - track sampler 's launch , Reznor posted about the release on the Nine Inch Nails website :", "For the last fourteen months Atticus and I have been hard at work on David Fincher 's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . We laughed , we cried , we lost our minds and in the process made some of the most beautiful and disturbing music of our careers . The result is a sprawling three - hour opus that I am happy to announce is available for pre-order right now for as low as $11.99 . The full release will be available in one week - December 9th . ( ... ) Atticus and I are very proud of the film and our work , we hope you enjoy .", "Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The A.V. Club ( B ) Consequence of Sound Filmtracks The Los Angeles Times The New York Times ( favorable ) The Philadelphia Inquirer Pitchfork Media ( 7.0 / 10 ) Rolling Stone The Salt Lake Tribune ( B ) Movie Music UK", "Professional ratings", "Review scores", "Source Rating", "Allmusic", "The A.V. Club ( B )", "Consequence of Sound", "Filmtracks", "The Los Angeles Times", "The New York Times ( favorable )", "The Philadelphia Inquirer", "Pitchfork Media ( 7.0 / 10 )", "Rolling Stone", "The Salt Lake Tribune ( B )", "Movie Music UK", "Critical response to the score was generally favorable , with an average rating of 76 % based on 11 professional reviews on Metacritic . Christian Cottingham of Drowned in Sound noticed that , `` like the film the soundtrack favours atmosphere over cheap thrill , taking its time to mount a sense of rising dread , layers of drone building overtop machinery echo and worn piano faded between scattered melodies and sparse percussion . In isolation it 's an accompaniment to 3am melancholy or the onset of madness : in context it 's Fincher 's bleached out whites and blacks and murky greens turned to sound , bleaker than their previous work and more ambitious even than NIN 's Ghosts . '' Cottingham asserted that Dragon Tattoo , `` most ( ly ) recalls Reznor 's soundtrack for Quake in the late 90 's , where space and silence played a role as great as any multitrack in conveying tension and unsettling the mood . At times tender but mostly pretty terrifying , this needs to be heard somewhere loud , and preferably with an exit in easy reach . ''", "Conversely professional film music critics like Christian Clemmensen , of Filmtracks , and Jonathan Broxton , of Movie Music UK , dismissed it entirely , the latter considering the score as : `` little more than a series of ambient drones , overlaid with various industrial sound effects and staccato rhythms -- de-tuned piano chords , plucked bass notes , and the like . '' He also stated : `` When the score is n't jarringly distracting , it 's virtually inaudible or indistinguishable from the film 's sound effects , begging the question of why the music is there in the first place . ''", "Date of ceremony Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result December 5 , 2011 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Score Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated December 19 , 2011 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Original Score Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated December 19 , 2011 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards Best Music Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated Best Scene Opening credits ( Immigrant Song ) Won January 10 , 2012 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards 2011 Best Film Music or Score Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Won January 12 , 2012 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Composer Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated January 15 , 2012 Golden Globe Awards Best Original Score Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated February 12 , 2012 BAFTA Awards Best Original Music Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated February 10 , 2013 Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Won", "Date of ceremony Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result", "December 5 , 2011 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Score Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated", "December 19 , 2011 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Original Score Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated", "December 19 , 2011 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards Best Music Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated", "Best Scene Opening credits ( Immigrant Song ) Won", "January 10 , 2012 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards 2011 Best Film Music or Score Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Won", "January 12 , 2012 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Composer Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated", "January 15 , 2012 Golden Globe Awards Best Original Score Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated", "February 12 , 2012 BAFTA Awards Best Original Music Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Nominated", "February 10 , 2013 Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross Won", "All tracks written by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross , except where noted .", "Disc 1 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Immigrant Song '' ( featuring Karen O ) Jimmy Page , Robert Plant 2 : 47 2 . `` She Reminds Me of You '' 4 : 25 3 . `` People Lie All the Time '' 4 : 10 4 . `` Pinned and Mounted '' 5 : 04 5 . `` Perihelion '' 6 : 01 6 . `` What If We Could ? '' 4 : 08 7 . `` With the Flies '' 7 : 41 8 . `` Hidden in Snow '' 5 : 19 9 . `` A Thousand Details '' 3 : 58 10 . `` One Particular Moment '' 7 : 00 11 . `` I Ca n't Take It Anymore '' 1 : 48 12 . `` How Brittle the Bones '' 1 : 49 13 . `` Please Take Your Hand Away '' 6 : 00 Total length : 60 : 10", "Disc 1", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Immigrant Song '' ( featuring Karen O ) Jimmy Page , Robert Plant 2 : 47", "2 . `` She Reminds Me of You '' 4 : 25", "3 . `` People Lie All the Time '' 4 : 10", "4 . `` Pinned and Mounted '' 5 : 04", "5 . `` Perihelion '' 6 : 01", "6 . `` What If We Could ? '' 4 : 08", "7 . `` With the Flies '' 7 : 41", "8 . `` Hidden in Snow '' 5 : 19", "9 . `` A Thousand Details '' 3 : 58", "10 . `` One Particular Moment '' 7 : 00", "11 . `` I Ca n't Take It Anymore '' 1 : 48", "12 . `` How Brittle the Bones '' 1 : 49", "13 . `` Please Take Your Hand Away '' 6 : 00", "Total length : 60 : 10", "Disc 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Cut into Pieces '' 4 : 03 2 . `` The Splinter '' 2 : 32 3 . `` An Itch '' 4 : 09 4 . `` Hypomania '' 5 : 47 5 . `` Under the Midnight Sun '' 7 : 01 6 . `` Aphelion '' 3 : 33 7 . `` You 're Here '' 3 : 29 8 . `` The Same as the Others '' 3 : 08 9 . `` A Pause for Reflection '' 4 : 11 10 . `` While Waiting '' 2 : 17 11 . `` The Seconds Drag '' 4 : 33 12 . `` Later into the Night '' 4 : 55 13 . `` Parallel Timeline with Alternate Outcome '' 6 : 32 Total length : 56 : 10", "Disc 2", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` Cut into Pieces '' 4 : 03", "2 . `` The Splinter '' 2 : 32", "3 . `` An Itch '' 4 : 09", "4 . `` Hypomania '' 5 : 47", "5 . `` Under the Midnight Sun '' 7 : 01", "6 . `` Aphelion '' 3 : 33", "7 . `` You 're Here '' 3 : 29", "8 . `` The Same as the Others '' 3 : 08", "9 . `` A Pause for Reflection '' 4 : 11", "10 . `` While Waiting '' 2 : 17", "11 . `` The Seconds Drag '' 4 : 33", "12 . `` Later into the Night '' 4 : 55", "13 . `` Parallel Timeline with Alternate Outcome '' 6 : 32", "Total length : 56 : 10", "Disc 3 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Another Way of Caring '' 7 : 02 2 . `` A Viable Construct '' 3 : 14 3 . `` Revealed in the Thaw '' 2 : 47 4 . `` Millennia '' 1 : 19 5 . `` We Could Wait Forever '' 4 : 21 6 . `` Oraculum '' 8 : 21 7 . `` Great Bird of Prey '' 5 : 19 8 . `` The Heretics '' 5 : 20 9 . `` A Pair of Doves '' 2 : 02 10 . `` Infiltrator '' 7 : 03 11 . `` The Sound of Forgetting '' 2 : 30 12 . `` Of Secrets '' 3 : 25 13 . `` Is Your Love Strong Enough ? '' ( performed by How to Destroy Angels ) Bryan Ferry 4 : 30 Total length : 57 : 14", "Disc 3", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Another Way of Caring '' 7 : 02", "2 . `` A Viable Construct '' 3 : 14", "3 . `` Revealed in the Thaw '' 2 : 47", "4 . `` Millennia '' 1 : 19", "5 . `` We Could Wait Forever '' 4 : 21", "6 . `` Oraculum '' 8 : 21", "7 . `` Great Bird of Prey '' 5 : 19", "8 . `` The Heretics '' 5 : 20", "9 . `` A Pair of Doves '' 2 : 02", "10 . `` Infiltrator '' 7 : 03", "11 . `` The Sound of Forgetting '' 2 : 30", "12 . `` Of Secrets '' 3 : 25", "13 . `` Is Your Love Strong Enough ? '' ( performed by How to Destroy Angels ) Bryan Ferry 4 : 30", "Total length : 57 : 14", "All tracks written by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross .", "No . Title Length 1 . `` Hidden in Snow '' 5 : 19 2 . `` People Lie All the Time '' 4 : 08 3 . `` What If We Could ? '' 3 : 59 4 . `` Oraculum '' 8 : 16 5 . `` Please Take Your Hand Away '' 5 : 53 6 . `` Under the Midnight Sun '' 6 : 59 Total length : 34 : 34", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` Hidden in Snow '' 5 : 19", "2 . `` People Lie All the Time '' 4 : 08", "3 . `` What If We Could ? '' 3 : 59", "4 . `` Oraculum '' 8 : 16", "5 . `` Please Take Your Hand Away '' 5 : 53", "6 . `` Under the Midnight Sun '' 6 : 59", "Total length : 34 : 34", "An alternate album For Your Consideration ( FYC ) was sent by Sony Pictures to awarding bodies . It features the actual film cues , which have alternate titles , edits and mixes from the versions on the commercially available soundtrack , along with one composition not on the soundtrack release at all .", "All tracks written by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross .", "Disc 1 No . Title Length 1 . `` I Ca n't Take It Anymore '' 1 : 18 2 . `` Salander Goes Home '' ( She Reminds Me of You ) 1 : 56 3 . `` Morrel 's Report '' ( People Lie All the Time ) 2 : 10 4 . `` Heartbreak '' ( What If We Could ? ) 2 : 41 5 . `` Salander / Cecilia / Harald '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 2 : 56 6 . `` Värmland '' ( Please Take Your Hand Away ) 4 : 54 7 . `` Maps '' ( The Seconds Drag ) 1 : 43 8 . `` Bjurman BJ '' ( With the Flies ) 3 : 19 9 . `` Salander Returns to the House '' ( One Particular Moment ) 1 : 53 10 . `` Archives '' ( Pinned and Mounted ) 2 : 45 11 . `` Coffee Cup '' ( The Seconds Drag ) 0 : 52 12 . `` Martin 's Story '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 1 : 25 13 . `` Martin Traps Blomkvist '' ( Aphelion ) 2 : 24 14 . `` Car Chase '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 2 : 04 15 . `` Harriet Theme 4 '' ( While Waiting ) 0 : 57 16 . `` Salander 's Trip '' ( The Heretics ) 3 : 48 17 . `` North Pole '' ( A Pause for Reflection ) 0 : 48 18 . `` Media Event of the Year '' ( One Particular Moment ) 0 : 43 19 . `` Harriet 's Story '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 4 : 05 20 . `` Bank Sequence '' ( The Heretics ) 1 : 15 21 . `` Harriet Theme 1 '' ( Millenia ) 2 : 33 22 . `` Salander Tattoos Bjurman '' ( Of Secrets ) 2 : 26 Total length : 48 : 44", "Disc 1", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` I Ca n't Take It Anymore '' 1 : 18", "2 . `` Salander Goes Home '' ( She Reminds Me of You ) 1 : 56", "3 . `` Morrel 's Report '' ( People Lie All the Time ) 2 : 10", "4 . `` Heartbreak '' ( What If We Could ? ) 2 : 41", "5 . `` Salander / Cecilia / Harald '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 2 : 56", "6 . `` Värmland '' ( Please Take Your Hand Away ) 4 : 54", "7 . `` Maps '' ( The Seconds Drag ) 1 : 43", "8 . `` Bjurman BJ '' ( With the Flies ) 3 : 19", "9 . `` Salander Returns to the House '' ( One Particular Moment ) 1 : 53", "10 . `` Archives '' ( Pinned and Mounted ) 2 : 45", "11 . `` Coffee Cup '' ( The Seconds Drag ) 0 : 52", "12 . `` Martin 's Story '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 1 : 25", "13 . `` Martin Traps Blomkvist '' ( Aphelion ) 2 : 24", "14 . `` Car Chase '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 2 : 04", "15 . `` Harriet Theme 4 '' ( While Waiting ) 0 : 57", "16 . `` Salander 's Trip '' ( The Heretics ) 3 : 48", "17 . `` North Pole '' ( A Pause for Reflection ) 0 : 48", "18 . `` Media Event of the Year '' ( One Particular Moment ) 0 : 43", "19 . `` Harriet 's Story '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 4 : 05", "20 . `` Bank Sequence '' ( The Heretics ) 1 : 15", "21 . `` Harriet Theme 1 '' ( Millenia ) 2 : 33", "22 . `` Salander Tattoos Bjurman '' ( Of Secrets ) 2 : 26", "Total length : 48 : 44", "Disc 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Millennia '' 1 : 37 2 . `` She 's One of the Best , She 's Different '' ( We Could Wait Forever ) 2 : 44 3 . `` Parade Photos '' ( You 're Here ) 1 : 54 4 . `` Bible Verses '' ( Aphelion ) 1 : 59 5 . `` Plague , Trinity & Wasp '' ( Infiltrator ) 1 : 59 6 . `` Salander Arrives at Bjurman 's '' ( Cut into Pieces ) 1 : 40 7 . `` Salander Reports to Blomkvist '' ( Aphelion ) 1 : 43 8 . `` Salander at Wennerström 's Apartment '' ( People Lie All the Time ) 1 : 02 9 . `` Blomkvist Shot '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 1 : 06 10 . `` Lovemaking '' ( What If We Could ? ) 1 : 41 11 . `` Harriet 's Flowers '' ( How Brittle the Bones ) 1 : 34 12 . `` Harriet / The Accident '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 2 : 38 13 . `` Salander at Söder Hospital '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 0 : 48 14 . `` Meeting Bjurman '' ( We Could Wait Forever ) 1 : 07 15 . `` Salander Raped '' ( With the Flies ) 2 : 05 16 . `` Salander Tasers Bjurman '' ( You 're Here ) 1 : 16 17 . `` Martin Interviews Blomkvist '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 2 : 57 18 . `` Blomkvist Meets Martin '' ( misprint on the packaging , `` Martin '' should be `` Henrik '' ) 1 : 16 19 . `` Blomkvist Travels to Hedestad ( misspelled Hedestadt ) '' ( She Reminds Me of You ) 1 : 53 20 . `` Widow Brännlund 's Photos '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 1 : 18 21 . `` Dead Cat '' ( Perihelion ) 0 : 38 Total length : 34 : 32", "Disc 2", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` Millennia '' 1 : 37", "2 . `` She 's One of the Best , She 's Different '' ( We Could Wait Forever ) 2 : 44", "3 . `` Parade Photos '' ( You 're Here ) 1 : 54", "4 . `` Bible Verses '' ( Aphelion ) 1 : 59", "5 . `` Plague , Trinity & Wasp '' ( Infiltrator ) 1 : 59", "6 . `` Salander Arrives at Bjurman 's '' ( Cut into Pieces ) 1 : 40", "7 . `` Salander Reports to Blomkvist '' ( Aphelion ) 1 : 43", "8 . `` Salander at Wennerström 's Apartment '' ( People Lie All the Time ) 1 : 02", "9 . `` Blomkvist Shot '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 1 : 06", "10 . `` Lovemaking '' ( What If We Could ? ) 1 : 41", "11 . `` Harriet 's Flowers '' ( How Brittle the Bones ) 1 : 34", "12 . `` Harriet / The Accident '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 2 : 38", "13 . `` Salander at Söder Hospital '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 0 : 48", "14 . `` Meeting Bjurman '' ( We Could Wait Forever ) 1 : 07", "15 . `` Salander Raped '' ( With the Flies ) 2 : 05", "16 . `` Salander Tasers Bjurman '' ( You 're Here ) 1 : 16", "17 . `` Martin Interviews Blomkvist '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 2 : 57", "18 . `` Blomkvist Meets Martin '' ( misprint on the packaging , `` Martin '' should be `` Henrik '' ) 1 : 16", "19 . `` Blomkvist Travels to Hedestad ( misspelled Hedestadt ) '' ( She Reminds Me of You ) 1 : 53", "20 . `` Widow Brännlund 's Photos '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 1 : 18", "21 . `` Dead Cat '' ( Perihelion ) 0 : 38", "Total length : 34 : 32", "The same album was made available on the Sony Pictures FYC site as of February 6 , 2012 . Here , it was presented in chronological order from the film , and did not feature the Led Zeppelin cover performed by Trent Reznor and Karen O :", "All tracks written by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross .", "No . Title Length 1 . `` I Ca n't Take It Anymore '' 1 : 18 2 . `` Media Event of the Year '' ( One Particular Moment ) 0 : 43 3 . `` She 's One of the Best , She 's Different '' ( We Could Wait Forever ) 2 : 44 4 . `` Salander at Wennerström 's Apartment '' ( People Lie All the Time ) 1 : 02 5 . `` Blomkvist Travels to Hedestad ( misspelled Hedestadt ) '' ( She Reminds Me of You ) 1 : 53 6 . `` Blomkvist Meets Henrik '' 1 : 16 7 . `` Harriet / The Accident '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 2 : 38 8 . `` Harriet 's Flowers '' ( How Brittle the Bones ) 1 : 34 9 . `` North Pole '' ( A Pause for Reflection ) 0 : 48 10 . `` Salander at Söder Hospital '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 0 : 48 11 . `` Morrel 's Report '' ( People Lie All the Time ) 2 : 10 12 . `` Meeting Bjurman '' ( We Could Wait Forever ) 1 : 07 13 . `` Martin 's Story '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 1 : 25 14 . `` Bjurman BJ '' ( With the Flies ) 3 : 19 15 . `` Salander Arrives at Bjurman 's '' ( Cut into Pieces ) 1 : 40 16 . `` Salander Raped '' ( With the Flies ) 2 : 05 17 . `` Salander Goes Home '' ( She Reminds Me of You ) 1 : 56 18 . `` Millennia '' 1 : 37 19 . `` Parade Photos '' ( You 're Here ) 1 : 54 20 . `` Salander Tasers Bjurman '' ( You 're Here ) 1 : 16 21 . `` Salander Tattoos Bjurman '' ( Of Secrets ) 2 : 26 22 . `` Bible Verses '' ( Aphelion ) 1 : 59 23 . `` Värmland '' ( Please Take Your Hand Away ) 4 : 54 24 . `` Salander Reports to Blomkvist '' ( Aphelion ) 1 : 43 25 . `` Dead Cat '' ( Perihelion ) 0 : 38 26 . `` Harriet Theme 1 '' ( While Waiting ) 0 : 58 27 . `` Widow Brännlund 's Photos '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 1 : 18 28 . `` Blomkvist Shot '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 1 : 06 29 . `` Lovemaking '' ( What If We Could ? ) 1 : 41 30 . `` Salander / Cecilia / Harald '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 2 : 56 31 . `` Maps '' ( The Seconds Drag ) 1 : 43 32 . `` Archives '' ( Pinned and Mounted ) 2 : 45 33 . `` Coffee Cup '' ( The Seconds Drag ) 0 : 52 34 . `` Martin Traps Blomkvist '' ( Aphelion ) 2 : 24 35 . `` Martin Interviews Blomkvist '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 2 : 57 36 . `` Car Chase '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 2 : 04 37 . `` Salander Returns to the House '' ( One Particular Moment ) 1 : 53 38 . `` Harriet Theme 4 '' ( While Waiting ) 2 : 33 39 . `` Plague , Trinity & Wasp '' ( Infiltrator ) 1 : 59 40 . `` Harriet 's Story '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 4 : 05 41 . `` Salander 's Trip '' ( The Heretics ) 3 : 48 42 . `` Bank Sequence '' ( The Heretics ) 1 : 15 43 . `` Heartbreak '' ( What If We Could ? ) 2 : 41", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` I Ca n't Take It Anymore '' 1 : 18", "2 . `` Media Event of the Year '' ( One Particular Moment ) 0 : 43", "3 . `` She 's One of the Best , She 's Different '' ( We Could Wait Forever ) 2 : 44", "4 . `` Salander at Wennerström 's Apartment '' ( People Lie All the Time ) 1 : 02", "5 . `` Blomkvist Travels to Hedestad ( misspelled Hedestadt ) '' ( She Reminds Me of You ) 1 : 53", "6 . `` Blomkvist Meets Henrik '' 1 : 16", "7 . `` Harriet / The Accident '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 2 : 38", "8 . `` Harriet 's Flowers '' ( How Brittle the Bones ) 1 : 34", "9 . `` North Pole '' ( A Pause for Reflection ) 0 : 48", "10 . `` Salander at Söder Hospital '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 0 : 48", "11 . `` Morrel 's Report '' ( People Lie All the Time ) 2 : 10", "12 . `` Meeting Bjurman '' ( We Could Wait Forever ) 1 : 07", "13 . `` Martin 's Story '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 1 : 25", "14 . `` Bjurman BJ '' ( With the Flies ) 3 : 19", "15 . `` Salander Arrives at Bjurman 's '' ( Cut into Pieces ) 1 : 40", "16 . `` Salander Raped '' ( With the Flies ) 2 : 05", "17 . `` Salander Goes Home '' ( She Reminds Me of You ) 1 : 56", "18 . `` Millennia '' 1 : 37", "19 . `` Parade Photos '' ( You 're Here ) 1 : 54", "20 . `` Salander Tasers Bjurman '' ( You 're Here ) 1 : 16", "21 . `` Salander Tattoos Bjurman '' ( Of Secrets ) 2 : 26", "22 . `` Bible Verses '' ( Aphelion ) 1 : 59", "23 . `` Värmland '' ( Please Take Your Hand Away ) 4 : 54", "24 . `` Salander Reports to Blomkvist '' ( Aphelion ) 1 : 43", "25 . `` Dead Cat '' ( Perihelion ) 0 : 38", "26 . `` Harriet Theme 1 '' ( While Waiting ) 0 : 58", "27 . `` Widow Brännlund 's Photos '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 1 : 18", "28 . `` Blomkvist Shot '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 1 : 06", "29 . `` Lovemaking '' ( What If We Could ? ) 1 : 41", "30 . `` Salander / Cecilia / Harald '' ( Hidden in Snow ) 2 : 56", "31 . `` Maps '' ( The Seconds Drag ) 1 : 43", "32 . `` Archives '' ( Pinned and Mounted ) 2 : 45", "33 . `` Coffee Cup '' ( The Seconds Drag ) 0 : 52", "34 . `` Martin Traps Blomkvist '' ( Aphelion ) 2 : 24", "35 . `` Martin Interviews Blomkvist '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 2 : 57", "36 . `` Car Chase '' ( Great Bird of Prey ) 2 : 04", "37 . `` Salander Returns to the House '' ( One Particular Moment ) 1 : 53", "38 . `` Harriet Theme 4 '' ( While Waiting ) 2 : 33", "39 . `` Plague , Trinity & Wasp '' ( Infiltrator ) 1 : 59", "40 . `` Harriet 's Story '' ( Under the Midnight Sun ) 4 : 05", "41 . `` Salander 's Trip '' ( The Heretics ) 3 : 48", "42 . `` Bank Sequence '' ( The Heretics ) 1 : 15", "43 . `` Heartbreak '' ( What If We Could ? ) 2 : 41", "Credits for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo adapted from liner notes :", "Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross -- composition , arrangements , performance , programming , and production Karen O -- vocals ( 1 ) Mariqueen Maandig -- vocals ( 11 , 23 , 30 , 35 , 39 ) How to Destroy Angels -- performance ( 39 ) Blumpy -- engineer Alan Moulder -- mixing ( 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 39 ) Michael Patterson -- mixing ( 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 36 , 37 ) Rob Sheridan -- art direction Neil Kellerhouse -- artwork and GDT typeface Jean - Baptiste Mondino -- photography Tom Baker ( at Precision Mastering , Hollywood , CA ) -- mastering David Fincher -- executive producer Scott Rudin -- executive producer Lia Vollack ( for Columbia Pictures ) -- executive in charge of music Paul Kremen -- consultant Rebel Waltz , Inc . -- Trent Reznor and Null management Ren Klyce , Ceán Chaffin , Claudia Sarne , Susan Bonds , Alex Lieu , 42 Entertainment , Daniel Miller , Tim Ahlering , Raul Perez , Shelly Bunge , Andrea McKee , Brett Bachemein , Angela Sidlow , Larry Kohorn , Tara - Beaudine - Moore , Valerie Caton , Neil Ross , Fred de Jong , Michelle Jubelirer , Don Kennedy , Arif Mahmud , Gary Stiffleman , David Byrnes , Irina Volodarsky , Doug Mark , Paul Friedman , Tony Ciulla and Laura Haber -- special thanks", "Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross -- composition , arrangements , performance , programming , and production Karen O -- vocals ( 1 ) Mariqueen Maandig -- vocals ( 11 , 23 , 30 , 35 , 39 ) How to Destroy Angels -- performance ( 39 ) Blumpy -- engineer Alan Moulder -- mixing ( 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 39 ) Michael Patterson -- mixing ( 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 36 , 37 ) Rob Sheridan -- art direction Neil Kellerhouse -- artwork and GDT typeface Jean - Baptiste Mondino -- photography Tom Baker ( at Precision Mastering , Hollywood , CA ) -- mastering David Fincher -- executive producer Scott Rudin -- executive producer Lia Vollack ( for Columbia Pictures ) -- executive in charge of music Paul Kremen -- consultant Rebel Waltz , Inc . -- Trent Reznor and Null management Ren Klyce , Ceán Chaffin , Claudia Sarne , Susan Bonds , Alex Lieu , 42 Entertainment , Daniel Miller , Tim Ahlering , Raul Perez , Shelly Bunge , Andrea McKee , Brett Bachemein , Angela Sidlow , Larry Kohorn , Tara - Beaudine - Moore , Valerie Caton , Neil Ross , Fred de Jong , Michelle Jubelirer , Don Kennedy , Arif Mahmud , Gary Stiffleman , David Byrnes , Irina Volodarsky , Doug Mark , Paul Friedman , Tony Ciulla and Laura Haber -- special thanks", "Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross -- composition , arrangements , performance , programming , and production Karen O -- vocals ( 1 ) Mariqueen Maandig -- vocals ( 11 , 23 , 30 , 35 , 39 ) How to Destroy Angels -- performance ( 39 ) Blumpy -- engineer Alan Moulder -- mixing ( 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 39 ) Michael Patterson -- mixing ( 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 36 , 37 ) Rob Sheridan -- art direction Neil Kellerhouse -- artwork and GDT typeface Jean - Baptiste Mondino -- photography Tom Baker ( at Precision Mastering , Hollywood , CA ) -- mastering", "Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross -- composition , arrangements , performance , programming , and production", "Karen O -- vocals ( 1 )", "Mariqueen Maandig -- vocals ( 11 , 23 , 30 , 35 , 39 )", "How to Destroy Angels -- performance ( 39 )", "Blumpy -- engineer", "Alan Moulder -- mixing ( 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 39 )", "Michael Patterson -- mixing ( 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 36 , 37 )", "Rob Sheridan -- art direction", "Neil Kellerhouse -- artwork and GDT typeface", "Jean - Baptiste Mondino -- photography", "Tom Baker ( at Precision Mastering , Hollywood , CA ) -- mastering", "David Fincher -- executive producer Scott Rudin -- executive producer Lia Vollack ( for Columbia Pictures ) -- executive in charge of music Paul Kremen -- consultant Rebel Waltz , Inc . -- Trent Reznor and Null management Ren Klyce , Ceán Chaffin , Claudia Sarne , Susan Bonds , Alex Lieu , 42 Entertainment , Daniel Miller , Tim Ahlering , Raul Perez , Shelly Bunge , Andrea McKee , Brett Bachemein , Angela Sidlow , Larry Kohorn , Tara - Beaudine - Moore , Valerie Caton , Neil Ross , Fred de Jong , Michelle Jubelirer , Don Kennedy , Arif Mahmud , Gary Stiffleman , David Byrnes , Irina Volodarsky , Doug Mark , Paul Friedman , Tony Ciulla and Laura Haber -- special thanks", "David Fincher -- executive producer", "Scott Rudin -- executive producer", "Lia Vollack ( for Columbia Pictures ) -- executive in charge of music", "Paul Kremen -- consultant", "Rebel Waltz , Inc . -- Trent Reznor and Null management", "Ren Klyce , Ceán Chaffin , Claudia Sarne , Susan Bonds , Alex Lieu , 42 Entertainment , Daniel Miller , Tim Ahlering , Raul Perez , Shelly Bunge , Andrea McKee , Brett Bachemein , Angela Sidlow , Larry Kohorn , Tara - Beaudine - Moore , Valerie Caton , Neil Ross , Fred de Jong , Michelle Jubelirer , Don Kennedy , Arif Mahmud , Gary Stiffleman , David Byrnes , Irina Volodarsky , Doug Mark , Paul Friedman , Tony Ciulla and Laura Haber -- special thanks", "Album ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australian Hitseekers Albums Chart 15 Austrian Albums Chart 71 Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 73 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 97 UK Albums Chart 199 US Billboard 200 44 US Rock Albums 11 US Independent Albums US Alternative Albums 10 US Soundtracks Singles ( edit ) Year Song US Heat UK Rock 2011 `` Immigrant Song '' ( Karen O with Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ) 14 `` Is Your Love Strong Enough ? '' ( How to Destroy Angels ) -- --", "Album ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australian Hitseekers Albums Chart 15 Austrian Albums Chart 71 Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 73 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 97 UK Albums Chart 199 US Billboard 200 44 US Rock Albums 11 US Independent Albums US Alternative Albums 10 US Soundtracks Singles ( edit ) Year Song US Heat UK Rock 2011 `` Immigrant Song '' ( Karen O with Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ) 14 `` Is Your Love Strong Enough ? '' ( How to Destroy Angels ) -- --", "Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australian Hitseekers Albums Chart 15 Austrian Albums Chart 71 Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 73 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 97 UK Albums Chart 199 US Billboard 200 44 US Rock Albums 11 US Independent Albums US Alternative Albums 10 US Soundtracks", "Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position", "Australian Hitseekers Albums Chart 15", "Austrian Albums Chart 71", "Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 73", "Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 97", "UK Albums Chart 199", "US Billboard 200 44", "US Rock Albums 11", "US Independent Albums", "US Alternative Albums 10", "US Soundtracks", "Year Song US Heat UK Rock 2011 `` Immigrant Song '' ( Karen O with Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ) 14 `` Is Your Love Strong Enough ? '' ( How to Destroy Angels ) -- --", "Year Song US Heat UK Rock", "2011 `` Immigrant Song '' ( Karen O with Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ) 14", "`` Is Your Love Strong Enough ? '' ( How to Destroy Angels ) -- --", "Parts of the tracks `` Pinned and Mounted '' , `` Hidden in Snow '' , and `` What If We Could ? '' were used in the pilot episode of the TV series Elementary .", "Parts of the tracks `` Pinned and Mounted '' , `` Hidden in Snow '' , and `` What If We Could ? '' were used in the pilot episode of the TV series Elementary ." ]

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[ "Gun laws in Wisconsin regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Wisconsin .", "Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Constitutional right to bear arms Yes 1 : 25 `` The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security , defense , hunting , recreation or any other lawful purpose . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes 66.0409 State permit to purchase ? No No 175.35 Concealed carry license required ? No Yes 175.60 Permit is given on a shall - issue basis . Concealed carry of knives ( not intended for use as weapons ) is legal without a permit . Campus carry is allowed , but buildings may be exempted if signs forbidding firearms are posted . Owner license required ? No No 941.29 Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes 947.01 66.0409 Open carry of loaded handguns and long guns and knives is permitted without a license . Castle Doctrine / Self Defense Statutes Yes 895.62 Immunity from prosecution and civil damages in the home , with conditions and exceptions 939.48 No duty to retreat in the `` dwelling '' or owned / operated place of business . No deadly force solely to protect property . 3rd party protection . If attack is provoked , self defense may only be used if reasonable belief of imminent death or great bodily harm . If attack is provoked deadly force only allowed if all other reasonable means of avoidance exhausted . 940.01 `` the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts constituting the defense did not exist in order to sustain a finding of guilt '' Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restrictions ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No 941.298 941.26 Machine guns allowed , but may not shoot pistol cartridges and may not be possessed aggressively or offensively . Suppressors , SBR , and SBS are allowed if NFA rules followed , otherwise felony . Background checks required for private sales ? No", "Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes", "Constitutional right to bear arms Yes 1 : 25 `` The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security , defense , hunting , recreation or any other lawful purpose . ''", "State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes 66.0409", "State permit to purchase ? No No 175.35", "Concealed carry license required ? No Yes 175.60 Permit is given on a shall - issue basis . Concealed carry of knives ( not intended for use as weapons ) is legal without a permit . Campus carry is allowed , but buildings may be exempted if signs forbidding firearms are posted .", "Campus carry is allowed , but buildings may be exempted if signs forbidding firearms are posted .", "Owner license required ? No No 941.29", "Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes 947.01 66.0409 Open carry of loaded handguns and long guns and knives is permitted without a license .", "Castle Doctrine / Self Defense Statutes Yes 895.62 Immunity from prosecution and civil damages in the home , with conditions and exceptions", "939.48 No duty to retreat in the `` dwelling '' or owned / operated place of business . No deadly force solely to protect property . 3rd party protection . If attack is provoked , self defense may only be used if reasonable belief of imminent death or great bodily harm . If attack is provoked deadly force only allowed if all other reasonable means of avoidance exhausted .", "940.01 `` the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts constituting the defense did not exist in order to sustain a finding of guilt ''", "Firearm registration ? No No", "Assault weapon law ? No No", "Magazine capacity restrictions ? No No", "NFA weapons restricted ? No No 941.298 941.26 Machine guns allowed , but may not shoot pistol cartridges and may not be possessed aggressively or offensively . Suppressors , SBR , and SBS are allowed if NFA rules followed , otherwise felony .", "Background checks required for private sales ? No", "The Constitution of Wisconsin protects the right to bear arms in Article 1 , Section 25 - `` The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security , defense , hunting , recreation or any other lawful purpose . ''", "Wisconsin has state preemption laws which generally forbid cities from passing firearms or knife ordinances stricter than that of state law . Localities may impose a sales or use tax , and may restrict the discharge of firearms ( except for self - defense ) .", "On March 8 , 2017 , the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that Madison 's Metro Transit rule forbidding firearms on public buses violated the state 's preemption law , and that people who are lawfully carrying arms must be allowed to carry on public buses .", "Wisconsin is a shall - issue state for concealed carry licensing . As of November 1 , 2011 , Wisconsin residents may apply for a concealed carry license through the Wisconsin Department of Justice . The law allows Wisconsin to become the 49th state in the Union to make some provision for the concealed carry of firearms by normal citizens .", "Open carry is legal anywhere concealed carry is legal . It is legal for all adults who are 18 years of age or older unless they are prohibited from possession of firearms . A license is not required unless in a taxpayer - owned building or within 1000 feet of school property and not on private property .", "In the past , some jurisdictions have tried to prosecute open - carry by equating the open carry of handguns with disorderly conduct . On April 20 , 2009 the Wisconsin Attorney General 's office released a memorandum to all law enforcement agencies stating that mere open carry of a firearm was not disorderly conduct , and instructed both law enforcement and the district attorneys to cease this practice .", "In 2011 a subsection was added to the Disorderly Conduct statute ( 947.01 ) reading `` Unless other facts and circumstances that indicate a criminal or malicious intent on the part of the person apply , a person is not in violation of , and may not be charged with a violation of , this section for loading , carrying , or going armed with a firearm , without regard to whether the firearm is loaded or is concealed or openly carried . '' This codified open carry , ending any debate as to its legality .", "Loading , or having a loaded , uncased handgun inside a vehicle was legalized beginning November 1 , 2011 . The firearm must not be `` hidden from ordinary observation '' while inside the vehicle unless the citizen has a license . However , the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that a license is required to have a concealed loaded handgun within reach in a vehicle , regardless of the Safe Transport Statue removing restrictions on transporting loaded handguns .", "On December 7 , 2011 , Governor Walker signed a bill passing a Castle Doctrine for Wisconsin . The bill provides criminal immunity ( WI statute 939.48 ( 1m ) ) and protection from civil suits ( WI statute 895.62 ) for homeowners or business owners who use a gun in self - defense while on their property , with the presumption that any action is justified . The law is a `` stand your ground '' law , which does not contain a duty to retreat . This applies at the user 's private vehicle , business , and at their home . Protection extends to improvements only ( driveway , sidewalk , patio , fence , garage , house ... ) , not bare ground . Also , the criminal must have forcibly entered , or be in the process of attempting to forcibly enter , and the defender must be present in the home , car , or business . The Washington County DA ruled that opening a door counts as forcible entry .", "The law does not apply if force is used against police while in the line of duty if the shooter knows or should have known that the victim was a police officer or other public safety worker. ( WI statute 895.62 ( 4 ) ( b ) ) The law also does not protect those who are engaged in criminal activity . ( WI statute 939.48 ( 1m ) ( b ) ( 1 ) )", "Wisconsin is not a `` must notify '' state . If an officer is `` acting in an official capacity and with lawful authority '' , and the citizen is carrying a concealed weapon , the citizen must show both a carry license and photographic identification upon demand .", "WI statute 175.60 ( 2g ) ( c )", "The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that a license is required to have a concealed loaded handgun within reach in a vehicle , regardless of the Safe Transport Statue removing restrictions on transporting loaded handguns .", "Beginning November 1 , 2011 , it is legal to load a handgun , or to transport a loaded handgun cased or uncased , in a vehicle without a license . NOTE : This does NOT apply to long guns ; they still must be unloaded , but now may be uncased . There is still some confusion as to whether or not an encased gun is concealed , so if it is cased , best practice is to keep the long gun out of reach . Long guns must be `` discernable to ordinary observation '' , since a conceal carry license does not apply . Previously all firearms had to be unloaded & encased ( per the transport statute ) , & out of reach ( derived from the concealed carry statute ) . Those with a concealed carry license may conceal a pistol in a vehicle .", "WI statute 167.31", "Pistols may be carried openly without a license , and concealed . Long guns must be unloaded while the motor is running ; they are not required to be encased , but must be in plain sight .", "Firearms are prohibited on commercial aircraft except in checked baggage . A discussion of federal laws is in this blog post , with links to and quotes from the statutes .", "Carry is legal on a private aircraft . With a license a user may carry openly or concealed . Without a license , only open carry is legal .", "Anyone on their own property , on - duty law enforcement officers , military personnel on active duty , landowners and their family and employees on farm tractors inside CWD eradication zones , and disabled hunters with special permits meeting all the requirements .", "Private sales are legal . No background check or governmental permission / registration are necessary . A sales receipt is recommended in case the buyer needs to prove ownership ( as when retrieving firearms which have been confiscated by police ) .", "As of July 24 , 2015 , there is no longer a 48 - hour waiting period on handgun purchases from an FFL ( does not apply to private sales ) .", "WI statute 175.35", "Rifles and shotguns can be purchased in another state as long as the purchase complies with Federal law and the laws of both states . There is no longer a requirement that the other state be contiguous .", "WI statute 175.30", "Machine guns ( fully automatic firearms ) are legal if the firearm is registered with the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms & Explosives ( BATFE ) , and the owner has received permission from the local sheriff or chief of police ( 941.26 ) , or the weapon is exempted per statute 941.27 .", "Short - barrel rifles and shotguns are legal if they are registered with ATF , state statute 941.28", "Suppressors are legal if they are registered with ATF , statute 941.298", "Statute 29.091 and 29.089 used to require firearms to be encased and unloaded in state wildlife refuges and fish hatcheries . Those who have a concealed carry permit were not subject to these restrictions on handguns .", "As of January 2013 , anyone who is legal to possess a firearm may openly carry a pistol in a state park without a license . ( The law used to say that to possess in a state park , one must be a licensee . That law was removed . ) The restriction still applies to fish hatcheries & long guns , and in order to enter a taxpayer - owned building anywhere ( including a park ) one must be a licensee .", "Possession of a firearm while intoxicated , or `` materially impaired '' , shooting within 100 yards of a home without permission , pointing a weapon at anyone except in self - defense , and negligent handling of a weapon are all crimes .", "Carrying a concealed weapon without a valid license is a class A misdemeanor . This is any `` weapon '' , not just firearms . This restriction does not apply in one 's own home or business . A concealed carry license only covers handguns , tasers , billy clubs , and knives .", "WI statute 941.23", "Carrying a handgun without a concealed carry license where alcohol is sold AND consumed ( the class B establishment - a `` tavern '' , a place which sells alcohol for on - premises consumption ) is generally a class A misdemeanor unless you have permission from the owner , manager , or agent of the establishment .", "Exceptions are having a license , and that the owner or manager of can give permission for someone ( without a license ) to carry openly . When carrying ( openly or concealed ) on a license , alcohol may not be consumed on the premises . When carrying openly with permission of the owner or manager , it is legal to consume alcohol as long as you do not become `` materially impaired '' . It is legal to carry a handgun into a store that sells alcohol for the express purpose of being consumed elsewhere ( a liquor or grocery store ) .", "WI statute 941.237", "Armor - piercing ammunition when committing a crime upgrades the crime to a Class H felony .", "WI statute 941.296", "`` No person may carry or display a facsimile firearm in a manner that could reasonably be expected to alarm , intimidate , threaten or terrify another person '' , unless on your own property or business , or that of another person with their consent .", "WI statute 941.2965", "Committing a crime while possessing a dangerous weapon is a penalty enhancer .", "WI statute 939.63", "It is a felony to possess a firearm or ammunition if one :", "Has been convicted of a felony Adjudicated delinquent for an act committed on or after April 21 , 1994 , that if committed by an adult would be a felony Has been found not guilty of a felony by reason of mental disease or defect Has been committed under mental health laws and ordered not to possess a firearm Is the subject of a restraining order Is ordered not to possess firearms as a subject of a restraining order or as a condition of bond or parole", "Has been convicted of a felony", "Adjudicated delinquent for an act committed on or after April 21 , 1994 , that if committed by an adult would be a felony", "Has been found not guilty of a felony by reason of mental disease or defect", "Has been committed under mental health laws and ordered not to possess a firearm", "Is the subject of a restraining order", "Is ordered not to possess firearms as a subject of a restraining order or as a condition of bond or parole", "Any person who knowingly provides a firearm to a prohibited person is party to a felony crime .", "It is a class I felony to possess a firearm on school grounds .", "This statute does not apply to :", "unloaded and encased firearms individuals with firearms for use in a school - approved program individuals with school contract to possess firearm on - duty law enforcement acting in official capacity off - duty officers or retired law enforcement who maintain their certification per Federal Law HR218 . unloaded firearms when traversing school grounds to gain access to hunting land , if the entry is approved by the school .", "unloaded and encased firearms", "individuals with firearms for use in a school - approved program", "individuals with school contract to possess firearm", "on - duty law enforcement acting in official capacity", "off - duty officers or retired law enforcement who maintain their certification per Federal Law HR218 .", "unloaded firearms when traversing school grounds to gain access to hunting land , if the entry is approved by the school .", "It is a forfeiture ( fine ) to possess a usable firearm on public property within 1000 feet of a school unless the carrier is a licensee . ( If the gun is unloaded & encased , it is not a crime . ) Wisconsin only issues resident licenses , and the ATF has interpreted federal law to mean that only licenses issued by the state in which the school is located are sufficient to void the `` gun - free '' school zone .", "It is a class G felony to discharge or attempt to discharge a firearm in a school zone . Exceptions for self - defense , private property not part of school grounds , school programs , and on - duty law enforcement .", "Leaving a firearm within reach of a child under 14 is generally a misdemeanor if that child points it at anyone , harms anyone , or shows it to anyone in a public place . Defenses include having the gun locked in a safe or container , having it holstered on their person , having a trigger lock on the gun , removal of a key operating part , illegal entry by anyone to obtain the firearm , or a reasonable belief a juvenile could not access the firearm .", "WI statute 948.55", "Firearms retailers are required to provide every buyer with a written warning stating , `` If you leave a loaded firearm within the reach or easy access of a child , you may be fined or imprisoned or both if the child improperly discharges , possesses or exhibits the firearm . ''", "WI statute 175.37", "Possession of a dangerous weapon by anyone under 18 is a class A misdemeanor . Giving / loaning / selling a dangerous weapon to someone under 18 is a class I felony .", "WI statute 948.60", "Defenses to prosecution under this statute :", "Target practice under the supervision of an adult Members of armed forces or police under 18 in the line of duty Hunting ( either with an adult or having passed hunter 's safety )", "Target practice under the supervision of an adult", "Members of armed forces or police under 18 in the line of duty", "Hunting ( either with an adult or having passed hunter 's safety )", "For hunting purposes , the following exceptions to the age limit apply , as specified in statute 29.304 for firearms with barrels 12 '' or longer .", "under 10 may not hunt with a firearm or bow under any circumstances under 10 can only possess firearm / bow in Hunter Safety class , or while cased / unloaded and under adult supervision while going to / from Hunter Safety class , or while under adult supervision while at a target range . anyone age 10 or over may hunt when accompanied by an adult ( within arms reach , both must be licensed , only _one_ firearm / bow between the adult and mentor ( no hunter safety course requirement for the mentored hunter ) . 12 - 13 may hunt when accompanied by an adult and the child has successfully completed a Hunter Safety class . 12 - 13 may possess firearm when accompanied by an adult , or while transporting cased / unloaded firearm to / from Hunter Safety class , or in Hunter Safety class 14 - 17 is the same as 12 - 13 , except Hunter Safety graduates can hunt and possess firearms ( rifles / shotguns ) without adult supervision .", "under 10 may not hunt with a firearm or bow under any circumstances", "under 10 can only possess firearm / bow in Hunter Safety class , or while cased / unloaded and under adult supervision while going to / from Hunter Safety class , or while under adult supervision while at a target range .", "anyone age 10 or over may hunt when accompanied by an adult ( within arms reach , both must be licensed , only _one_ firearm / bow between the adult and mentor ( no hunter safety course requirement for the mentored hunter ) .", "12 - 13 may hunt when accompanied by an adult and the child has successfully completed a Hunter Safety class .", "12 - 13 may possess firearm when accompanied by an adult , or while transporting cased / unloaded firearm to / from Hunter Safety class , or in Hunter Safety class", "14 - 17 is the same as 12 - 13 , except Hunter Safety graduates can hunt and possess firearms ( rifles / shotguns ) without adult supervision .", "School students shall be suspended until their expulsion hearing if they possess a firearm in school or during a school event ( except if the student is participating in a Hunter Safety class ) . State law requires a minimum one - year expulsion for this offense . Statute 120.13 ( 1 ) ( bm ) and 120.13 ( 1 ) ( c ) 2m . In addition , the student 's driver 's license may be suspended for two years under Statute 938.34 ( 14q ) . This suspension also applies to students who make bomb threats or having CCW violations in taxpayer - owned buildings .", "`` School '' means a public , parochial or private school which provides an educational program for one or more grades between grades 1 and 12 and which is commonly known as an elementary school , middle school , junior high school , senior high school or high school .", "`` School zone '' means any of the following : 1 . In or on the grounds of a school . 2 . Within 1000 ' from the grounds of a school .", "WI statute 948.605 ( 1 ) ( c )", "Any individual who knowingly possesses a firearm at a place that the individual knows , or has reasonable cause to believe , is in or on the grounds of a school is guilty of a Class I felony unless one of the exemptions applies .", "WI statute 948.605 ( 2 ) ( a )", "Possession in the 1000 ' zone is a forfeiture ( ticket ) , unless an exception applies . The most common of those are : private property , licensee , unloaded & encased .", "WI statute 948.605 ( 2 ) ( b ) references 18USC922 ( q ) ( 2 ) ( b ) ( i ) , ( iv ) , ( v ) , ( vi ) , & ( vii ) .", "Subject Long gun Handgun Reference Remarks Permit required to purchase a firearm ? No No Permit required to open carry ? No No 175.60 ( 2 ) ( c ) Permit required to conceal carry ? Yes 175.60 ( 2g ) ( a ) Are permits issued to non-residents ? No 175.60 ( 3 ) ( f ) No , BUT active duty military assigned within WI may apply with their assignment orders What is the permit cost ? $40 - Adjusted periodically by WI Dept of Justice rule How long is permit processing time ? 175.60 ( 9 ) ( b ) Within 21 Days How many years is the permit valid ? 175.60 ( 15 ) ( a ) 5 years Firearm registration required ? No No 175.35 ( 2k ) ( ar ) 2 . If the transfer is cleared by the WI DOJ the department shall destroy all records regarding that firearms restrictions record search within 30 days after receiving the notification form . State requirement to issue permit Yes 175.60 ( 2 ) ( a ) Shall issue Castle Doctrine ? Yes Yes 939.48 ( 1m ) ( ar ) 1 No requirement to retreat in home of place of residence , business or vehicle . Stand Your Ground law ? No No WI law does not address this outside of the `` Castle Doctrine . '' However , jury instruction can include consideration of the opportunity to retreat . Required to carry permit and ID while carrying ? Yes 175.60 ( 2g ) ( b ) 1 & 2 WI statute defines photographic ID as an operator 's ( driver 's ) license or a state - issued identification card . Must you inform an officer that you are carrying upon contact ? No No 175.60 ( 2g ) ( c ) No , only if asked , then must answer truthfully Does the permit cover weapons other than firearms ? Yes 175.60 ( 1 ) ( j ) Handguns , electric weapons & `` billy clubs '' are included . Can you carry in restaurants that serve alcohol ? Yes 941.237 ( 3 ) ( cx ) Yes , BUT you may not consume alcohol . Carrying on snowmobiles and ATV Yes Yes Long guns must be unloaded when in or on a vehicle , but no longer need to be cased . Handguns may be carried loaded & uncased without a permit if on your own property . If NOT on your own property you must have a permit to carry concealed . State preemption of local restrictions Yes Yes 66.0409 ( 2 ) No political subdivision may enact or enforce an ordinance or adopt a resolution that regulates the sale , purchase ... , ownership , use , keeping , possession , bearing , ... of any firearm ... , unless the ordinance or resolution is the same as or similar to , and no more stringent than , a state statute . However , 943.13 does allow private owners & government entities to restrict carry on their properties . Assault Weapons law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required No No National Firearms Act ( NFA ) Restrictions ? Yes Yes 941.26 , 941.298 Background checks required for private sales ? No No Does this state recognize other state 's carry permits ? Yes 175.60 ( 1 ) ( f ) Wisconsin recognizes other states based on their qualification requirements , primarily background checks . WI DOJ is designated to maintain a list of states with which WI maintains reciprocity . Do private business `` No Guns Allowed '' signs have force of law ? Yes 175.60 ( 17 ) ( b ) Violation of those locations specified as prohibited by WI law carry a $500 fine & / or up to 30 days in jail , and need no sign , but some do . ( Class C Misdemeanor ) 943.13 ( 1m ) Those not specified by law must prominently display a sign at least 5X7 inches ( no graphics or verbiage are specified ) . Violation of these locations carries a fine of up to $1,000 ( Class B Forfeiture ) . The following are places you can not carry a firearm based on Wisconsin statutes Schools & school grounds No No / Yes 948.605 ( 2 ) School means public , private , parochial or tribal , 1st through 12th grade . NO when IN school building or on the grounds . Very limited exceptions . ( Class I Felony ) YES within 1,000 feet of the school grounds ( not ON grounds ) IF in possession of the CCW license . ( Class B Forfeiture ) Law enforcement stations / offices ( Police , Sheriff , State Patrol , etc . ) No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 1 . No licensee may knowingly carry a weapon , openly or concealed , or a firearm that is not a weapon , in any of these places . ( Class C Misdemeanor ) Prisons , jails , houses of correction , etc . No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 2 . Secure mental health facilities No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 5 . Federal , state , county courthouses & municipal courtrooms when court in session No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 6. &7 . Beyond TSA security checkpoints in airports ( State offense vs Federal ) No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 8 . Trespass to Land ( includes residences , businesses , government buildings , universities & colleges , churches , special events ( State Fair , Summer Fest , etc . ) , grounds / land ( if separately posted ) No No 943.13 ( 2 ) ( bm ) 2 . No person may enter or remain on any land ( includes structures ) of another after having been notified by the owner , occupant , manager or organizer not to enter or remain on the premises when in possession of a weapon . A person has received notice from the owner or occupant if he or she has been notified personally , either orally or in writing , or if the property is posted . Property is considered to be posted with a sign that states a restriction imposed , that is at least 5 inches by 7 inches . No specific verbiage or graphics are specified in WI statute . ( Class I Misdemeanor ) Parking Lots Yes * Yes 175.60 ( 16 ) ( b ) 1 . The prohibitions listed in this section do not apply to a weapon in a vehicle driven or parked in a parking facility . ( * Long guns must be unloaded . ) HOWEVER , this parking lot exception does NOT apply to FEDERAL facilities . The following are places you can not carry a firearm based on federal law Post offices No No 39 C.F.R. § 232.1 ( l ) This includes the parking lot and the facility Any federal facility No No 18 USC § 930 This means a building or any part of one whether owned or leased by the Federal Government where Federal employees are regularly present for the purpose of performing their official duties IRS offices No No 18 USC § 930 See above Federal court houses No No 18 USC § 930 See above Ranger stations No No 18 USC § 930 See above Federal buildings in federal parks No No 18 USC § 930 See above Airports behind the secure area No No 18 USC § 930 Wisconsin has its own state statute covering this , as well . See above .", "Subject Long gun Handgun Reference Remarks", "Permit required to purchase a firearm ? No No", "Permit required to open carry ? No No 175.60 ( 2 ) ( c )", "Permit required to conceal carry ? Yes 175.60 ( 2g ) ( a )", "Are permits issued to non-residents ? No 175.60 ( 3 ) ( f ) No , BUT active duty military assigned within WI may apply with their assignment orders", "What is the permit cost ? $40 - Adjusted periodically by WI Dept of Justice rule", "How long is permit processing time ? 175.60 ( 9 ) ( b ) Within 21 Days", "How many years is the permit valid ? 175.60 ( 15 ) ( a ) 5 years", "Firearm registration required ? No No 175.35 ( 2k ) ( ar ) 2 . If the transfer is cleared by the WI DOJ the department shall destroy all records regarding that firearms restrictions record search within 30 days after receiving the notification form .", "State requirement to issue permit Yes 175.60 ( 2 ) ( a ) Shall issue", "Castle Doctrine ? Yes Yes 939.48 ( 1m ) ( ar ) 1 No requirement to retreat in home of place of residence , business or vehicle .", "Stand Your Ground law ? No No WI law does not address this outside of the `` Castle Doctrine . '' However , jury instruction can include consideration of the opportunity to retreat .", "Required to carry permit and ID while carrying ? Yes 175.60 ( 2g ) ( b ) 1 & 2 WI statute defines photographic ID as an operator 's ( driver 's ) license or a state - issued identification card .", "Must you inform an officer that you are carrying upon contact ? No No 175.60 ( 2g ) ( c ) No , only if asked , then must answer truthfully", "Does the permit cover weapons other than firearms ? Yes 175.60 ( 1 ) ( j ) Handguns , electric weapons & `` billy clubs '' are included .", "Can you carry in restaurants that serve alcohol ? Yes 941.237 ( 3 ) ( cx ) Yes , BUT you may not consume alcohol .", "Carrying on snowmobiles and ATV Yes Yes Long guns must be unloaded when in or on a vehicle , but no longer need to be cased . Handguns may be carried loaded & uncased without a permit if on your own property . If NOT on your own property you must have a permit to carry concealed .", "State preemption of local restrictions Yes Yes 66.0409 ( 2 ) No political subdivision may enact or enforce an ordinance or adopt a resolution that regulates the sale , purchase ... , ownership , use , keeping , possession , bearing , ... of any firearm ... , unless the ordinance or resolution is the same as or similar to , and no more stringent than , a state statute . However , 943.13 does allow private owners & government entities to restrict carry on their properties .", "Assault Weapons law ? No No", "Magazine capacity restriction ? No No", "Owner license required No No", "National Firearms Act ( NFA ) Restrictions ? Yes Yes 941.26 , 941.298", "Background checks required for private sales ? No No", "Does this state recognize other state 's carry permits ? Yes 175.60 ( 1 ) ( f ) Wisconsin recognizes other states based on their qualification requirements , primarily background checks . WI DOJ is designated to maintain a list of states with which WI maintains reciprocity .", "Do private business `` No Guns Allowed '' signs have force of law ? Yes 175.60 ( 17 ) ( b ) Violation of those locations specified as prohibited by WI law carry a $500 fine & / or up to 30 days in jail , and need no sign , but some do . ( Class C Misdemeanor )", "943.13 ( 1m ) Those not specified by law must prominently display a sign at least 5X7 inches ( no graphics or verbiage are specified ) . Violation of these locations carries a fine of up to $1,000 ( Class B Forfeiture ) .", "The following are places you can not carry a firearm based on Wisconsin statutes", "Schools & school grounds No No / Yes 948.605 ( 2 ) School means public , private , parochial or tribal , 1st through 12th grade . NO when IN school building or on the grounds . Very limited exceptions . ( Class I Felony ) YES within 1,000 feet of the school grounds ( not ON grounds ) IF in possession of the CCW license . ( Class B Forfeiture )", "Law enforcement stations / offices ( Police , Sheriff , State Patrol , etc . ) No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 1 . No licensee may knowingly carry a weapon , openly or concealed , or a firearm that is not a weapon , in any of these places . ( Class C Misdemeanor )", "Prisons , jails , houses of correction , etc . No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 2 .", "Secure mental health facilities No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 5 .", "Federal , state , county courthouses & municipal courtrooms when court in session No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 6. &7 .", "Beyond TSA security checkpoints in airports ( State offense vs Federal ) No No 175.60 ( 16 ) ( a ) 8 .", "Trespass to Land ( includes residences , businesses , government buildings , universities & colleges , churches , special events ( State Fair , Summer Fest , etc . ) , grounds / land ( if separately posted ) No No 943.13 ( 2 ) ( bm ) 2 . No person may enter or remain on any land ( includes structures ) of another after having been notified by the owner , occupant , manager or organizer not to enter or remain on the premises when in possession of a weapon . A person has received notice from the owner or occupant if he or she has been notified personally , either orally or in writing , or if the property is posted . Property is considered to be posted with a sign that states a restriction imposed , that is at least 5 inches by 7 inches . No specific verbiage or graphics are specified in WI statute . ( Class I Misdemeanor )", "Parking Lots Yes * Yes 175.60 ( 16 ) ( b ) 1 . The prohibitions listed in this section do not apply to a weapon in a vehicle driven or parked in a parking facility . ( * Long guns must be unloaded . ) HOWEVER , this parking lot exception does NOT apply to FEDERAL facilities .", "The following are places you can not carry a firearm based on federal law", "Post offices No No 39 C.F.R. § 232.1 ( l ) This includes the parking lot and the facility", "Any federal facility No No 18 USC § 930 This means a building or any part of one whether owned or leased by the Federal Government where Federal employees are regularly present for the purpose of performing their official duties", "IRS offices No No 18 USC § 930 See above", "Federal court houses No No 18 USC § 930 See above", "Ranger stations No No 18 USC § 930 See above", "Federal buildings in federal parks No No 18 USC § 930 See above", "Airports behind the secure area No No 18 USC § 930 Wisconsin has its own state statute covering this , as well . See above ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Ilocos Region Region I Region From upper - left to lower - right : Bangui Wind Farm , Calle Crisologo , Dingras Church , Thunderbird Resort and Hundred Islands National Park Location in the Philippines Coordinates : 16 ° 37 ′ N 120 ° 19 ′ E  /  16.62 ° N 120.32 ° E  / 16.62 ; 120.32 Coordinates : 16 ° 37 ′ N 120 ° 19 ′ E  /  16.62 ° N 120.32 ° E  / 16.62 ; 120.32 Country Philippines Island group Luzon Regional center San Fernando ( La Union ) Area Total 13,012.60 km ( 5,024.19 sq mi ) Population ( 2015 census ) Total 5,026,128 Density 390 / km ( 1,000 / sq mi ) Time zone PST ( UTC + 8 ) ISO 3166 code PH - 01 Provinces 4 ( show ) Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur La Union Pangasinan Cities 9 ( show ) Alaminos Batac Candon Dagupan Laoag San Carlos San Fernando Urdaneta Vigan Municipalities 116 Barangays 3,265 Cong . districts 12 Languages Ilocano ( Iloko ) Pangasinan Bolinao English Filipino", "Ilocos Region Region I", "Region", "From upper - left to lower - right : Bangui Wind Farm , Calle Crisologo , Dingras Church , Thunderbird Resort and Hundred Islands National Park", "Location in the Philippines", "Coordinates : 16 ° 37 ′ N 120 ° 19 ′ E  /  16.62 ° N 120.32 ° E  / 16.62 ; 120.32 Coordinates : 16 ° 37 ′ N 120 ° 19 ′ E  /  16.62 ° N 120.32 ° E  / 16.62 ; 120.32", "Country Philippines", "Island group Luzon", "Regional center San Fernando ( La Union )", "Area", "Total 13,012.60 km ( 5,024.19 sq mi )", "Population ( 2015 census )", "Total 5,026,128", "Density 390 / km ( 1,000 / sq mi )", "Time zone PST ( UTC + 8 )", "ISO 3166 code PH - 01", "Provinces 4 ( show ) Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur La Union Pangasinan", "Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur La Union Pangasinan", "Cities 9 ( show ) Alaminos Batac Candon Dagupan Laoag San Carlos San Fernando Urdaneta Vigan", "Alaminos Batac Candon Dagupan Laoag San Carlos San Fernando Urdaneta Vigan", "Municipalities 116", "Barangays 3,265", "Cong . districts 12", "Languages Ilocano ( Iloko ) Pangasinan Bolinao English Filipino", "Ilocano ( Iloko ) Pangasinan Bolinao English Filipino", "Ilocano ( Iloko )", "The Ilocos Region ( Ilokano : Rehion / Deppaar ti Ilocos ; Pangasinan : Sagor na Baybay na Luzon ; Filipino : Rehiyon ng Ilocos ) is an administrative region of the Philippines , designated as Region I , occupying the northwestern section of Luzon . It is bordered by the Cordillera Administrative Region to the east , the Cagayan Valley to the northeast and southeast , and the Central Luzon to the south . To the west lies the South China Sea .", "The region comprises four provinces : Ilocos Norte , Ilocos Sur , La Union and Pangasinan . Its regional center is San Fernando , La Union . The 2000 Census reported that the major languages spoken in the region are Ilocano at 66.36 % of the total population at that time , Pangasinan with 27.05 % , and Tagalog with 3.21 % .", "The region was first inhabited by the aboriginal Negritos , before they were pushed by successive waves of Austronesian immigrants that penetrated the narrow coast . Tingguians in the interior , Ilocanos in the north , Pangasinans in the south , and Zambals in the southwestern most areas settled the region . Before the administration of Ferdinand Marcos , Pangasinan was not a part of the region .", "The Spanish arrived in the 16th century and established Christian missions and governmental institutions to control the native population and convert them to Catholicism . Present - day Vigan in Ilocos Sur province became the diocesan seat of Nueva Segovia . Ilocanos in the northern parts were less easily swayed , however , and remained an area filled with deep resentments against Spain . These resentments surfaced at various points in the Ilocos provinces ' history as insurrections , most notably that of Andres Malong and Palaris of Pangasinan , Diego Silang and his wife Gabriela Silang in 1764 , and the Basi Revolt in the 19th century . However , it was the Pangasinans in the south who were the last to stand against the Spaniards .", "In 1901 , the region came under American colonial rule , and in 1941 , under Japanese occupation .", "During 1945 , the combined American and the Philippine Commonwealth troops including with the Ilocano and Pangasinan guerillas liberated the Ilocos Region from Japanese forces during the Second World War .", "Several modern presidents of the Republic of the Philippines hailed from the Region : Elpidio Quirino , Ferdinand Marcos , and Fidel V. Ramos . The province of Pangasinan was transferred by Ferdinand Marcos from Region III into Region I in 1973 and afterwards imposed a migration policy for Ilokanos into Pangasinan , to the moderate detriment of the native Pangasinenses . He also included Abra , Mountain Province , and Benguet in the Ilocos region in a bid to expand Ilokano influence amongst the ethnic peoples of the Cordilleras .", "When the Cordillera Administrative Region was established under Corazon Aquino , the indigenous provinces of Abra , Mountain Province , and Benguet were transferred into the newly - formed region .", "The Ilocos Region occupies the narrow plain between the Cordillera Central mountain range and the South China Sea , and the northern portion of the Central Luzon plain , to the north - east of the Zambales Mountains .", "Lingayen Gulf is the most notable body of water in the region and it contains several islands , including the Hundred Islands National Park . To the north of the region is Luzon Strait .", "The Agno River runs through Pangasinan from Benguet , flowing into a broad delta at the vicinities of Lingayen and Dagupan before emptying into the Lingayen Gulf .", "The Ilocos Region comprises 4 provinces , 1 independent component city , 8 component cities , 116 municipalities , and 3,265 barangays .", "Province Capital Population ( 2015 ) Area Density Cities Muni . Bgy . km sq mi / km / sq mi Ilocos Norte Laoag 7001118000000000000 ♠ 11.8 % 593,081 3,467.89 1,338.96 170 440 21 557 Ilocos Sur Vigan 7001137000000000000 ♠ 13.7 % 689,668 2,596.00 1,002.32 270 700 32 768 La Union San Fernando 7001157000000000000 ♠ 15.7 % 786,653 1,497.70 578.27 530 1,400 19 576 Pangasinan Lingayen 7001588000000000000 ♠ 58.8 % 2,956,726 5,451.01 2,104.65 540 1,400 44 1,364 Total 5,026,128 13,012.60 5,024.19 390 1,000 9 116 3,265 Figures for Pangasinan include the independent component city of Dagupan .", "Province Capital Population ( 2015 ) Area Density Cities Muni . Bgy .", "km sq mi / km / sq mi", "Ilocos Norte Laoag 7001118000000000000 ♠ 11.8 % 593,081 3,467.89 1,338.96 170 440 21 557", "Ilocos Sur Vigan 7001137000000000000 ♠ 13.7 % 689,668 2,596.00 1,002.32 270 700 32 768", "La Union San Fernando 7001157000000000000 ♠ 15.7 % 786,653 1,497.70 578.27 530 1,400 19 576", "Pangasinan Lingayen 7001588000000000000 ♠ 58.8 % 2,956,726 5,451.01 2,104.65 540 1,400 44 1,364", "Total 5,026,128 13,012.60 5,024.19 390 1,000 9 116 3,265", "Figures for Pangasinan include the independent component city of Dagupan .", "Figures for Pangasinan include the independent component city of Dagupan .", "show City / Municipality Population ( 2015 ) Area Density Class Income class Province km sq mi / km / sq mi Adams 1,792 159.31 61.51 11 28 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte Agno 28,052 169.75 65.54 170 440 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Agoo 63,692 52.84 20.40 1,200 3,100 Municipality 1st La Union Aguilar 41,463 195.07 75.32 210 540 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Alaminos City 89,708 164.26 63.42 550 1,400 Component City 4th Pangasinan Alcala 43,402 45.71 17.65 950 2,500 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Alilem 6,695 119.33 46.07 56 150 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Anda 39,504 74.55 28.78 530 1,400 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Aringay 47,458 84.54 32.64 560 1,500 Municipality 2nd La Union Asingan 57,355 66.64 25.73 860 2,200 Municipality 2nd Pangasinan Bacarra 32,215 65.32 25.22 490 1,300 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte Bacnotan 42,078 76.60 29.58 550 1,400 Municipality 1st La Union Badoc 31,616 76.68 29.61 410 1,100 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Norte Bagulin 13,456 107.33 41.44 130 340 Municipality 5th La Union Balaoan 39,188 68.70 26.53 570 1,500 Municipality 1st La Union Balungao 31,106 73.25 28.28 420 1,100 Municipality 4th Pangasinan Banayoyo 7,748 24.63 9.51 310 800 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Bangar 35,947 37.36 14.42 960 2,500 Municipality 3rd La Union Bangui 14,672 112.98 43.62 130 340 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte Bani 50,306 179.65 69.36 280 730 Municipality 2nd Pangasinan Banna 19,438 92.73 35.80 210 540 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte Bantay 35,731 76.60 29.58 470 1,200 Municipality 1st Ilocos Sur Basista 32,959 24.00 9.27 1,400 3,600 Municipality 4th Pangasinan Batac City 55,201 161.06 62.19 340 880 Component City 5th Ilocos Norte Bauang 75,032 73.15 28.24 1,000 2,600 Municipality 1st La Union Bautista 32,307 46.33 17.89 700 1,800 Municipality 4th Pangasinan Bayambang 118,205 143.94 55.58 820 2,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Binalonan 54,555 47.57 18.37 110 280 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Binmaley 83,052 118.50 45.75 700 1,800 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Bolinao 82,084 197.22 76.15 420 1,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Bugallon 67,348 189.64 73.22 360 930 Municipality 2nd Pangasinan Burgos 9,777 128.90 49.77 76 200 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte Burgos 12,224 44.38 17.14 280 730 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Burgos 8,067 70.80 27.34 110 280 Municipality 5th La Union Burgos 21,637 131.32 50.70 160 410 Municipality 4th Pangasinan Caba 22,039 46.31 17.88 480 1,200 Municipality 4th La Union Cabugao 37,501 95.56 36.90 390 1,000 Municipality 1st Ilocos Sur Calasiao 95,154 48.36 18.67 2,000 5,200 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Candon City 60,623 103.28 39.88 590 1,500 Component City 4th Ilocos Sur Caoayan 19,861 17.42 6.73 1,100 2,800 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Carasi 1,567 82.97 32.03 19 49 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte Cervantes 17,211 234.70 90.62 73 190 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Currimao 12,184 34.08 13.16 360 930 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte Dagupan City 171,271 44.47 17.17 3,900 10,000 Independent Component City 1st Pangasinan Dasol 29,110 166.60 64.32 170 440 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Dingras 38,562 96.00 37.07 400 1,000 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Norte Dumalneg 2,947 88.48 34.16 33 85 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte Galimuyod 10,748 34.40 13.28 310 800 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Gregorio del Pilar 4,875 41.66 16.09 120 310 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur Infanta 24,584 254.29 98.18 97 250 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Labrador 23,201 90.99 35.13 250 650 Municipality 4th Pangasinan Laoac 31,497 40.50 15.64 780 2,000 Municipality 4th Pangasinan Laoag City 111,125 116.08 44.82 960 2,500 Component City 3rd Ilocos Norte Lidlidda 4,647 33.84 13.07 140 360 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur Lingayen 103,278 62.76 24.23 1,600 4,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Luna 35,802 42.90 16.56 830 2,100 Municipality 3rd La Union Mabini 24,765 291.01 112.36 85 220 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Magsingal 30,792 84.98 32.81 360 930 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur Malasiqui 130,275 131.37 50.72 990 2,600 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Manaoag 69,497 55.95 21.60 1,200 3,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Mangaldan 106,331 48.47 18.71 2,200 5,700 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Mangatarem 73,241 317.50 122.59 230 600 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Mapandan 37,059 30.00 11.58 1,200 3,100 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Marcos 17,777 72.77 28.10 240 620 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte Nagbukel 5,259 43.12 16.65 120 310 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur Naguilian 54,221 104.60 40.39 520 1,300 Municipality 1st La Union Narvacan 44,006 122.21 47.19 360 930 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Sur Natividad 24,299 134.36 51.88 180 470 Municipality 4th Pangasinan Nueva Era 9,506 515.02 198.85 18 47 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte Pagudpud 23,770 194.90 75.25 120 310 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte Paoay 24,866 76.24 29.44 330 850 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte Pasuquin 28,980 210.54 81.29 140 360 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte Piddig 21,497 216.20 83.48 99 260 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte Pinili 17,300 89.48 34.55 190 490 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte Pozorrubio 69,555 134.60 51.97 520 1,300 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Pugo 19,690 62.84 24.26 310 800 Municipality 5th La Union Quirino 8,573 240.10 92.70 36 93 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Rosales 63,081 66.39 25.63 950 2,500 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Rosario 55,458 73.98 28.56 750 1,900 Municipality 1st La Union Salcedo 11,288 103.44 39.94 110 280 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur San Carlos City 188,571 169.03 65.26 1,100 2,800 Component City 3rd Pangasinan San Emilio 7,407 141.44 54.61 52 130 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur San Esteban 8,349 19.62 7.58 430 1,100 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur San Fabian 83,025 81.28 31.38 1,000 2,600 Municipality 1st Pangasinan San Fernando City 121,812 102.72 39.66 1,200 3,100 Component City 3rd La Union San Gabriel 18,172 129.87 50.14 140 360 Municipality 4th La Union San Ildefonso 7,787 11.35 4.38 690 1,800 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur San Jacinto 40,848 44.18 17.06 920 2,400 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan San Juan 26,411 64.37 24.85 410 1,100 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur San Juan 37,188 57.12 22.05 650 1,700 Municipality 2nd La Union San Manuel 52,939 129.18 49.88 410 1,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan San Nicolas 36,736 40.18 15.51 910 2,400 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Norte San Nicolas 35,574 210.20 81.16 170 440 Municipality 1st Pangasinan San Quintin 32,945 115.90 44.75 280 730 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan San Vicente 12,758 12.60 4.86 1,000 2,600 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur Santa 15,340 109.10 42.12 140 360 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Santa Barbara 82,012 61.37 23.70 1,300 3,400 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Santa Catalina 13,945 9.68 3.74 1,400 3,600 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur Santa Cruz 39,868 88.78 34.28 450 1,200 Municipality 1st Ilocos Sur Santa Lucia 25,402 49.72 19.20 510 1,300 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur Santa Maria 30,321 63.31 24.44 480 1,200 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur Santa Maria 33,038 69.50 26.83 480 1,200 Municipality 4th Pangasinan Santiago 18,759 46.36 17.90 400 1,000 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Santo Domingo 27,975 55.49 21.42 500 1,300 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur Santo Tomas 39,092 64.00 24.71 610 1,600 Municipality 4th La Union Santo Tomas 15,022 12.99 5.02 1,200 3,100 Municipality 5th Pangasinan Santol 12,476 93.70 36.18 130 340 Municipality 4th La Union Sarrat 25,212 57.39 22.16 440 1,100 Municipality 1st Ilocos Norte Sigay 2,737 81.55 31.49 34 88 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur Sinait 25,640 65.56 25.31 390 1,000 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur Sison 47,518 81.88 31.61 580 1,500 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Solsona 24,121 166.23 64.18 150 390 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte Sual 34,149 130.16 50.26 260 670 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Sudipen 17,056 97.59 37.68 170 440 Municipality 4th La Union Sugpon 4,585 57.11 22.05 80 210 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur Suyo 11,446 124.00 47.88 92 240 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur Tagudin 39,277 151.19 58.37 260 670 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Sur Tayug 43,149 51.24 19.78 840 2,200 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Tubao 28,729 50.75 19.59 570 1,500 Municipality 4th La Union Umingan 73,252 258.43 99.78 280 730 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Urbiztondo 50,170 81.80 31.58 610 1,600 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan Urdaneta City 132,940 100.26 38.71 1,300 3,400 Component City 2nd Pangasinan Vigan City 53,879 25.12 9.70 2,100 5,400 Component City 4th Ilocos Sur Villasis 62,333 75.83 29.28 820 2,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan Vintar 32,220 614.35 237.20 52 130 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte", "show City / Municipality Population ( 2015 ) Area Density Class Income class Province", "km sq mi / km / sq mi", "Adams 1,792 159.31 61.51 11 28 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte", "Agno 28,052 169.75 65.54 170 440 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Agoo 63,692 52.84 20.40 1,200 3,100 Municipality 1st La Union", "Aguilar 41,463 195.07 75.32 210 540 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Alaminos City 89,708 164.26 63.42 550 1,400 Component City 4th Pangasinan", "Alcala 43,402 45.71 17.65 950 2,500 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Alilem 6,695 119.33 46.07 56 150 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Anda 39,504 74.55 28.78 530 1,400 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Aringay 47,458 84.54 32.64 560 1,500 Municipality 2nd La Union", "Asingan 57,355 66.64 25.73 860 2,200 Municipality 2nd Pangasinan", "Bacarra 32,215 65.32 25.22 490 1,300 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte", "Bacnotan 42,078 76.60 29.58 550 1,400 Municipality 1st La Union", "Badoc 31,616 76.68 29.61 410 1,100 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Norte", "Bagulin 13,456 107.33 41.44 130 340 Municipality 5th La Union", "Balaoan 39,188 68.70 26.53 570 1,500 Municipality 1st La Union", "Balungao 31,106 73.25 28.28 420 1,100 Municipality 4th Pangasinan", "Banayoyo 7,748 24.63 9.51 310 800 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Bangar 35,947 37.36 14.42 960 2,500 Municipality 3rd La Union", "Bangui 14,672 112.98 43.62 130 340 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte", "Bani 50,306 179.65 69.36 280 730 Municipality 2nd Pangasinan", "Banna 19,438 92.73 35.80 210 540 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte", "Bantay 35,731 76.60 29.58 470 1,200 Municipality 1st Ilocos Sur", "Basista 32,959 24.00 9.27 1,400 3,600 Municipality 4th Pangasinan", "Batac City 55,201 161.06 62.19 340 880 Component City 5th Ilocos Norte", "Bauang 75,032 73.15 28.24 1,000 2,600 Municipality 1st La Union", "Bautista 32,307 46.33 17.89 700 1,800 Municipality 4th Pangasinan", "Bayambang 118,205 143.94 55.58 820 2,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Binalonan 54,555 47.57 18.37 110 280 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Binmaley 83,052 118.50 45.75 700 1,800 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Bolinao 82,084 197.22 76.15 420 1,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Bugallon 67,348 189.64 73.22 360 930 Municipality 2nd Pangasinan", "Burgos 9,777 128.90 49.77 76 200 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte", "Burgos 12,224 44.38 17.14 280 730 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Burgos 8,067 70.80 27.34 110 280 Municipality 5th La Union", "Burgos 21,637 131.32 50.70 160 410 Municipality 4th Pangasinan", "Caba 22,039 46.31 17.88 480 1,200 Municipality 4th La Union", "Cabugao 37,501 95.56 36.90 390 1,000 Municipality 1st Ilocos Sur", "Calasiao 95,154 48.36 18.67 2,000 5,200 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Candon City 60,623 103.28 39.88 590 1,500 Component City 4th Ilocos Sur", "Caoayan 19,861 17.42 6.73 1,100 2,800 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Carasi 1,567 82.97 32.03 19 49 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte", "Cervantes 17,211 234.70 90.62 73 190 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Currimao 12,184 34.08 13.16 360 930 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte", "Dagupan City 171,271 44.47 17.17 3,900 10,000 Independent Component City 1st Pangasinan", "Dasol 29,110 166.60 64.32 170 440 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Dingras 38,562 96.00 37.07 400 1,000 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Norte", "Dumalneg 2,947 88.48 34.16 33 85 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte", "Galimuyod 10,748 34.40 13.28 310 800 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Gregorio del Pilar 4,875 41.66 16.09 120 310 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur", "Infanta 24,584 254.29 98.18 97 250 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Labrador 23,201 90.99 35.13 250 650 Municipality 4th Pangasinan", "Laoac 31,497 40.50 15.64 780 2,000 Municipality 4th Pangasinan", "Laoag City 111,125 116.08 44.82 960 2,500 Component City 3rd Ilocos Norte", "Lidlidda 4,647 33.84 13.07 140 360 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur", "Lingayen 103,278 62.76 24.23 1,600 4,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Luna 35,802 42.90 16.56 830 2,100 Municipality 3rd La Union", "Mabini 24,765 291.01 112.36 85 220 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Magsingal 30,792 84.98 32.81 360 930 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur", "Malasiqui 130,275 131.37 50.72 990 2,600 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Manaoag 69,497 55.95 21.60 1,200 3,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Mangaldan 106,331 48.47 18.71 2,200 5,700 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Mangatarem 73,241 317.50 122.59 230 600 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Mapandan 37,059 30.00 11.58 1,200 3,100 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Marcos 17,777 72.77 28.10 240 620 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte", "Nagbukel 5,259 43.12 16.65 120 310 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur", "Naguilian 54,221 104.60 40.39 520 1,300 Municipality 1st La Union", "Narvacan 44,006 122.21 47.19 360 930 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Sur", "Natividad 24,299 134.36 51.88 180 470 Municipality 4th Pangasinan", "Nueva Era 9,506 515.02 198.85 18 47 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte", "Pagudpud 23,770 194.90 75.25 120 310 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte", "Paoay 24,866 76.24 29.44 330 850 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte", "Pasuquin 28,980 210.54 81.29 140 360 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte", "Piddig 21,497 216.20 83.48 99 260 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte", "Pinili 17,300 89.48 34.55 190 490 Municipality 4th Ilocos Norte", "Pozorrubio 69,555 134.60 51.97 520 1,300 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Pugo 19,690 62.84 24.26 310 800 Municipality 5th La Union", "Quirino 8,573 240.10 92.70 36 93 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Rosales 63,081 66.39 25.63 950 2,500 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Rosario 55,458 73.98 28.56 750 1,900 Municipality 1st La Union", "Salcedo 11,288 103.44 39.94 110 280 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "San Carlos City 188,571 169.03 65.26 1,100 2,800 Component City 3rd Pangasinan", "San Emilio 7,407 141.44 54.61 52 130 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "San Esteban 8,349 19.62 7.58 430 1,100 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur", "San Fabian 83,025 81.28 31.38 1,000 2,600 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "San Fernando City 121,812 102.72 39.66 1,200 3,100 Component City 3rd La Union", "San Gabriel 18,172 129.87 50.14 140 360 Municipality 4th La Union", "San Ildefonso 7,787 11.35 4.38 690 1,800 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur", "San Jacinto 40,848 44.18 17.06 920 2,400 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "San Juan 26,411 64.37 24.85 410 1,100 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur", "San Juan 37,188 57.12 22.05 650 1,700 Municipality 2nd La Union", "San Manuel 52,939 129.18 49.88 410 1,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "San Nicolas 36,736 40.18 15.51 910 2,400 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Norte", "San Nicolas 35,574 210.20 81.16 170 440 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "San Quintin 32,945 115.90 44.75 280 730 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "San Vicente 12,758 12.60 4.86 1,000 2,600 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur", "Santa 15,340 109.10 42.12 140 360 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Santa Barbara 82,012 61.37 23.70 1,300 3,400 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Santa Catalina 13,945 9.68 3.74 1,400 3,600 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur", "Santa Cruz 39,868 88.78 34.28 450 1,200 Municipality 1st Ilocos Sur", "Santa Lucia 25,402 49.72 19.20 510 1,300 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur", "Santa Maria 30,321 63.31 24.44 480 1,200 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur", "Santa Maria 33,038 69.50 26.83 480 1,200 Municipality 4th Pangasinan", "Santiago 18,759 46.36 17.90 400 1,000 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Santo Domingo 27,975 55.49 21.42 500 1,300 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur", "Santo Tomas 39,092 64.00 24.71 610 1,600 Municipality 4th La Union", "Santo Tomas 15,022 12.99 5.02 1,200 3,100 Municipality 5th Pangasinan", "Santol 12,476 93.70 36.18 130 340 Municipality 4th La Union", "Sarrat 25,212 57.39 22.16 440 1,100 Municipality 1st Ilocos Norte", "Sigay 2,737 81.55 31.49 34 88 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur", "Sinait 25,640 65.56 25.31 390 1,000 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur", "Sison 47,518 81.88 31.61 580 1,500 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Solsona 24,121 166.23 64.18 150 390 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Norte", "Sual 34,149 130.16 50.26 260 670 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Sudipen 17,056 97.59 37.68 170 440 Municipality 4th La Union", "Sugpon 4,585 57.11 22.05 80 210 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur", "Suyo 11,446 124.00 47.88 92 240 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur", "Tagudin 39,277 151.19 58.37 260 670 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Sur", "Tayug 43,149 51.24 19.78 840 2,200 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Tubao 28,729 50.75 19.59 570 1,500 Municipality 4th La Union", "Umingan 73,252 258.43 99.78 280 730 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Urbiztondo 50,170 81.80 31.58 610 1,600 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan", "Urdaneta City 132,940 100.26 38.71 1,300 3,400 Component City 2nd Pangasinan", "Vigan City 53,879 25.12 9.70 2,100 5,400 Component City 4th Ilocos Sur", "Villasis 62,333 75.83 29.28 820 2,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan", "Vintar 32,220 614.35 237.20 52 130 Municipality 5th Ilocos Norte", "Although the economy in the southern portion of the region , esp . Pangasinan , is anchored on agro-industrial and service industry , the economy in the northern portion of the region is anchored in the agricultural sector . The economy in Pangasinan is driven by agro-industrial businesses , such as milkfish ( bangus ) cultivation and processing , livestock raising , fish paste processing ( bagoong ) , and others . Income in the Ilocos provinces or northern portion mostly come from cultivating rice , tobacco , corn , sugarcane , and fruits ; raising livestock such as pigs , chicken , goats , and carabaos ( water buffalos ) .", "The distribution of the economic activity in the region may be seen from the collection of tax revenue of the national government . The bulk of the collections come from Pangasinan , which posted 61 % of the total .", "The service and light manufacturing industries are concentrated in the cities . Dagupan is mostly driven by its local entrepreneurs , which have started to expand its network up to the national level . San Fernando in La Union also has an international shipping port and the upgraded and soon to be developed San Fernando International Airport . While Laoag in Ilocos Norte has an international airport .", "The tourism industry , driven by local airlines and land transportation firms in the area like Farinas Transit Company and Partas , focuses on the coastal beaches and on eco-tourism . There are fine sands stretching along Bauang , La Union and the rest of the region .", "The region is also rich in crafts , with renowned blanket - weaving and pottery . The Ilocanos ' burnay pottery is well known for its dark colored clay .", "Population census of Ilocos Region Year Pop . ± % p.a. 3,550,642 -- 2000 4,200,478 + 1.69 % 4,748,372 + 1.23 % 2015 5,026,128 + 1.09 % Source : Philippine Statistics Authority", "Population census of Ilocos Region", "Year Pop . ± % p.a.", "3,550,642 --", "2000 4,200,478 + 1.69 %", "4,748,372 + 1.23 %", "2015 5,026,128 + 1.09 %", "Source : Philippine Statistics Authority", "The Ilocos provinces are the historical homeland of the Ilocanos . In the 2000 Census , the Ilocanos comprised 66 % of the region , Pangasinan people 27 % , and the Tagalogs 3 % .", "Pangasinan is the historical homeland of the Pangasinans . The population of Pangasinan comprises approximately 60 % of the total population of the region . The Ilocanos started migrating to Pangasinan in the 19th century . Pangasinan was formerly a province of Region III ( Central Luzon ) before President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 1 , 1972 , incorporating it into Region I. Minority groups include the Tingguian and Isneg communities that inhabit the foothills of the Cordillera mountains .", "The population is predominantly Roman Catholic with strong adherents of Protestantism such as the Aglipayan denomination further north of the country . There are also adherents to other religions , such as Iglesia ni Cristo , Mormons , and the like . There is also an undercurrent of traditional animistic beliefs especially in rural areas . The small mercantile Chinese and Indian communities are primarily Buddhists , Taoists , and Hindus .", "José Burgos , one of the Gomburza martyrs during the Spanish Occupation Ferdinand Marcos , tenth President of the Philippines Elpidio Quirino , sixth President of the Philippines Fidel V. Ramos , twelfth President of the Philippines Artemio Ricarte , Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine -- American War Diego Silang , male revolutionary leader during the Spanish Occupation Gabriela Silang , female revolutionary leader during the Spanish Occupation", "José Burgos , one of the Gomburza martyrs during the Spanish Occupation", "Ferdinand Marcos , tenth President of the Philippines", "Elpidio Quirino , sixth President of the Philippines", "Fidel V. Ramos , twelfth President of the Philippines", "Artemio Ricarte , Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine -- American War", "Diego Silang , male revolutionary leader during the Spanish Occupation", "Gabriela Silang , female revolutionary leader during the Spanish Occupation" ]

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[ "`` I Like It '' Single by Cardi B , Bad Bunny and J Balvin from the album Invasion of Privacy Language English Spanish Released May 25 , 2018 Format 12 '' single digital download streaming Genre Latin trap Length 4 : 13 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Belcalis Almánzar Benito Ocasio José Osorio Tony Pabón Manny Rodriguez Benny Bonilla Edgar Machucha Edgar Vargas Klenord Raphael Jordan Thorpe Luian Malave Marcos Masis Noah Assad Vincent Watson Xavier Vargas Anthony White Producer ( s ) J. White Tainy Craig Kallman Invincible Cardi B singles chronology `` Dinero '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Girls Like You '' ( 2018 ) J Balvin singles chronology `` Estan Pa ' Mí '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Karma '' ( 2018 ) Bad Bunny singles chronology `` Estamos Clear '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Te Descuidó '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` I Like It '' on YouTube", "`` I Like It ''", "Single by Cardi B , Bad Bunny and J Balvin", "from the album Invasion of Privacy", "Language English Spanish", "English Spanish", "Released May 25 , 2018", "Format 12 '' single digital download streaming", "12 '' single digital download streaming", "12 '' single", "Genre Latin trap", "Latin trap", "Length 4 : 13", "Label Atlantic", "Songwriter ( s ) Belcalis Almánzar Benito Ocasio José Osorio Tony Pabón Manny Rodriguez Benny Bonilla Edgar Machucha Edgar Vargas Klenord Raphael Jordan Thorpe Luian Malave Marcos Masis Noah Assad Vincent Watson Xavier Vargas Anthony White", "Belcalis Almánzar Benito Ocasio José Osorio Tony Pabón Manny Rodriguez Benny Bonilla Edgar Machucha Edgar Vargas Klenord Raphael Jordan Thorpe Luian Malave Marcos Masis Noah Assad Vincent Watson Xavier Vargas Anthony White", "Producer ( s ) J. White Tainy Craig Kallman Invincible", "J. White Tainy Craig Kallman Invincible", "Cardi B singles chronology", "`` Dinero '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Girls Like You '' ( 2018 )", "`` Dinero '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Girls Like You '' ( 2018 )", "`` Dinero '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Girls Like You '' ( 2018 )", "J Balvin singles chronology", "`` Estan Pa ' Mí '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Karma '' ( 2018 )", "`` Estan Pa ' Mí '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Karma '' ( 2018 )", "`` Estan Pa ' Mí '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Karma '' ( 2018 )", "Bad Bunny singles chronology", "`` Estamos Clear '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Te Descuidó '' ( 2018 )", "`` Estamos Clear '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Te Descuidó '' ( 2018 )", "`` Estamos Clear '' ( 2018 ) `` I Like It '' ( 2018 ) `` Te Descuidó '' ( 2018 )", "Music video", "`` I Like It '' on YouTube", "`` I Like It '' is a song recorded by American rapper Cardi B with Puerto Rican recording artist Bad Bunny and Colombian singer J Balvin for her debut studio album Invasion of Privacy ( 2018 ) . It was released on May 25 , 2018 to radio stations through Atlantic Records as the fourth single from the album . `` I Like It '' was written by the three performers along with Jordan Thorpe and Klenord Raphael ; the song was produced by J. White , Tainy , Craig Kallman and Invincible . The Latin trap song comprises a trap - salsa beat , and contains a sample from `` I Like It Like That '' , written by Tony Pabón and Manny Rodriguez , with Benny Bonnilla on the timbales ; therefore these artists are credited as co-writers .", "Work on the song began in October 2017 and ended in early April 2018 . Its music video was filmed in Little Havana , Miami . Commercially , the single topped the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Cardi B 's second number one , the most for a female rapper in the chart 's history , and the first for both Bad Bunny and J Balvin . It also reached the top 10 in Canada , New Zealand , Portugal , Slovakia , Spain , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom .", "During the recording sessions of Invasion of Privacy , Cardi and her team were listening to beats and song ideas . The rapper was open to experiment with sounds , though she also discarded some that she felt were not right for her . Craig Kallman proposed Cardi to include a track that pays homage to her Latin heritage , to which she agreed . Kallman searched among his Latin music collection of records that he used to play when he was a DJ , and put together multiple sample ideas . Decided for Pete Rodriguez 's `` I Like It Like That '' and `` Oh That 's Nice '' , he added J White to the production process . The sample of the former song `` over a very rough instrumental '' and with a Cardi verse on it was sent to musician Edgar Machuca . White and Machuca worked on the production , chopping up the sample and trying to `` make the song sound better and cohesive and beef up the production . '' Cardi re-wrote the hook a number of times and cut vocals , eventually choosing the chorus she was most comfortable with . The three producers looped the `` I Like It '' part as they felt that was the catchiest part of the sample . Machucha proposed to add Bad Bunny and J Balvin to the track , with both artists contributing with their verses and ideas . Tainy and Invicible finished working on the production focusing on the instrumentals . Work on the record started in October 2017 , and finished in early April 2018 .", "We must have gone through so many different version of the mix . We mixed this over and over and over again . We wanted to make sure the low end was right and the clarity was right and the mid range was right , and it had real dynamic range and great stereo separation with the vocals just sitting right in the pocket . After the truly thousandth listen , I 'm like , `` This really works . There 's nothing more we can do to this to make it better . ''", "`` I Like It '' is a Latin trap number . It is a blend of trap and salsa , and samples 1960s boogaloo song `` I Like It Like That '' . As noted by a Billboard editor , the song is `` heavily indebted to the world of Latin hip hop . '' Bad Bunny raps in English and Spanish , while J Balvin performs in Spanish .", "Writing for Rolling Stone , Brittany Spanos deemed it `` the song of the summer '' and commented `` ( it ) sounds like it was chemically concocted in a mad scientist 's lab to be 2018 's reigning song of the summer . ( ... ) Everything about this song is perfect for summer : the trap - meets - salsa beat , features from two of reggaeton 's biggest stars , a sample of Pete Rodriguez 's half - century - old boogaloo hit `` I Like It Like That . '' '' In The Atlantic , Hannah Giorgis also deemed it `` song of the summer '' considering `` ( the song ) is irresistible because it channels the rapper at her best : when she feels at home . '' She also noted that the verses from both Bad Bunny and J. Balvin `` match Cardi 's energy '' and `` add complementary dynamism to the track . '' Neil Z . Yeung of AllMusic considered it a `` notable highlight '' of the album . Billboard staff considered it the best song of the first half of 2018 , and the year 's best Latin song of the summer .", "Prior to its release as a single , the song debuted at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Cardi B 's fifth top - ten entry on the chart and the highest debut of the songs from the album , which all debuted on the Hot 100 during the album 's first week of release . Bad Bunny and J Balvin earned their first and second top 10s , respectively . Following the release of the single 's accompanying music video , the song rose to a new peak of number seven on the chart , For the chart issue dated June 16 , with `` I Like It '' and `` Girls Like You , '' her collaboration with Maroon 5 charting at number four , Cardi B scored two concurrent Hot 100 top - five singles for the second time in 2018 . It ascended to number two the next week , blocked from the top by XXXTentacion 's `` Sad ! '' . It reached number one in its twelfth week , earning Cardi her second chart - topper , thus making her the first female rapper in history to do so . Bad Bunny and J Balvin scored their first number one . She also became the first female soloist to reach number one with two songs from a debut album since Lady Gaga , who did it in 2009 . `` I Like It '' reached number one on Digital Songs in its 20th chart week , claiming the sixth - longest wait to the summit since the chart began in 2004 . It also became Cardi B 's second number one song on the Radio Songs chart . Internationally , the single also charted within the top 10 in Canada , New Zealand , Portugal , Slovakia , Spain , Switzerland and the United Kingdom .", "Commenting on the single topping the Hot 100 , editor Leila Cobo for Billboard explained its notablity , `` it 's part of an accelerated spike of Spanish and Spanish - infused songs on the chart ( ... ) This surge can be attributed at least in part to streaming , which has broadened the scope for Latin music that is still shunned from major mainstream outlets . But it also reflects the times , the moment and the new openness of the world , despite the entrenchment at the border . ''", "`` I Like It '' also became the first number one single ( and the first Latin Trap song in this genre to do so ) on the Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart for Cardi B , Bad Bunny , and J Balvin , reaching that summit in its September 1 , 2018 issue , benefitting from the support from both the 80 reporting stations ( dual Top 40 / CHR and Rhythmic outlets who submit their mix show hours or incorporate it in their playlist ) and the core full time Dance / EDM stations , the latter utilizing the remixed Dance versions of the song .", "The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Eif Rivera and filmed in March 2018 in Little Havana , Miami . A preview of the clip was featured on YouTube Music 's announcement video on May 23 . Released on May 29 , 2018 , the music video opens with Cardi B in a neighborhood , followed by scenes of Bad Bunny in the streets and J Balvin in a club . It also features scenes of the trio performing together .", "Director Eif Rivera stated in an interview that he was inspired by the movie I Like It Like That ( 1994 ) , which opening scene centered in a neighborhood of the South Bronx .", "`` I Like It '' topped YouTube 's 2018 Songs of the Summer list in the United States , and ranked fifth globally . As of October 2018 , it has received over 650 million views .", "Cardi B , Bad Bunny and J Balvin gave the first live performance of `` I Like It '' at the 2018 Coachella Music Festival during its second weekend , on April 22 . The trio delivered the first televised performance of the song at the 2018 American Music Awards . Featuring colorful outfits and visuals , they were accompanied by a live band composed by trumpet and bongo players . Cardi started the performance by lying atop a rotating circular stage ; she then ripped off the voluminous tulle and performed a salsa dance . Bad Bunny was wheeled in for his verse in a grocery cart , while J Balvin joined hanging by the DJ booth . The Billboard article reviewing the ceremony named it the best performance of the night .", "Year Ceremony Result Ref . 2018 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards Song of the Summer Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Song of Summer Won BreakTudo Awards Video of the Year Pending BET Hip Hop Awards Best Hip - Hop Video Nominated Best Collabo , Duo or Group Nominated Single of the Year Nominated Soul Train Music Awards Rhythm & Bars Award Pending", "Year Ceremony Result Ref .", "2018 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards Song of the Summer Nominated", "MTV Video Music Awards Song of Summer Won", "BreakTudo Awards Video of the Year Pending", "BET Hip Hop Awards Best Hip - Hop Video Nominated", "Best Collabo , Duo or Group Nominated", "Single of the Year Nominated", "Soul Train Music Awards Rhythm & Bars Award Pending", "Digital download -- Dillon Francis remix", "Digital download -- Dillon Francis remix", "`` I Like It '' ( Dillon Francis remix ) -- 3 : 39", "`` I Like It '' ( Dillon Francis remix ) -- 3 : 39", "Digital download -- German remix", "Digital download -- German remix", "`` I Like It '' ( featuring Kontra K and AK Ausserkontrolle ) -- 4 : 14", "`` I Like It '' ( featuring Kontra K and AK Ausserkontrolle ) -- 4 : 14", "12 - inch single", "12 - inch single", "`` I Like It '' -- 4 : 13 `` I Like It '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 13 `` I Like It '' ( Dillon Francis remix ) -- 3 : 39 `` I Like It '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 11", "`` I Like It '' -- 4 : 13", "`` I Like It '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 13", "`` I Like It '' ( Dillon Francis remix ) -- 3 : 39", "`` I Like It '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 11", "Credits adapted from Tidal .", "Cardi B -- vocals Bad Bunny -- vocals J Balvin -- vocals J. White Did It -- producer Tainy -- producer Craig Kallman -- producer Invincible -- co-producer Nick Seeley -- additional producer Colin Leonard -- mastering engineer Juan Chaves -- trumpet Michael Romero -- background vocals Sarah Sellers -- background vocals Nick Seeley -- background vocals Andrew Tinker -- background vocals Holly Seeley -- background vocals Leslie Brathwaite -- mixer", "Cardi B -- vocals", "Bad Bunny -- vocals", "J Balvin -- vocals", "J. White Did It -- producer", "Tainy -- producer", "Craig Kallman -- producer", "Invincible -- co-producer", "Nick Seeley -- additional producer", "Colin Leonard -- mastering engineer", "Juan Chaves -- trumpet", "Michael Romero -- background vocals", "Sarah Sellers -- background vocals", "Nick Seeley -- background vocals", "Andrew Tinker -- background vocals", "Holly Seeley -- background vocals", "Leslie Brathwaite -- mixer", "Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina ( Argentina Hot 100 ) 41 Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 13 Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 21 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 19 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 11 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Greece International Digital ( IFPI Greece ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 18 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 12 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 24 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 20 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 50 Portugal ( AFP ) 9 Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 16 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 13 Singapore ( RIAS ) 29 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 99 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 24 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position", "Argentina ( Argentina Hot 100 ) 41", "Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 13", "Australia ( ARIA ) 14", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 21", "Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 )", "Colombia ( National - Report ) 19", "Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 11", "Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16", "France ( SNEP ) 19", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14", "Greece International Digital ( IFPI Greece )", "Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 18", "Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 12", "Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 10", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 10", "Israel ( Media Forest )", "Italy ( FIMI ) 24", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7", "Norway ( VG - lista ) 20", "Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 50", "Portugal ( AFP ) 9", "Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 16", "Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 13", "Singapore ( RIAS ) 29", "Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 99", "Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8", "Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 24", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8", "UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 7", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34", "US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 22", "US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard )", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard )", "US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )", "US Rhythmic ( Billboard )", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 100,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000", "Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000", "Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000", "France ( SNEP ) Gold 100,000", "Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000", "Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000", "New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000", "Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000", "Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000", "United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "List of release dates , showing region , format ( s ) , label ( s ) and reference ( s ) Region Date Format ( s ) Version Label ( s ) Ref . Italy May 25 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Original Warner United Kingdom United States May 29 , 2018 KSR Atlantic Urban contemporary Various June 22 , 2018 Digital download streaming Dillon Francis remix Atlantic Italy June 27 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Warner Music United States June 28 , 2018 12 - inch single Original Atlantic Canada Germany July 2 , 2018 Warner Music Switzerland Germany August 24 , 2018 Digital download streaming German remix", "Region Date Format ( s ) Version Label ( s ) Ref .", "Italy May 25 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Original Warner", "United Kingdom", "United States May 29 , 2018 KSR Atlantic", "KSR Atlantic", "Urban contemporary", "Various June 22 , 2018 Digital download streaming Dillon Francis remix Atlantic", "Digital download streaming", "Italy June 27 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Warner Music", "United States June 28 , 2018 12 - inch single Original Atlantic", "Canada", "Germany July 2 , 2018 Warner Music", "Switzerland", "Germany August 24 , 2018 Digital download streaming German remix", "Digital download streaming" ]

[ [ "March 1964" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Mustang first generation 1965 Ford Mustang Overview Manufacturer Ford Production March 1964 -- June 1973 Model years 1965 -- 1973 Assembly Dearborn , Michigan San Jose , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico Designer Gale Halderman ( 1962 ) Body and chassis Class Pony car Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door fastback / sportsroof 2 - door convertible Layout FR layout Related Ford Falcon Mercury Cougar Mercury Comet Ford Ranchero Chronology Successor Ford Mustang II", "Mustang first generation", "1965 Ford Mustang", "Overview", "Manufacturer Ford", "Production March 1964 -- June 1973", "Model years 1965 -- 1973", "Assembly Dearborn , Michigan San Jose , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico", "Designer Gale Halderman ( 1962 )", "Body and chassis", "Class Pony car", "Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door fastback / sportsroof 2 - door convertible", "Layout FR layout", "Related Ford Falcon Mercury Cougar Mercury Comet Ford Ranchero", "Chronology", "Successor Ford Mustang II", "The first - generation Ford Mustang was manufactured by Ford from March 1964 until 1973 . The introduction of the Mustang created a new class of automobile known as the pony car . The Mustang 's styling , with its long hood and short deck , proved wildly popular and inspired a host of competition .", "It was initially introduced as a hardtop and convertible with the fastback version put on sale in August 1964 . At the time of its introduction , the Mustang , sharing its underpinnings with the Falcon , was slotted into a compact car segment .", "With each revision , the Mustang saw an increase in overall dimensions and in engine power . The 1971 model saw a drastic redesign to its predecessors . After an initial surge , sales were steadily declining , as Ford began working on a new generation Mustang . With the onset of the 1973 oil crisis , Ford was prepared , having already designed the smaller Mustang II for the 1974 model year . This new car had no common components with preceding models .", "As Lee Iacocca 's assistant general manager and chief engineer , Donald N. Frey was the head engineer for the Mustang project -- supervising the development of the Mustang in a record 18 months from September 1962 to March 1964 . -- while Iacocca himself championed the project as Ford Division general manager .", "Drawing on inspiration from the mid-engined Ford Mustang I concept vehicle , Lee Iacocca ordered development of a new `` small car '' to vice-president of design at Ford , Eugene Bordinat . Bordinat tasked Ford 's three design studios ( Ford , Lincoln - Mercury , and Advanced Design ) to create proposals for the new vehicle .", "The design teams had been given five goals for the design of the Mustang : It would seat four , have bucket seats and a floor mounted shifter , weigh no more than 2,500 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) and be no more than 180 inches ( 4,572 mm ) in length , sell for less than $2,500 , and have multiple power , comfort , and luxury options .", "The Lincoln -- Mercury design studio ultimately produced the winning design in the intramural contest , under Project Design Chief Joe Oros and his team of L. David Ash , Gale Halderman , and John Foster .", "In a 2004 interview , Oros recalls the planning behind the design :", "`` I told the team that I wanted the car to appeal to women , but I wanted men to desire it , too . I wanted a Ferrari - like front end , the motif centered on the front -- something heavy - looking like a Maseratti ( sic ) , but , please , not a trident -- and I wanted air intakes on the side to cool the rear brakes . I said it should be as sporty as possible and look like it was related to European design . ''", "`` I told the team that I wanted the car to appeal to women , but I wanted men to desire it , too . I wanted a Ferrari - like front end , the motif centered on the front -- something heavy - looking like a Maseratti ( sic ) , but , please , not a trident -- and I wanted air intakes on the side to cool the rear brakes . I said it should be as sporty as possible and look like it was related to European design . ''", "Oros added :", "`` I then called a meeting with all the Ford studio designers . We talked about the sporty car for most of that afternoon , setting parameters for what it should look like -- and what it should not look like -- by making lists on a large pad , a technique I adapted from the management seminar . We taped the lists up all around the studio to keep ourselves on track . We also had photographs of all the previous sporty cars that had been done in the Corporate Advanced studio as a guide to themes or ideas that were tired or not acceptable to management . Within a week we had hammered out a new design . We cut templates and fitted them to the clay model that had been started . We cut right into it , adding or deleting clay to accommodate our new theme , so it was n't like starting all over . But we knew Lincoln - Mercury would have two models . And Advanced would have five , some they had previously shown and modified , plus a couple extras . But we would only have one model because Ford studio had a production schedule for a good many facelifts and other projects . We could n't afford the manpower , but we made up for lost time by working around the clock so our model would be ready for the management review . ''", "`` I then called a meeting with all the Ford studio designers . We talked about the sporty car for most of that afternoon , setting parameters for what it should look like -- and what it should not look like -- by making lists on a large pad , a technique I adapted from the management seminar . We taped the lists up all around the studio to keep ourselves on track . We also had photographs of all the previous sporty cars that had been done in the Corporate Advanced studio as a guide to themes or ideas that were tired or not acceptable to management . Within a week we had hammered out a new design . We cut templates and fitted them to the clay model that had been started . We cut right into it , adding or deleting clay to accommodate our new theme , so it was n't like starting all over . But we knew Lincoln - Mercury would have two models . And Advanced would have five , some they had previously shown and modified , plus a couple extras . But we would only have one model because Ford studio had a production schedule for a good many facelifts and other projects . We could n't afford the manpower , but we made up for lost time by working around the clock so our model would be ready for the management review . ''", "Within a week we had hammered out a new design . We cut templates and fitted them to the clay model that had been started . We cut right into it , adding or deleting clay to accommodate our new theme , so it was n't like starting all over . But we knew Lincoln - Mercury would have two models . And Advanced would have five , some they had previously shown and modified , plus a couple extras . But we would only have one model because Ford studio had a production schedule for a good many facelifts and other projects . We could n't afford the manpower , but we made up for lost time by working around the clock so our model would be ready for the management review .", "L. David Ash is often credited with the actual styling of the Mustang . Ash , in a 1985 interview speaking of the origin of the Mustang design , when asked the degree of his contribution , said :", "`` I would say substantial . However , anyone that says they designed the car by themselves , is wrong . Iacocca did n't design it . He conceived it . He 's called the father of it , and , in that respect , he was . I did not design it in total , nor did Oros . It was designed by a design group . You look at the photograph taken at the award banquet for the Industrial Designers ' Society where the Mustang received the medal ; it 's got Damon Woods in it ( the group that did the interior ) , and Charlie Phaneuf ( who was with Damon ) , and it 's got myself and John Foster ( who was with me ) , it 's got ( John ) Najjar in it . ''", "`` I would say substantial . However , anyone that says they designed the car by themselves , is wrong . Iacocca did n't design it . He conceived it . He 's called the father of it , and , in that respect , he was . I did not design it in total , nor did Oros . It was designed by a design group . You look at the photograph taken at the award banquet for the Industrial Designers ' Society where the Mustang received the medal ; it 's got Damon Woods in it ( the group that did the interior ) , and Charlie Phaneuf ( who was with Damon ) , and it 's got myself and John Foster ( who was with me ) , it 's got ( John ) Najjar in it . ''", "`` So nobody actually did the car , as such . Iacocca in his book flat out comes and says I did the car . It 's right there in print , `` It 's Dave Ash 's Mustang . '' Bordinat will tell you I did the car . This book tells you I did the car , but , in actual fact , I had a lot of help , and I do n't think anyone ever does a car by himself , not in these times anyway . ''", "`` So nobody actually did the car , as such . Iacocca in his book flat out comes and says I did the car . It 's right there in print , `` It 's Dave Ash 's Mustang . '' Bordinat will tell you I did the car . This book tells you I did the car , but , in actual fact , I had a lot of help , and I do n't think anyone ever does a car by himself , not in these times anyway . ''", "Gale Haldeman , in a 2002 interview with Collectible Automobile , spoke of the Mustang 's evolution through the Lincoln - Mercury studio :", "`` Dave Ash had started a clay model of the car . He had this very boxy , very stiff - looking car . Joe came back from a management conference , saw it , and said , `` No , no , no , we 're not going to do that ! '' That 's when he came to me ... he said , `` ... we 've just been given an assignment by ( Gene ) Bordinat to do a proposal on a small car that Lee ( Iaccoca ) wants to build . We 've got to do one , and I want you to work on that project . '' I went home and sketched some cars , and I took about five or six sketches with me the next morning and put them up on the board . ''", "`` Dave Ash had started a clay model of the car . He had this very boxy , very stiff - looking car . Joe came back from a management conference , saw it , and said , `` No , no , no , we 're not going to do that ! '' That 's when he came to me ... he said , `` ... we 've just been given an assignment by ( Gene ) Bordinat to do a proposal on a small car that Lee ( Iaccoca ) wants to build . We 've got to do one , and I want you to work on that project . '' I went home and sketched some cars , and I took about five or six sketches with me the next morning and put them up on the board . ''", "`` We must have put 25 sketches on the board that morning , because Joe assigned three or four of us to do designs . Joe picked one of the sketches I did at home to be clay modeled ... so we actually started over on ( Dave Ash 's ) clay model with the theme from one of my designs , which had scoops on the sides and the hop - up quarter lines . ''", "`` We must have put 25 sketches on the board that morning , because Joe assigned three or four of us to do designs . Joe picked one of the sketches I did at home to be clay modeled ... so we actually started over on ( Dave Ash 's ) clay model with the theme from one of my designs , which had scoops on the sides and the hop - up quarter lines . ''", "To decrease developmental costs , the Mustang used chassis , suspension , and drivetrain components derived from the Ford Falcon and Fairlane . It used a unitized platform - type frame from the 1964 Falcon , and welded box - section side rails , including welded crossmembers . Although hardtop Mustangs accounted for the highest sales , durability problems with the new frame led to the engineering of a convertible first , which ensured adequate stiffness . Overall length of the Mustang and Falcon was identical , although the Mustang 's wheelbase was slightly shorter . With an overall width of 68.2 in ( 1,732 mm ) , it was 2.4 in ( 61 mm ) narrower , yet the wheel track was nearly identical . Shipping weight , approximately 2,570 lb ( 1,166 kg ) with the straight six - cylinder engine , was also similar to the Falcon . A fully equipped V8 model weighed approximately 3,000 lb ( 1,361 kg ) . Although most of the mechanical parts were from the Falcon , the Mustang 's body was completely different ; sporting a shorter wheelbase , wider track , lower seating position and lower overall height . An industry first , the `` torque box '' was an innovative structural system that greatly stiffened the Mustang 's construction and helped contribute to better handling .", "Gale Haldeman spoke of the engineering and design of the car in his interview , stating :", "`` No one knew the Mustang was going to be as popular as it was , but it created a huge stir in the company . Everybody just loved it , even the engineers , though we must have bent 75 in - house engineering and manufacturing rules . The Mustang had the first floating bumpers . The whole front end was a die - casting with a floating hood . ''", "`` No one knew the Mustang was going to be as popular as it was , but it created a huge stir in the company . Everybody just loved it , even the engineers , though we must have bent 75 in - house engineering and manufacturing rules . The Mustang had the first floating bumpers . The whole front end was a die - casting with a floating hood . ''", "`` There were so many things the engineers said we should n't be doing , but they did n't want to change them either . There was so much enthusiasm right from the beginning . Even the drivers at the test track loved it . We would go there for meetings , and the crowds of people around it were huge . That was totally unusual , so we suspected the Mustang was going to be a hit . ''", "`` There were so many things the engineers said we should n't be doing , but they did n't want to change them either . There was so much enthusiasm right from the beginning . Even the drivers at the test track loved it . We would go there for meetings , and the crowds of people around it were huge . That was totally unusual , so we suspected the Mustang was going to be a hit . ''", "The idea for a fastback originated with Joe Oros as well , and was designed in Charlie Phaneuf 's studio . Haldeman recalls :", "`` We did it in secret . No one , including ( Hal ) Sperlich or Iacocca , saw it until it was finished . We cast it in fiberglass , painted it bright red , and then showed it to Iacocca . He said , `` We 've got to do it ! '' ''", "`` We did it in secret . No one , including ( Hal ) Sperlich or Iacocca , saw it until it was finished . We cast it in fiberglass , painted it bright red , and then showed it to Iacocca . He said , `` We 've got to do it ! '' ''", "An additional 4 - door model was designed by Dave Ash as a clay model , but was not considered .", "Mustang 1964 -- 1966 1966 Ford Mustang Overview Production March 1964 -- July 1964 ( 19641⁄2 series ) August 1964 -- July 1965 ( 1965 series ) August 1965 -- July 1966 ( 1966 series ) Assembly Dearborn , Michigan San Jose , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico Designer Joe Oros David Ash Gale Haldeman Charlie Phaneuf ( fastback ) Philip T. Clark ( Mustang I concept ) John Najjar ( Mustang I concept ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door fastback 2 - door convertible Related 1965 -- 1966 Shelby Mustang G.T. 350 Powertrain Engine 170 cu in ( 2.8 L ) Thriftpower I6 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) Windsor V8 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor HiPo V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 108 in ( 2,743 mm ) Length 181.6 in ( 4,613 mm ) Width 68.2 in ( 1,732 mm ) Height 51.2 in ( 1,300 mm ) Curb weight 2,445 lb ( 1,109 kg ) ( base )", "Mustang 1964 -- 1966", "1966 Ford Mustang", "Overview", "Production March 1964 -- July 1964 ( 19641⁄2 series ) August 1964 -- July 1965 ( 1965 series ) August 1965 -- July 1966 ( 1966 series )", "Assembly Dearborn , Michigan San Jose , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico", "Designer Joe Oros David Ash Gale Haldeman Charlie Phaneuf ( fastback ) Philip T. Clark ( Mustang I concept ) John Najjar ( Mustang I concept )", "Body and chassis", "Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door fastback 2 - door convertible", "Related 1965 -- 1966 Shelby Mustang G.T. 350", "Powertrain", "Engine 170 cu in ( 2.8 L ) Thriftpower I6 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) Windsor V8 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor HiPo V8", "Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic", "Dimensions", "Wheelbase 108 in ( 2,743 mm )", "Length 181.6 in ( 4,613 mm )", "Width 68.2 in ( 1,732 mm )", "Height 51.2 in ( 1,300 mm )", "Curb weight 2,445 lb ( 1,109 kg ) ( base )", "Since it was introduced four months before the normal start of the 1965 production year and manufactured alongside 1964 Ford Falcons and 1964 Mercury Comets , the earliest Mustangs are widely referred to as the 19641⁄2 model . Nevertheless , all `` 19641⁄2 '' cars were given 1965 U.S. standard VINs at the time of production , and - with limited exception to the earliest of promotional materials - were marketed by Ford as 1965 models . The low - end model hardtop used a `` U-code '' 170 cu in ( 2.8 L ) straight - 6 engine borrowed from the Falcon , as well as a three - speed manual transmission and retailed for US $ 2,368 . Standard equipment for the early 1965 Mustangs included black front seat belts , a glove box light , and a padded dash board . Production began in March 1964 and official introduction following on April 17 at the 1964 World 's Fair . V8 models got a badge on the front fender that spelled out the engine 's cubic inch displacement ( `` 260 '' or `` 289 '' ) over a wide `` V . '' This emblem was identical to the one on the 1964 Fairlane .", "Several changes to the Mustang occurred at the start of the `` normal '' 1965 model year in August 1964 , about four months after its introduction . These cars are known as `` late 65 's '' . The engine lineup was changed , with a 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) `` T - code '' engine that produced 120 hp ( 89 kW ; 122 PS ) . Production of the Fairlane 's `` F - code '' 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) engine ceased when the 1964 model year ended . It was replaced with a new 200 hp ( 150 kW ) `` C - code '' 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) engine with a two - barrel carburetor as the base V8 . An `` A-code '' 225 hp ( 168 kW ; 228 PS ) four - barrel carbureted version was next in line , followed by the unchanged `` Hi - Po '' `` K - code '' 271 hp ( 202 kW ; 275 PS ) 289 . The DC electrical generator was replaced by a new AC alternator on all Fords ( a way to distinguish a 1964 from a 1965 is to see if the alternator light on the dash says `` GEN '' or `` ALT '' ) . The Mustang GT version was introduced as the `` GT Equipment Package '' and included a V8 engine ( most often the 225 hp ( 168 kW ; 228 PS ) 289 ) , grille - mounted fog lamps , rocker panel stripes , and disc brakes . In the interior the GT option added a different instrument panel that included a speedometer , fuel gauge , temp . gauge , oil pressure gauge and ammeter in five round dials ( the gauges were not marked with numbers , however . ) A four - barrel carbureted engine was now available with any body style . Additionally , reverse lights were an option added to the car from August 1964 production . The Mustang was originally available as either a hardtop or convertible , but during the car 's early design phases a fastback model was strongly considered . In 1965 , the Shelby Mustang was born , it was available only in newly introduced fastback body version with its swept - back rear glass and distinctive ventilation louvers .", "The standard interior features of the 1965 Mustang included adjustable driver and passenger bucket seats , an AM radio , and a floor mounted shifter in a variety of color options . Ford added additional interior options during the 1965 model year . The Interior Decor Group was popularly known as `` Pony Interior '' due to the addition of embossed running ponies on the seat fronts , and also included integral armrests , woodgrain appliqué accents , and a round gauge cluster that would replace the standard Falcon instrumentation . Also available were sun visors , a ( mechanical ) remote - operated mirror , a floor console , and a bench seat . Ford later offered an under - dash air - conditioning unit , and discontinued the vinyl with cloth insert seat option , offered only in early 1965 models . One option designed strictly for fun was the Rally - Pac . Introduced in 1963 after Ford 's success at that year 's Monte Carlo Rally and available on other Ford and Mercury compacts and intermediates , the Rally - Pac was a combination clock and tachometer mounted to the steering column . It was available as a factory ordered item for US $69.30 . Installed by a dealer , the Rally - Pac cost US $75.95. A 14 '' rim option was available for Rally - pac and GT350R vehicles widening front and rear track to 57.5 `` . Reproductions are presently available from any number of Mustang restoration parts sources . A compass , rear seat belts , A / C , and back - up lights were also optional .", "Nationwide survey of owners by Popular Mechanics included many complaints about leg room . Fuel economy was very good for the period , with a published test by Popular Mechanics rating the small 260 cubic inch V8 with automatic transmission at 20.93 mpg at 60 mph .", "The 1966 Mustang debuted with moderate trim changes including a new grille , side ornamentation , wheel covers and gas cap . Ford 's new C - 4 `` cruise - o - matic '' three - speed auto transmission became available for the 225 hp V8 . The 289 `` HiPo '' K - code engine was also offered with a c4 transmission , but it had stronger internals and can be identified by the outer casing of the servo which is marked with a ' C ' . The long duration solid - lifter camshaft that allowed the high revving 289 to make the horsepower it was known for , was not friendly for a low stall speed automatic torque converter . The `` HiPo '' could be spotted very easily by the 1 - inch - thick ( 25 mm ) vibration damper , ( as compared to 1 / 2 inch on the 225 - hp version ) and the absence of a vacuum advance unit on the dual point distributor . With the valve covers off , there is a large letter `` K '' stamped between the valve springs , along with screw in studs ( vs. a pressed in stud for other 289s ) for the adjustable rocker arms . A large number of new paint and interior color options , an AM / eight - track sound system , and one of the first AM / FM mono automobile radios were also offered . It also removed the Falcon instrument cluster ; the previously optional features , including the round gauges and padded sun visors , became standard equipment . The Mustang would be the best - selling convertible in 1966 , with 72,119 sold , beating the number two Impala by almost 2 : 1 .", "The 1965 and 1966 Mustangs are differentiated by variations in the exterior , despite similar design . These variations include the emblem on the quarter - panels behind the doors . From August 1964 production , the emblem was a single vertical piece of chrome , while for 1966 models the emblem was smaller in height and had three horizontal bars extending from the design , resembling an `` E '' . The front intake grilles and ornaments were also different . The 1965 front grille used a `` honeycomb '' pattern , while the 1966 version was a `` slotted '' style . While both model years used the `` Horse and Corral '' emblem on the grille , the 1965 had four bars extending from each side of the corral , while on the 1966 , these bars were removed . The 1966 model year saw introduction of ' High Country Special ' limited edition , 333 of them were sold in Colorado , Wyoming , and Nebraska .", "When Ford wanted to introduce the Mustang in Germany , they discovered that Krupp company had already registered the name for a truck . The German company offered to sell the rights for US $10,000 . Ford refused and removed Mustang badges from exported units , instead naming the cars as T - 5 ( a pre-production Mustang project name ) for the German market until 1979 when Krupp copyrights expired .", "In 1965 , Harry Ferguson Research purchased 3 Mustang notchbacks and converted them to 4x4 in an attempt to sell potential clients on their FF AWD system . A similar system was used in the Ferguson P99 Formula One car , and would go on to be featured in the Jensen FF , widely considered the first AWD passenger car . As in the Jensen FF , the AWD Mustangs also featured an ABS braking system , long before such a feature was commonplace .", "Ford Australia organised the importation and conversion of 1966 Mustang to right - hand - drive ( RHD ) for Australian market . This coincided with the launch of new XR Falcon for 1966 , which was marketed as `` Mustang - bred Falcon '' . To set the official conversion apart from the cottage industry , the RHD Mustangs were called `` Ford Australia Delivered Mustang '' and had compliance plates similar to XR Falcon . About 209 were imported to Australia with 48 units were converted in 1965 while the further 161 were done in 1966 .", "engine displacement , type , carburetor type max . motive power at rpm max . torque at rpm 170 cu in ( 2.8 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1964 ) 1 - barrel 105 bhp ( 78 kW ; 106 PS ) @ 4,400 156 lb ⋅ ft ( 212 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 1 - barrel 120 bhp ( 89 kW ; 122 PS ) @ 4,400 190 lb ⋅ ft ( 258 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1964 ) 2 - barrel 164 bhp ( 122 kW ; 166 PS ) @ 4,400 258 lb ⋅ ft ( 350 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,200 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 2 - barrel 200 bhp ( 149 kW ; 203 PS ) @ 4,400 282 lb ⋅ ft ( 382 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1964 ) 4 - barrel 210 bhp ( 157 kW ; 213 PS ) @ 4,400 300 lb ⋅ ft ( 407 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,800 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 4 - barrel 225 bhp ( 168 kW ; 228 PS ) @ 4,800 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor HiPo V8 ( 1964 -- 1966 ) 4 - barrel 271 bhp ( 202 kW ; 275 PS ) @ 6,000 312 lb ⋅ ft ( 423 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "engine displacement , type , carburetor type max . motive power at rpm max . torque at rpm", "170 cu in ( 2.8 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1964 ) 1 - barrel 105 bhp ( 78 kW ; 106 PS ) @ 4,400 156 lb ⋅ ft ( 212 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400", "200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 1 - barrel 120 bhp ( 89 kW ; 122 PS ) @ 4,400 190 lb ⋅ ft ( 258 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400", "260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1964 ) 2 - barrel 164 bhp ( 122 kW ; 166 PS ) @ 4,400 258 lb ⋅ ft ( 350 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,200", "289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 2 - barrel 200 bhp ( 149 kW ; 203 PS ) @ 4,400 282 lb ⋅ ft ( 382 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400", "289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1964 ) 4 - barrel 210 bhp ( 157 kW ; 213 PS ) @ 4,400 300 lb ⋅ ft ( 407 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,800", "289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 4 - barrel 225 bhp ( 168 kW ; 228 PS ) @ 4,800 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200", "289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor HiPo V8 ( 1964 -- 1966 ) 4 - barrel 271 bhp ( 202 kW ; 275 PS ) @ 6,000 312 lb ⋅ ft ( 423 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "Mustang 1967 -- 1968 1968 Ford Mustang Overview Production August 1966 -- August 1968 Assembly Dearborn , Michigan San Jose , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico Lima , Peru Designer Ross Humphries ( 1965 ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door fastback 2 - door convertible Powertrain Engine 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) Windsor V8 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor HiPo V8 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 427 cu in ( 7.0 L ) FE HiPo * V8 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 108 in ( 2,743 mm ) Length 183.6 in ( 4,663 mm ) Width 70.9 in ( 1,801 mm ) Height 51.6 in ( 1,311 mm ) Curb weight 2,758 lb ( 1,251 kg ) ( base )", "Mustang 1967 -- 1968", "1968 Ford Mustang", "Overview", "Production August 1966 -- August 1968", "Assembly Dearborn , Michigan San Jose , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico Lima , Peru", "Designer Ross Humphries ( 1965 )", "Body and chassis", "Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door fastback 2 - door convertible", "Powertrain", "Engine 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) Windsor V8 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor HiPo V8 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 427 cu in ( 7.0 L ) FE HiPo * V8 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet V8", "Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic", "Dimensions", "Wheelbase 108 in ( 2,743 mm )", "Length 183.6 in ( 4,663 mm )", "Width 70.9 in ( 1,801 mm )", "Height 51.6 in ( 1,311 mm )", "Curb weight 2,758 lb ( 1,251 kg ) ( base )", "The 1967 model year Mustang was the first redesign of the original model . Ford 's designers began drawing up a larger version even as the original was achieving sales success , and while `` Iacocca later complained about the Mustang 's growth , he did oversee the redesign for 1967 . '' The major mechanical feature was to allow the installation of a big - block V8 engine . The overall size , interior and cargo space were increased . Exterior trim changes included concave taillights , side scoop ( 1967 model ) and chrome ( 1968 model ) side ornamentation , square rear - view mirrors , and usual yearly wheel and gas cap changes . The high - performance 289 option was placed behind the newer 335 hp ( 250 kW ; 340 PS ) 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE engine from the Ford Thunderbird , which was equipped with a four - barrel carburetor . During the mid-1968 model year , a drag racer for the street could be ordered with the optional 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet engine which was officially rated at 335 hp ( 250 kW ; 340 PS ) all of these Mustangs were issued R codes on their VINs .", "The 1967 Deluxe Interior was revised , discontinuing the embossed running horse motif on the seat backs ( the source for the `` pony interior '' nickname ) in favor of a new deluxe interior package , which included special color options , brushed aluminum ( from August 1966 production ) or woodgrain dash trim , seat buttons , and special door panels . The hardtop also included upholstered quarter trim panels , a carryover from the 1965 - 66 deluxe interior . The 1967 hardtop also had the chrome quarter trim caps , carried over from 1965 - 66 , but these were painted to match the interior in 1968 models . The 1967 deluxe interior included stainless steel - trimmed seat back shells , similar to those in the Thunderbird . These were dropped at the end of the 1967 model year , and were not included in the woodgrain - trimmed 1968 interior . The deluxe steering wheel , which had been included in the deluxe interior for the 1965 - 66 , became optional , and could also be ordered with the standard interior . The 1968 models that were produced from January 1968 were also the first model year to incorporate three - point lap and shoulder belts ( which had previously been optional , in 1967 - 68 models ) as opposed to the standard lap belts . The air - conditioning option was fully integrated into the dash , the speakers and stereo were upgraded , and unique center and overhead consoles were options . The fastback model offered the option of a rear fold - down seat , and the convertible was available with folding glass windows . Gone was the Rally - Pac , since the new instrument cluster had provisions for an optional tachometer and clock . Its size and shape also precluded the installation of the accessory atop the steering column . The convenience group with four warning lights for low fuel , seat belt reminder , parking brake not released , and door ajar were added to the instrument panel , or , if one ordered the optional console and A / C , the lights were mounted on the console .", "Changes for the 1968 model increased safety with a two - spoke energy - absorbing steering wheel , along with newly introduced shoulder belts . Other changes included front and rear side markers , `` FORD '' lettering removed from hood , rearview mirror moved from frame to windshield , a 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) V8 engine was now available , and C - Stripe graphics were added .", "The California Special Mustang , or GT / CS , was visually based on the Shelby model and was only sold in Western states . Its sister , the ' High Country Special ' , was sold in Denver , Colorado . While the GT / CS was only available as a coupe , the ' High Country Special ' model was available in fastback and convertible configurations during the 1966 and 1967 model years , and as a coupe for 1968 .", "The 1968 Ford Mustang GT Fastback reached iconic status after it was featured in the 1968 film Bullitt , starring Steve McQueen . In the film , McQueen drove a modified 1968 Mustang GT 2 + 2 Fastback chasing a Dodge Charger through the streets of San Francisco .", "engine displacement , type , carburetor type max . motive power at rpm max . torque at rpm 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1968 ) 1 - barrel 115 bhp ( 86 kW ; 117 PS ) @ 4,400 190 lb ⋅ ft ( 258 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1967 ) 1 - barrel 120 bhp ( 89 kW ; 122 PS ) @ 4,400 190 lb ⋅ ft ( 258 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1968 ) 2 - barrel 195 bhp ( 145 kW ; 198 PS ) @ 4,600 288 lb ⋅ ft ( 390 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1967 ) 2 - barrel 200 bhp ( 149 kW ; 203 PS ) @ 4,400 282 lb ⋅ ft ( 382 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1968 ) 2 - barrel 210 bhp ( 157 kW ; 213 PS ) @ 4,600 300 lb ⋅ ft ( 407 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1967 ) 4 - barrel 225 bhp ( 168 kW ; 228 PS ) @ 4,800 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1968 ) 4 - barrel 230 bhp ( 172 kW ; 233 PS ) @ 4,800 310 lb ⋅ ft ( 420 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,800 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor HiPo V8 ( 1967 ) 4 - barrel 271 bhp ( 202 kW ; 275 PS ) @ 6,000 312 lb ⋅ ft ( 423 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1968 ) 2 - barrel 270 bhp ( 201 kW ; 274 PS ) @ 4,400 401 lb ⋅ ft ( 544 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1967 ) 4 - barrel 320 bhp ( 239 kW ; 324 PS ) @ 4,800 427 lb ⋅ ft ( 579 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1968 ) 4 - barrel 325 bhp ( 242 kW ; 330 PS ) @ 4,800 427 lb ⋅ ft ( 579 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1969 ) 4 - barrel 320 bhp ( 239 kW ; 324 PS ) @ 4,600 427 lb ⋅ ft ( 579 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet V8 ( 1968 ) 4 - barrel 335 bhp ( 250 kW ; 340 PS ) @ 5,200 440 lb ⋅ ft ( 597 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "engine displacement , type , carburetor type max . motive power at rpm max . torque at rpm", "200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1968 ) 1 - barrel 115 bhp ( 86 kW ; 117 PS ) @ 4,400 190 lb ⋅ ft ( 258 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400", "200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1967 ) 1 - barrel 120 bhp ( 89 kW ; 122 PS ) @ 4,400 190 lb ⋅ ft ( 258 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400", "289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1968 ) 2 - barrel 195 bhp ( 145 kW ; 198 PS ) @ 4,600 288 lb ⋅ ft ( 390 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600", "289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1967 ) 2 - barrel 200 bhp ( 149 kW ; 203 PS ) @ 4,400 282 lb ⋅ ft ( 382 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,400", "302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1968 ) 2 - barrel 210 bhp ( 157 kW ; 213 PS ) @ 4,600 300 lb ⋅ ft ( 407 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600", "289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1967 ) 4 - barrel 225 bhp ( 168 kW ; 228 PS ) @ 4,800 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200", "302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1968 ) 4 - barrel 230 bhp ( 172 kW ; 233 PS ) @ 4,800 310 lb ⋅ ft ( 420 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,800", "289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor HiPo V8 ( 1967 ) 4 - barrel 271 bhp ( 202 kW ; 275 PS ) @ 6,000 312 lb ⋅ ft ( 423 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1968 ) 2 - barrel 270 bhp ( 201 kW ; 274 PS ) @ 4,400 401 lb ⋅ ft ( 544 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600", "390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1967 ) 4 - barrel 320 bhp ( 239 kW ; 324 PS ) @ 4,800 427 lb ⋅ ft ( 579 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200", "390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1968 ) 4 - barrel 325 bhp ( 242 kW ; 330 PS ) @ 4,800 427 lb ⋅ ft ( 579 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200", "390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1969 ) 4 - barrel 320 bhp ( 239 kW ; 324 PS ) @ 4,600 427 lb ⋅ ft ( 579 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200", "428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet V8 ( 1968 ) 4 - barrel 335 bhp ( 250 kW ; 340 PS ) @ 5,200 440 lb ⋅ ft ( 597 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "Mustang 1969 -- 1970 1969 Ford Mustang Mach 1 Overview Production July 1968 -- June 1970 Assembly Dearborn , Michigan Milpitas , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico Designer Gale Halderman ( 1966 ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door fastback 2 - door convertible Powertrain Engine 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Boss V8 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Windsor V8 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet & Super Cobra Jet V8 429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Boss V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 108 in ( 2,743 mm ) Length 187.5 in ( 4,762 mm ) Width 71.7 in ( 1,821 mm ) Height 50.5 in ( 1,283 mm ) Curb weight 3,122 lb ( 1,416 kg ) ( base )", "Mustang 1969 -- 1970", "1969 Ford Mustang Mach 1", "Overview", "Production July 1968 -- June 1970", "Assembly Dearborn , Michigan Milpitas , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico", "Designer Gale Halderman ( 1966 )", "Body and chassis", "Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door fastback 2 - door convertible", "Powertrain", "Engine 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Boss V8 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Windsor V8 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet & Super Cobra Jet V8 429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Boss V8", "Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic", "Dimensions", "Wheelbase 108 in ( 2,743 mm )", "Length 187.5 in ( 4,762 mm )", "Width 71.7 in ( 1,821 mm )", "Height 50.5 in ( 1,283 mm )", "Curb weight 3,122 lb ( 1,416 kg ) ( base )", "The 1969 model year restyle `` added more heft to the body '' with body length extended by 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) ( the wheelbase remaining at 108 inches ) , width increased by almost half an inch , and the Mustang 's `` weight went up markedly too . '' 1969 was the first model to use quad headlamps placed both inside and outside the grille opening . The corralled grille pony was replaced with the pony and tribars logo , set off - center to the driver 's side . The car was longer than previous models and sported convex rather than concave side panels . The fastback body version was named SportsRoof in Ford 's literature .", "The 1969 model year saw the introduction of the Mach 1 , with a variety of powerplants options and many new styling and performance features . Distinctive reflective striping was placed along the body sides , with a pop - open gas cap , dual exhausts , matte - black hood with simulated air scoop and NASCAR - style cable and pin tiedowns . It used steel wheels with bold - lettered Goodyear Polyglas tires . A functional `` shaker '' hood scoop - which visibly vibrated by being attached directly to the air cleaner through a hole in the hood - was available , as were tail - mounted wing and chin spoilers and rear window louvered blackout shade . The Mach 1 featured a deluxe interior with simulated wood trim , high backed seats , extra sound deadening , remote sports mirrors and other comforts . The Mach 1 proved popular with buyers with 72,458 cars sold through 1969 .", "The Boss 302 was created to meet Trans Am rules and featured distinctive hockey - stick stripes , while the understated Boss 429 was created to homologate the Boss 429 engine ( based on the new Ford 385 series engine ) for NASCAR use . The two Boss models received fame on the track and street and to this day they still demand premium pricing for their pedigree. 1628 Boss 302 's and 859 Boss 429 's were sold through 1969 - making these vehicles somewhat rare .", "A new `` luxury '' model became available starting for 1969 , available in only the hardtop body style . The ' Grande ' featured a soft ride , 55 pounds ( 24.9 kg ) of extra sound deadening , as well as deluxe interior with simulated wood trim . It was popular with buyers with 22182 units sold through 1969 .", "Amidst other special editions , the 1969 Mustang E was offered for those desiring high mpg . The 1969 Limited Edition Mustang E was a rare ( about 50 produced ) fastback special model designed for economy . It came with a six - cylinder engine ( 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) ) , a high stall torque converter for the standard automatic transmission and a very low , 2.33 : 1 rear axle ratio . Mustang E lettering on the rear quarters identified the special Mustang E. Air conditioning was not available on the ' E ' model .", "The Mustang GT was discontinued in 1969 due to poor sales versus the success of the new Mach 1 with only 5396 GT models sold that year .", "A new 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 engine with 155 hp ( 116 kW ; 157 PS ) filled the gap between the existing 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 and the V8 engine line - up .", "Although 1969 continued with many of the same basic V8 engines available on 1968 models , notably a now revised 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor engine with 220 hp ( 164 kW ; 223 PS ) , the 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE with 320 hp ( 239 kW ; 324 PS ) and the recently launched 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet engine ( with or without Ram - Air ) with an advertised 335 hp ( 250 kW ; 340 PS ) , a variety of revised options and changes were introduced to keep the Mustang fresh and competitive including a new performance V8 available in 250 hp ( 186 kW ; 253 PS ) or 290 hp ( 216 kW ; 294 PS ) tune known as the 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Windsor ( 351W ) , which was effectively a stretched and revised 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) to achieve the extra stroke .", "The 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet engine continued unchanged in the 1969 and 1970 model years and continued to be advertised at just 335 hp ( 250 kW ; 340 PS ) despite being closer to 410 hp ( 306 kW ; 416 PS ) . However , whenever a V or W axle was ordered ( 3.90 or 4.30 locking ratio ) on any Cobra Jet Mustang , this kicked in various engine improvements which were designed to make the engine more reliable on the strip . These improvements included an engine oil cooler ( which resulted in AC not remaining an option ) , stronger crankshaft and conrods and improved engine balancing and was named the ' Super Cobra Jet ' . On the order form , these improvements were later referred to as ' Drag Pack ' . Today , these models request a premium price despite offering no notable performance increase other than provided by their unique axle ratios .", "The 1969 Shelby Mustang was now under Ford 's control and made to look vastly different from regular production Mustangs , despite now being built inhouse by Ford . The custom styling included a fiberglass front end with a combination loop bumper / grille that increased the car 's overall length by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) , as well as five air intakes on the hood . Two models were available , GT - 350 ( with a 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Windsor ( 351W ) producing 290 hp ( 216 kW ; 294 PS ) ) and GT - 500 ( with the 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet engine ) , in both sportsroof or convertible versions . All 1969 -- 1970 Shelby Mustangs were produced in 1969 . Because of dwindling sales , the 789 remaining 1969 cars were given new serial numbers and titled as 1970 models . They had modified front air dam and a blackout paint treatment around the hood scoops .", "The 1970 model year Mustangs were restyled to be less aggressive and therefore returned to single headlamps which were moved to the inside of the grille opening with ' fins ' on the outside of the grille sides . Some felt the aggressive styling of the 1969 model hurt its sales and this view prompted the headlamp revisions and simplification of other exterior styling aspects . It 's worth noting though that 1969 model year sales exceeded those of 1970 . The rear fender air scoops were removed and the taillight panel was now flat instead of concave as seen on 1969 models . The interior options remained mostly unchanged .", "1970 model year saw the previous 351W V8 engine options replaced with a new 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland ( 351C ) V8 in either 2V ( 2 - venturi carburetor ) or 4V ( 4 - venturi carburetor ) versions . Though some early 1970 mustangs , built in 1969 , had the 351W . The 351C 4V ( M code ) engine featured 11.0 : 1 compression and produced 300 bhp ( 224 kW ; 304 PS ) at 5400 rpm . This new performance engine incorporated elements learned from the Ford 385 series engine and the Boss 302 , particularly the poly - angle combustion chambers with canted valves and the thin - wall casting technology .", "Ford made 96 ' Mustang Twister Special ' cars for Kansas Ford dealers in late 1969 . The Twister Specials were Grabber Orange Mach 1s with special decals . Ford also made a few ' Sidewinders ' , which were built in Dearborn , shipped to Omaha , and sold in Iowa and Nebraska . They were available in Grabber Green , Grabber Blue , Calypso Coral , and Yellow . The stripes came in the trunk to be installed by dealers .", "engine displacement , type , carburetor type max . motive power at rpm max . torque at rpm 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1970 ) 1 - barrel 120 bhp ( 89 kW ; 122 PS ) @ 4,400 190 lb ⋅ ft ( 258 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,900 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 1 - barrel 155 bhp ( 116 kW ; 157 PS ) @ 4,000 240 lb ⋅ ft ( 325 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 2 - barrel 210 bhp ( 157 kW ; 213 PS ) @ 4,600 300 lb ⋅ ft ( 407 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1969 ) 2 - barrel 250 bhp ( 186 kW ; 253 PS ) @ 4,600 355 lb ⋅ ft ( 481 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 ( 1970 ) 2 - barrel 250 bhp ( 186 kW ; 253 PS ) @ 5,400 355 lb ⋅ ft ( 481 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1969 ) 4 - barrel 290 bhp ( 216 kW ; 294 PS ) @ 4,800 385 lb ⋅ ft ( 522 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Boss V8 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 4 - barrel 290 bhp ( 216 kW ; 294 PS ) @ 5,800 290 lb ⋅ ft ( 393 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600 390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1969 ) 4 - barrel 320 bhp ( 239 kW ; 324 PS ) @ 4,600 427 lb ⋅ ft ( 579 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 ( 1970 ) 4 - barrel 300 bhp ( 224 kW ; 304 PS ) @ 5,400 385 lb ⋅ ft ( 522 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400 428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet & Super Cobra Jet V8 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 4 - barrel 335 bhp ( 250 kW ; 340 PS ) @ 5,200 440 lb ⋅ ft ( 597 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400 429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Boss V8 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 4 - barrel 375 bhp ( 280 kW ; 380 PS ) @ 5,200 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "engine displacement , type , carburetor type max . motive power at rpm max . torque at rpm", "200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1970 ) 1 - barrel 120 bhp ( 89 kW ; 122 PS ) @ 4,400 190 lb ⋅ ft ( 258 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,900", "250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 1 - barrel 155 bhp ( 116 kW ; 157 PS ) @ 4,000 240 lb ⋅ ft ( 325 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600", "302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 2 - barrel 210 bhp ( 157 kW ; 213 PS ) @ 4,600 300 lb ⋅ ft ( 407 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1969 ) 2 - barrel 250 bhp ( 186 kW ; 253 PS ) @ 4,600 355 lb ⋅ ft ( 481 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 ( 1970 ) 2 - barrel 250 bhp ( 186 kW ; 253 PS ) @ 5,400 355 lb ⋅ ft ( 481 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Windsor V8 ( 1969 ) 4 - barrel 290 bhp ( 216 kW ; 294 PS ) @ 4,800 385 lb ⋅ ft ( 522 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200", "302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Boss V8 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 4 - barrel 290 bhp ( 216 kW ; 294 PS ) @ 5,800 290 lb ⋅ ft ( 393 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600", "390 cu in ( 6.4 L ) FE V8 ( 1969 ) 4 - barrel 320 bhp ( 239 kW ; 324 PS ) @ 4,600 427 lb ⋅ ft ( 579 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,200", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 ( 1970 ) 4 - barrel 300 bhp ( 224 kW ; 304 PS ) @ 5,400 385 lb ⋅ ft ( 522 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "428 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet & Super Cobra Jet V8 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 4 - barrel 335 bhp ( 250 kW ; 340 PS ) @ 5,200 440 lb ⋅ ft ( 597 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Boss V8 ( 1969 -- 1970 ) 4 - barrel 375 bhp ( 280 kW ; 380 PS ) @ 5,200 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "Mustang 1971 -- 1973 1972 Ford Mustang Overview Production 1970 -- 1973 Assembly Dearborn , Michigan San Jose , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico Body and chassis Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door sportsroof 2 - door convertible Powertrain Engine 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet & Super Cobra Jet V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 109 in ( 2,769 mm ) Length 189.5 in ( 4,813 mm ) Width 74.1 in ( 1,882 mm ) Height 50.1 in ( 1,273 mm ) Curb weight 3,560 lb ( 1,615 kg )", "Mustang 1971 -- 1973", "1972 Ford Mustang", "Overview", "Production 1970 -- 1973", "Assembly Dearborn , Michigan San Jose , California Metuchen , New Jersey Valencia , Venezuela Mexico City , Mexico", "Body and chassis", "Body style 2 - door hardtop 2 - door sportsroof 2 - door convertible", "Powertrain", "Engine 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet & Super Cobra Jet V8", "Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic", "Dimensions", "Wheelbase 109 in ( 2,769 mm )", "Length 189.5 in ( 4,813 mm )", "Width 74.1 in ( 1,882 mm )", "Height 50.1 in ( 1,273 mm )", "Curb weight 3,560 lb ( 1,615 kg )", "The 1971 Mustang - introduced in September 1970 - was green - lighted by Ford 's new president , Semon `` Bunkie '' Knudsen , formerly of General Motors . Again , the revised model grew in size , gaining 3 inches in width in order to accommodate Ford 's big block 429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) V8 without need for an extensive suspension redesign .", "As before there were three body styles offered : Hardtop ( available in base or Grande trim ) , Sportsroof ( available in base or Mach 1 trim ) , and convertible ( no specific trim packages available ) .", "The new 1971 hardtop featured a prominent `` tunnelback '' rear window design with flowing rear pillars , a completion of the styling exercise of the outgoing model . Hardtops with ' Grande ' trim gained a vinyl roof and Grande badges on the C - pillars .", "An additional edition , the Spring Special , was available between March and May 1971 , which added Mach 1 styling cues ( side stripes , tu - tone paint , urethane bumper , honeycomb grill with sportlamps ) to the hardtop .", "Sportsroof models were available in base configurations in addition to the Mach 1 and Boss 351 sport / performance options .", "The Mach 1s were available with two - tone paint schemes , optional hockey - stick stripes , NACA ( NASA ) hood scoops ( functional on examples ordered with Ram Air ) , color keyed side mirrors , and additional sports / performance options . All Mach 1 models came stock with urethane front bumpers and an alternate grille equipped with amber sportlights . Though the Mach 1 is often associated with the NACA hood ( a no - cost option ) and other styling cues , base Mach 1s could be had with the standard hood and the 302 2V engine .", "Boss 351 examples were similar in appearance to the Mach 1 , and included a larger black - out hood than Mach 1 's , front and rear spoilers , dual exhaust with no rear valance cutouts , and chrome bumpers paired with the sportlamp grille .", "Convertibles were equipped with a power top and a glass rear window . The 1973 models were the last Mustangs available as a convertible until 1982 - the ' 83 model year . Convertibles featured no unique exterior visual package of their own during their first year of introduction .", "Due to tightening emissions regulations , the Boss 351 edition and optional 429 big block were dropped after 1971 , leaving the 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) variants as the largest available engines for 1972 ( and 1973 ) .", "Exterior differences were virtually unchanged , though all 1972 models were revised with `` Fasten Seat Belt '' warning lamps on the right side dash panel . The `` Decor Group '' exterior trim package was also revised , allowing coupe and convertible owners to option their car with tu - tone lower body paint , plus the honeycomb sportlamp grille from the Mach 1 / Boss 351 and the Mach 1 's urethane bumper .", "A commemorative Olympic Sprint Edition ( also available on the Pinto and Maverick ) was released between March and June of this year . Sprint editions were available in Hardtop and Sportsroof variants , and featured white paint schemes with light blue accents and USA shield decals on the rear quarter panels . An additional 50 Sprint convertibles were produced exclusively for the 1972 National Cherry Blossom Parade in Washington D.C.", "1972 saw the end of the special Ford muscle car performance engine era . At mid-year , Ford offered a slightly detuned Boss 351 engine , which could be ordered with any model . Only 398 Mustangs were built with the drag race oriented R code motor and was designated as the 351 HO . Mandatory options were the top loader 4 speed , competition N case rear end ( 427 , 428 , 429 , Boss 351 , 351HO ) , and air conditioning delete . Vacuum operated Ram Air was not available , however the HO came with the first full time cold air induction system in a Mustang , routing cold air via a 2 piece plastic duct under the battery tray to the air cleaner snorkel . All 351 HO cars were manufactured in Dearborn , MI .", "1973 brought some mild restyling . The urethane front bumper became standard , and was enlarged in accordance with new NHTSA standards . All Mustang models had their sportlamps re-purposed as turn signals , as the new bumper covered part of the front valance ( and therefore the previous turn signal location ) . These new lamps - unlike their 1971 / 72 counterparts - were now oriented vertically . Both a Mach 1 and base grille were offered , with differing insert patterns .", "Mach 1 decals were also revised in 1972 for 1973 models , and the previous hockey stick side stripes of 1971 -- 1972 models became an option on hardtops and convertibles with the addition of the ' Exterior Decor Group ' . Magnum 500 wheels , previously optional , were superseded by forged aluminum 5 - hole wheels .", "The 1973 model year Mustang was the final version of the original pony car , as the model name migrated to the economy , Ford Pinto - based Mustang II the next year .", "A small number of Mexican - produced cars were manufactured with the ' GT - 351 ' trim package , under license by Shelby de Mexico . Additionally , 14 Shelby Europa vehicles were modified and decaled by Belgian Shelby dealer Claude Dubois for European clientele .", "Automakers in the U.S. switched from gross to net power and torque ratings in 1972 ( coinciding with the introduction of low - compression engines ) ; thus , it is difficult to compare power and torque ratings between 1971 and 1972 .", "engine displacement , type , carburetor type , VIN code max . motive power at rpm max . torque at rpm 1971 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 , 1 - barrel Carter RBS , L - code 145 bhp ( 108 kW ; 147 PS ) @ 4,000 232 lb ⋅ ft ( 315 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , F - code 210 bhp ( 157 kW ; 213 PS ) @ 4,600 296 lb ⋅ ft ( 401 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , H - code 240 bhp ( 179 kW ; 243 PS ) @ 5,400 350 lb ⋅ ft ( 475 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300A , M - code 285 bhp ( 213 kW ; 289 PS ) @ 5,400 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland CJ V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300A , Q - code ( late - MY1971 only ; replacement for M - code ) 285 bhp ( 213 kW ; 289 PS ) @ 5,400 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 4 - barrel Autolite 4300D , R - code ( Boss 351 only ) 330 bhp ( 246 kW ; 335 PS ) @ 5,400 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) @ 4,000 429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet V8 , 4 - barrel Rochester Quadrajet , C - code 370 bhp ( 276 kW ; 375 PS ) @ 5,200 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400 429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Super Cobra Jet V8 , 4 - barrel Holley 4150 ( 780cfm ) , J - code 375 bhp ( 280 kW ; 380 PS ) @ 5,200 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400 1972 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 , 1 - barrel Carter RBS , L - code 95 bhp ( 71 kW ; 96 PS ) @ 3,400 197 lb ⋅ ft ( 267 N ⋅ m ) @ 1,600 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , F - code 140 bhp ( 104 kW ; 142 PS ) @ 4,000 239 lb ⋅ ft ( 324 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , H - code 177 bhp ( 132 kW ; 179 PS ) @ 4,000 284 lb ⋅ ft ( 385 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland CJ V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300D , Q - code 266 bhp ( 198 kW ; 270 PS ) @ 5,400 301 lb ⋅ ft ( 408 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,600 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland H.O. V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300D , R - code 275 bhp ( 205 kW ; 279 PS ) @ 6,000 286 lb ⋅ ft ( 388 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,800 1973 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 , 1 - barrel Carter RBS , L - code 98 bhp ( 73 kW ; 99 PS ) @ 3,400 197 lb ⋅ ft ( 267 N ⋅ m ) @ 1,600 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , F - code 140 bhp ( 104 kW ; 142 PS ) @ 4,000 239 lb ⋅ ft ( 324 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , H - code 177 bhp ( 132 kW ; 179 PS ) @ 4,000 284 lb ⋅ ft ( 385 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000 351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland CJ V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300D , Q - code 266 bhp ( 198 kW ; 270 PS ) @ 5,400 301 lb ⋅ ft ( 408 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,600", "engine displacement , type , carburetor type , VIN code max . motive power at rpm max . torque at rpm", "1971 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 , 1 - barrel Carter RBS , L - code 145 bhp ( 108 kW ; 147 PS ) @ 4,000 232 lb ⋅ ft ( 315 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600", "302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , F - code 210 bhp ( 157 kW ; 213 PS ) @ 4,600 296 lb ⋅ ft ( 401 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,600", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , H - code 240 bhp ( 179 kW ; 243 PS ) @ 5,400 350 lb ⋅ ft ( 475 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300A , M - code 285 bhp ( 213 kW ; 289 PS ) @ 5,400 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland CJ V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300A , Q - code ( late - MY1971 only ; replacement for M - code ) 285 bhp ( 213 kW ; 289 PS ) @ 5,400 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 4 - barrel Autolite 4300D , R - code ( Boss 351 only ) 330 bhp ( 246 kW ; 335 PS ) @ 5,400 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) @ 4,000", "429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Cobra Jet V8 , 4 - barrel Rochester Quadrajet , C - code 370 bhp ( 276 kW ; 375 PS ) @ 5,200 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "429 cu in ( 7.0 L ) Super Cobra Jet V8 , 4 - barrel Holley 4150 ( 780cfm ) , J - code 375 bhp ( 280 kW ; 380 PS ) @ 5,200 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,400", "1972 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 , 1 - barrel Carter RBS , L - code 95 bhp ( 71 kW ; 96 PS ) @ 3,400 197 lb ⋅ ft ( 267 N ⋅ m ) @ 1,600", "302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , F - code 140 bhp ( 104 kW ; 142 PS ) @ 4,000 239 lb ⋅ ft ( 324 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , H - code 177 bhp ( 132 kW ; 179 PS ) @ 4,000 284 lb ⋅ ft ( 385 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland CJ V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300D , Q - code 266 bhp ( 198 kW ; 270 PS ) @ 5,400 301 lb ⋅ ft ( 408 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,600", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland H.O. V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300D , R - code 275 bhp ( 205 kW ; 279 PS ) @ 6,000 286 lb ⋅ ft ( 388 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,800", "1973 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) Thriftpower I6 , 1 - barrel Carter RBS , L - code 98 bhp ( 73 kW ; 99 PS ) @ 3,400 197 lb ⋅ ft ( 267 N ⋅ m ) @ 1,600", "302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) Windsor V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , F - code 140 bhp ( 104 kW ; 142 PS ) @ 4,000 239 lb ⋅ ft ( 324 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland V8 , 2 - barrel Autolite 2100 , H - code 177 bhp ( 132 kW ; 179 PS ) @ 4,000 284 lb ⋅ ft ( 385 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000", "351 cu in ( 5.8 L ) Cleveland CJ V8 , 4 - barrel Autolite 4300D , Q - code 266 bhp ( 198 kW ; 270 PS ) @ 5,400 301 lb ⋅ ft ( 408 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,600", "In 1964 Mustang sales started with 22,000 orders taken on the first day at the World 's Fair and around the country . In the first two years of production , three Ford Motor Company plants in Milpitas , California ; Dearborn , Michigan ; and Metuchen , New Jersey produced almost 1.3 million Mustangs .", "The Mustang 's success left General Motors unprepared . Chrysler introduced the Plymouth Barracuda a few weeks before the Mustang , and although it was later redesigned as a distinct `` pony car '' , it was initially a modified Plymouth Valiant . However , the `` fish car '' did not enjoy as strong a market demand as Ford 's `` pony '' . General Motors executives thought the rear - engined Chevrolet Corvair Monza would compete against the Mustang , but it also sold poorly by comparison . The Monza performed well , but lacked a V8 engine and its reputation was tarnished by Ralph Nader in his book Unsafe At Any Speed . It took GM until the 1967 model year to counter with the Chevrolet Camaro and Pontiac Firebird . Lincoln - Mercury joined the competition in 1966 with the Mercury Cougar , an `` upmarket Mustang '' and subsequent Motor Trend Car of the Year . In 1967 , American Motors ( AMC ) introduced the Javelin , an image changing `` standout '' four - place pony car . In 1969 , the Dodge Challenger , a version of the Plymouth Barracuda platform , was last to join the pony car race . This genre of small , sporty automobiles is often referred to as the `` pony car '' because of the Ford Mustang that established this market segment ." ]

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[ -1 ]

[ "The evacuation of civilians in Britain during the Second World War was designed to protect people , especially children , from the risks associated with aerial bombing of cities by moving them to areas thought to be less at risk . Operation Pied Piper , which began on 1 September 1939 , officially relocated more than 3.5 million people . There were further waves of official evacuation and re-evacuation from the south and east coasts in June 1940 , when a seaborne invasion was expected , and from affected cities after the Blitz began in September 1940 . There were also official evacuations from the UK to other parts of the British Empire , and many non-official evacuations within and from the UK . Other mass movements of civilians included British citizens arriving from the Channel Islands , and displaced people arriving from continental Europe .", "The Government Evacuation Scheme was developed during summer 1938 by the Anderson Committee and implemented by the Ministry of Health . The country was divided into zones , classified as either `` evacuation '' , `` neutral '' , or `` reception '' , with priority evacuees being moved from the major urban centres and billeted on the available private housing in more rural areas . Each zone covered roughly a third of the population , although several urban areas later bombed had not been classified for evacuation . In early 1939 , the reception areas compiled lists of available housing . Space was found for about 2000 people , and the government also constructed camps which provided a few thousand additional spaces .", "In summer 1939 , the government began to publicise its plan through the local authorities . They had overestimated demand : only half of all school - aged children were moved from the urban areas instead of the expected 80 % . There was enormous regional variation : as few as 15 % of the children were evacuated from some urban areas , while over 60 % of children were evacuated from Manchester , Belfast and Liverpool . The refusal of the central government to spend large sums on preparation also reduced the effectiveness of the plan . In the event over 1,474,000 people were evacuated .", "Almost 3.75 million people were displaced , with around a third of the entire population experiencing some effects of the evacuation . In the first three days of official evacuation , 1.5 million people were moved : 827,000 children of school age ; 524,000 mothers and young children ( under 5 ) ; 13,000 pregnant women ; 70,000 disabled people and over 103,000 teachers and other ' helpers ' . Children were parted from their parents .", "Goods as well as people were evacuated . Art treasures were sent to distant storage : The National Gallery collection spent the war at the Manod Quarry near Ffestiniog , North Wales . The Bank of England moved to the small town of Overton , Hampshire and in 1939 -- 40 moved 2,154 tons of gold to the vaults of the Bank of Canada in Ottawa . The BBC moved variety production to Bristol and Bedford and moved senior staff to Wood Norton near Evesham , Worcestershire . Many senior Post Office staff were relocated to Harrogate . Some private companies moved head offices or their most vital records to comparative safety away from major cities .", "Government functions were also evacuated . Under `` Plan Yellow '' , some 23,000 civil servants and their paperwork were dispatched to available hotels in the better coastal resorts and spa towns . Other hotels were requisitioned and emptied for a possible last - ditch `` Black Move '' should London be destroyed or threatened by invasion . Under this plan , the nucleus of government would relocate to the West Midlands -- the War Cabinet and ministers would move to Hindlip Hall , Bevere House and Malvern College near Worcester and Parliament to Stratford - upon - Avon . Winston Churchill was to relocate to Spetchley Park whilst King George VI and other members of the royal family would take up residence at Madresfield Court near Malvern .", "In Manchester children were dispatched from Piccadilly train station . St James ' School , Gorton sent children aged 5 to 14 to areas such as Hazel Grove near Stockport ( 9 miles away ) . In one case , a mother with her two youngest children were separated from the rest of their family and sent to Blackpool ( 52 miles away ) , where she gave birth to a girl at the Hydro Hotel . The family were separated for about two years , with communications only by letters , which were often not passed on to the children .", "Some strained areas took the children into local schools by adopting the World War I expedient of `` double shift education '' -- taking twice as long but also doubling the number taught . The movement of teachers also meant that almost a million children staying home had no source of education .", "In 1939 the British Government passed the Camps Act 1939 which established the National Camps Corporation as a body to design and build residential camps for young people , which could provide opportunities for outdoor learning and also act as evacuation centres in the event of war . The architect T.S. Tait was responsible for the design of the buildings , which included accommodation for over 200 children and staff , recreational halls , wash blocks and a dining hall / kitchen complex . These camps were replicated in over thirty different rural locations around the country . During the war years , they acted as safe refuges for city children . After the war the ownership of the sites was transferred to the local authorities . Over the years most of these sites have been lost , but the best preserved example today is Sayers Croft at Ewhurst , Surrey . The dining hall and kitchen complex is protected as a Grade II listed building because of the importance of Tait 's work , and because of the painted murals depicting the life of the many evacuees .", "The Children 's Overseas Reception Board ( CORB ) approved 24,000 children for evacuation overseas . Between June and September 1940 , 1,532 children were evacuated to Canada , mainly through the Pier 21 immigration terminal ; 577 to Australia ; 353 to South Africa and 202 to New Zealand . The scheme was cancelled after the City of Benares was torpedoed on 17 September 1940 , killing 77 of the 90 CORB children aboard . However , in 1940 and 1941 about 14,000 children were evacuated privately to overseas relatives or foster families , including 6,000 to Canada and 5,000 to the United States .", "A second evacuation effort started during and after the fall of France . From 13 to 18 June 1940 , around 100,000 children were evacuated ( in many cases re-evacuated ) . Efforts were made to remove the vulnerable from coastal towns in southern and eastern England facing German - controlled areas . By July , over 200,000 children had been moved ; some towns in Kent and East Anglia evacuated over 40 % of the population . Also , some 30,000 people arrived from continental Europe and from 20 to 24 June 25,000 people arrived from the Channel Islands .", "One of the speediest moves was accomplished by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway when it transferred its headquarters out of London . The company took over The Grove , on the estate of the Earl of Clarendon in Hertfordshire . This was made ready as offices and a number of huts built in the surrounding park . On 1 September 1939 , it was decided to move in and the transfer was completed before war was declared two days later . Within three days some 3,000 of the staff were based at the new headquarters .", "Men of German ( and later Italian ) origin were interned from 12 May 1940 . Many interned were refugees from Nazi Germany . By July , almost all of these men under 70 were held in military camps , mainly on the Isle of Man . At first , unnecessary mistreatment was common , but conditions soon improved . For many interned persons , conditions in the camps were not especially unpleasant .", "When the Blitz began in September 1940 , there were clear grounds for evacuation . Free travel and billeting allowance were offered to those who made private arrangements . They were also given to children , the elderly , the disabled , pregnant women , the ill and those who had lost their homes ( some 250,000 in the first six weeks in London ) . By the combination of all the state and private efforts , London 's population was reduced by almost 25 % . As bombing affected more towns , `` assisted private evacuation '' was extended .", "London proved resilient to bombing despite the heavy bombardment . The destruction in the smaller towns was more likely to provoke panic and spontaneous evacuations . The number of official evacuees rose to a peak of 1.37 million by February 1941 . By September , it stood at just over one million . By the end of 1943 , there were just 350,000 people officially billeted . Still , the V - 1 flying bomb attacks from June 1944 provoked another significant exodus from London . Up to 1.5 million people left by September -- only 20 % were `` official '' evacuees .", "From September 1944 , the evacuation process was officially halted and reversed for most areas except for London and the East coast . Returning to London was not officially approved until June 1945 . In March 1946 , the billeting scheme was ended , with 38,000 people still without homes .", "The movement of urban children of all classes to unfamiliar rural locations , without their parents , had a major impact . The Evacuees Reunion Association was formed with the support of the Imperial War Museum . It provides opportunities for former evacuees to contribute and share evacuation experiences and for researchers to request information such as the long - term effects of evacuation upon children .", "The evacuation spawned a whole literature of children 's and young adult fiction . The convenience of the setting for the writer is clear , allowing the child heroes to have adventures in a strange , new world . Some of the authors , like Nina Bawden , had themselves experienced evacuation .", "Kitty Barne 's Carnegie Medal - winning Visitors from London ( 1940 ) is an early novel about evacuees , set in Sussex . In Richmal Crompton 's William and the Evacuees ( 1940 ) , William Brown is envious of the special treats the evacuees receive and organizes an ' evacuation ' of the village children . In C.S. Lewis 's novel , The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) , the Pevensie children are evacuated from London to the stately manor that contains the wardrobe portal to Narnia . It is never stated in which part of England the house was situated . William Golding 's novel , Lord of the Flies ( 1954 ) , is about a planeful of evacuating children who are shot down over a tropical island . Michael Bond 's beloved children 's book character , Paddington Bear ( 1958 ) , is an anthropomorphised orphan bear , who -- having stowed away from `` Darkest Peru '' -- is found by a family at Paddington railway station in London , sitting on his suitcase with a note attached to his coat that reads , `` Please look after this bear . Thank you . '' Bond has said that his memories of newsreels showing trainloads of child evacuees leaving London during WWII , with labels around their necks and their possessions in small suitcases , prompted him to do the same for Paddington . Nina Bawden 's novel , Carrie 's War ( 1973 ) , is about Carrie and Nick , who encounter different religions when they are evacuated to Wales . Noel Streatfeild 's novel , When the Sirens Wailed ( 1974 ) , is about three evacuees and covers issues like rations for evacuees , relationship between evacuees and townspeople , and the problems encountered by those who stayed behind . Michael Morpurgo 's novel , Friend or Foe ( 1977 ) , is about two evacuees who befriend the crew of a crashed German bomber hiding on Dartmoor . Diana Wynne Jones 's novel , A Tale of Time City ( 1987 ) begins with the main character , Vivian , being evacuated from London . Jones herself was evacuated to Wales in 1939 . Michelle Magorian 's novel , Goodnight Mister Tom ( 1981 ) , tells the story of the evacuee Willie Beech and elderly Thomas Oakley with whom he is billeted . It was made into a TV film starring John Thaw as Mr Tom . In the Disney sequel to Peter Pan , Return to Neverland , Wendy Darling 's children Jane and Daniel are to prepare for evacuation before Jane is kidnapped by Captain Hook . The introduction to the movie details about the evacuation order and how children need Peter Pan now more than ever . Kit Pearson 's Guests of War trilogy , beginning with The Sky Is Falling ( 1989 ) , chronicles the story of ten - year - old Norah Stoakes and her younger brother Gavin , who are evacuated to Toronto .", "Kitty Barne 's Carnegie Medal - winning Visitors from London ( 1940 ) is an early novel about evacuees , set in Sussex .", "In Richmal Crompton 's William and the Evacuees ( 1940 ) , William Brown is envious of the special treats the evacuees receive and organizes an ' evacuation ' of the village children .", "In C.S. Lewis 's novel , The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) , the Pevensie children are evacuated from London to the stately manor that contains the wardrobe portal to Narnia . It is never stated in which part of England the house was situated .", "William Golding 's novel , Lord of the Flies ( 1954 ) , is about a planeful of evacuating children who are shot down over a tropical island .", "Michael Bond 's beloved children 's book character , Paddington Bear ( 1958 ) , is an anthropomorphised orphan bear , who -- having stowed away from `` Darkest Peru '' -- is found by a family at Paddington railway station in London , sitting on his suitcase with a note attached to his coat that reads , `` Please look after this bear . Thank you . '' Bond has said that his memories of newsreels showing trainloads of child evacuees leaving London during WWII , with labels around their necks and their possessions in small suitcases , prompted him to do the same for Paddington .", "Nina Bawden 's novel , Carrie 's War ( 1973 ) , is about Carrie and Nick , who encounter different religions when they are evacuated to Wales .", "Noel Streatfeild 's novel , When the Sirens Wailed ( 1974 ) , is about three evacuees and covers issues like rations for evacuees , relationship between evacuees and townspeople , and the problems encountered by those who stayed behind .", "Michael Morpurgo 's novel , Friend or Foe ( 1977 ) , is about two evacuees who befriend the crew of a crashed German bomber hiding on Dartmoor .", "Diana Wynne Jones 's novel , A Tale of Time City ( 1987 ) begins with the main character , Vivian , being evacuated from London . Jones herself was evacuated to Wales in 1939 .", "Michelle Magorian 's novel , Goodnight Mister Tom ( 1981 ) , tells the story of the evacuee Willie Beech and elderly Thomas Oakley with whom he is billeted . It was made into a TV film starring John Thaw as Mr Tom .", "In the Disney sequel to Peter Pan , Return to Neverland , Wendy Darling 's children Jane and Daniel are to prepare for evacuation before Jane is kidnapped by Captain Hook . The introduction to the movie details about the evacuation order and how children need Peter Pan now more than ever .", "Kit Pearson 's Guests of War trilogy , beginning with The Sky Is Falling ( 1989 ) , chronicles the story of ten - year - old Norah Stoakes and her younger brother Gavin , who are evacuated to Toronto .", "Novels for adults featuring evacuation and evacuees are :", "Put Out More Flags by Evelyn Waugh , in which Waugh 's anti-hero Basil Seal uses his position as Billeting Officer to extort bribes ( for moving disruptive children elsewhere ) from hapless and reluctant hosts . Noel Streatfeild 's adult novel Saplings ( 1945 ) Connie Willis 's two - volume novel , Blackout / All Clear ( 2010 ) has extensive chapters about a time travelling character from the future , a historian named Merope ( she takes on the persona of Eileen O'Reilly , an Irish maid ) , who intends to study the impact of evacuation on the children . When she becomes stranded in the past , she eventually adopts two bratty children to raise herself .", "Put Out More Flags by Evelyn Waugh , in which Waugh 's anti-hero Basil Seal uses his position as Billeting Officer to extort bribes ( for moving disruptive children elsewhere ) from hapless and reluctant hosts .", "Noel Streatfeild 's adult novel Saplings ( 1945 )", "Connie Willis 's two - volume novel , Blackout / All Clear ( 2010 ) has extensive chapters about a time travelling character from the future , a historian named Merope ( she takes on the persona of Eileen O'Reilly , an Irish maid ) , who intends to study the impact of evacuation on the children . When she becomes stranded in the past , she eventually adopts two bratty children to raise herself .", "Out of Harm 's Way by Jessica Mann ( Headline Publishers 2005 ) tells the story of the overseas evacuation of children from Britain in the Second World War . In Pam Hobbs 's memoir Do n't Forget to Write : the true story of an evacuee and her family ( 2009 ) , a 10 - year - old is evacuated in 1940 from Leigh - on - Sea , Essex to Derbyshire , where she lives with a number of families and encounters a range of receptions from love to outright hostility -- and enormous cultural differences . Alan Derek Clifton published his memories of being evacuated to Northern Rhodesia in 1940 in the book entitled , From Cockney to Colonial ( And Back Again ) ( 2010 ) . Ben Wicks 's No Time to Wave Goodbye and The Day They Took the Children , The Story of evacuation for many in England , complete with letters home from children", "Out of Harm 's Way by Jessica Mann ( Headline Publishers 2005 ) tells the story of the overseas evacuation of children from Britain in the Second World War .", "In Pam Hobbs 's memoir Do n't Forget to Write : the true story of an evacuee and her family ( 2009 ) , a 10 - year - old is evacuated in 1940 from Leigh - on - Sea , Essex to Derbyshire , where she lives with a number of families and encounters a range of receptions from love to outright hostility -- and enormous cultural differences .", "Alan Derek Clifton published his memories of being evacuated to Northern Rhodesia in 1940 in the book entitled , From Cockney to Colonial ( And Back Again ) ( 2010 ) .", "Ben Wicks 's No Time to Wave Goodbye and The Day They Took the Children , The Story of evacuation for many in England , complete with letters home from children", "Stephen Poliakoff 's television drama , Perfect Strangers ( 2001 ) , includes a lengthy flashback of two evacuated sisters who leave the family they are sent to and live as wild children in the woods for the remainder of the war . In the movie , Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) , the evacuated children are taken in by a good witch - in - training . In the movie , The Woman in Black 2 : Angel of Death ( 2014 ) , the major plot of the film involves a headmistress and a teacher evacuating a group of children out of London . One of the children lost his parents in a Blitz .", "Stephen Poliakoff 's television drama , Perfect Strangers ( 2001 ) , includes a lengthy flashback of two evacuated sisters who leave the family they are sent to and live as wild children in the woods for the remainder of the war .", "In the movie , Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) , the evacuated children are taken in by a good witch - in - training .", "In the movie , The Woman in Black 2 : Angel of Death ( 2014 ) , the major plot of the film involves a headmistress and a teacher evacuating a group of children out of London . One of the children lost his parents in a Blitz ." ]

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[ "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Georgia . For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state ( through the present day ) , see United States Congressional Delegations from Georgia . The list of names should be complete , but other data may be incomplete .", "Current as of June 2017 .", "Georgia 's 1st district : Buddy Carter ( R ) ( since 2015 ) Georgia 's 2nd district : Sanford Bishop ( D ) ( since 1993 ) Georgia 's 3rd district : Drew Ferguson ( R ) ( since 2017 ) Georgia 's 4th district : Hank Johnson ( D ) ( since 2007 ) Georgia 's 5th district : John Lewis ( D ) ( since 1987 ) Georgia 's 6th district : Karen Handel ( R ) ( since 2017 ) Georgia 's 7th district : Rob Woodall ( R ) ( since 2011 ) Georgia 's 8th district : Austin Scott ( R ) ( since 2011 ) Georgia 's 9th district : Doug Collins ( R ) ( since 2013 ) Georgia 's 10th district : Jody Hice ( R ) ( since 2015 ) Georgia 's 11th district : Barry Loudermilk ( R ) ( since 2015 ) Georgia 's 12th district : Rick W. Allen ( R ) ( since 2015 ) Georgia 's 13th district : David Scott ( D ) ( since 2003 ) Georgia 's 14th district : Tom Graves ( R ) ( since 2010 )", "Georgia 's 1st district : Buddy Carter ( R ) ( since 2015 )", "Georgia 's 2nd district : Sanford Bishop ( D ) ( since 1993 )", "Georgia 's 3rd district : Drew Ferguson ( R ) ( since 2017 )", "Georgia 's 4th district : Hank Johnson ( D ) ( since 2007 )", "Georgia 's 5th district : John Lewis ( D ) ( since 1987 )", "Georgia 's 6th district : Karen Handel ( R ) ( since 2017 )", "Georgia 's 7th district : Rob Woodall ( R ) ( since 2011 )", "Georgia 's 8th district : Austin Scott ( R ) ( since 2011 )", "Georgia 's 9th district : Doug Collins ( R ) ( since 2013 )", "Georgia 's 10th district : Jody Hice ( R ) ( since 2015 )", "Georgia 's 11th district : Barry Loudermilk ( R ) ( since 2015 )", "Georgia 's 12th district : Rick W. Allen ( R ) ( since 2015 )", "Georgia 's 13th district : David Scott ( D ) ( since 2003 )", "Georgia 's 14th district : Tom Graves ( R ) ( since 2010 )", "Representative Years Party District Notes Joel Abbot March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican William C. Adamson March 4 , 1897 -- December 18 , 1917 Democratic 4th Resigned to become member of the Board of U.S. General Appraisers Julius Caesar Alford January 2 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1837 Anti-Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1839 -- October 1 , 1841 Whig Resigned Rick W. Allen January 3 , 2015 -- present Republican 12th Incumbent David J. Bailey March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 States Rights 3rd March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic Abraham Baldwin March 4 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1793 Anti-Administration 2nd March 4 , 1793 -- March 4 , 1795 At - large March 4 , 1795 -- March 4 , 1799 Democratic - Republican Doug Barnard Jr . January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 10th George T. Barnes March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 10th William Barnett October 5 , 1812 -- March 4 , 1815 Democratic - Republican At - large Bob Barr January 3 , 1995 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican 7th John Barrow January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2015 Democratic 12th Charles L. Bartlett March 4 , 1895 -- March 4 , 1915 Democratic 6th Erasmus W. Beck December 2 , 1872 -- March 4 , 1873 Democratic 4th Hiram P. Bell March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1875 Democratic 9th March 13 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1879 Thomas M. Bell March 4 , 1905 -- March 4 , 1931 Democratic 9th Marion Bethune December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1871 Republican 3rd William Wyatt Bibb January 26 , 1807 -- November 6 , 1813 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned after being elected to the US Senate John S. Bigby March 4 , 1871 -- March 4 , 1873 Republican 3rd Sanford Bishop January 3 , 1993 -- present Democratic 2nd Incumbent Edward J. Black March 4 , 1839 -- March 4 , 1841 Whig At - large January 3 , 1842 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic George R. Black March 4 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1883 Democratic 1st James C.C. Black March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1895 Democratic 10th October 2 , 1895 -- March 4 , 1897 Benjamin B. Blackburn January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1975 Republican 4th Iris Blitch January 3 , 1955 -- January 3 , 1963 Democratic 8th James H. Blount March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1893 Democratic 6th Charles H. Brand March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 8th March 4 , 1933 -- May 17 , 1933 10th Died William G. Brantley March 4 , 1897 -- March 4 , 1913 Democratic 11th Jack T. Brinkley January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1983 Democratic 3rd Paul Broun July 17 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2015 Republican 10th Paul Brown July 5 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1961 Democratic 10th Joseph Bryan March 4 , 1803 -- ? ? ? ? , 1806 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned Hugh Buchanan March 4 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 Democratic 4th Max Burns January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 Republican 12th Thomas B. Cabaniss March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1895 Democratic 6th Howard H. Callaway January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 Republican 3rd A. Sidney Camp August 1 , 1939 -- July 24 , 1954 Democratic 4th Died Allen D. Candler March 4 , 1883 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 9th Milton A. Candler March 4 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1879 Democratic 5th Henry H. Carlton March 4 , 1887 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 8th Thomas P. Carnes March 4 , 1793 -- March 4 , 1795 Anti-Administration At - large Buddy Carter January 3 , 2015 -- present Republican 1st Incumbent George Cary March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican At - large March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian Bryant T. Castellow November 8 , 1932 -- January 3 , 1937 Democratic 3rd Saxby Chambliss January 3 , 1995 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican 8th Absalom H. Chappell October 2 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Whig At - large Elijah W. Chastain March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist 5th March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic Augustin S. Clayton January 21 , 1832 -- March 4 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large Judson C. Clements March 4 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 7th Jesse F. Cleveland October 5 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic Joseph W. Clift July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Republican 1st Duncan L. Clinch February 15 , 1844 -- March 4 , 1845 Whig At - large Howell Cobb March 4 , 1807 -- ? ? ? ? , 1812 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned Howell Cobb March 4 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic At - large March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1851 6th Speaker of the House 1849 -- 1851 March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1857 Thomas W. Cobb March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1821 Democratic - Republican At - large March 4 , 1823 -- December 6 , 1824 Crawford Democratic - Republican Resigned after being elected to the US Senate John E. Coffee March 4 , 1833 -- September 25 , 1836 Jacksonian At - large Doug Collins January 3 , 2013 -- present Republican 9th Incumbent Mac Collins January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican 3rd January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 8th Alfred H. Colquitt March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic 2nd Walter T. Colquitt March 4 , 1839 -- July 21 , 1840 Whig At - large Resigned January 3 , 1842 -- March 4 , 1843 Democratic Philip Cook March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1883 Democratic 3rd Zadock Cook December 2 , 1816 -- March 4 , 1819 Democratic - Republican At - large Mark A. Cooper March 4 , 1839 -- March 4 , 1841 Whig At - large June 3 , 1842 -- June 26 , 1843 Democratic Resigned to run for Governor of Georgia Stephen A. Corker December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1871 Democratic 5th Edward E. Cox March 4 , 1925 -- December 24 , 1952 Democratic 2nd Died George W. Crawford January 7 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig At - large Joel Crawford March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1821 Democratic - Republican At - large Martin J. Crawford March 4 , 1855 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 2nd Withdrew Charles F. Crisp March 4 , 1883 -- October 23 , 1896 Democratic 3rd Speaker of the House 1891 -- 1895 , died Charles R. Crisp December 19 , 1896 -- March 4 , 1897 Democratic 3rd March 4 , 1913 -- October 7 , 1932 Resigned to become member of US Tariff Commission Alfred Cuthbert December 13 , 1813 -- November 9 , 1816 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned March 4 , 1821 -- March 4 , 1825 March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian John Alfred Cuthbert March 4 , 1819 -- March 4 , 1821 Democratic - Republican At - large George Darden November 8 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1995 Democratic 7th James C. Davis January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1963 Democratic 5th John W. Davis January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1975 Democratic 7th William Crosby Dawson November 7 , 1836 -- March 4 , 1837 States Rights At - large March 4 , 1837 -- November 13 , 1841 Whig Resigned to run for Governor of Georgia Nathan Deal January 3 , 1993 -- April 10 , 1995 Democratic 9th April 10 , 1995 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2007 10th January 3 , 2007 -- March 21 , 2010 9th Resigned to run for Governor of Georgia Braswell Deen March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1939 Democratic 8th William B.W. Dent March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic 4th Dudley M. Du Bose March 4 , 1871 -- March 4 , 1873 Democratic 5th Peter Early January 10 , 1803 -- March 4 , 1807 Democratic - Republican At - large Charles G. Edwards March 4 , 1907 -- March 4 , 1917 Democratic 1st March 4 , 1925 -- July 13 , 1931 Died William P. Edwards July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Republican 3rd Billy Lee Evans January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1983 Democratic 8th Robert W. Everett March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1893 Democratic 7th William H. Felton March 4 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1881 Democratic 7th Drew Ferguson January 3 , 2017 -- present Republican 3rd Incumbent William B. Fleming February 10 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1879 Democratic 1st William H. Fleming March 4 , 1897 -- March 4 , 1903 Democratic 10th John Floyd March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Democratic 7th Jack Flynt November 2 , 1954 -- January 3 , 1965 Democratic 4th January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1979 6th Tic Forrester January 3 , 1951 -- January 3 , 1965 Democratic 3rd John Forsyth March 4 , 1813 -- November 23 , 1818 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned after being elected to the US Senate March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian March 4 , 1827 -- November 7 , 1827 2nd Resigned Tomlinson Fort March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Jacksonian 6th Nathaniel G. Foster March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1857 Know Nothing 7th Thomas Flournoy Foster March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1835 Democratic - Republican At - large March 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig Wyche Fowler April 6 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1987 Democratic 5th James C. Freeman March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1875 Republican 5th Roger L. Gamble March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig Lucius J. Gartrell March 4 , 1857 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 4th Retired Florence R. Gibbs October 1 , 1940 -- January 3 , 1941 Democratic 8th W. Benjamin Gibbs January 3 , 1939 -- August 7 , 1940 Democratic 8th Died John S. Gibson January 3 , 1941 -- January 3 , 1947 Democratic 8th George R. Gilmer March 4 , 1821 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large October 1 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Jacksonian 1st March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1835 At - large Phil Gingrey January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2015 Republican 11th Newt Gingrich January 3 , 1979 -- January 3 , 1999 Republican 6th Speaker of the House 1995 -- 1999 Ronald B. Ginn January 3 , 1973 -- January 3 , 1983 Democratic 1st Thomas Glascock October 5 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic Samuel F. Gove July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Republican 4th Seaton Grantland March 4 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic Tom Graves June 8 , 2010 -- January 3 , 2013 Republican 9th January 3 , 2013 -- present 14th Incumbent James M. Griggs March 4 , 1897 -- January 5 , 1910 Democratic 2nd Died Thomas W. Grimes March 4 , 1887 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 4th Richard W. Habersham March 4 , 1839 -- December 2 , 1842 Whig At - large Died Thomas C. Hackett March 4 , 1849 -- March 4 , 1851 Democratic 5th G. Elliott Hagan January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1973 Democratic 1st Bolling Hall March 4 , 1811 -- March 4 , 1817 Democratic - Republican At - large Nathaniel J. Hammond March 4 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1887 Democratic 5th Samuel Hammond March 4 , 1803 -- February 2 , 1805 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned to become Civil and Military Governor of upper Louisiana Territory Karen Handel June 20 , 2017 -- present Republican 6th Incumbent , First female Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia Hugh A. Haralson March 4 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic At - large March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1851 4th Thomas Hardeman Jr . March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Opposition 3rd Withdrew March 4 , 1883 -- March 4 , 1885 Democratic At - large Thomas W. Hardwick March 4 , 1903 -- November 2 , 1914 Democratic 10th Resigned after being elected to the US Senate Henry R. Harris March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1879 Democratic 4th March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1887 Julian Hartridge March 4 , 1875 -- January 8 , 1879 Democratic 1st Died Charles Floyd Hatcher January 3 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 2nd Charles E. Haynes March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 5th March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1831 At - large March 4 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic Jody Hice January 3 , 2015 -- present Republican 10th Incumbent Benjamin H. Hill May 5 , 1875 -- March 3 , 1877 Democratic 9th Resigned Joshua Hill March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1859 Know Nothing 7th March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Opposition Resigned Junius Hillyer March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist 6th March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic Hopkins Holsey October 5 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic Hines Holt February 1 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1841 Whig At - large William M. Howard March 4 , 1897 -- March 4 , 1911 Democratic 8th William S. Howard March 4 , 1911 -- March 4 , 1919 Democratic 5th Dudley M. Hughes March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 Democratic 3rd March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1917 12th Johnny Isakson February 23 , 1999 -- January 3 , 2005 Republican 6th Alfred Iverson Sr . March 4 , 1847 -- March 4 , 1849 Democratic 2nd Jabez Y. Jackson October 5 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic James Jackson March 4 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1791 Anti-Administration 1st James Jackson March 4 , 1857 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 6th Retired Joseph Webber Jackson March 4 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1851 Democratic 1st March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 States Rights Edgar L. Jenkins January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 9th Don Johnson Jr . January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1995 Democratic 10th Hank Johnson January 3 , 2007 -- present Democratic 4th Incumbent James Johnson March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist 2nd Ben Jones January 3 , 1989 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 4th James Jones March 4 , 1799 -- January 11 , 1801 Federalist At - large Died John James Jones March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 8th Withdrew John William Jones March 4 , 1847 -- March 4 , 1849 Whig 3rd Seaborn Jones 1833 -- 1835 Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1847 Democratic 2nd Thomas B. King March 4 , 1839 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig At - large March 4 , 1845 -- ? ? , 1850 1st Resigned Jack Kingston January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 2015 Republican 1st Henry G. Lamar December 7 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1833 Jacksonian At - large John B. Lamar March 4 , 1843 -- July 29 , 1843 Democratic At - large Resigned Phillip M. Landrum January 3 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1977 Democratic 9th Henderson L. Lanham January 3 , 1947 -- November 10 , 1957 Democratic 7th Died William C. Lankford March 4 , 1919 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 11th William W. Larsen March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 12th Thomas G. Lawson March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1897 Democratic 8th Gordon Lee March 4 , 1905 -- March 4 , 1927 Democratic 7th Rufus E. Lester March 4 , 1889 -- June 16 , 1906 Democratic 1st Died Elliott H. Levitas January 3 , 1975 -- January 3 , 1985 Democratic 4th Elijah B. Lewis March 4 , 1897 -- March 4 , 1909 Democratic 3rd John Lewis January 3 , 1987 -- present Democratic 5th Incumbent John Linder January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1997 Republican 4th January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 2003 11th January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2011 7th Leonidas F. Livingston March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1911 Democratic 5th Jefferson F. Long January 16 , 1871 -- March 4 , 1871 Republican 4th Barry Loudermilk January 3 , 2015 -- present Republican 11th Incumbent Peter Early Love March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 1st Resigned John H. Lumpkin March 4 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic At - large March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 5th March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1857 Wilson Lumpkin March 4 , 1815 -- March 4 , 1817 Democratic - Republican At - large March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Jacksonian 4th March 4 , 1829 -- ? ? ? ? , 1831 At - large Resigned before the convening of the 22nd Congress to run for Governor of Georgia Archibald T. MacIntyre March 4 , 1871 -- March 4 , 1873 Democratic 1st James MacKay January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 Democratic 4th John W. Maddox March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1905 Democratic 7th Denise Majette January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 Democratic 4th Helen D. Mankin February 12 , 1946 -- January 3 , 1947 Democratic 5th Jim Marshall January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2007 Democratic 3rd January 3 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2011 8th George Mathews March 4 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1791 Anti-Administration 3rd Dawson Mathis January 3 , 1971 -- January 3 , 1981 Democratic 2nd Lawrence P. McDonald January 3 , 1975 -- September 1 , 1983 Democratic 7th Died Cynthia McKinney January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1997 Democratic 11th January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 2003 4th January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2007 Cowles Mead March 4 , 1805 -- December 24 , 1805 Democratic - Republican At - large Lost contested election David Meriwether December 6 , 1802 -- March 4 , 1807 Democratic - Republican At - large James Meriwether March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian At - large James A. Meriwether March 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig At - large John Milledge November 22 , 1792 -- March 4 , 1793 Anti-Administration 1st March 4 , 1795 -- March 4 , 1799 Democratic - Republican At - large March 4 , 1801 -- May ? ? , 1802 Resigned John Millen March 4 , 1843 -- October 15 , 1843 Democratic At - large Died Harlan E. Mitchell January 8 , 1958 -- January 3 , 1961 Democratic 7th W. Carlton Mobley March 2 , 1932 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 6th R. Lee Moore March 4 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 Democratic 1st Charles L. Moses March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1897 Democratic 4th Charles Murphey March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist 4th Daniel Newnan March 4 , 1831 -- March 4 , 1833 Jacksonian At - large John C. Nicholls March 4 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1881 Democratic 1st March 4 , 1883 -- March 4 , 1885 Eugenius A. Nisbet March 4 , 1839 -- October 12 , 1841 Whig At - large Resigned Charlie Norwood January 3 , 1995 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican 10th January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2007 9th January 3 , 2007 -- February 13 , 2007 10th Died Thomas M. Norwood March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Democratic 1st Maston E. O'Neal Jr . January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1971 Democratic 2nd James W. Overstreet October 3 , 1906 -- March 4 , 1907 Democratic 1st March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1923 Allen Ferdinand Owen March 4 , 1849 -- March 4 , 1851 Whig 3rd Emmett M. Owen March 4 , 1933 -- June 21 , 1939 Democratic 4th Died George W. Owens March 4 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1839 Jacksonian At - large March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic Stephen Pace January 3 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1951 Democratic 3rd William W. Paine December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1871 Democratic 1st Frank Park November 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1925 Democratic 2nd Homer C. Parker September 9 , 1931 -- January 3 , 1935 Democratic 1st Henry Persons March 4 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1881 Independent Democrat 4th Hugh Peterson January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1947 Democratic 1st J.L. Pilcher February 4 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1965 Democratic 2nd Prince Hulon Preston Jr . January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1961 Democratic 1st Tom Price January 3 , 2005 -- February 10 , 2017 Republican 6th Resigned to become United States Secretary of Health and Human Services William P. Price December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1873 Democratic 6th Charles H. Prince July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Republican 5th Robert Ramspeck October 2 , 1929 -- December 31 , 1945 Democratic 5th Resigned Morgan Rawls March 4 , 1873 -- March 24 , 1874 Democratic 1st Lost contested election Richard Ray January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 3rd David A. Reese March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Whig 7th Seaborn Reese December 4 , 1882 -- March 4 , 1887 Democratic 8th Robert R. Reid February 18 , 1819 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large Seaborn A. Roddenbery February 6 , 1910 -- September 25 , 1913 Democratic 2nd Died J. Roy Rowland January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1995 Democratic 8th Tinsley W. Rucker Jr . January 11 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1917 Democratic 8th Benjamin E. Russell March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Democratic 2nd Samuel Rutherford March 4 , 1925 -- February 4 , 1932 Democratic 6th Died John W.A. Sanford March 4 , 1835 -- July 25 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large Resigned to assist in the removal of the Cherokee Indians William Schley March 4 , 1833 -- July 1 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large Resigned after being nominated Governor of Georgia Austin Scott January 3 , 2011 -- present Republican 8th Incumbent David Scott January 3 , 2003 -- present Democratic 13th Incumbent James Lindsay Seward March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1859 Democratic 1st Andrew Sloan March 24 , -- March 4 , 1875 Republican 1st Dennis Smelt September 1 , 1806 -- March 4 , 1811 Democratic - Republican At - large William Ephraim Smith March 4 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1881 Democratic 2nd Thomas Spalding December 24 , 1805 -- ? ? ? ? , 1806 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned Emory Speer March 4 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1883 Independent Democrat 9th Thomas J. Speer March 4 , 1871 -- August 18 , 1872 Republican 4th Died Leslie J. Steele March 4 , 1927 -- July 14 , 1929 Democratic 5th Died Alexander H. Stephens October 2 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Whig At - large March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1851 7th March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Whig 8th March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1859 Democratic December 1 , 1873 -- November 4 , 1882 Resigned after being elected Governor of Georgia Robert Grier Stephens Jr . January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1977 Democratic 10th John D. Stewart March 4 , 1887 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 5th William H. Stiles March 4 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic At - large W.S. Stuckey Jr . January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1977 Democratic 8th Pat Swindall January 3 , 1985 -- January 3 , 1989 Republican 4th Benjamin Taliaferro March 4 , 1799 -- March 4 , 1801 Federalist At - large March 4 , 1801 -- ? ? ? ? , 1802 Democratic - Republican Resigned Malcolm C. Tarver March 4 , 1927 -- January 3 , 1947 Democratic 7th Farish C. Tate March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1905 Democratic 9th Edward F. Tattnall March 4 , 1821 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican At - large March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian Thomas Telfair March 4 , 1813 -- March 4 , 1817 Democratic - Republican At - large James C. Terrell March 4 , 1835 -- July 8 , 1835 Unionist At - large Resigned William Terrell March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1821 Democratic - Republican At - large Robert Lindsay Thomas January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 1st Fletcher Thompson January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1973 Republican 5th Wiley Thompson March 4 , 1821 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 3rd March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1833 At - large Nelson Tift July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Democratic 2nd Robert Toombs March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1853 Whig 8th George Towns March 4 , 1835 -- September 1 , 1836 Jacksonian At - large Resigned March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic January 5 , 1846 -- March 4 , 1847 3rd Samuel J. Tribble March 4 , 1911 -- December 8 , 1916 Democratic 8th Died Robert P. Trippe March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1859 Know Nothing 3rd George M. Troup March 4 , 1807 -- March 4 , 1815 Democratic - Republican At - large Henry G. Turner March 4 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1893 Democratic 2nd March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 11th J. Russell Tuten January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1967 Democratic 8th John W.H. Underwood March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 5th Withdrew William D. Upshaw March 4 , 1919 -- March 4 , 1927 Democratic 5th Carl Vinson November 3 , 1914 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 10th March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1965 6th John R. Walker March 4 , 1913 -- Match 4 , 1919 Democratic 11th Hiram B. Warner March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1857 Democratic 4th Lott Warren March 4 , 1839 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig At - large Thomas E. Watson March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1893 Populist 10th Anthony Wayne March 4 , 1791 -- March 21 , 1792 Anti-Administration 1st Seat declared vacant James M. Wayne March 4 , 1829 -- January 13 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large Resigned after being appointed as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Marshall J. Wellborn March 4 , 1849 -- March 4 , 1851 Democratic 2nd Charles Weltner January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1967 Democratic 5th Lynn Westmoreland January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2007 Republican 8th January 3 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2017 3rd William M. Wheeler January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1955 Democratic 8th B. Frank Whelchel January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1945 Democratic 9th Richard H. Whiteley December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1875 Republican 2nd Richard Henry Wilde March 4 , 1815 -- March 4 , 1817 Democratic - Republican At - large February 7 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican November 17 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Jacksonian 2nd March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1835 At - large Francis Willis March 4 , 1791 -- March 4 , 1793 Anti-Administration 3rd Thomas E. Winn March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1893 Democratic 9th James W. Wise March 4 , 1915 -- March 4 , 1925 Democratic 6th John S. Wood March 4 , 1931 -- January 3 , 1935 Democratic 9th January 3 , 1945 -- January 3 , 1953 Robert Woodall January 3 , 2011 -- present Republican 7th Incumbent Augustus R. Wright March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1859 Democratic 5th William C. Wright January 16 , 1918 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 4th Andrew Young January 3 , 1973 -- January 29 , 1977 Democratic 5th Resigned after being appointed United States Ambassador to the United Nations Pierce M.B. Young July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Democratic 7th December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1875", "Representative Years Party District Notes", "Joel Abbot March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large", "March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican", "William C. Adamson March 4 , 1897 -- December 18 , 1917 Democratic 4th Resigned to become member of the Board of U.S. General Appraisers", "Julius Caesar Alford January 2 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1837 Anti-Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1839 -- October 1 , 1841 Whig Resigned", "Rick W. Allen January 3 , 2015 -- present Republican 12th Incumbent", "David J. Bailey March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 States Rights 3rd", "March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic", "Abraham Baldwin March 4 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1793 Anti-Administration 2nd", "March 4 , 1793 -- March 4 , 1795 At - large", "March 4 , 1795 -- March 4 , 1799 Democratic - Republican", "Doug Barnard Jr . January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 10th", "George T. Barnes March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 10th", "William Barnett October 5 , 1812 -- March 4 , 1815 Democratic - Republican At - large", "Bob Barr January 3 , 1995 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican 7th", "John Barrow January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2015 Democratic 12th", "Charles L. Bartlett March 4 , 1895 -- March 4 , 1915 Democratic 6th", "Erasmus W. Beck December 2 , 1872 -- March 4 , 1873 Democratic 4th", "Hiram P. Bell March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1875 Democratic 9th", "March 13 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1879", "Thomas M. Bell March 4 , 1905 -- March 4 , 1931 Democratic 9th", "Marion Bethune December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1871 Republican 3rd", "William Wyatt Bibb January 26 , 1807 -- November 6 , 1813 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned after being elected to the US Senate", "John S. Bigby March 4 , 1871 -- March 4 , 1873 Republican 3rd", "Sanford Bishop January 3 , 1993 -- present Democratic 2nd Incumbent", "Edward J. Black March 4 , 1839 -- March 4 , 1841 Whig At - large", "January 3 , 1842 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic", "George R. Black March 4 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1883 Democratic 1st", "James C.C. Black March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1895 Democratic 10th", "October 2 , 1895 -- March 4 , 1897", "Benjamin B. Blackburn January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1975 Republican 4th", "Iris Blitch January 3 , 1955 -- January 3 , 1963 Democratic 8th", "James H. Blount March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1893 Democratic 6th", "Charles H. Brand March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 8th", "March 4 , 1933 -- May 17 , 1933 10th Died", "William G. Brantley March 4 , 1897 -- March 4 , 1913 Democratic 11th", "Jack T. Brinkley January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1983 Democratic 3rd", "Paul Broun July 17 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2015 Republican 10th", "Paul Brown July 5 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1961 Democratic 10th", "Joseph Bryan March 4 , 1803 -- ? ? ? ? , 1806 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned", "Hugh Buchanan March 4 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 Democratic 4th", "Max Burns January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 Republican 12th", "Thomas B. Cabaniss March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1895 Democratic 6th", "Howard H. Callaway January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 Republican 3rd", "A. Sidney Camp August 1 , 1939 -- July 24 , 1954 Democratic 4th Died", "Allen D. Candler March 4 , 1883 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 9th", "Milton A. Candler March 4 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1879 Democratic 5th", "Henry H. Carlton March 4 , 1887 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 8th", "Thomas P. Carnes March 4 , 1793 -- March 4 , 1795 Anti-Administration At - large", "Buddy Carter January 3 , 2015 -- present Republican 1st Incumbent", "George Cary March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican At - large", "March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian", "Bryant T. Castellow November 8 , 1932 -- January 3 , 1937 Democratic 3rd", "Saxby Chambliss January 3 , 1995 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican 8th", "Absalom H. Chappell October 2 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Whig At - large", "Elijah W. Chastain March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist 5th", "March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic", "Augustin S. Clayton January 21 , 1832 -- March 4 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large", "Judson C. Clements March 4 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 7th", "Jesse F. Cleveland October 5 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic", "Joseph W. Clift July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Republican 1st", "Duncan L. Clinch February 15 , 1844 -- March 4 , 1845 Whig At - large", "Howell Cobb March 4 , 1807 -- ? ? ? ? , 1812 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned", "Howell Cobb March 4 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic At - large", "March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1851 6th Speaker of the House 1849 -- 1851", "March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1857", "Thomas W. Cobb March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1821 Democratic - Republican At - large", "March 4 , 1823 -- December 6 , 1824 Crawford Democratic - Republican Resigned after being elected to the US Senate", "John E. Coffee March 4 , 1833 -- September 25 , 1836 Jacksonian At - large", "Doug Collins January 3 , 2013 -- present Republican 9th Incumbent", "Mac Collins January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican 3rd", "January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 8th", "Alfred H. Colquitt March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic 2nd", "Walter T. Colquitt March 4 , 1839 -- July 21 , 1840 Whig At - large Resigned", "January 3 , 1842 -- March 4 , 1843 Democratic", "Philip Cook March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1883 Democratic 3rd", "Zadock Cook December 2 , 1816 -- March 4 , 1819 Democratic - Republican At - large", "Mark A. Cooper March 4 , 1839 -- March 4 , 1841 Whig At - large", "June 3 , 1842 -- June 26 , 1843 Democratic Resigned to run for Governor of Georgia", "Stephen A. Corker December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1871 Democratic 5th", "Edward E. Cox March 4 , 1925 -- December 24 , 1952 Democratic 2nd Died", "George W. Crawford January 7 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig At - large", "Joel Crawford March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1821 Democratic - Republican At - large", "Martin J. Crawford March 4 , 1855 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 2nd Withdrew", "Charles F. Crisp March 4 , 1883 -- October 23 , 1896 Democratic 3rd Speaker of the House 1891 -- 1895 , died", "Charles R. Crisp December 19 , 1896 -- March 4 , 1897 Democratic 3rd", "March 4 , 1913 -- October 7 , 1932 Resigned to become member of US Tariff Commission", "Alfred Cuthbert December 13 , 1813 -- November 9 , 1816 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned", "March 4 , 1821 -- March 4 , 1825", "March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian", "John Alfred Cuthbert March 4 , 1819 -- March 4 , 1821 Democratic - Republican At - large", "George Darden November 8 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1995 Democratic 7th", "James C. Davis January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1963 Democratic 5th", "John W. Davis January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1975 Democratic 7th", "William Crosby Dawson November 7 , 1836 -- March 4 , 1837 States Rights At - large", "March 4 , 1837 -- November 13 , 1841 Whig Resigned to run for Governor of Georgia", "Nathan Deal January 3 , 1993 -- April 10 , 1995 Democratic 9th", "April 10 , 1995 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican", "January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2007 10th", "January 3 , 2007 -- March 21 , 2010 9th Resigned to run for Governor of Georgia", "Braswell Deen March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1939 Democratic 8th", "William B.W. Dent March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic 4th", "Dudley M. Du Bose March 4 , 1871 -- March 4 , 1873 Democratic 5th", "Peter Early January 10 , 1803 -- March 4 , 1807 Democratic - Republican At - large", "Charles G. Edwards March 4 , 1907 -- March 4 , 1917 Democratic 1st", "March 4 , 1925 -- July 13 , 1931 Died", "William P. Edwards July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Republican 3rd", "Billy Lee Evans January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1983 Democratic 8th", "Robert W. Everett March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1893 Democratic 7th", "William H. Felton March 4 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1881 Democratic 7th", "Drew Ferguson January 3 , 2017 -- present Republican 3rd Incumbent", "William B. Fleming February 10 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1879 Democratic 1st", "William H. Fleming March 4 , 1897 -- March 4 , 1903 Democratic 10th", "John Floyd March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Democratic 7th", "Jack Flynt November 2 , 1954 -- January 3 , 1965 Democratic 4th", "January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1979 6th", "Tic Forrester January 3 , 1951 -- January 3 , 1965 Democratic 3rd", "John Forsyth March 4 , 1813 -- November 23 , 1818 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned after being elected to the US Senate", "March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican", "March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian", "March 4 , 1827 -- November 7 , 1827 2nd Resigned", "Tomlinson Fort March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Jacksonian 6th", "Nathaniel G. Foster March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1857 Know Nothing 7th", "Thomas Flournoy Foster March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1835 Democratic - Republican At - large", "March 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig", "Wyche Fowler April 6 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1987 Democratic 5th", "James C. Freeman March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1875 Republican 5th", "Roger L. Gamble March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig", "Lucius J. Gartrell March 4 , 1857 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 4th Retired", "Florence R. Gibbs October 1 , 1940 -- January 3 , 1941 Democratic 8th", "W. Benjamin Gibbs January 3 , 1939 -- August 7 , 1940 Democratic 8th Died", "John S. Gibson January 3 , 1941 -- January 3 , 1947 Democratic 8th", "George R. Gilmer March 4 , 1821 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large", "October 1 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Jacksonian 1st", "March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1835 At - large", "Phil Gingrey January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2015 Republican 11th", "Newt Gingrich January 3 , 1979 -- January 3 , 1999 Republican 6th Speaker of the House 1995 -- 1999", "Ronald B. Ginn January 3 , 1973 -- January 3 , 1983 Democratic 1st", "Thomas Glascock October 5 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic", "Samuel F. Gove July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Republican 4th", "Seaton Grantland March 4 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic", "Tom Graves June 8 , 2010 -- January 3 , 2013 Republican 9th", "January 3 , 2013 -- present 14th Incumbent", "James M. Griggs March 4 , 1897 -- January 5 , 1910 Democratic 2nd Died", "Thomas W. Grimes March 4 , 1887 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 4th", "Richard W. Habersham March 4 , 1839 -- December 2 , 1842 Whig At - large Died", "Thomas C. Hackett March 4 , 1849 -- March 4 , 1851 Democratic 5th", "G. Elliott Hagan January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1973 Democratic 1st", "Bolling Hall March 4 , 1811 -- March 4 , 1817 Democratic - Republican At - large", "Nathaniel J. Hammond March 4 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1887 Democratic 5th", "Samuel Hammond March 4 , 1803 -- February 2 , 1805 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned to become Civil and Military Governor of upper Louisiana Territory", "Karen Handel June 20 , 2017 -- present Republican 6th Incumbent , First female Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia", "Hugh A. Haralson March 4 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic At - large", "March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1851 4th", "Thomas Hardeman Jr . March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Opposition 3rd Withdrew", "March 4 , 1883 -- March 4 , 1885 Democratic At - large", "Thomas W. Hardwick March 4 , 1903 -- November 2 , 1914 Democratic 10th Resigned after being elected to the US Senate", "Henry R. Harris March 4 , 1873 -- March 4 , 1879 Democratic 4th", "March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1887", "Julian Hartridge March 4 , 1875 -- January 8 , 1879 Democratic 1st Died", "Charles Floyd Hatcher January 3 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 2nd", "Charles E. Haynes March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 5th", "March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1831 At - large", "March 4 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837", "March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic", "Jody Hice January 3 , 2015 -- present Republican 10th Incumbent", "Benjamin H. Hill May 5 , 1875 -- March 3 , 1877 Democratic 9th Resigned", "Joshua Hill March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1859 Know Nothing 7th", "March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Opposition Resigned", "Junius Hillyer March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist 6th", "March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Democratic", "Hopkins Holsey October 5 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic", "Hines Holt February 1 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1841 Whig At - large", "William M. Howard March 4 , 1897 -- March 4 , 1911 Democratic 8th", "William S. Howard March 4 , 1911 -- March 4 , 1919 Democratic 5th", "Dudley M. Hughes March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 Democratic 3rd", "March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1917 12th", "Johnny Isakson February 23 , 1999 -- January 3 , 2005 Republican 6th", "Alfred Iverson Sr . March 4 , 1847 -- March 4 , 1849 Democratic 2nd", "Jabez Y. Jackson October 5 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1837 Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic", "James Jackson March 4 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1791 Anti-Administration 1st", "James Jackson March 4 , 1857 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 6th Retired", "Joseph Webber Jackson March 4 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1851 Democratic 1st", "March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 States Rights", "Edgar L. Jenkins January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 9th", "Don Johnson Jr . January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1995 Democratic 10th", "Hank Johnson January 3 , 2007 -- present Democratic 4th Incumbent", "James Johnson March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist 2nd", "Ben Jones January 3 , 1989 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 4th", "James Jones March 4 , 1799 -- January 11 , 1801 Federalist At - large Died", "John James Jones March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 8th Withdrew", "John William Jones March 4 , 1847 -- March 4 , 1849 Whig 3rd", "Seaborn Jones 1833 -- 1835 Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1847 Democratic 2nd", "Thomas B. King March 4 , 1839 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig At - large", "March 4 , 1845 -- ? ? , 1850 1st Resigned", "Jack Kingston January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 2015 Republican 1st", "Henry G. Lamar December 7 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1833 Jacksonian At - large", "John B. Lamar March 4 , 1843 -- July 29 , 1843 Democratic At - large Resigned", "Phillip M. Landrum January 3 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1977 Democratic 9th", "Henderson L. Lanham January 3 , 1947 -- November 10 , 1957 Democratic 7th Died", "William C. Lankford March 4 , 1919 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 11th", "William W. Larsen March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 12th", "Thomas G. Lawson March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1897 Democratic 8th", "Gordon Lee March 4 , 1905 -- March 4 , 1927 Democratic 7th", "Rufus E. Lester March 4 , 1889 -- June 16 , 1906 Democratic 1st Died", "Elliott H. Levitas January 3 , 1975 -- January 3 , 1985 Democratic 4th", "Elijah B. Lewis March 4 , 1897 -- March 4 , 1909 Democratic 3rd", "John Lewis January 3 , 1987 -- present Democratic 5th Incumbent", "John Linder January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1997 Republican 4th", "January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 2003 11th", "January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2011 7th", "Leonidas F. Livingston March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1911 Democratic 5th", "Jefferson F. Long January 16 , 1871 -- March 4 , 1871 Republican 4th", "Barry Loudermilk January 3 , 2015 -- present Republican 11th Incumbent", "Peter Early Love March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 1st Resigned", "John H. Lumpkin March 4 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic At - large", "March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 5th", "March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1857", "Wilson Lumpkin March 4 , 1815 -- March 4 , 1817 Democratic - Republican At - large", "March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Jacksonian 4th", "March 4 , 1829 -- ? ? ? ? , 1831 At - large Resigned before the convening of the 22nd Congress to run for Governor of Georgia", "Archibald T. MacIntyre March 4 , 1871 -- March 4 , 1873 Democratic 1st", "James MacKay January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 Democratic 4th", "John W. Maddox March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1905 Democratic 7th", "Denise Majette January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 Democratic 4th", "Helen D. Mankin February 12 , 1946 -- January 3 , 1947 Democratic 5th", "Jim Marshall January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2007 Democratic 3rd", "January 3 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2011 8th", "George Mathews March 4 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1791 Anti-Administration 3rd", "Dawson Mathis January 3 , 1971 -- January 3 , 1981 Democratic 2nd", "Lawrence P. McDonald January 3 , 1975 -- September 1 , 1983 Democratic 7th Died", "Cynthia McKinney January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1997 Democratic 11th", "January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 2003 4th", "January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2007", "Cowles Mead March 4 , 1805 -- December 24 , 1805 Democratic - Republican At - large Lost contested election", "David Meriwether December 6 , 1802 -- March 4 , 1807 Democratic - Republican At - large", "James Meriwether March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian At - large", "James A. Meriwether March 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig At - large", "John Milledge November 22 , 1792 -- March 4 , 1793 Anti-Administration 1st", "March 4 , 1795 -- March 4 , 1799 Democratic - Republican At - large", "March 4 , 1801 -- May ? ? , 1802 Resigned", "John Millen March 4 , 1843 -- October 15 , 1843 Democratic At - large Died", "Harlan E. Mitchell January 8 , 1958 -- January 3 , 1961 Democratic 7th", "W. Carlton Mobley March 2 , 1932 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 6th", "R. Lee Moore March 4 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 Democratic 1st", "Charles L. Moses March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1897 Democratic 4th", "Charles Murphey March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist 4th", "Daniel Newnan March 4 , 1831 -- March 4 , 1833 Jacksonian At - large", "John C. Nicholls March 4 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1881 Democratic 1st", "March 4 , 1883 -- March 4 , 1885", "Eugenius A. Nisbet March 4 , 1839 -- October 12 , 1841 Whig At - large Resigned", "Charlie Norwood January 3 , 1995 -- January 3 , 2003 Republican 10th", "January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2007 9th", "January 3 , 2007 -- February 13 , 2007 10th Died", "Thomas M. Norwood March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Democratic 1st", "Maston E. O'Neal Jr . January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1971 Democratic 2nd", "James W. Overstreet October 3 , 1906 -- March 4 , 1907 Democratic 1st", "March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1923", "Allen Ferdinand Owen March 4 , 1849 -- March 4 , 1851 Whig 3rd", "Emmett M. Owen March 4 , 1933 -- June 21 , 1939 Democratic 4th Died", "George W. Owens March 4 , 1835 -- March 4 , 1839 Jacksonian At - large", "March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic", "Stephen Pace January 3 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1951 Democratic 3rd", "William W. Paine December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1871 Democratic 1st", "Frank Park November 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1925 Democratic 2nd", "Homer C. Parker September 9 , 1931 -- January 3 , 1935 Democratic 1st", "Henry Persons March 4 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1881 Independent Democrat 4th", "Hugh Peterson January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1947 Democratic 1st", "J.L. Pilcher February 4 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1965 Democratic 2nd", "Prince Hulon Preston Jr . January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1961 Democratic 1st", "Tom Price January 3 , 2005 -- February 10 , 2017 Republican 6th Resigned to become United States Secretary of Health and Human Services", "William P. Price December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1873 Democratic 6th", "Charles H. Prince July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Republican 5th", "Robert Ramspeck October 2 , 1929 -- December 31 , 1945 Democratic 5th Resigned", "Morgan Rawls March 4 , 1873 -- March 24 , 1874 Democratic 1st Lost contested election", "Richard Ray January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 3rd", "David A. Reese March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Whig 7th", "Seaborn Reese December 4 , 1882 -- March 4 , 1887 Democratic 8th", "Robert R. Reid February 18 , 1819 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large", "Seaborn A. Roddenbery February 6 , 1910 -- September 25 , 1913 Democratic 2nd Died", "J. Roy Rowland January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1995 Democratic 8th", "Tinsley W. Rucker Jr . January 11 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1917 Democratic 8th", "Benjamin E. Russell March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Democratic 2nd", "Samuel Rutherford March 4 , 1925 -- February 4 , 1932 Democratic 6th Died", "John W.A. Sanford March 4 , 1835 -- July 25 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large Resigned to assist in the removal of the Cherokee Indians", "William Schley March 4 , 1833 -- July 1 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large Resigned after being nominated Governor of Georgia", "Austin Scott January 3 , 2011 -- present Republican 8th Incumbent", "David Scott January 3 , 2003 -- present Democratic 13th Incumbent", "James Lindsay Seward March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1859 Democratic 1st", "Andrew Sloan March 24 , -- March 4 , 1875 Republican 1st", "Dennis Smelt September 1 , 1806 -- March 4 , 1811 Democratic - Republican At - large", "William Ephraim Smith March 4 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1881 Democratic 2nd", "Thomas Spalding December 24 , 1805 -- ? ? ? ? , 1806 Democratic - Republican At - large Resigned", "Emory Speer March 4 , 1879 -- March 4 , 1883 Independent Democrat 9th", "Thomas J. Speer March 4 , 1871 -- August 18 , 1872 Republican 4th Died", "Leslie J. Steele March 4 , 1927 -- July 14 , 1929 Democratic 5th Died", "Alexander H. Stephens October 2 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Whig At - large", "March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1851 7th", "March 4 , 1851 -- March 4 , 1853 Unionist", "March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1855 Whig 8th", "March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1859 Democratic", "December 1 , 1873 -- November 4 , 1882 Resigned after being elected Governor of Georgia", "Robert Grier Stephens Jr . January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1977 Democratic 10th", "John D. Stewart March 4 , 1887 -- March 4 , 1891 Democratic 5th", "William H. Stiles March 4 , 1843 -- March 4 , 1845 Democratic At - large", "W.S. Stuckey Jr . January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1977 Democratic 8th", "Pat Swindall January 3 , 1985 -- January 3 , 1989 Republican 4th", "Benjamin Taliaferro March 4 , 1799 -- March 4 , 1801 Federalist At - large", "March 4 , 1801 -- ? ? ? ? , 1802 Democratic - Republican Resigned", "Malcolm C. Tarver March 4 , 1927 -- January 3 , 1947 Democratic 7th", "Farish C. Tate March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1905 Democratic 9th", "Edward F. Tattnall March 4 , 1821 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large", "March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican At - large", "March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian", "Thomas Telfair March 4 , 1813 -- March 4 , 1817 Democratic - Republican At - large", "James C. Terrell March 4 , 1835 -- July 8 , 1835 Unionist At - large Resigned", "William Terrell March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1821 Democratic - Republican At - large", "Robert Lindsay Thomas January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1993 Democratic 1st", "Fletcher Thompson January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1973 Republican 5th", "Wiley Thompson March 4 , 1821 -- March 4 , 1823 Democratic - Republican At - large", "March 4 , 1823 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican", "March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1827 Jacksonian", "March 4 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 3rd", "March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1833 At - large", "Nelson Tift July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Democratic 2nd", "Robert Toombs March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1853 Whig 8th", "George Towns March 4 , 1835 -- September 1 , 1836 Jacksonian At - large Resigned", "March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1839 Democratic", "January 5 , 1846 -- March 4 , 1847 3rd", "Samuel J. Tribble March 4 , 1911 -- December 8 , 1916 Democratic 8th Died", "Robert P. Trippe March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1859 Know Nothing 3rd", "George M. Troup March 4 , 1807 -- March 4 , 1815 Democratic - Republican At - large", "Henry G. Turner March 4 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1893 Democratic 2nd", "March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 11th", "J. Russell Tuten January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1967 Democratic 8th", "John W.H. Underwood March 4 , 1859 -- January 23 , 1861 Democratic 5th Withdrew", "William D. Upshaw March 4 , 1919 -- March 4 , 1927 Democratic 5th", "Carl Vinson November 3 , 1914 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 10th", "March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1965 6th", "John R. Walker March 4 , 1913 -- Match 4 , 1919 Democratic 11th", "Hiram B. Warner March 4 , 1855 -- March 4 , 1857 Democratic 4th", "Lott Warren March 4 , 1839 -- March 4 , 1843 Whig At - large", "Thomas E. Watson March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1893 Populist 10th", "Anthony Wayne March 4 , 1791 -- March 21 , 1792 Anti-Administration 1st Seat declared vacant", "James M. Wayne March 4 , 1829 -- January 13 , 1835 Jacksonian At - large Resigned after being appointed as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States", "Marshall J. Wellborn March 4 , 1849 -- March 4 , 1851 Democratic 2nd", "Charles Weltner January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1967 Democratic 5th", "Lynn Westmoreland January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2007 Republican 8th", "January 3 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2017 3rd", "William M. Wheeler January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1955 Democratic 8th", "B. Frank Whelchel January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1945 Democratic 9th", "Richard H. Whiteley December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1875 Republican 2nd", "Richard Henry Wilde March 4 , 1815 -- March 4 , 1817 Democratic - Republican At - large", "February 7 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1825 Crawford Democratic - Republican", "November 17 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1829 Jacksonian 2nd", "March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1835 At - large", "Francis Willis March 4 , 1791 -- March 4 , 1793 Anti-Administration 3rd", "Thomas E. Winn March 4 , 1891 -- March 4 , 1893 Democratic 9th", "James W. Wise March 4 , 1915 -- March 4 , 1925 Democratic 6th", "John S. Wood March 4 , 1931 -- January 3 , 1935 Democratic 9th", "January 3 , 1945 -- January 3 , 1953", "Robert Woodall January 3 , 2011 -- present Republican 7th Incumbent", "Augustus R. Wright March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1859 Democratic 5th", "William C. Wright January 16 , 1918 -- March 4 , 1933 Democratic 4th", "Andrew Young January 3 , 1973 -- January 29 , 1977 Democratic 5th Resigned after being appointed United States Ambassador to the United Nations", "Pierce M.B. Young July 25 , 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 Democratic 7th", "December 22 , 1870 -- March 4 , 1875", "As of January 2018 , there are thirty - two former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the U.S. State of Georgia who are currently living at this time . The most recent representative to die was Doug Barnard Jr. ( 1977 -- 1993 ) on January 11 , 2018 . The most recently serving representative to die was Charlie Norwood ( 1995 -- 2007 ) , who died in office on February 13 , 2007 .", "Representative Term of office District Date of birth ( and age ) Fletcher Thompson 1967 -- 1973 5th ( 1925 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1925 ( age 93 ) Benjamin B. Blackburn 1967 -- 1975 4th ( 1927 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1927 ( age 91 ) W.S. Stuckey Jr . 1967 -- 1977 8th ( 1935 - 05 - 25 ) May 25 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Jack Thomas Brinkley 1967 -- 1983 3rd ( 1930 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1930 ( age 87 ) Andrew Young 1973 -- 1977 5th ( 1932 - 03 - 12 ) March 12 , 1932 ( age 86 ) Elliott H. Levitas 1975 -- 1985 4th ( 1930 - 12 - 26 ) December 26 , 1930 ( age 87 ) Billy Lee Evans 1977 -- 1983 8th ( 1941 - 11 - 10 ) November 10 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Wyche Fowler 1977 -- 1987 5th ( 1940 - 10 - 06 ) October 6 , 1940 ( age 77 ) Newt Gingrich 1979 -- 1999 6th ( 1943 - 06 - 17 ) June 17 , 1943 ( age 74 ) Charles Floyd Hatcher 1981 -- 1983 2nd ( 1939 - 07 - 01 ) July 1 , 1939 ( age 78 ) R. Lindsay Thomas 1983 -- 1993 1st ( 1943 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1943 ( age 74 ) George Darden 1983 -- 1995 7th ( 1943 - 11 - 22 ) November 22 , 1943 ( age 74 ) J. Roy Rowland 1983 -- 1995 7th ( 1926 - 02 - 03 ) February 3 , 1926 ( age 92 ) Pat Swindall 1985 -- 1989 4th ( 1950 - 10 - 18 ) October 18 , 1950 ( age 67 ) Ben Jones 1989 -- 1993 4th ( 1941 - 08 - 30 ) August 30 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Don Johnson Jr . 1993 -- 1995 10th ( 1948 - 01 - 30 ) January 30 , 1948 ( age 70 ) Mac Collins 1993 -- 2005 3rd ( 1993 -- 2003 ) 8th ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ( 1944 - 10 - 15 ) October 15 , 1944 ( age 73 ) Cynthia McKinney 1993 -- 2007 11th ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 4th ( 1997 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 ) ( 1955 - 03 - 17 ) March 17 , 1955 ( age 63 ) Nathan Deal 1993 -- 2010 9th ( 1993 -- 2003 , 2007 -- 2010 ) 10th ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( 1942 - 08 - 25 ) August 25 , 1942 ( age 75 ) John Linder 1993 -- 2011 4th ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 11th ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 7th ( 2003 -- 2011 ) ( 1942 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Jack Kingston 1993 -- 2015 1st ( 1955 - 04 - 24 ) April 24 , 1955 ( age 63 ) Bob Barr 1995 -- 2003 7th ( 1948 - 11 - 05 ) November 5 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Saxby Chambliss 1995 -- 2003 8th ( 1943 - 11 - 10 ) November 10 , 1943 ( age 74 ) Johnny Isakson 1999 -- 2005 6th ( 1944 - 12 - 28 ) December 28 , 1944 ( age 73 ) Max Burns 2003 -- 2005 12th ( 1948 - 11 - 08 ) November 8 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Denise Majette 2003 -- 2005 4th ( 1955 - 05 - 18 ) May 18 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Jim Marshall 2003 -- 2011 3rd ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 8th ( 2007 -- 2011 ) ( 1948 - 03 - 31 ) March 31 , 1948 ( age 70 ) Phil Gingrey 2003 -- 2015 11th ( 1942 - 07 - 10 ) July 10 , 1942 ( age 75 ) John Barrow 2005 -- 2015 12th ( 1955 - 10 - 31 ) October 31 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Lynn Westmoreland 2005 -- 2017 8th ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 3rd ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( 1950 - 04 - 02 ) April 2 , 1950 ( age 68 ) Tom Price 2005 -- 2017 6th ( 1954 - 10 - 08 ) October 8 , 1954 ( age 63 ) Paul Broun 2007 -- 2015 10th ( 1946 - 05 - 14 ) May 14 , 1946 ( age 72 )", "Representative Term of office District Date of birth ( and age )", "Fletcher Thompson 1967 -- 1973 5th ( 1925 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1925 ( age 93 )", "Benjamin B. Blackburn 1967 -- 1975 4th ( 1927 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1927 ( age 91 )", "W.S. Stuckey Jr . 1967 -- 1977 8th ( 1935 - 05 - 25 ) May 25 , 1935 ( age 82 )", "Jack Thomas Brinkley 1967 -- 1983 3rd ( 1930 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1930 ( age 87 )", "Andrew Young 1973 -- 1977 5th ( 1932 - 03 - 12 ) March 12 , 1932 ( age 86 )", "Elliott H. Levitas 1975 -- 1985 4th ( 1930 - 12 - 26 ) December 26 , 1930 ( age 87 )", "Billy Lee Evans 1977 -- 1983 8th ( 1941 - 11 - 10 ) November 10 , 1941 ( age 76 )", "Wyche Fowler 1977 -- 1987 5th ( 1940 - 10 - 06 ) October 6 , 1940 ( age 77 )", "Newt Gingrich 1979 -- 1999 6th ( 1943 - 06 - 17 ) June 17 , 1943 ( age 74 )", "Charles Floyd Hatcher 1981 -- 1983 2nd ( 1939 - 07 - 01 ) July 1 , 1939 ( age 78 )", "R. Lindsay Thomas 1983 -- 1993 1st ( 1943 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1943 ( age 74 )", "George Darden 1983 -- 1995 7th ( 1943 - 11 - 22 ) November 22 , 1943 ( age 74 )", "J. Roy Rowland 1983 -- 1995 7th ( 1926 - 02 - 03 ) February 3 , 1926 ( age 92 )", "Pat Swindall 1985 -- 1989 4th ( 1950 - 10 - 18 ) October 18 , 1950 ( age 67 )", "Ben Jones 1989 -- 1993 4th ( 1941 - 08 - 30 ) August 30 , 1941 ( age 76 )", "Don Johnson Jr . 1993 -- 1995 10th ( 1948 - 01 - 30 ) January 30 , 1948 ( age 70 )", "Mac Collins 1993 -- 2005 3rd ( 1993 -- 2003 ) 8th ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ( 1944 - 10 - 15 ) October 15 , 1944 ( age 73 )", "Cynthia McKinney 1993 -- 2007 11th ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 4th ( 1997 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 ) ( 1955 - 03 - 17 ) March 17 , 1955 ( age 63 )", "Nathan Deal 1993 -- 2010 9th ( 1993 -- 2003 , 2007 -- 2010 ) 10th ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( 1942 - 08 - 25 ) August 25 , 1942 ( age 75 )", "John Linder 1993 -- 2011 4th ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 11th ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 7th ( 2003 -- 2011 ) ( 1942 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1942 ( age 75 )", "Jack Kingston 1993 -- 2015 1st ( 1955 - 04 - 24 ) April 24 , 1955 ( age 63 )", "Bob Barr 1995 -- 2003 7th ( 1948 - 11 - 05 ) November 5 , 1948 ( age 69 )", "Saxby Chambliss 1995 -- 2003 8th ( 1943 - 11 - 10 ) November 10 , 1943 ( age 74 )", "Johnny Isakson 1999 -- 2005 6th ( 1944 - 12 - 28 ) December 28 , 1944 ( age 73 )", "Max Burns 2003 -- 2005 12th ( 1948 - 11 - 08 ) November 8 , 1948 ( age 69 )", "Denise Majette 2003 -- 2005 4th ( 1955 - 05 - 18 ) May 18 , 1955 ( age 62 )", "Jim Marshall 2003 -- 2011 3rd ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 8th ( 2007 -- 2011 ) ( 1948 - 03 - 31 ) March 31 , 1948 ( age 70 )", "Phil Gingrey 2003 -- 2015 11th ( 1942 - 07 - 10 ) July 10 , 1942 ( age 75 )", "John Barrow 2005 -- 2015 12th ( 1955 - 10 - 31 ) October 31 , 1955 ( age 62 )", "Lynn Westmoreland 2005 -- 2017 8th ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 3rd ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( 1950 - 04 - 02 ) April 2 , 1950 ( age 68 )", "Tom Price 2005 -- 2017 6th ( 1954 - 10 - 08 ) October 8 , 1954 ( age 63 )", "Paul Broun 2007 -- 2015 10th ( 1946 - 05 - 14 ) May 14 , 1946 ( age 72 )" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` How to Save a Life '' Single by The Fray from the album How to Save a Life Released March 26 , 2006 Format Digital download CD Genre Alternative rock Length 4 : 23 ( album version ) 3 : 58 ( radio edit ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Isaac Slade Joe King Producer ( s ) Mike Flynn Aaron Johnson The Fray singles chronology `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 ) The Fray UK singles chronology `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2007 ) Audio sample file help", "`` How to Save a Life ''", "Single by The Fray", "from the album How to Save a Life", "Released March 26 , 2006", "Format Digital download CD", "Digital download CD", "Genre Alternative rock", "Length 4 : 23 ( album version ) 3 : 58 ( radio edit )", "4 : 23 ( album version ) 3 : 58 ( radio edit )", "4 : 23 ( album version )", "3 : 58 ( radio edit )", "Label Epic", "Songwriter ( s ) Isaac Slade Joe King", "Isaac Slade Joe King", "Producer ( s ) Mike Flynn Aaron Johnson", "Mike Flynn Aaron Johnson", "The Fray singles chronology", "`` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 )", "`` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 )", "`` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 )", "`` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 )", "`` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 )", "`` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 )", "The Fray UK singles chronology", "`` How to Save a Life '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2007 )", "`` How to Save a Life '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2007 )", "`` How to Save a Life '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2007 )", "Audio sample", "file help", "file help", "`` How to Save a Life '' is a song by American pop rock band The Fray . It was released as the second single from their debut studio album of the same name . The song is one of the band 's most popular airplay songs and peaked in the top 3 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . It became the joint seventh longest charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 , tying with Santana 's `` Smooth '' ( 1999 ) , at 58 consecutive weeks . The song has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA , and has sold 4.7 million downloads as of January 2015 , the fourth best - selling rock song in digital history .", "It is the band 's highest - charting song to date , topping the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks and topping the Canadian Airplay Chart . It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 2007 , but lost to `` Dani California '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers .", "According to lead singer Isaac Slade , the song was composed and influenced by his experience while working as a mentor at a camp for troubled teenagers :", "`` One of the youngsters I was paired up with was a musician . Here I was , a protected suburbanite , and he was just 17 and had all these problems . And no one could write a manual on how to save him . ''", "`` One of the youngsters I was paired up with was a musician . Here I was , a protected suburbanite , and he was just 17 and had all these problems . And no one could write a manual on how to save him . ''", "Slade claims that the song is about all of the people that tried to reach out to the boy but were unsuccessful . As Slade says in an interview , the boy 's friends and family approached him by saying , `` Quit taking drugs and cutting yourself or I wo n't talk to you again , '' but all he needed was some support . The boy was losing friends and going through depression . He lost his best friend and could not deal with it . The verses of the song describe an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen . In the chorus , the singer laments that he himself was unable to save a friend because he did not know how .", "While this was the original intent of the song , the band has opened the song to interpretation . They created a website where fans were welcome to submit music videos they had made for the song . This arose from the response that Slade got from the song :", "`` I got a lot of e-mails about it ( ... ) One boy died in a car accident , and I guess it had been the last song he downloaded from his computer . They played it at his funeral , and some of his friends got Save a life tattooed on their arms . The response has been overwhelming . ''", "`` I got a lot of e-mails about it ( ... ) One boy died in a car accident , and I guess it had been the last song he downloaded from his computer . They played it at his funeral , and some of his friends got Save a life tattooed on their arms . The response has been overwhelming . ''", "During an interview in Sauce , Bob Wilson asked Slade , `` ' How to Save a Life ' was apparently inspired by an experience you had as a mentor to a boy who had a drug problem . What 's the story behind that ? '' Slade answered :", "`` Well there 's a group home here in Denver called Shelterwood , and it takes in teens who 've had a tough time ; their parents do n't want to send them to jail , but they ca n't keep track of them themselves ... A friend of mine was actually the president for that particular school , so he asked Joe and I to come up for one of their weekend retreats ... I was paired up with one boy in particular . His story was just amazing -- all the relationships that he had put at risk because of the decisions he made , and eventually losing the relationships ... the cost of his lifestyle and his choices , and kind of relating them to my own life and my own stories ; seeing all the relationships I 've threatened for one reason or another . It was a really inspiring weekend . ''", "`` Well there 's a group home here in Denver called Shelterwood , and it takes in teens who 've had a tough time ; their parents do n't want to send them to jail , but they ca n't keep track of them themselves ... A friend of mine was actually the president for that particular school , so he asked Joe and I to come up for one of their weekend retreats ... I was paired up with one boy in particular . His story was just amazing -- all the relationships that he had put at risk because of the decisions he made , and eventually losing the relationships ... the cost of his lifestyle and his choices , and kind of relating them to my own life and my own stories ; seeing all the relationships I 've threatened for one reason or another . It was a really inspiring weekend . ''", "The song is the band 's first to achieve significant popularity outside of the United States . `` How to Save a Life '' was a top five hit in Australia , Canada , Ireland , Italy , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Due to an early leak by BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom , where it was the band 's debut single , the song was released in the territory five weeks earlier than planned . It debuted at number twenty nine on the UK Singles Chart on January 21 , 2007 via downloads alone . Instead of its planned release date which was to be March 26 , 2007 , the single was physically released in the United Kingdom on February 28 and gradually rose up the chart , reaching number five on February 25 , staying there for four weeks . It eventually peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on April 8 and became Britain 's eleventh biggest - selling song of 2007 . On March 29 , `` How to Save a Life '' peaked at number 1 in Ireland , becoming their first and only number one single in the country to date . The song only stayed at the top spot for a week but sales still proved strong after it fell from number 1 .", "The song was ranked No. 24 on Billboard 's Best Adult Pop Songs of the Decade , and No. 47 on Billboard 's Top 100 Digital Tracks of the Decade . It was also ranked No. 58 on Billboard 's Hot 100 Songs of the Decade and No. 56 on Rhapsody 's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade . The song was the 25th most downloaded song of all time on iTunes as of February 2010 . The song has sold over 4.7 million copies in the US as of January 2015 .", "This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 )", "This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 )", "The song was first featured on ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy , after Alexandra Patsavas , the music supervisor for the show , saw the band perform in Los Angeles . Alexandra then incorporated the song into `` Superstition '' , an episode of the show 's second season ( first aired on March 19 , 2006 ) . After its usage in the episode , the song became a minor Hot 100 hit . The song became an `` unofficial theme '' for the other members of the Grey 's Anatomy production after the episode aired , leading to the decision that the song would be used in the main promotion for the third season in the show . Grey 's Anatomy is credited with bringing popularity to the song .", "The song also featured prominently in the season five Scrubs episode `` My Lunch '' on April 25 , 2006 .", "The original music video , which premiered on VH1 on 12 September 2006 , featured the recurring themes of light and stopped time . This music video shows the scene of a car crash and all of its presumed victims in pause . There is a recurring light throughout the video shining brightly in the dark woods that the video takes place in . Scenes of the band playing in a dark warehouse are intercut with the story going on outside . This version of the video was placed at No. 21 of the year by VH1 's `` Top 40 Videos of 2006 '' .", "Another version of the music video juxtaposes scenes from Grey 's Anatomy to scenes of the original music video . However , all the scenes of the presumed car crash victims are excluded and only scenes of The Fray playing in a warehouse are shown .", "A third music video , directed by Mark Pellington , was released for the song on 6 December 2006 . The video features various adolescents , most of which seem to be between 12 -- 18 in age , all who appear to be depressed and suicidal , or possibly mourning the loss of a loved one . All of these children have lost a significant loved one prior to the video , and many of them cry and scream in the video , all against a white background . Scenes of the band playing the song against this same white background are also shown throughout the video . Many numbered steps are shown alongside them , such as `` Remember '' , `` Cry '' , or `` Let It Go '' . The video ends with each child finding a catharsis and making peace with themselves or others . This version of the video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live ( TRL ) at No. 9 , and went on to top the countdown at No. 1 on 21 December 2006 , becoming the band 's first TRL No. 1 , and also becoming the last No. 1 video on TRL for 2006 .", "UK CDS 1", "UK CDS 1", "`` How to Save a Life '' `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real", "`` How to Save a Life ''", "`` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real", "UK CDS 2", "UK CDS 2", "`` How to Save a Life '' `` How to Save a Life '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` How to Save a Life '' -- CD - Rom", "`` How to Save a Life ''", "`` How to Save a Life '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real", "`` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real", "`` How to Save a Life '' -- CD - Rom", "The Fray", "Isaac Slade -- Lead vocals , piano Dave Welsh -- Lead guitar Joe King -- Rhythm guitar , backing vocals Dan Battenhouse -- Bass guitar Ben Wysocki -- Drums", "Isaac Slade -- Lead vocals , piano", "Dave Welsh -- Lead guitar", "Joe King -- Rhythm guitar , backing vocals", "Dan Battenhouse -- Bass guitar", "Ben Wysocki -- Drums", "Production", "Produced by Aaron Johnson , Mike Flynn", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 European Singles Chart 14 France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 45 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy Digital Singles ( FIMI ) 5 Italy Physical Singles ( FIMI ) 29 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Portugal ( Billboard ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 83 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 27 Chart ( 2007 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 2009 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 58 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 7,500 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 748,702 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,700,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 European Singles Chart 14 France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 45 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy Digital Singles ( FIMI ) 5 Italy Physical Singles ( FIMI ) 29 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Portugal ( Billboard ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 83 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 27 Chart ( 2007 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 2009 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 58 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 7,500 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 748,702 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,700,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 European Singles Chart 14 France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 45 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy Digital Singles ( FIMI ) 5 Italy Physical Singles ( FIMI ) 29 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Portugal ( Billboard ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 83 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30", "Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7", "Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia )", "Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17", "European Singles Chart 14", "France ( SNEP ) 35", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 45", "Ireland ( IRMA )", "Italy Digital Singles ( FIMI ) 5", "Italy Physical Singles ( FIMI ) 29", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7", "Norway ( VG - lista ) 10", "Portugal ( Billboard ) 7", "Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6", "Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 83", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )", "US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard )", "US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 31", "US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34", "Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30", "Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 27", "Chart ( 2006 ) Position", "US Billboard Hot 100 27", "Chart ( 2007 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 24", "Chart ( 2007 ) Position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 18", "Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 40", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 10", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11", "US Billboard Hot 100 24", "Chart ( 2000 - 2009 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 58", "Chart ( 2000 - 2009 ) Position", "US Billboard Hot 100 58", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 7,500 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 748,702 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,700,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000", "Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 20,000", "Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 7,500", "Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000", "New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 748,702", "United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,700,000", "Streaming", "Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 900,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Lose Yourself '' Single by Eminem from the album 8 Mile : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture Released October 22 , 2002 Format CD single digital download Recorded September 2001 -- 2002 ; ( Detroit , Michigan ) Genre Hip hop rap rock Length 5 : 20 ( album version ) 4 : 27 ( radio edit ) Label Aftermath Shady Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Marshall Mathers Producer ( s ) Eminem Jeff Bass ( add . ) Luis Resto ( add . ) Eminem singles chronology `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' ( 2002 ) `` Rap Name '' ( 2002 ) `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' ( 2002 ) `` Rap Name '' ( 2002 )", "`` Lose Yourself ''", "Single by Eminem", "from the album 8 Mile : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture", "Released October 22 , 2002", "Format CD single digital download", "CD single digital download", "Recorded September 2001 -- 2002 ; ( Detroit , Michigan )", "Genre Hip hop rap rock", "Hip hop rap rock", "Length 5 : 20 ( album version ) 4 : 27 ( radio edit )", "Label Aftermath Shady Interscope", "Aftermath Shady Interscope", "Songwriter ( s ) Marshall Mathers", "Marshall Mathers", "Producer ( s ) Eminem Jeff Bass ( add . ) Luis Resto ( add . )", "Eminem Jeff Bass ( add . ) Luis Resto ( add . )", "Jeff Bass ( add . )", "Luis Resto ( add . )", "Eminem singles chronology", "`` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' ( 2002 ) `` Rap Name '' ( 2002 )", "`` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' ( 2002 ) `` Rap Name '' ( 2002 )", "`` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' ( 2002 ) `` Rap Name '' ( 2002 )", "`` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' ( 2002 ) `` Rap Name '' ( 2002 )", "`` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' ( 2002 ) `` Rap Name '' ( 2002 )", "`` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' ( 2002 ) `` Rap Name '' ( 2002 )", "`` Lose Yourself '' is a song by American rapper Eminem from the soundtrack to the 2002 motion picture 8 Mile . The song was written by Eminem and produced by Eminem along with longtime collaborator Jeff Bass , one half of the production duo Bass Brothers , and Luis Resto . It was released on October 28 , 2002 , as the lead single from the soundtrack .", "`` Lose Yourself '' received acclaim from music critics , with many critics praising the song 's aggressive themes and describing it as Eminem 's best work to date . Eminem 's rapping ability , the lyrics and the production were also praised . In many retrospective reviews and lists , critics have cited the song among Eminem 's finest , as well as one of the best hip hop songs of all time . `` Lose Yourself '' was a commercial success , peaking atop of the charts in eighteen countries , including the United Kingdom and Australia . In the United States , `` Lose Yourself '' reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the first of five Eminem singles to top the Hot 100 .", "`` Lose Yourself '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2003 , making it the first ever rap song to have received this accolade , and also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Solo Performance in 2004 . In 2004 , it was one of only three hip hop songs from the 21st century to have been included on Rolling Stone 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , and was also the highest ranking , at number 166 . Rolling Stone also ranked it one of the top 50 hip hop songs of all time . The song was certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , and as of September 2017 , it has 7.4 million downloads in the United States alone . It was ranked number 93 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs list . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 57 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' .", "Eminem says that `` Lose Yourself '' was written on set , during breaks while filming 8 Mile . Taryn Manning , who played Eminem 's ex-girlfriend Janeane in 8 Mile , said in an interview with MTV , that during the filming of the movie , in any downtime , Eminem was writing and that `` you could just see him formulating stuff in his head . '' According to studio engineer Steven King , who spoke to Rolling Stone magazine , Eminem recorded the song in a portable studio on the set while he was on a break from shooting , recording all three verses in one take . The sheet on which he wrote the song appears in 8 Mile in a scene where his character is writing while riding the bus . A Drum & Bass remix has been made and was released on the mixtape Straight from the Lab , as a European bonus track .", "The official demo version of this song , titled `` Lose Yourself ( Demo Version ) '' with two different verses and a slightly different hook , was released on the album Shady XV November 24 , 2014 .", "`` Lose Yourself '' is a mid-tempo track with an urgent narrative delivery . The song 's lyrics explicitly sum up the background of Eminem 's character in 8 Mile , B - Rabbit , with the first verse summing up much of the plot of the movie . The song incorporates several aggressive themes , largely dealing with the struggles dealt with by B - Rabbit , and how he eventually overcomes his many problems and obstacles to gain the respect of other rappers .", "`` Lose Yourself '' The song 's chorus consists of two repeated short verses . Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "`` Lose Yourself '' The song 's chorus consists of two repeated short verses .", "Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "The song 's production incorporates piano , violins and several other string instruments . The song is one of four new Eminem solo songs featured on the soundtrack , the other three being titled `` 8 Mile '' , `` Rabbit Run '' and `` Stimulate '' ( included on deluxe edition only ) . Several critics cited this trio of songs as the best three from the soundtrack , as well as the most aggressive songs ever recorded by Eminem . Piano chords described as `` instantly recognizable '' open the song . Throughout the song there is a `` tense , unrelenting guitar lick '' . The song is composed in the key of D minor .", "`` Lose Yourself '' received critical acclaim , with many critics praising the song 's aggressive themes and describing it as Eminem 's best work to date . Eminem 's rapping ability , the lyrics and the production were also praised as well . In many retrospective reviews and lists , critics have cited the song among Eminem 's finest , as well as one of the best hip - hop songs of all time . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the song 's production : `` The opening track and first single `` Lose Yourself '' is easily equaled by the title song with its layered pianos '' and he highlighted it .", "NME was extremely positive : `` Eminem 's urgent radio hit ' Lose Yourself ' , you already know . It 's excellent , if obviously an offcut from ' The Eminem Show ' , all thundering rawk guitars and Rocky - ish bassline ( appropriately enough ) . '' RapReviews also noted : `` And as all great journeys begin with a single step , so too does Eminem with this album 's opening song AND lead single entitled `` Lose Yourself '' : 411 Mania praised the song : `` The album wastes no time , delivering the hit ' Lose Yourself ' as the first track . The song is basically as close to a ballad as Eminem will ever get . It is a very hot , adrenaline - laced track . It also continues Eminem 's recent trend of putting out tracks with more of a meaning . ''", "In the United States , `` Lose Yourself '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart the week of October 5 , 2002 , at No. 43 . A week later , the single jumped to No. 18 , and hit No. 1 by November 9 . The single spent 16 total weeks in the Top 10 , and a total of 23 weeks in the Top 50 . While in the No. 1 spot ( from 11 / 09 / 02 through 1 / 25 / 03 ) , `` Lose Yourself '' kept several top contenders for the No. 1 spot from ever reaching No. 1 , including Jay - Z , Nelly , Jennifer Lopez , Christina Aguilera , and especially Missy Elliott , whose single `` Work It '' was at No. 2 for 10 weeks . The song also topped the Pop Songs chart for 7 weeks and hit No. 4 and No. 2 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs and Rap Songs charts . The song also used some rock music origins allowing moderate success to alternative rock radio peaking No. 14 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart , the rapper 's only song to chart . It reached 4 million in sale by August 2011 , and as of September 2017 , it has sold 7.37 million copies in the U.S.", "In France , it is the 53rd best - selling single of the 21st century , with 386,000 units sold as of August 2014 . By December 2016 , it had sold more than 11,590,000 units worldwide .", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The song 's accompanying music video , directed by Eminem , manager Paul Rosenberg and Phillip G. Atwell , was released on October 7 , 2002 . The video is a mixture of several scenarios , largely including several scenes from 8 Mile , however it also contains scenes addressing problems the real life Eminem has addressed , as well as `` B - Rabbit '' 's difficulties , including the ostracism by rap communities towards him due to his color , and his difficult personal life .", "The music video for `` Lose Yourself '' was filmed in Detroit , Michigan , and thus contains numerous shots of the city , including the Ambassador Bridge . The video is a mixture of multiple scenarios , including scenes from and reminiscent of the movie 8 Mile , and Eminem rapping next to the `` 8 Mile Rd . Mobile Court '' sign that appears on the cover of the movie 's soundtrack .", "It contains scenes focusing on Rabbit 's and the real life Eminem 's character , for example , the difficulties he has to face while rapping , the insult and booing of crowds as he is a white rapper and the trouble he has to face due to his alcoholic mother and people he hangs out with .", "At the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards it received the award for Best Video from a Film in the final year this award was given out . It also received nominations for Video of the Year , Best Male Video , Best Rap Video , and Viewer 's Choice . He won a MuchMusic Video Award in 2003 for Favorite International Artist with the video for `` Lose Yourself '' .", "The official video ( uploaded by Eminem ) has been viewed over 80 million times on YouTube making it one of Eminem 's most popular videos on that site . However , it was restricted from viewing in 2011 , spawning various privately uploaded versions .", "`` Lose Yourself '' is the most successful single of Eminem 's mainstream career . Upon its release , the track was a worldwide chart success , peaking at number one on 24 national charts worldwide , these included the US Billboard Hot 100 , making it Eminem 's first number - one hit in the United States . It had a 12 - week run at # 1 in the United States and Australia , and topped the charts in many other countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland , New Zealand and Denmark . It debuted at number nine in Canada and moved up to # 1 the following week . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , `` Lose Yourself '' became the `` Longest Running Single at Number One for a Rap Song '' at 23 weeks . With over 6 million copies sold in the United States , it is Eminem 's third best - selling song , just behind `` Love the Way You Lie '' and `` Not Afraid '' .", "The song went on to receive the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( the first time a rap song ever won this award ) , beating other nominees like U2 's `` The Hands That Built America . '' Eminem , who was not present at the award ceremony as he believed he would not win , said in a Shade 45 Behind the Boards interview with Cipha Sounds that he was actually sleeping , with cartoons on for his daughter , at the time the award was announced . This was the first time in 14 years the winner of the Best Original Song category did not perform at the ceremony . Luis Resto , one of the song 's co-producers , had attended the ceremony and accepted the award on his behalf . `` He 's creative , he has symphonies in his head , '' Resto said at the lectern about Eminem . The American Film Institute later ranked it # 93 on their list of the 100 Greatest Songs from American Films .", "At the Grammy Awards of 2004 , `` Lose Yourself '' became Eminem 's second career nomination for Record of the Year ( following `` Without Me '' ) , and the first rap song ever to be nominated for Song of the Year . It won Best Male Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Song , which was a new category at the time .", "At No. 166 , `` Lose Yourself '' is the highest ranked of the three songs from the 21st century featured in the 2004 List of Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( joining `` Stan '' at No. 290 and Outkast 's `` Hey Ya ! '' at # 180 ) . The magazine later ranked the song the twelfth best of the ' 00s decade . The song was the 51st best - selling single of the ' 00s decade in the United Kingdom . The song was placed at number 104 by Pitchfork on their list of `` The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s '' .", "In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 57 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . VH1 placed it at # 4 for the best songs of the 2000s . In April 2016 , it was placed at number 28 by Rolling Stone on their list of `` 100 Greatest Hip - hop songs of all time '' .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Children 's singer Charlotte Diamond covered the song in a remix she called `` Mom 's Pasketti '' . A hit comedic remix of the song under the name of `` Mom 's Spaghetti , '' by Andy of the Hitchcock Bros , repeatedly uses Eminem saying `` mom 's spaghetti '' from the original song . One of the more popular uploads of it on YouTube , uploaded in 2012 by BigMitch Baker , has garnered over 21,000,000 views as of October 2017 . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic made a parody of the song , titled `` Couch Potato '' , on his 2003 album Poodle Hat . Eminem did not give him permission to film a music video , but did allow him to record a parody of the song . Irish pop rock band The Script did an alternative cover to this song in the BBC Radio 's live lounge . In 2003 , the Australian comedy duo Scared Weird Little Guys produced a rap version of the folk song `` Waltzing Matilda '' called `` Cleanin ' Out My Tuckerbag '' , which parodies both `` Lose Yourself '' and `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' , but does not credit Eminem . Christian parody band ApologetiX parodied the song as `` Look Yourself '' . It is available on their 2003 album , Adam Up . The show Robot Chicken parodied part of the film in the rapping sequence involving Bugs Bunny and a collection of other Looney Tunes characters . Lupe Fiasco sampled this song on his track `` Lu Myself '' ( Jypsyeye on bass ) on his mixtape , Lupe the Jedi and the Touch the Sky mixtape . During an October 2006 interview with the K102 Morning Crew in Minneapolis , country - pop artist Taylor Swift did an acoustic rendition of the intro and first verse of `` Lose Yourself '' live on the air , citing it as her favorite workout song . The East Village Opera Company performs this song live , usually as an encore with full orchestra backing . Fabolous made a remix to this track to honor Eminem . Canadian rock band Three Days Grace have been covering `` Lose Yourself '' in a medley with their song `` Home '' . During the farewell concert , Polish hip hop group Paktofonika performed their song `` W moich kręgach '' ( `` In My Circles '' ) with music background from `` Lose Yourself '' . Post hardcore band Serianna covered this song in 2012 , which is available as a digital download on iTunes and Amazon . Kelly Clarkson covered this song during her Clarkston , MI show on August 10 , 2012 as part of her fan request cover song . Jon Connor 's 2012 mixtape The People 's Rapper LP included a remix of the song , as well as other Eminem remixes . Kellylee Evans covered this song on her 2013 album `` I Remember When '' . MGK covered the song while performing in front of St. Andrews Hall where 8 Mile was filmed Hudson Taylor covered the song as a part of their `` Lose Yourself Walking on the Flume '' ( The Police - Walking on the moon , Bon Iver - Flume ) mashup . A mashup of this song with German artist Nena 's `` Nur geträumt '' , created by HiFi Brown , was a German radio hit in 2003 . Vienna Teng covers the song in live performance as a mashup along with Bill Withers ' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' . German Alternative Rock band Guano Apes covers the song on the 20 - year - anniversary edition of their first album Proud Like a God , Proud Like a God XX .", "Children 's singer Charlotte Diamond covered the song in a remix she called `` Mom 's Pasketti '' .", "A hit comedic remix of the song under the name of `` Mom 's Spaghetti , '' by Andy of the Hitchcock Bros , repeatedly uses Eminem saying `` mom 's spaghetti '' from the original song . One of the more popular uploads of it on YouTube , uploaded in 2012 by BigMitch Baker , has garnered over 21,000,000 views as of October 2017 .", "`` Weird Al '' Yankovic made a parody of the song , titled `` Couch Potato '' , on his 2003 album Poodle Hat . Eminem did not give him permission to film a music video , but did allow him to record a parody of the song .", "Irish pop rock band The Script did an alternative cover to this song in the BBC Radio 's live lounge .", "In 2003 , the Australian comedy duo Scared Weird Little Guys produced a rap version of the folk song `` Waltzing Matilda '' called `` Cleanin ' Out My Tuckerbag '' , which parodies both `` Lose Yourself '' and `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' , but does not credit Eminem .", "Christian parody band ApologetiX parodied the song as `` Look Yourself '' . It is available on their 2003 album , Adam Up .", "The show Robot Chicken parodied part of the film in the rapping sequence involving Bugs Bunny and a collection of other Looney Tunes characters .", "Lupe Fiasco sampled this song on his track `` Lu Myself '' ( Jypsyeye on bass ) on his mixtape , Lupe the Jedi and the Touch the Sky mixtape .", "During an October 2006 interview with the K102 Morning Crew in Minneapolis , country - pop artist Taylor Swift did an acoustic rendition of the intro and first verse of `` Lose Yourself '' live on the air , citing it as her favorite workout song .", "The East Village Opera Company performs this song live , usually as an encore with full orchestra backing .", "Fabolous made a remix to this track to honor Eminem .", "Canadian rock band Three Days Grace have been covering `` Lose Yourself '' in a medley with their song `` Home '' .", "During the farewell concert , Polish hip hop group Paktofonika performed their song `` W moich kręgach '' ( `` In My Circles '' ) with music background from `` Lose Yourself '' .", "Post hardcore band Serianna covered this song in 2012 , which is available as a digital download on iTunes and Amazon .", "Kelly Clarkson covered this song during her Clarkston , MI show on August 10 , 2012 as part of her fan request cover song .", "Jon Connor 's 2012 mixtape The People 's Rapper LP included a remix of the song , as well as other Eminem remixes .", "Kellylee Evans covered this song on her 2013 album `` I Remember When '' .", "MGK covered the song while performing in front of St. Andrews Hall where 8 Mile was filmed", "Hudson Taylor covered the song as a part of their `` Lose Yourself Walking on the Flume '' ( The Police - Walking on the moon , Bon Iver - Flume ) mashup .", "A mashup of this song with German artist Nena 's `` Nur geträumt '' , created by HiFi Brown , was a German radio hit in 2003 .", "Vienna Teng covers the song in live performance as a mashup along with Bill Withers ' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' .", "German Alternative Rock band Guano Apes covers the song on the 20 - year - anniversary edition of their first album Proud Like a God , Proud Like a God XX .", "US / UK / European CD single No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lose Yourself '' Marshall Mathers , Luis Resto , Jeff Bass Eminem 5 : 26 2 . `` Renegade '' ( Jay - Z featuring Eminem ) Shawn Carter , Memphis Bleek , Ryan Montgomery , Mathers Eminem 5 : 38 3 . `` Lose Yourself '' ( instrumental ) Mathers , Resto , Bass Eminem 5 : 27 4 . `` Lose Yourself '' ( video ) Mathers , Resto , Bass Eminem 5 : 26 5 . `` 8 Mile Trailer ''", "US / UK / European CD single", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Lose Yourself '' Marshall Mathers , Luis Resto , Jeff Bass Eminem 5 : 26", "2 . `` Renegade '' ( Jay - Z featuring Eminem ) Shawn Carter , Memphis Bleek , Ryan Montgomery , Mathers Eminem 5 : 38", "3 . `` Lose Yourself '' ( instrumental ) Mathers , Resto , Bass Eminem 5 : 27", "4 . `` Lose Yourself '' ( video ) Mathers , Resto , Bass Eminem 5 : 26", "5 . `` 8 Mile Trailer ''", "Credits for `` Lose Yourself '' are adapted from the liner notes of the original soundtrack to the movie 8 Mile .", "Recorded at : Detroit , Michigan", "Recorded at : Detroit , Michigan", "Eminem -- vocals , audio mixing , producer , songwriting and drum programming Jeff Bass -- additional production , songwriter , electric guitar , bass , piano and keyboards Steve King -- audio mixing and recording Mike Strange -- recording Luis Resto -- songwriter , keyboards and programming", "Eminem -- vocals , audio mixing , producer , songwriting and drum programming", "Jeff Bass -- additional production , songwriter , electric guitar , bass , piano and keyboards", "Steve King -- audio mixing and recording", "Mike Strange -- recording", "Luis Resto -- songwriter , keyboards and programming", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Eurochart Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 63 Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 30 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 28 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 44 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49 US Billboard Hot 100 28", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Eurochart Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 63 Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 30 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 28 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 44 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49 US Billboard Hot 100 28", "Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Eurochart Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 )", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia )", "Brazil ( Hot 100 Airplay )", "Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart )", "Denmark ( Tracklisten )", "Eurochart Hot 100 ( Billboard )", "Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista )", "France ( SNEP )", "Germany ( Official German Charts )", "Greece ( IFPI Greece )", "Hungary ( Single Top 40 )", "Ireland ( IRMA )", "Italy ( FIMI )", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 )", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )", "Norway ( VG - lista )", "Romania ( Romanian Top 100 )", "Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 9", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 14", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard )", "US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard )", "US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 2002 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 63", "Chart ( 2002 ) Position", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32", "US Billboard Hot 100 63", "Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 30 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 28", "Chart ( 2003 ) Position", "Australia ( ARIA )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6", "Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 16", "Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 7", "France ( SNEP ) 12", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 6", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 30", "Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25", "US Billboard Hot 100 28", "Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 44 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49 US Billboard Hot 100 28", "Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 7", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 44", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49", "US Billboard Hot 100 28", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 6,304 France ( SNEP ) Gold 386,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Gold 10,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) 3x Platinum 950,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 7,370,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000", "Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000", "Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000", "Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000", "Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000", "Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 6,304", "France ( SNEP ) Gold 386,000", "Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000", "Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Gold 10,000", "Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000", "Japan ( RIAJ ) 3x Platinum 950,000", "New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 20,000", "Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000", "Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000", "Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000", "United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 7,370,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone" ]

[ [ "\"gentle strength\"" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Mildred Gender Female Origin Word / name Old English Meaning `` Gentle strength '' Other names Related names Millie , Milly", "Mildred", "Gender Female", "Origin", "Word / name Old English", "Meaning `` Gentle strength ''", "Other names", "Related names Millie , Milly", "Mildred is a female given name . It is an Anglo - Saxon name of Old English origin , and its meaning is `` gentle strength '' . It reached the rank of the sixth most popular name for girls in the United States in 1912 and maintained that popularity through 1920 , but then its popularity dropped quickly afterward .", "People with the name Mildred include :", "Mildred Barber Abel ( 1902 -- 1976 ) , American politician Mildred Adams ( 1894 -- 1980 ) , American journalist Mildred Albert ( 1905 -- 1991 ) , American fashion show producer and radio and television personality Mildred Aldrich ( 1853 -- 1928 ) , American journalist Mildred Allen ( 1894 -- 1990 ) , American physicist Mildred Allen ( soprano ) ( born 1932 ) , American operatic soprano Mildred Ames ( 1919 -- 1994 ) , American writer Mildred Anderson , American singer Mildred Archer ( 1911 -- 2005 ) , English art historian Mildred Bailey ( 1907 -- 1951 ) , American jazz singer Mildred Inez Caroon Bailey ( 1919 -- 2009 ) , US Army office Mildred Barya ( born 1976 ) , Ugandan writer Mildred Blaxter ( 1925 -- 2010 ) , British sociologist Mildred Barnes Bliss ( 1879 -- 1969 ) , American art collector Mildred L. Batchelder ( 1901 -- 1998 ) , American librarian Mildred Bendall ( 1891 -- 1977 ) , French painter Mildred Benson ( 1905 -- 2002 ) , American author Mildred Edie Brady ( 1906 -- 1965 ) , American writer Mildred Brown ( 1905 -- 1989 ) , African American journalist Mildred Burke ( 1915 -- 1989 ) , American wrestler Mildred Anne Butler ( 1858 -- 1941 ) , Irish artist Mildred Buxton , Countess Buxton ( 1896 -- 1955 ) , English aristocrat Mildred Cable ( 1878 -- 1952 ) , British missionary Mildred Cleghorn ( 1910 -- 1997 ) , Apache tribe chairperson Mildred Clingerman ( 1918 -- 1997 ) , American writer Mildred Cohn ( 1913 -- 2009 ) , American biochemist Mildred Constantine ( 1913 -- 2008 ) , American curator Mildred Cooke ( c. 1525 -- 1589 ) , English noblewoman Mildred Couper ( 1887 -- 1974 ) , American musician Mildred Cram ( 1889 -- 1985 ) , American writer Mildred C. Crump , American politician Mildred B. Davis , American novelist Mildred Davis ( 1901 -- 1969 ) , American actress Mildred Dover ( born 1941 ) , Canadian politician Mildred Dresselhaus ( born 1930 ) , American professor Mildred Dunnock ( 1901 -- 1991 ) , American actress Mildred Earp ( born 1925 ) , American pitcher Mildred Adams Fenton ( 1899 -- 1995 ) , American scientific writer Mildred Fizzell ( 1915 -- 1993 ) , Canadian athlete Mildred Fox ( born 1971 ) , Irish politician Mildred Gale ( 1671 -- 1701 ) , grandmother of George Washington Mildred Barry Garvin ( 1929 -- 1993 ) , American politician Mildred Gillars ( 1900 -- 1988 ) , American broadcaster Mildred Gordon ( Ganas ) ( born 1922 ) , American activist Mildred Gordon ( politician ) ( born 1923 ) , British politician Mildred Griffiths ( 1894 -- 1949 ) , American set decorator Mildred Grosberg Bellin ( 1908 -- 2008 ) , American cookbook author Mildred Harnack ( 1902 -- 1943 ) , American - German literary historian Mildred Harris ( 1901 -- 1944 ) , American film actress Mildred J. Hill ( 1859 -- 1916 ) , American songwriter Mildred Horn , American critic Mildred Barry Hughes ( 1902 -- 1995 ) , American politician Mildred `` Millie '' Jackson ( born 1944 ) , American singer and comedian Mildred Fay Jefferson ( 1926 -- 2010 ) , American physician Mildred Jeffrey ( 1910 -- 2004 ) , American activist Mildred Callahan Jones ( 1943 -- 2008 ) , American businesswoman Mildred Kornman ( born 1925 ) , American actress Mildred Lager ( 1900 -- 1960 ) , American health food pioneer Mildred Lillie ( 1915 -- 2002 ) , American judge Mildred Mangxola ( born 1944 ) , South African singer Mildred Mann ( 1904 -- 1971 ) , New Thought practitioner Mildred H. McAfee ( 1900 -- 1994 ) , American academic Mildred McDaniel ( 1933 -- 2004 ) , American athlete Mildred Methvin ( born 1952 ) , American judge Mildred Miller ( born 1924 ) , American classical mezzo - soprano Mildred Mottahedeh ( 1908 -- 2000 ) , porcelain collector Mildred Muis ( born 1968 ) , Dutch swimmer Mildred Natwick ( 1905 -- 1994 ) , American actress Mildred Noble ( 1921 -- 2008 ) , American writer Mildred O'Neill ( 1914 -- 2003 ) , widow of Tip O'Neil Mildred Ellen Orton ( 1911 -- 2010 ) , American businesswoman Mildred Pabón , Puerto Rican jurist Mildred Parten ( born 1902 ) , American sociologist Mildred Persinger ( born 1918 ) , American activist Mildred Amelia Woodbine Pomare ( 1877 -- 1971 ) , New Zealand community leader Mildred Pope ( 1872 -- 1956 ) , English scholar Mildred Riddelsdell ( 1913 - 2006 ) , British civil servant Mildred Robbins Leet ( 1922 -- 2011 ) , American entrepreneur Mildred Ruiz - Sapp , American actress Mildred Sampson ( born 1933 ) , New Zealand long - distance runner Mildred Sanderson ( 1889 -- 1914 ) , American mathematician Mildred Savage ( 1919 -- 2011 ) , American author Mildred Scheel ( 1932 -- 1985 ) , German physician Mildred Schwab ( 1917 -- 1999 ) , American attorney Mildred Seeley ( 1918 -- 2001 ) , American doll collector Mildred Shay ( 1911 -- 2005 ) , American actress Mildred T. Stahlman , American professor Mildred D. Taylor ( born 1943 ) , African American writer Mildred Thompson ( 1936 -- 2003 ) , African American artist Mildred Valley Thornton ( 1890 -- 1967 ) , Canadian painter Mildred Trotter ( 1899 -- 1991 ) , forensic anthropologist Mildred Trouillot ( born 1963 ) , American lawyer Mildred Veitch ( 1889 -- 1971 ) , American horticulturist Mildred Warwick ( 1922 -- 2006 ) , American athlete Mildred Weisenfeld ( 1921 -- 1997 ) , American philanthropist Mildred Wiley ( 1901 -- 2000 ) , American athlete Mildred Wolfe ( 1912 -- 2009 ) , American artist Mildred Bangs Wynkoop ( 1905 -- 1997 ) , American Nazarene minister", "Mildred Barber Abel ( 1902 -- 1976 ) , American politician", "Mildred Adams ( 1894 -- 1980 ) , American journalist", "Mildred Albert ( 1905 -- 1991 ) , American fashion show producer and radio and television personality", "Mildred Aldrich ( 1853 -- 1928 ) , American journalist", "Mildred Allen ( 1894 -- 1990 ) , American physicist", "Mildred Allen ( soprano ) ( born 1932 ) , American operatic soprano", "Mildred Ames ( 1919 -- 1994 ) , American writer", "Mildred Anderson , American singer", "Mildred Archer ( 1911 -- 2005 ) , English art historian", "Mildred Bailey ( 1907 -- 1951 ) , American jazz singer", "Mildred Inez Caroon Bailey ( 1919 -- 2009 ) , US Army office", "Mildred Barya ( born 1976 ) , Ugandan writer", "Mildred Blaxter ( 1925 -- 2010 ) , British sociologist", "Mildred Barnes Bliss ( 1879 -- 1969 ) , American art collector", "Mildred L. Batchelder ( 1901 -- 1998 ) , American librarian", "Mildred Bendall ( 1891 -- 1977 ) , French painter", "Mildred Benson ( 1905 -- 2002 ) , American author", "Mildred Edie Brady ( 1906 -- 1965 ) , American writer", "Mildred Brown ( 1905 -- 1989 ) , African American journalist", "Mildred Burke ( 1915 -- 1989 ) , American wrestler", "Mildred Anne Butler ( 1858 -- 1941 ) , Irish artist", "Mildred Buxton , Countess Buxton ( 1896 -- 1955 ) , English aristocrat", "Mildred Cable ( 1878 -- 1952 ) , British missionary", "Mildred Cleghorn ( 1910 -- 1997 ) , Apache tribe chairperson", "Mildred Clingerman ( 1918 -- 1997 ) , American writer", "Mildred Cohn ( 1913 -- 2009 ) , American biochemist", "Mildred Constantine ( 1913 -- 2008 ) , American curator", "Mildred Cooke ( c. 1525 -- 1589 ) , English noblewoman", "Mildred Couper ( 1887 -- 1974 ) , American musician", "Mildred Cram ( 1889 -- 1985 ) , American writer", "Mildred C. Crump , American politician", "Mildred B. Davis , American novelist", "Mildred Davis ( 1901 -- 1969 ) , American actress", "Mildred Dover ( born 1941 ) , Canadian politician", "Mildred Dresselhaus ( born 1930 ) , American professor", "Mildred Dunnock ( 1901 -- 1991 ) , American actress", "Mildred Earp ( born 1925 ) , American pitcher", "Mildred Adams Fenton ( 1899 -- 1995 ) , American scientific writer", "Mildred Fizzell ( 1915 -- 1993 ) , Canadian athlete", "Mildred Fox ( born 1971 ) , Irish politician", "Mildred Gale ( 1671 -- 1701 ) , grandmother of George Washington", "Mildred Barry Garvin ( 1929 -- 1993 ) , American politician", "Mildred Gillars ( 1900 -- 1988 ) , American broadcaster", "Mildred Gordon ( Ganas ) ( born 1922 ) , American activist", "Mildred Gordon ( politician ) ( born 1923 ) , British politician", "Mildred Griffiths ( 1894 -- 1949 ) , American set decorator", "Mildred Grosberg Bellin ( 1908 -- 2008 ) , American cookbook author", "Mildred Harnack ( 1902 -- 1943 ) , American - German literary historian", "Mildred Harris ( 1901 -- 1944 ) , American film actress", "Mildred J. Hill ( 1859 -- 1916 ) , American songwriter", "Mildred Horn , American critic", "Mildred Barry Hughes ( 1902 -- 1995 ) , American politician", "Mildred `` Millie '' Jackson ( born 1944 ) , American singer and comedian", "Mildred Fay Jefferson ( 1926 -- 2010 ) , American physician", "Mildred Jeffrey ( 1910 -- 2004 ) , American activist", "Mildred Callahan Jones ( 1943 -- 2008 ) , American businesswoman", "Mildred Kornman ( born 1925 ) , American actress", "Mildred Lager ( 1900 -- 1960 ) , American health food pioneer", "Mildred Lillie ( 1915 -- 2002 ) , American judge", "Mildred Mangxola ( born 1944 ) , South African singer", "Mildred Mann ( 1904 -- 1971 ) , New Thought practitioner", "Mildred H. McAfee ( 1900 -- 1994 ) , American academic", "Mildred McDaniel ( 1933 -- 2004 ) , American athlete", "Mildred Methvin ( born 1952 ) , American judge", "Mildred Miller ( born 1924 ) , American classical mezzo - soprano", "Mildred Mottahedeh ( 1908 -- 2000 ) , porcelain collector", "Mildred Muis ( born 1968 ) , Dutch swimmer", "Mildred Natwick ( 1905 -- 1994 ) , American actress", "Mildred Noble ( 1921 -- 2008 ) , American writer", "Mildred O'Neill ( 1914 -- 2003 ) , widow of Tip O'Neil", "Mildred Ellen Orton ( 1911 -- 2010 ) , American businesswoman", "Mildred Pabón , Puerto Rican jurist", "Mildred Parten ( born 1902 ) , American sociologist", "Mildred Persinger ( born 1918 ) , American activist", "Mildred Amelia Woodbine Pomare ( 1877 -- 1971 ) , New Zealand community leader", "Mildred Pope ( 1872 -- 1956 ) , English scholar", "Mildred Riddelsdell ( 1913 - 2006 ) , British civil servant", "Mildred Robbins Leet ( 1922 -- 2011 ) , American entrepreneur", "Mildred Ruiz - Sapp , American actress", "Mildred Sampson ( born 1933 ) , New Zealand long - distance runner", "Mildred Sanderson ( 1889 -- 1914 ) , American mathematician", "Mildred Savage ( 1919 -- 2011 ) , American author", "Mildred Scheel ( 1932 -- 1985 ) , German physician", "Mildred Schwab ( 1917 -- 1999 ) , American attorney", "Mildred Seeley ( 1918 -- 2001 ) , American doll collector", "Mildred Shay ( 1911 -- 2005 ) , American actress", "Mildred T. Stahlman , American professor", "Mildred D. Taylor ( born 1943 ) , African American writer", "Mildred Thompson ( 1936 -- 2003 ) , African American artist", "Mildred Valley Thornton ( 1890 -- 1967 ) , Canadian painter", "Mildred Trotter ( 1899 -- 1991 ) , forensic anthropologist", "Mildred Trouillot ( born 1963 ) , American lawyer", "Mildred Veitch ( 1889 -- 1971 ) , American horticulturist", "Mildred Warwick ( 1922 -- 2006 ) , American athlete", "Mildred Weisenfeld ( 1921 -- 1997 ) , American philanthropist", "Mildred Wiley ( 1901 -- 2000 ) , American athlete", "Mildred Wolfe ( 1912 -- 2009 ) , American artist", "Mildred Bangs Wynkoop ( 1905 -- 1997 ) , American Nazarene minister", "Characters with the name Mildred include :", "Mildred Rogers , a character from Of Human Bondage Mildred Hubble ( The Worst Witch ) , protagonist of Jill Murphy 's series Mildred Huxtetter , character from The Muppet Show Mildred Keith , title character from the series written by Martha Finley Mildred Krebs , a character from Remington Steele Mildred Montag , a character from Fahrenheit 451 Mildred Pierce , protagonist of the novel , movie , and miniseries of the same name Mildred Roper , a character in the British TV sitcoms Man About the House and George and Mildred Mildred Wyeth , a character in the Deathlands series Mildred , the wife of Guy Montag in the novel Fahrenheit 451", "Mildred Rogers , a character from Of Human Bondage", "Mildred Hubble ( The Worst Witch ) , protagonist of Jill Murphy 's series", "Mildred Huxtetter , character from The Muppet Show", "Mildred Keith , title character from the series written by Martha Finley", "Mildred Krebs , a character from Remington Steele", "Mildred Montag , a character from Fahrenheit 451", "Mildred Pierce , protagonist of the novel , movie , and miniseries of the same name", "Mildred Roper , a character in the British TV sitcoms Man About the House and George and Mildred", "Mildred Wyeth , a character in the Deathlands series", "Mildred , the wife of Guy Montag in the novel Fahrenheit 451" ]

[ [ "into a hill just short of the Tri-State Airport" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Southern Airways Flight 932 A Southern Airways Douglas DC - 9 similar to the aircraft involved in the accident Accident Date November 14 , 1970 Summary Controlled flight into terrain ( CFIT ) Site Wayne County , near Ceredo , West Virginia , United States 38 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 82 ° 34 ′ 42 '' W  /  38.37417 ° N 82.57833 ° W  / 38.37417 ; - 82.57833 Aircraft type Douglas DC - 9 - 31 Operator Southern Airways Registration N97S Flight origin Kinston Regional Jetport Destination Tri-State Airport Passengers 70 Crew 5 Fatalities 75 Survivors 0", "A Southern Airways Douglas DC - 9 similar to the aircraft involved in the accident", "Accident", "Date November 14 , 1970", "Summary Controlled flight into terrain ( CFIT )", "Site Wayne County , near Ceredo , West Virginia , United States 38 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 82 ° 34 ′ 42 '' W  /  38.37417 ° N 82.57833 ° W  / 38.37417 ; - 82.57833", "Aircraft type Douglas DC - 9 - 31", "Operator Southern Airways", "Registration N97S", "Flight origin Kinston Regional Jetport", "Destination Tri-State Airport", "Passengers 70", "Crew 5", "Fatalities 75", "Survivors 0", "Southern Airways Flight 932 was a chartered Southern Airways Douglas DC - 9 domestic United States commercial jet flight from Stallings Field ( ISO ) in Kinston , North Carolina , to Huntington Tri-State Airport / Milton J. Ferguson Field ( HTS ) in Ceredo , West Virginia . At 7 : 36 p.m. on November 14 , 1970 , the aircraft crashed into a hill just short of the Tri-State Airport , killing all 75 people on board .", "The plane was carrying 37 members of the Marshall University Thundering Herd football team , eight members of the coaching staff , 25 boosters , and five flight crew members . The team was returning home after a 17 -- 14 loss to the East Carolina Pirates at Ficklen Stadium in Greenville , North Carolina .", "At the time , Marshall 's athletic teams rarely traveled by plane , since most away games were within easy driving distance of the campus . The team originally planned to cancel the flight , but changed plans and chartered the Southern Airways DC - 9 . The accident is the deadliest tragedy affecting any sports team in U.S. history . It was the second college football team plane crash in a little over a month . Wichita State 's team plane crashed in Colorado just 43 days earlier killing 14 players and 41 people overall .", "The aircraft was a 95 - seat , twin jet engine Douglas DC - 9 - 30 with tail registration N97S . The airliner 's crew was Captain Frank H. Abbot , 47 ; First Officer Jerry Smith , 28 ; and flight attendants Pat Vaught and Charlene Poat . All were qualified for the flight . Another employee of Southern Airways , Danny Deese , was aboard the flight to coordinate charter activities . This flight was the only flight that year for the Marshall University football team .", "The airliner left Stallings Field at Kinston , North Carolina , and the flight proceeded to Huntington without incident . The crew established radio contact with air traffic controllers at 7 : 23 pm with instructions to descend to 5,000 feet . The controllers advised the crew that there was `` rain , fog , smoke and a ragged ceiling '' at the airport , making landing more difficult but possible . At 7 : 34 p.m. , the airliner 's crew reported passing Tri-State Airport 's outer marker . The controller gave them clearance to land . The aircraft began its normal descent after passing the outer marker , but did not arrest its descent and hold altitude at 1240 ft , as required by the assigned instrument approach procedure . Instead , the descent continued for another 300 ft for unknown reasons , apparently without either crewmember seeing the airport lights or runway .", "The airliner continued on final approach to Tri-State Airport when it collided with the tops of trees on a hillside 5,543 feet ( 1,690 m ) west of runway 11 ( now runway 12 ) . The plane burst into flames and created a swath of charred ground 95 feet ( 29 m ) wide and 279 feet ( 85 m ) long . According to the official NTSB report , the accident was `` unsurvivable '' . The aircraft `` dipped to the right , almost inverted and had crashed into a hollow ' nose - first ' '' . By the time the plane came to a stop , it was 4,219 feet ( 1,286 m ) short of the runway and 275 feet ( 84 m ) south of the middle marker . The fuselage was reduced to what the NTSB described as a `` powder - like substance . '' The remains of six passengers were never identified .", "The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident and their final report was issued on April 14 , 1972 . In the report the NTSB concluded that the probable cause was that `` ... the accident was the result of a descent below Minimum Descent Altitude during a nonprecision approach under adverse operating conditions , without visual contact with the runway environment ... '' . They further stated , `` The Board has not been able to determine the reason for the ( greater ) descent , although the two most likely explanations are an improper use of cockpit instrumentation data , or ( b ) an altimetry system error . '' At least one source says that water that had seeped into the plane 's altimeter could have thrown off its height readings , leading the pilots to believe the plane was higher than was actually the case .", "The board made three recommendations as a result of this accident , including recommendations for heads - up displays , ground proximity warning devices , and surveillance and inspection of flight operations .", "On November 15 , 1970 , a memorial service was held at the indoor , 8,500 - seat Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse with moments of silence , remembrances , and prayers . The following Saturday another memorial service was held at the outdoor , 18,000 - seat Fairfield Stadium . Across the nation many expressed their condolences . Classes at Marshall , along with numerous events and shows by the Marshall Artists Series ( and the football team 's game against the Ohio Bobcats ) , were canceled and government offices were closed . A mass funeral was held at the Field House and many of the dead were buried at the Spring Hill Cemetery , some together because bodies were not identifiable .", "The effects of the crash on Huntington went far beyond the Marshall campus . Because it was the Herd 's only charter flight of the season , boosters and prominent citizens were on the plane , including a city councilman , a state legislator , and four physicians . Seventy children lost at least one parent in the crash , with 18 of them left orphaned .", "The crash of Flight 932 almost led to the discontinuation of the university 's football program . New coach Jack Lengyel , Marshall University students , and Thundering Herd football fans convinced acting Marshall President Donald N. Dedmon to reconsider canceling the program in late 1970 . In the weeks afterward , Lengyel was aided in his attempts by receivers coach Red Dawson . Dawson was a coach from the previous staff who had driven back from the East Carolina game along with Gail Parker , a freshman coach . Parker flew to the game , but did n't fly back , having switched places with Deke Brackett , another coach . Dawson and Parker were buying boiled peanuts at a country store in rural Virginia when they heard the news over the radio . Before the trip , they were scheduled to go on a recruiting mission to Ferrum College after the ECU -- Marshall game ( in an effort to recruit Billy Joe Mantooth , who eventually transferred to WVU instead ) . After the crash , Red Dawson helped bring together a group of players who were on the junior varsity football team during the 1970 season , as well as students and athletes from other sports , to form a 1971 football team . Many had never played football before .", "Head coach Rick Tolley was among the crash victims . Jack Lengyel was named to take Tolley 's place on March 12 , 1971 , after Dick Bestwick , the first choice for the job , backed out after just one week and returned to Georgia Tech . Lengyel , who came from a coaching job at the College of Wooster , was hired by recently hired athletic director Joe McMullen . Lengyel played for McMullen at the University of Akron in the 1950s .", "The Marshall University football team only won two games during the 1971 season , against Xavier and Bowling Green . Jack Lengyel led the Thundering Herd to a 9 -- 33 record during his tenure , which ended after the 1974 season .", "Marshall University President John G. Barker and Vice President Donald Dedmon appointed a Memorial Committee soon after the crash . The committee decided upon one major memorial within the campus , a plaque and memorial garden at Fairfield Stadium , and a granite cenotaph at the Spring Hill Cemetery ; the Memorial Student Center was designated a memorial as well .", "On November 12 , 1972 , the Memorial Fountain was dedicated at the entrance of the Memorial Student Center . The sculpture 's designer , Harry Bertoia , created the $25,000 memorial that incorporated bronze , copper tubing and welding rods . The 6500 - pound , 13 - foot - high ( 2900 - kilogram , four - meter - high ) sculpture was completed within a year and a half . A plaque was placed on the base on August 10 , 1973 , reading :", "They shall live on in the hearts of their families and friends forever and this memorial records their loss to the university and the community .", "Every year , on the anniversary of the crash , the fountain is shut off during a commemorative ceremony and not activated again until the following spring .", "Each year on the anniversary of the crash , those who died are mourned in a ceremony on the Marshall University campus in Huntington , West Virginia . A number of the victims are buried in a grave site in the Spring Hill Cemetery in Huntington . 20th Street between Joan C. Edwards Stadium , Marshall 's current on - campus football stadium , and Spring Hill Cemetery was renamed Marshall Memorial Boulevard in honor of the crash victims .", "On November 11 , 2000 , the We Are Marshall Memorial Bronze was dedicated . The bronze 17 × 23 - foot ( 5 × 7 - meter ) statue was created by artist Burl Jones of Sissonville , West Virginia , and cost $150,000 . It is based upon ideas by John and Ann Krieger of Huntington . It was donated to the university by Marshall fans and is attached to Joan C. Edwards Stadium on the west façade . It was unveiled to thousands 90 minutes before the game with the Miami University RedHawks .", "On December 11 , 2006 , a memorial plaque was dedicated at the plane crash site . The ceremony featured guest speakers William `` Red '' Dawson and Jack Hardin . The Ceredo and Kenova fire departments were recognized at the event .", "The memorial plaque reads :", "On Nov. 14 , 1970 , 75 people died in the worst sports related air tragedy in U.S. history , when a Southern Airways DC - 9 crashed into a hillside nearby . The victims included 36 Marshall University football players , 9 coaches and administrators , 25 fans and air crew of 5 . No one survived this horrific disaster .", "Another plaque memorializing the 1970 Marshall football team was unveiled at East Carolina University on the same day and can be seen at the guest team entrance of Dowdy -- Ficklen Stadium . Featured speakers were Chancellor Steve Ballard , Athletic Director Terry Holland , Pirates ' broadcaster Jeff Charles , and Marshall President Stephen Kopp .", "A memorial bell tower is being planned for a location on WV 75 near Exit 1 along Interstate 64 .", "November 14 , 2013 , marked the first time that Marshall had played a road game on an anniversary of the disaster . As a memorial to the 75 victims , the Marshall players wore the number 75 on their helmets . The tribute was repeated later that season , when Marshall met Rice in the 2013 Conference USA Football Championship game .", "Marshall University : Ashes to Glory , a documentary by Deborah Novak and John Witek released on November 18 , 2000 , about the crash and the subsequent recovery of the Marshall football program in the decades following . We Are Marshall , a film dramatizing the crash of Flight 932 and its repercussions , premiered on December 12 , 2006 , in Huntington , West Virginia . It starred Matthew McConaughey as Jack Lengyel and Matthew Fox as Red Dawson . The DVD of the film was released September 18 , 2007 .", "Marshall University : Ashes to Glory , a documentary by Deborah Novak and John Witek released on November 18 , 2000 , about the crash and the subsequent recovery of the Marshall football program in the decades following .", "We Are Marshall , a film dramatizing the crash of Flight 932 and its repercussions , premiered on December 12 , 2006 , in Huntington , West Virginia . It starred Matthew McConaughey as Jack Lengyel and Matthew Fox as Red Dawson . The DVD of the film was released September 18 , 2007 ." ]

[ [ "Dr. Spencer Silver" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Post-it Note A small pad of original style lined yellow Post-It brand notes Product type Stationery , paper Owner 3M Country Cynthiana , Kentucky , U.S. Introduced 1977 ; 41 years ago ( 1977 ) Website 3m.com", "A small pad of original style lined yellow Post-It brand notes", "Product type Stationery , paper", "Owner 3M", "Country Cynthiana , Kentucky , U.S.", "Introduced 1977 ; 41 years ago ( 1977 )", "Website 3m.com", "A Post-it Note ( or sticky note ) is a small piece of paper with a re-adherable strip of glue on its back , made for temporarily attaching notes to documents and other surfaces . A low - tack pressure - sensitive adhesive allows the notes to be easily attached , removed and even re-posted elsewhere without leaving residue . Originally small yellow squares , Post-it Notes and related products are available in various colors , shapes and sizes .", "Although 3M 's patent expired in 1997 , `` Post-it '' and the original notes ' distinctive yellow color remain registered company trademarks , with terms such as `` repositionable notes '' used for similar offerings manufactured by competitors . While use of the trademark ' Post-it ' in a representative sense refers to any sticky note , no legal authority has ever held the trademark to be generic .", "In 1968 , Dr. Spencer Silver , a scientist at 3M in the United States , was attempting to develop a super-strong adhesive . Instead he accidentally created a `` low - tack , '' reusable , pressure - sensitive adhesive . For five years , Silver promoted his `` solution without a problem '' within 3M both informally and through seminars but failed to gain acceptance . In 1974 a colleague who had attended one of his seminars , Art Fry , came up with the idea of using the adhesive to anchor his bookmark in his hymn book . Fry then utilized 3M 's officially sanctioned `` permitted bootlegging '' policy to develop the idea . The original notes ' yellow color was chosen by accident , as the lab next - door to the Post-It team had only yellow scrap paper to use .", "3M launched the product as `` Press ' n Peel '' bookmark in stores in four cities in 1977 , but results were disappointing . A year later 3M instead issued free samples directly to consumers in Boise , Idaho , with 94 percent of those who tried them indicating they would buy the product . The product was sold as `` Post-Its '' in 1979 when the rollout introduction began , and was sold across the United States from April 6 , 1980 . The following year they were launched in Canada and Europe .", "In 2003 , the company came out with `` Post-it Brand Super Sticky Notes , '' with a stronger glue that adheres better to vertical and non-smooth surfaces .", "Until 3M 's patent expired in the 1990s , Post-it type notes were produced only in the company 's plant in Cynthiana , Kentucky .", "In 2018 3M launched the new `` Post-It Extreme Notes '' designed to be more durable and water - resistant and to stick to a variety of surfaces to which regular Post-It notes do not easily adhere . The Post-It Extreme Notes were specifically designed with work environments like construction and manufacturing in mind .", "Inventor Alan Amron has made claims to be the inventor who in 1973 disclosed the technology used on the Post-it Note to 3M in 1974 . His 1997 suit against 3M was settled and 3M paid Amron . As part of the settlement , Amron undertook not to make future claims against the company except if ever a breach of the settlement agreement should occur . However , in 2016 , he launched a further suit against 3M , asserting that 3M were wrongly claiming to be the inventors , and seeking $400 million in damages . At a preliminary hearing , a federal judge ordered the parties to undergo mediation . The suit was subsequently dismissed declaring the previous 1998 settlement agreement to be upheld .", "In July of 2016 a former 3M marketing department employee , Daniel Dassow , voluntarily came forward as an eyewitness that in 1974 Alan Amron had in fact disclosed his Press - on memo sticky notes invention to 3M .", "`` The Yellow Stickee Diary of a Mad Secretary , '' by Rosa Maria Arenas , is the mini graphic journal of an office worker / artist , exhibited July 7 - August 25 , 2013 , at the Michigan Institute of Contemporary Art ( MICA ) Gallery in Lansing , Michigan . The 41 drawings displayed are a tiny percentage of the more than 2000 original drawings that constitute the Yellow Stickee Diary Project which Arenas created while working temp jobs from 1994 to 2005 . Printed with archival inks on archival paper , the reproductions include `` stickee sized '' ( 3 '' × 5 `` ) framed prints and enlargements of the original drawings ( which were all done on Post-It Notes ) .", "In 2012 , Turkish artist Ardan Özmenoğlu was selected to have a solo exhibition at Bertrand Delacroix Gallery in the art district of Chelsea , Manhattan . The exhibition , titled `` E Pluribus Unum '' ( Latin for `` Out of many , one '' ) , opened November 15 , 2012 and featured large scale works on Post-It Notes .", "In 2004 , Paola Antonelli , a curator of architecture and design , included Post-it Notes in a show entitled `` Humble Masterpieces '' .", "Rebecca Murtaugh , a California artist who uses Post-it Notes in her artwork , in 2001 created an installation by covering her whole bedroom with $1000 worth of the notes , using the ordinary yellow for objects she saw as having less value and neon colors for more important objects , such as the bed .", "In 2000 , the 20th anniversary of Post-it Notes was celebrated by having artists create artworks on the notes . One such work , by the artist R.B. Kitaj , sold for £ 640 in an auction , making it the most valuable Post-It Note on record .", "The Lennon Wall , a message board created during the 2014 Hong Kong protests from a stretch of curved staircase in the Central Government Complex , is covered in multi-coloured Post-It Notes with handwritten messages from supporters .", "Satiregram , a parody account on Instagram by Euzcil Castaneto , showcases handwritten messages on Post-it Notes that describe typical pictures people would post on Instagram .", "Virtual Post-It Notes have been created for computer in the form of desktop notes . These include 3M 's own `` Post-it Brand Software Notes , '' `` Stickies '' in Mac OS , `` Sticky Notes '' in Windows , or other for - fee applications like ShixxNOTE . Virtual Post-It -- like notes are also available online using Evernote , Google Keep , or Microsoft OneNote ." ]

[ [ "Elizabeth Barrett Browning" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( 1806 - 03 - 06 ) 6 March 1806 Kelloe , Durham , England 29 June 1861 ( 1861 - 06 - 29 ) ( aged 55 ) Florence , Kingdom of Italy Occupation Poet Nationality English", "Elizabeth Barrett Browning", "( 1806 - 03 - 06 ) 6 March 1806 Kelloe , Durham , England", "29 June 1861 ( 1861 - 06 - 29 ) ( aged 55 ) Florence , Kingdom of Italy", "Occupation Poet", "Nationality English", "Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( née Moulton - Barrett , / ˈbraʊnɪŋ / ; 6 March 1806 -- 29 June 1861 ) was an English poet of the Victorian era , popular in Britain and the United States during her lifetime .", "Born in County Durham , the eldest of 12 children , Elizabeth Barrett wrote poetry from about the age of six . Her mother 's collection of her poems forms one of the largest extant collections of juvenilia by any English writer . At 15 she became ill , suffering intense head and spinal pain for the rest of her life . Later in life she also developed lung problems , possibly tuberculosis . She took laudanum for the pain from an early age , which is likely to have contributed to her frail health .", "In the 1830s Elizabeth was introduced to literary society through her cousin , John Kenyon . Her first adult collection of poems was published in 1838 and she wrote prolifically between 1841 and 1844 , producing poetry , translation and prose . She campaigned for the abolition of slavery and her work helped influence reform in the child labour legislation . Her prolific output made her a rival to Tennyson as a candidate for poet laureate on the death of Wordsworth .", "Elizabeth 's volume Poems ( 1844 ) brought her great success , attracting the admiration of the writer Robert Browning . Their correspondence , courtship and marriage were carried out in secret , for fear of her father 's disapproval . Following the wedding she was indeed disinherited by her father . The couple moved to Italy in 1846 , where she would live for the rest of her life . They had one son , Robert Barrett Browning , whom they called Pen . She died in Florence in 1861 . A collection of her last poems was published by her husband shortly after her death .", "Elizabeth 's work had a major influence on prominent writers of the day , including the American poets Edgar Allan Poe and Emily Dickinson . She is remembered for such poems as `` How Do I Love Thee ? '' ( Sonnet 43 , 1845 ) and Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ) .", "Some of Elizabeth Barrett 's family had lived in Jamaica since 1655 . Their wealth derived mainly from Edward Barrett ( 1734 -- 1798 ) , owner of 10,000 acres ( 4,000 ha ) in the estates of Cinnamon Hill , Cornwall , Cambridge and Oxford in northern Jamaica . Elizabeth 's maternal grandfather owned sugar plantations , mills , glassworks and ships that traded between Jamaica and Newcastle . Biographer Julia Markus states the poet `` believed that she had African blood through her grandfather Charles Moulton '' , but there is no evidence of this -- although other branches of her family had African blood through relationships between plantation owners and slaves . What the family believed to be their genealogy in relation to Jamaica is unclear .", "The family wished to hand down their name , stipulating that Barrett should always be held as a surname . In some cases inheritance was given on condition that the name was used by the beneficiary ; the English gentry and `` squirearchy '' had long encouraged this sort of name changing . Given this strong tradition , Elizabeth used `` Elizabeth Barrett Moulton Barrett '' on legal documents and before she was married often signed herself `` Elizabeth Barrett Barrett '' or `` EBB '' ( initials which she was able to keep after her wedding ) .", "Elizabeth 's father chose to raise his family in England while his business enterprises remained in Jamaica . The fortune of Elizabeth 's mother 's line , the Graham Clarke family , also derived in part from slave labour , and was considerable .", "Elizabeth Barrett Moulton - Barrett was born on 6 March 1806 , in Coxhoe Hall , between the villages of Coxhoe and Kelloe in County Durham , England . Her parents were Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke ; Elizabeth was the eldest of 12 children ( eight boys and four girls ) . All lived to adulthood except for one girl , who died at the age of three , when Elizabeth was eight .", "The children all had nicknames : Elizabeth was `` Ba '' . She rode her pony , went for family walks and picnics , socialised with other county families , and participated in home theatrical productions . But unlike her siblings , she immersed herself in books as often as she could get away from the social rituals of her family .", "She was baptized in 1809 at Kelloe parish church , although she had already been baptised by a family friend in her first week of life .", "In 1809 , the family moved to Hope End , a 500 - acre ( 200 ha ) estate near the Malvern Hills in Ledbury , Herefordshire . Her father converted the Georgian house into stables and built a new mansion of opulent Turkish design , which his wife described as something from the Arabian Nights Entertainments .", "The interior 's brass balustrades , mahogany doors inlaid with mother - of - pearl , and finely carved fireplaces were eventually complemented by lavish landscaping : ponds , grottos , kiosks , an ice house , a hothouse , and a subterranean passage from house to gardens . Her time at Hope End would inspire her in later life to write her most ambitious work , Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ) , which went through more than 20 editions by 1900 , but none between 1905 and 1978 .", "She was educated at home and tutored by Daniel McSwiney with her oldest brother . She began writing verses at the age of four . During the Hope End period , she was an intensely studious , precocious child . She claimed that at the age of six she was reading novels , at eight entranced by Pope 's translations of Homer , studying Greek at ten , and at twelve writing her own Homeric epic , The Battle of Marathon : A Poem .", "In 1820 Mr Barrett privately published The Battle of Marathon , an epic - style poem , though all copies remained within the family . Her mother compiled the child 's poetry into collections of `` Poems by Elizabeth B. Barrett '' . Her father called her the `` Poet Laureate of Hope End '' and encouraged her work . The result is one of the largest collections of juvenilia of any English writer . Mary Russell Mitford described the young Elizabeth at this time , as having `` a slight , delicate figure , with a shower of dark curls falling on each side of a most expressive face ; large , tender eyes , richly fringed by dark eyelashes , and a smile like a sunbeam . ''", "At about this time , Elizabeth began to battle with illness , which the medical science of the time was unable to diagnose . All three sisters came down with the syndrome although it lasted only with Elizabeth . She had intense head and spinal pain with loss of mobility . Various biographies link this to a riding accident at the time ( she fell while trying to dismount a horse ) , but there is no evidence to support the link . Sent to recover at the Gloucester spa , she was treated -- in the absence of symptoms supporting another diagnosis -- for a spinal problem . Though this illness continued for the rest of her life , it is believed to be unrelated to the lung disease which she developed in 1837 .", "She began to take opiates for the pain , laudanum ( an opium concoction ) followed by morphine , then commonly prescribed . She would become dependent on them for much of her adulthood ; the use from an early age may well have contributed to her frail health . Biographers such as Alethea Hayter have suggested this may also have contributed to the wild vividness of her imagination and the poetry that it produced .", "By 1821 she had read Mary Wollstonecraft 's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) , and become a passionate supporter of Wollstonecraft 's ideas . The child 's intellectual fascination with the classics and metaphysics was reflected in a religious intensity which she later described as `` not the deep persuasion of the mild Christian but the wild visions of an enthusiast . '' The Barretts attended services at the nearest Dissenting chapel , and Edward was active in Bible and Missionary societies .", "Elizabeth 's mother died in 1828 , and is buried at St Michael 's Church , Ledbury , next to her daughter Mary . Sarah Graham - Clarke , Elizabeth 's aunt , helped to care for the children , and she had clashes with Elizabeth 's strong will . In 1831 Elizabeth 's grandmother , Elizabeth Moulton , died . Following lawsuits and the abolition of slavery Mr Barrett incurred great financial and investment losses that forced him to sell Hope End . Although the family was never poor , the place was seized and put up for sale to satisfy creditors . Always secret in his financial dealings , he would not discuss his situation and the family was haunted by the idea that they might have to move to Jamaica .", "Between 1833 and 1835 , she was living , with her family , at Belle Vue in Sidmouth . The site has now been renamed Cedar Shade and redeveloped . A blue plaque at the entrance to the site attests to this . In 1838 , some years after the sale of Hope End , the family settled at 50 Wimpole Street .", "During 1837 -- 38 the poet was struck with illness again , with symptoms today suggesting tuberculous ulceration of the lungs . That same year , at her physician 's insistence , she moved from London to Torquay , on the Devonshire coast . Two tragedies then struck . In February 1840 her brother Samuel died of a fever in Jamaica . Then her favourite brother Edward ( `` Bro '' ) was drowned in a sailing accident in Torquay in July . This had a serious effect on her already fragile health . She felt guilty as her father had disapproved of Edward 's trip to Torquay . She wrote to Mitford , `` That was a very near escape from madness , absolute hopeless madness '' . The family returned to Wimpole Street in 1841 .", "At Wimpole Street Barrett Browning spent most of her time in her upstairs room . Her health began to improve , though she saw few people other than her immediate family . One of those was Kenyon , a wealthy friend of the family and patron of the arts . She received comfort from a spaniel named Flush , a gift from Mary Mitford . ( Virginia Woolf later fictionalised the life of the dog , making him the protagonist of her 1933 novel Flush : A Biography ) .", "Between 1841 and 1844 Barrett Browning was prolific in poetry , translation and prose . The poem `` The Cry of the Children '' , published in 1842 in Blackwoods , condemned child labour and helped bring about child - labour reforms by raising support for Lord Shaftesbury 's Ten Hours Bill ( 1844 ) . At about the same time , she contributed critical prose pieces to Richard Henry Horne 's A New Spirit of the Age .", "In 1844 she published two volumes of Poems , which included `` A Drama of Exile '' , `` A Vision of Poets '' , and `` Lady Geraldine 's Courtship '' and two substantial critical essays for 1842 issues of The Athenaeum . `` Since she was not burdened with any domestic duties expected of her sisters , Barrett Browning could now devote herself entirely to the life of the mind , cultivating an enormous correspondence , reading widely '' . Her prolific output made her a rival to Tennyson as a candidate for poet laureate in 1850 on the death of Wordsworth .", "A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque now commemorates Elizabeth at 50 Wimpole Street .", "Her 1844 volume Poems made her one of the most popular writers in the country , and inspired Robert Browning to write to her . He wrote , `` I love your verses with all my heart , dear Miss Barrett , '' praising their `` fresh strange music , the affluent language , the exquisite pathos and true new brave thought . ''", "Kenyon arranged for Browning to meet Elizabeth on 20 May 1845 , in her rooms , and so began one of the most famous courtships in literature . Elizabeth had already produced a large amount of work , but Browning had a great influence on her subsequent writing , as did she on his : two of Barrett 's most famous pieces were written after she met Browning , Sonnets from the Portuguese and Aurora Leigh . Robert 's Men and Women is also a product of that time .", "Some critics state that her activity was , in some ways , in decay before she met Browning : `` Until her relationship with Robert Browning began in 1845 , Barrett 's willingness to engage in public discourse about social issues and about aesthetic issues in poetry , which had been so strong in her youth , gradually diminished , as did her physical health . As an intellectual presence and a physical being , she was becoming a shadow of herself . ''", "The courtship and marriage between Robert Browning and Elizabeth were carried out secretly , as she knew her father would disapprove . After a private marriage at St Marylebone Parish Church , they honeymooned in Paris before moving to Italy , in September 1846 , which became their home almost continuously until her death . Elizabeth 's loyal nurse , Wilson , who witnessed the marriage , accompanied the couple to Italy .", "Mr Barrett disinherited Elizabeth , as he did each of his children who married . Elizabeth had foreseen her father 's anger but had not anticipated her brothers ' rejection . As Elizabeth had some money of her own , the couple were reasonably comfortable in Italy . The Brownings were well respected , and even famous . Elizabeth grew stronger and in 1849 , at the age of 43 , between four miscarriages , she gave birth to a son , Robert Wiedeman Barrett Browning , whom they called Pen . Their son later married , but had no legitimate children .", "At her husband 's insistence , Elizabeth 's second edition of Poems included her love sonnets ; as a result , her popularity increased ( as well as critical regard ) , and her artistic position was confirmed .", "The couple came to know a wide circle of artists and writers including William Makepeace Thackeray , sculptor Harriet Hosmer ( who , she wrote , seemed to be the `` perfectly emancipated female '' ) and Harriet Beecher Stowe . In 1849 she met Margaret Fuller , and the female French novelist George Sand in 1852 , whom she had long admired . Among her intimate friends in Florence was the writer Isa Blagden , whom she encouraged to write novels . They met Alfred Tennyson in Paris , and John Forster , Samuel Rogers and the Carlyles in London , later befriending Charles Kingsley and John Ruskin .", "After the death of an old friend , G.B. Hunter , and then of her father , Barrett Browning 's health started to deteriorate . The Brownings moved from Florence to Siena , residing at the Villa Alberti . Engrossed in Italian politics , she issued a small volume of political poems titled Poems before Congress ( 1860 ) `` most of which were written to express her sympathy with the Italian cause after the outbreak of fighting in 1859 '' . They caused a furore in England , and the conservative magazines Blackwood 's and the Saturday Review labelled her a fanatic . She dedicated this book to her husband . Her last work was A Musical Instrument , published posthumously .", "Barrett Browning 's sister Henrietta died in November 1860 . The couple spent the winter of 1860 -- 61 in Rome where Barrett Browning 's health further deteriorated and they returned to Florence in early June 1861 . She became gradually weaker , using morphine to ease her pain . She died on 29 June 1861 in her husband 's arms . Browning said that she died `` smilingly , happily , and with a face like a girl 's ... Her last word was ... ' ' Beautiful '' . She was buried in the Protestant English Cemetery of Florence . `` On Monday July 1 the shops in the area around Casa Guidi were closed , while Elizabeth was mourned with unusual demonstrations . '' The nature of her illness is still unclear . Some modern scientists speculate her illness may have been hypokalemic periodic paralysis , a genetic disorder that causes weakness and many of the other symptoms she described .", "Barrett Browning 's first known poem was written at the age of six or eight , `` On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man '' . The manuscript , which protests against impressment , is currently in the Berg Collection of the New York Public Library ; the exact date is controversial because the `` 2 '' in the date 1812 is written over something else that is scratched out .", "Her first independent publication was `` Stanzas Excited by Reflections on the Present State of Greece '' in The New Monthly Magazine of May 1821 ; followed two months later by `` Thoughts Awakened by Contemplating a Piece of the Palm which Grows on the Summit of the Acropolis at Athens '' .", "Her first collection of poems , An Essay on Mind , with Other Poems , was published in 1826 and reflected her passion for Byron and Greek politics . Its publication drew the attention of a blind scholar of the Greek language , Hugh Stuart Boyd , and of another Greek scholar , Uvedale Price , with whom she maintained sustained correspondence . Among other neighbours was Mrs James Martin from Colwall , with whom she also corresponded throughout her life . Later , at Boyd 's suggestion , she translated Aeschylus ' Prometheus Bound ( published in 1833 ; retranslated in 1850 ) . During their friendship Barrett studied Greek literature , including Homer , Pindar and Aristophanes .", "Elizabeth opposed slavery and published two poems highlighting the barbarity of slavers and her support for the abolitionist cause : `` The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim 's Point '' ; and `` A Curse for a Nation '' . In `` Runaway '' she describes a slave woman who is whipped , raped , and made pregnant as she curses the slavers . Elizabeth declared herself glad that the slaves were `` virtually free '' when the Emancipation Act abolishing slavery in British colonies was passed in 1833 , despite the fact that her father believed that Abolitionism would ruin his business .", "The date of publication of these poems is in dispute , but her position on slavery in the poems is clear and may have led to a rift between Elizabeth and her father . She wrote to John Ruskin in 1855 `` I belong to a family of West Indian slaveholders , and if I believed in curses , I should be afraid '' . After the Jamaican slave uprising of 1831 -- 32 , her father and uncle continued to treat the slaves humanely .", "In London , John Kenyon , a distant cousin , introduced Elizabeth to literary figures including William Wordsworth , Mary Russell Mitford , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Alfred Tennyson and Thomas Carlyle . Elizabeth continued to write , contributing `` The Romaunt of Margaret '' , `` The Romaunt of the Page '' , `` The Poet 's Vow '' and other pieces to various periodicals . She corresponded with other writers , including Mary Russell Mitford , who would become a close friend and who would support Elizabeth 's literary ambitions .", "In 1838 The Seraphim and Other Poems appeared , the first volume of Elizabeth 's mature poetry to appear under her own name .", "Sonnets from the Portuguese was published in 1850 . There is debate about the origin of the title . Some say it refers to the series of sonnets of the 16th - century Portuguese poet Luís de Camões . However , `` my little Portuguese '' was a pet name that Browning had adopted for Elizabeth and this may have some connection .", "The verse - novel Aurora Leigh , her most ambitious and perhaps the most popular of her longer poems , appeared in 1856 . It is the story of a female writer making her way in life , balancing work and love , and based on Elizabeth 's own experiences . Aurora Leigh was an important influence on Susan B. Anthony 's thinking about the traditional roles of women , with regard to marriage versus independent individuality . The North American Review praised Elizabeth 's poem : `` Mrs. Browning 's poems are , in all respects , the utterance of a woman -- of a woman of great learning , rich experience , and powerful genius , uniting to her woman 's nature the strength which is sometimes thought peculiar to a man . ''", "Much of Barrett Browning 's work carries a religious theme . She had read and studied such works as Milton 's Paradise Lost and Dante 's Inferno . She says in her writing , `` We want the sense of the saturation of Christ 's blood upon the souls of our poets , that it may cry through them in answer to the ceaseless wail of the Sphinx of our humanity , expounding agony into renovation . Something of this has been perceived in art when its glory was at the fullest . Something of a yearning after this may be seen among the Greek Christian poets , something which would have been much with a stronger faculty '' . She believed that `` Christ 's religion is essentially poetry -- poetry glorified '' . She explored the religious aspect in many of her poems , especially in her early work , such as the sonnets .", "She was interested in theological debate , had learned Hebrew and read the Hebrew Bible . Her seminal Aurora Leigh , for example , features religious imagery and allusion to the apocalypse . The critic Cynthia Scheinberg notes that female characters in Aurora Leigh and her earlier work `` The Virgin Mary to the Child Jesus '' allude to the female character Miriam from the Hebrew Bible . These allusions to Miriam in both poems mirror the way in which Barrett Browning herself drew from Jewish history , while distancing herself from it , in order to achieve a public appearance of a Christian woman poet of the Victorian Age .", "In 1892 , Ledbury , Herefordshire , held a design competition to build an Institute in honour of Barrett Browning . Brightwen Binyon beat 44 other designs . It was based on the timber - framed Market House , which was opposite the site . It was completed in 1896 . However , Nikolaus Pevsner was not impressed by its style . In 1938 , it became a public library . It has been Grade II - listed since 2007 .", "How Do I Love Thee ? How do I love thee ? Let me count the ways . I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach , when feeling out of sight For the ends of being and ideal grace . I love thee to the level of every day 's Most quiet need , by sun and candle - light . I love thee freely , as men strive for right . I love thee purely , as they turn from praise . I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs , and with my childhood 's faith . I love thee with a love I seemed to lose With my lost saints . I love thee with the breath , Smiles , tears , of all my life ; and , if God choose , I shall but love thee better after death .", "Barrett Browning was widely popular in the United Kingdom and the United States during her lifetime . Edgar Allan Poe was inspired by her poem Lady Geraldine 's Courtship and specifically borrowed the poem 's metre for his poem The Raven . Poe had reviewed Barrett Browning 's work in the January 1845 issue of the Broadway Journal , saying that `` her poetic inspiration is the highest -- we can conceive of nothing more august . Her sense of Art is pure in itself . '' In return , she praised The Raven , and Poe dedicated his 1845 collection The Raven and Other Poems to her , referring to her as `` the noblest of her sex '' .", "Barrett Browning 's poetry greatly influenced Emily Dickinson , who admired her as a woman of achievement . Her popularity in the United States and Britain was further advanced by her stands against social injustice , including slavery in the United States , injustice toward Italian citizens by foreign rulers , and child labour .", "Lilian Whiting published a biography of Barrett Browning ( 1899 ) which describes her as `` the most philosophical poet '' and depicts her life as `` a Gospel of applied Christianity '' . To Whiting , the term `` art for art 's sake '' did not apply to Barrett Browning 's work , as each poem , distinctively purposeful , was borne of a more `` honest vision '' . In this critical analysis , Whiting portrays Barrett Browning as a poet who uses knowledge of Classical literature with an `` intuitive gift of spiritual divination '' . In Elizabeth Barrett Browning , Angela Leighton suggests that the portrayal of Barrett Browning as the `` pious iconography of womanhood '' has distracted us from her poetic achievements . Leighton cites the 1931 play by Rudolf Besier , The Barretts of Wimpole Street , as evidence that 20th - century literary criticism of Barrett Browning 's work has suffered more as a result of her popularity than poetic ineptitude . The play was popularized by actress Katharine Cornell , for whom it became a signature role . It was an enormous success , both artistically and commercially , and was revived several times and adapted twice into movies .", "Throughout the 20th century , literary criticism of Barrett Browning 's poetry remained sparse until her poems were discovered by the women 's movement . She once described herself as being inclined to reject several women 's rights principles , suggesting in letters to Mary Russell Mitford and her husband that she believed that there was an inferiority of intellect in women . In Aurora Leigh , however , she created a strong and independent woman who embraces both work and love . Leighton writes that because Elizabeth participates in the literary world , where voice and diction are dominated by perceived masculine superiority , she `` is defined only in mysterious opposition to everything that distinguishes the male subject who writes ... '' A five - volume scholarly edition of her works was published in 2010 , the first in over a century .", "Library resources about Elizabeth Barrett Browning Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Elizabeth Barrett Browning Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries", "Library resources about Elizabeth Barrett Browning", "Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries", "Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries", "Resources in your library", "Resources in other libraries", "By Elizabeth Barrett Browning", "Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries", "Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries", "Resources in your library", "Resources in other libraries", "1820 : The Battle of Marathon : A Poem . Privately printed 1826 : An Essay on Mind , with Other Poems . London : James Duncan 1833 : Prometheus Bound , Translated from the Greek of Aeschylus , and Miscellaneous Poems . London : A.J. Valpy 1838 : The Seraphim , and Other Poems . London : Saunders and Otley 1844 : Poems ( UK ) / A Drama of Exile , and other Poems ( US ) . London : Edward Moxon . New York : Henry G. Langley 1850 : Poems ( `` New Edition '' , 2 vols . ) Revision of 1844 edition adding Sonnets from the Portuguese and others . London : Chapman & Hall 1851 : Casa Guidi Windows . London : Chapman & Hall 1853 : Poems ( 3d ed . ) . London : Chapman & Hall 1854 : Two Poems : `` A Plea for the Ragged Schools of London '' and `` The Twins '' . London : Bradbury & Evans 1856 : Poems ( 4th ed . ) . London : Chapman & Hall 1856 : Aurora Leigh . London : Chapman & Hall 1860 : Poems Before Congress . London : Chapman & Hall 1862 : Last Poems . London : Chapman & Hall", "1820 : The Battle of Marathon : A Poem . Privately printed", "1826 : An Essay on Mind , with Other Poems . London : James Duncan", "1833 : Prometheus Bound , Translated from the Greek of Aeschylus , and Miscellaneous Poems . London : A.J. Valpy", "1838 : The Seraphim , and Other Poems . London : Saunders and Otley", "1844 : Poems ( UK ) / A Drama of Exile , and other Poems ( US ) . London : Edward Moxon . New York : Henry G. Langley", "1850 : Poems ( `` New Edition '' , 2 vols . ) Revision of 1844 edition adding Sonnets from the Portuguese and others . London : Chapman & Hall", "1851 : Casa Guidi Windows . London : Chapman & Hall", "1853 : Poems ( 3d ed . ) . London : Chapman & Hall", "1854 : Two Poems : `` A Plea for the Ragged Schools of London '' and `` The Twins '' . London : Bradbury & Evans", "1856 : Poems ( 4th ed . ) . London : Chapman & Hall", "1856 : Aurora Leigh . London : Chapman & Hall", "1860 : Poems Before Congress . London : Chapman & Hall", "1862 : Last Poems . London : Chapman & Hall", "1863 : The Greek Christian Poets and the English Poets . London : Chapman & Hall 1877 : The Earlier Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 1826 -- 1833 , ed . Richard Herne Shepherd . London : Bartholomew Robson 1877 : Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Addressed to Richard Hengist Horne , with comments on contemporaries , 2 vols. , ed . S.R.T. Mayer . London : Richard Bentley & Son 1897 : Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 2 vols. , ed . Frederic G. Kenyon . London : Smith , Elder , & Co . 1899 : Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Barrett 1845 -- 1846 , 2 vol. , ed Robert W. Barrett Browning . London : Smith , Elder & Co . 1914 : New Poems by Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning , ed . Frederic G Kenyon . London : Smith , Elder & Co . 1929 : Elizabeth Barrett Browning : Letters to Her Sister , 1846 -- 1859 , ed . Leonard Huxley . London : John Murray 1935 : Twenty - Two Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning to Henrietta and Arabella Moulton Barrett . New York : United Feature Syndicate 1939 : Letters from Elizabeth Barrett to B.R. Haydon , ed . Martha Hale Shackford . New York : Oxford University Press 1954 : Elizabeth Barrett to Miss Mitford , ed . Betty Miller . London : John Murray 1955 : Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Hugh Stuart Boyd , ed . Barbara P. McCarthy . New Heaven , Conn. : Yale University Press 1958 : Letters of the Brownings to George Barrett , ed . Paul Landis with Ronald E. Freeman . Urbana : University of Illinois Press 1974 : Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's Letters to Mrs. David Ogilvy , 1849 -- 1861 , ed . P. Heydon and P. Kelley . New York : Quadrangle , New York Times Book Co. , and Browning Institute 1984 : The Brownings ' Correspondence , ed . Phillip Kelley , Ronald Hudson , and Scott Lewis . Winfield , Kansas : Wedgestone Press", "1863 : The Greek Christian Poets and the English Poets . London : Chapman & Hall", "1877 : The Earlier Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 1826 -- 1833 , ed . Richard Herne Shepherd . London : Bartholomew Robson", "1877 : Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Addressed to Richard Hengist Horne , with comments on contemporaries , 2 vols. , ed . S.R.T. Mayer . London : Richard Bentley & Son", "1897 : Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 2 vols. , ed . Frederic G. Kenyon . London : Smith , Elder , & Co .", "1899 : Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Barrett 1845 -- 1846 , 2 vol. , ed Robert W. Barrett Browning . London : Smith , Elder & Co .", "1914 : New Poems by Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning , ed . Frederic G Kenyon . London : Smith , Elder & Co .", "1929 : Elizabeth Barrett Browning : Letters to Her Sister , 1846 -- 1859 , ed . Leonard Huxley . London : John Murray", "1935 : Twenty - Two Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning to Henrietta and Arabella Moulton Barrett . New York : United Feature Syndicate", "1939 : Letters from Elizabeth Barrett to B.R. Haydon , ed . Martha Hale Shackford . New York : Oxford University Press", "1954 : Elizabeth Barrett to Miss Mitford , ed . Betty Miller . London : John Murray", "1955 : Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Hugh Stuart Boyd , ed . Barbara P. McCarthy . New Heaven , Conn. : Yale University Press", "1958 : Letters of the Brownings to George Barrett , ed . Paul Landis with Ronald E. Freeman . Urbana : University of Illinois Press", "1974 : Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's Letters to Mrs. David Ogilvy , 1849 -- 1861 , ed . P. Heydon and P. Kelley . New York : Quadrangle , New York Times Book Co. , and Browning Institute", "1984 : The Brownings ' Correspondence , ed . Phillip Kelley , Ronald Hudson , and Scott Lewis . Winfield , Kansas : Wedgestone Press" ]

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[ "Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 , 1962 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed", "Cuban Missile Crisis", "Part of the Cold War", "Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 , 1962 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union", "Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 , 1962 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union", "Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 , 1962 )", "Location Cuba", "Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union", "Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union", "Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba", "Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy", "Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation", "Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union", "Belligerents", "Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO", "Commanders and leaders", "Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel", "Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara", "John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel", "John F. Kennedy", "Maxwell D. Taylor", "George Whelan Anderson Jr .", "Robert F. Kennedy", "Casualties and losses", "64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed", "The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the October Crisis of 1962 ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ) , the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис , tr . Karibsky krizis , IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ) , or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war .", "In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion . An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer .", "The 1962 United States elections were under way , and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida . The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities . The U.S. established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well . It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union .", "After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well .", "When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba , the blockade was formally ended on November 21 , 1962 . The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick , clear , and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow . As a result , the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established . A series of agreements reduced U.S. -- Soviet tensions for several years .", "The U.S. was concerned about an expansion of communism , and a Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by the U.S. as unacceptable since the end of World War II , and the start of the Cold War . Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine , a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence .", "The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961 , which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles . Afterward , former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do . '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and , as one Soviet adviser wrote , `` too young , intellectual , not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak . '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose .", "In addition , Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall . Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis , Khrushchev asserted , `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background , nor , generally speaking , does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge . '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba , Kennedy `` would make a fuss , make more of a fuss , and then agree . ''", "In January 1962 , U.S. Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ) , addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose . CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization , including radio broadcasts . In February 1962 , the US launched an embargo against Cuba , and Lansdale presented a 26 - page , top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government , mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September . `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "When Kennedy ran for president in 1960 , one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading . In fact , the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase . In 1961 , the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ) . By October 1962 , they may have had a few dozen , with some intelligence estimates as high as 75 .", "The U.S. , on the other hand , had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more . It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines , with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles , each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ) .", "Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions . The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity , about 700 of them , but they were very unreliable and inaccurate . The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery .", "The US also led in missile defensive capabilities , naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 -- 1 advantage in conventional ground forces , more pronounced in field guns and tanks , particularly in the European theater .", "In May 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba , despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana , Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev , who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles . Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage . In 1962 , the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union . The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness . A newer , more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965 .", "Therefore , Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) . The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous United States . Graham Allison , the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , points out , `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil . In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 , it had very few options . Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one . ''", "A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin , controlled by the American , British and French within Communist East Germany , into the Soviet orbit . The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany . Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War . Khrushchev believed that if the U.S. did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba , he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin . If the U.S. tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles , Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin . Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba , the trade would be a win for Khrushchev , as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is , from Khrushchev 's point of view , he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it . ''", "Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962 .", "In early 1962 , a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana . They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro . The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the U.S. would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba . However , according to another source , Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet , but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the U.S. and help the interests of the entire socialist camp . Also , the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km , usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island .", "By May , Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba . Like Castro , Khrushchev felt that a U.S. invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists , especially in Latin America . He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles . '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy , writing their plans longhand , which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7 .", "From the very beginning , the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception , known as `` maskirovka '' . All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy , with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission . Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots , fleece - lined parkas , and other winter equipment . The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr . The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea , and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region . All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences .", "Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators , '' `` irrigation specialists , '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July . A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in . Marshal Sergei Biryuzov , chief of the Soviet Rocket Forces , led a survey team that visited Cuba . He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees .", "The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September , the U.S. Congress approved Joint Resolution 230 , which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment . On the same day , the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean , PHIBRIGLEX - 62 , which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba .", "The Soviet leadership believed , based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion , that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli . On September 11 , the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war . The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba . They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature . On September 7 , Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba . On September 11 , the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba . On October 13 , Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba . He denied any such plans . On October 17 , Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba . ''", "As early as August 1962 , the U.S. suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba . During that month , its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers . U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations . CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious . Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba , he reasoned , `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States . '' On August 10 , he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba .", "With important Congressional elections scheduled for November , the crisis became enmeshed in American politics . On August 31 , Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ) , who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida , warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba . He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US . Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September , and spy flights and minor military harassment from U.S. forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government .", "The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8 , followed by a second on September 16 . The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile , capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead . It was a single - stage , road - transportable , surface - launched , storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon . The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) .", "On October 7 , Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If ... we are attacked , we will defend ourselves . I repeat , we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons , the weapons , which we would have preferred not to acquire , and which we do not wish to employ . ''", "The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental U.S. The planned arsenal was forty launchers . The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami . U.S. intelligence received countless reports , many of dubious quality or even laughable , most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles .", "Only five reports bothered the analysts . They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering . Defensive missiles could turn . The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed .", "The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30 , when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake . The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized . Nine days later , a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile . US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2 , initiating another international incident . In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace . The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap . '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island . US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments , but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence . At the end of September , Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov , with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 light bomber fuselages .", "In September 1962 , analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases , leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island . Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA , pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force . Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960 , it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down , an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight .", "When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9 , poor weather kept the planes from flying . The U.S. first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14 , when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts , capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal , Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ) , in western Cuba .", "On October 15 , the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles . This identification was made , in part , on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky , a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6 . Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba , technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery .", "That evening , the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT , Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President . McNamara was briefed at midnight . The next morning , Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images . At 6 : 30 pm EDT , Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors , in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196 . Without informing the members of EXCOMM , President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings , and Sheldon M. Stern , head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them .", "The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba . The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action :", "Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new . Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles . Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded . Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro . Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites . Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba .", "Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new .", "Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles .", "Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded .", "Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro .", "Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites .", "Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba .", "The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution . They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba . Kennedy was skeptical :", "They , no more than we , can let these things go by without doing something . They ca n't , after all their statements , permit us to take out their missiles , kill a lot of Russians , and then do nothing . If they do n't take action in Cuba , they certainly will in Berlin .", "Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin . Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation .", "The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power , both political and military . The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance , but McNamara disagreed . An extra 40 , he reasoned , would make little difference to the overall strategic balance . The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads , but the Soviet Union had only 300 . McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance . In 1990 , he reiterated that `` it made no difference ... The military balance was n't changed . I did n't believe it then , and I do n't believe it now . ''", "The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance . Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act . '' Also , credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba . Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power . It would have appeared to , and appearances contribute to reality . ''", "On October 18 , Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs , Andrei Gromyko , who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only . Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public , Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup .", "By October 19 , frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites . On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico . Lt. Cmdr . James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished . Their bodies were never recovered . On October 22 , 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf , that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex . Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr . Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy . The details of the deaths of October 19 , 1962 have never been provided to the families affected . There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms , Soviet interference with the flight , or a one - way suicide recon mission . However , the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down . ''", "Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered . OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units , supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes . However , Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets , and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army .", "OPLAN 312 , primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation , was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces .", "Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21 , considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba . A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option . McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control . However , the term `` blockade '' was problematic . According to international law , a blockade is an act of war , but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade . Additionally , legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification , based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere , was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ) .", "Admiral Anderson , Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials , claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention . Since it would take place in international waters , Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty :", "Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9 . An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required . In addition , two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT , ready for sea by November 2 . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine . '' The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship . Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance . The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation .", "This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty . Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport . The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba . The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine . ''", "On October 19 , the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options , and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option . However , reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21 , the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect , the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles . Consequently , the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island .", "At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22 , President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196 . At 5 : 00 pm , he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response . In Moscow , Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation . Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders . Before the speech , U.S. delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response . All were supportive of the U.S. position .", "Shortly before his speech , Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower . Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis .", "Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba", "Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis", "Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis", "On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles . He noted :", "It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States , requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union .", "Kennedy described the administration 's plan :", "To halt this offensive buildup , a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba , from whatever nation or port , will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . This quarantine will be extended , if needed , to other types of cargo and carriers . We are not at this time , however , denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948 .", "During the speech , a directive went out to all U.S. forces worldwide , placing them on DEFCON 3 . The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade , with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort .", "On October 23 , at 11 : 24 am EDT , a cable , drafted by George Wildman Ball to the U.S. Ambassador in Turkey and NATO , notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey , in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba . Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the U.S. 's missile presence in their country . Two days later , on the morning of October 25 , American journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column . Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection .", "Three days after Kennedy 's speech , the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people . '' In West Germany , newspapers supported the U.S. 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months . They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin . In France on October 23 , the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers . The next day , an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence . Two days later , after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent , the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs . Also in France , in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro , Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response . On October 24 , Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace . In this message he stated , `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity . That they do all that is in their power to save peace . ''", "The crisis was continuing unabated , and in the evening of October 24 , the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war . However , that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy , which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT . Khrushchev stated , `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion , you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it .", "The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25 . US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council , challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles . Ambassador Zorin refused to answer . The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT , the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2 . For the only confirmed time in US history , B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert , and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off , fully equipped , on 15 minutes ' notice . One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert , and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert , some of which targeted Cuba , and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours , with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status . Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious . Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that , by contrast :", "the Russians were so thoroughly stood down , and we knew it . They did n't make any move . They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights , or their air defense posture . They did n't do a thing , they froze in place . We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba , never further .", "By October 22 , Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status . However , TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems . The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons , which faced critical undermanning in security , armaments , and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons .", "On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT , Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba , and when the assurances proved to be false , the deployment `` required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation . ''", "At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25 , USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so . Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material , the US allowed it through the blockade . Later that day , at 5 : 43 pm , the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla . That took place the next day , and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked .", "At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25 , William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on . That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all . In response , Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199 , authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR , which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union . During the day , the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons .", "The next morning , October 26 , Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba . However , he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure . He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours . He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead .", "At this point , the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate . The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary . The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion , along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily , which was assumed .", "At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26 , John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin , the cover name of Alexander Feklisov , the KGB station chief in Washington , at Fomin 's request . Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU , Fomin noted , `` War seems about to break out . '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution . He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba . The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed .", "-- Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy , October 26 , 1962", "On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT , the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev . It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow . The long letter took several minutes to arrive , and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it .", "Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional . '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we , for our part , will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments . You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba . Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear . '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT , news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter . The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing . Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night .", "Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war . The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact . I have no doubt they would lose such a war .", "Castro , on the other hand , was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand , and on October 26 , he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack . However , in a 2010 interview , Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen , and knowing what I know now , it was n't worth it at all . '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more . At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational . It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked .", "At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev . Contrary to the letter of the night before , the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey . At 10 : 00 am EDT , the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin . Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man , it will look like a very fair trade . '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey , it is in Cuba . ''", "McNamara noted that another tanker , the Grozny , was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted . He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations .", "While the meeting progressed , at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev . The message stated , in part :", "`` You are disturbed over Cuba . You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America . But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons , which you call offensive , in Italy and Turkey , literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that , persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made . ''", "The executive committee continued to meet through the day .", "Throughout the crisis , Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed . Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani , who was also Foreign Minister ad interim , offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip . He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends , Ettore Bernabei , the general manager of RAI - TV , to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting . Unknown to the Soviets , the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles .", "On the morning of October 27 , a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A , modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson , departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB , Florida . At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT , the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba . The aircraft was shot down , and Anderson was killed . The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander , acting on his own authority . Later that day , at about 3 : 41 pm EDT , several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft , on low - level photoreconnaissance missions , were fired upon .", "On October 28 , 1962 , Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro . ''", "At 4 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out . During the meeting , General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down . Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon , but he decided to not act unless another attack was made . Forty years later , McNamara said :", "We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational . We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down , the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down , it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit , and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict . And therefore , before we sent the U-2 out , we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet , we 'd simply attack . It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately , we changed our mind , we thought `` Well , it might have been an accident , we wo n't attack . '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2 , if it was shot down , he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation . And therefore , he issued orders to Pliyev , the Soviet commander in Cuba , to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2 .", "Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy ( RFK ) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed , he ( RFK ) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin , `` You have drawn first blood ... ( T ) he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack , but he ( Dobrynin ) should know that if another plane was shot at , ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion . ''", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington , DC , on Saturday evening , October 27 . Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles . Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM , Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine . The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority , and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade .", "As the meeting progressed , a new plan emerged , and Kennedy was slowly persuaded . The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one . Kennedy was initially hesitant , feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered , but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible . White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later , with a draft letter to that effect . The President made several changes , had it typed , and sent it .", "After the EXCOMM meeting , a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office . The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn , military action would be used to remove them . Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey , but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath . The President agreed , and the message was sent .", "At Rusk 's request , Fomin and Scali met again . Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different , and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications . '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross . '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away , and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended . Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him , but he agreed to deliver the message . The two went their separate ways , and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM .", "Within the US establishment , it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position . Military preparations continued , and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action . Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope , but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours . It was a hope , not an expectation . The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday ( October 30 ) , and possibly tomorrow ( October 29 ) ... ''", "At 8 : 05 pm EDT , the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered . The message read , `` As I read your letter , the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake , with suitable safe - guards , to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba . 2 ) We , on our part , would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations , to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba . '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed . '' With the letter delivered , a deal was on the table . However , as Robert Kennedy noted , there was little expectation it would be accepted . At 9 : 00 pm EDT , the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day . Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets , notably petroleum storage . McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba , because we 're going to need one ; and secondly , plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe , because sure as hell they 're going to do something there . ''", "At 12 : 12 am EDT , on October 27 , the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary . '' To add to the concern , at 6 : 00 am , the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action .", "On October 27 , Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro , what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ) , which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality , that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense , however harsh and terrible the solution would be , '' Castro wrote .", "Later that same day , what the White House later called `` Black Saturday , '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line , unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was `` hulled '' ( a hole in the hull from depth charges or surface fire ) . The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board , but one of them , Vasili Arkhipov , objected and so the launch was narrowly averted .", "On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental , unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast . The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn , the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea .", "On Saturday , October 27 , after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet , Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy , the former on the border of the Soviet Union , in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba . There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement . Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was , and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey .", "At this point , Khrushchev knew things the US did not : First , that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow , and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro . Second , the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there . Third , the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons , even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result . Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about . ( See the section above on `` Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons '' . )", "Khrushchev knew he was losing control . President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity , with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US , the USSR , Europe and China ; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military .", "With this background , when Khrushchev heard Kennedy 's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin , he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy 's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo , as he had previously , and had them immediately broadcasts over Radio Moscow , which he believed the US would hear . In that broadcast at 9 : 00 am EST , on October 28 , Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government , in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons , has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union . ''", "At 10 : 00 am , October 28 , Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba . Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear . Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers , Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer . `` This is a pretty good play of his , '' Kennedy said , according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting . Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year , causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev . `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it , '' Kennedy said . Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer . Finally , Kennedy ended the debate . `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood , '' Kennedy said , `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey . If that 's part of the record , then you do n't have a very good war . ''", "Kennedy immediately responded , issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace . '' He continued this with a formal letter :", "I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders , its sovereignty , that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs , not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba , and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba , either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba .", "Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba . ''", "Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run , Cuba as well . The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month . He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba , they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey .", "When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer , the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin .", "The US continued the blockade ; in the following days , aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems . The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships . On November 2 , 1962 , Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region . The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9 . The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line . Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers , and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6 . Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s , the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20 , 1962 .", "At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved , nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them . However , the Soviets changed their minds , fearing possible future Cuban militant steps , and on November 22 , 1962 , Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well .", "In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin , Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over . '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24 , 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward .", "The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba . It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time , Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened . The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated . However , both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments . Khrushchev held power for another two years .", "The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far - reaching easing of tensions with the US . In a letter to President Kennedy dated 30 October 1962 , Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis , including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and the Warsaw Pact or even the disbanding these military blocs , a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons , resolution of the hot - button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany , and US recognition of the government of mainland China . The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations . Krushschev invited Norman Cousins , the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist , to serve as liaison with President Kennedy , and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962 .", "Kennedy 's response to Krushchev 's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus . The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , known as the `` Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' .", "Further after the crisis , the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline , a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington . The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis .", "The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev . Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand , but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started .", "Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place . According to Dobrynin , the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation . ''", "Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets , as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev . Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba , such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo , were not addressed . That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come . On the other hand , Cuba continued to be protected from invasion .", "The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20 , 1962 . General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the `` greatest defeat in our history '' , however his was a minority position . He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles . Twenty - five years later , LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba , we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time . ''", "Critics , including Seymour Melman , and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means , such as the case in the later Vietnam War .", "U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina . He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross , which was awarded posthumously . Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis , 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11 , 1962 . Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23 .", "Schlesinger , a historian and adviser to Kennedy , told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16 , 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles , but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them . Castro was not completely happy with the idea , but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them , both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union . Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn , Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them . Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev , he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred .", "In early 1992 , it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had , when the crisis broke , already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers . Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed .", "Arguably , the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference , in October 2002 . Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis , they all learned that on October 27 , 1962 , USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59 , a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine . Unknown to the US , it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo . Running out of air , the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface . An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59 , including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky , political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov , and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov . An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready . Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface . During the conference , McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought . Thomas Blanton , director of the National Security Archive , said , `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world . ''", "Fifty years after the crisis , Graham T. Allison wrote :", "Fifty years ago , the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster . During the standoff , US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even , '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds . We now know , for example , that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles , the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba , and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow . The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops , and perhaps even Miami . The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians .", "BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story , on October 13 , 2012 , behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above . Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US . To prevent that , Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but , crucially , had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence . Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands , keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests .", "Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . While in Havana , Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro , who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense . Mikoyan , on his own initiative , decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances . He defused the seemingly intractable situation , which risked re-escalating the crisis , on November 22 , 1962 . During a tense , four - hour meeting , Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help , it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law , which did not actually exist , to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent . Castro was forced to give way and , much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government , the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962 .", "The American popular media , especially television , made heavy use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms . Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America . '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions , half - truths , and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks .", "According to William Cohn , television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past . The Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history . Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story . Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath . One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression .", "( Listed chronologically )", "Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries . Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis The World Next Door , 1990 novel by Brad Ferguson , set in this period Quantum Leap , 1991 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , Nuclear Family -- October 26 , 1962 ) , Sam must deal with the panic associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis as a Florida fallout shelter salesman , as well as prevent a man from being killed during a practice raid a few days after his arrival . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film . seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis Blast from the Past ( film ) , 1999 American romantic comedy film , set in the period K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . `` Meditations in an Emergency '' , the last episode of season 2 of the television series Mad Men takes place during the crisis Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King released for the Amazon Kindle , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' . Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war . The Politics of Deception : JFK 'S Secret Decisions on Vietnam , Civil Rights and Cuba . Patrick J. Sloyan , St. Martins Press , New York , 2015 . The 2016 music video for My Trigger , by Miike Snow , is based loosely on the crisis . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017", "Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries .", "Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis", "The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis", "The World Next Door , 1990 novel by Brad Ferguson , set in this period", "Quantum Leap , 1991 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , Nuclear Family -- October 26 , 1962 ) , Sam must deal with the panic associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis as a Florida fallout shelter salesman , as well as prevent a man from being killed during a practice raid a few days after his arrival .", "The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 is available for free download at the Internet Archive", "Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film .", "seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis", "Blast from the Past ( film ) , 1999 American romantic comedy film , set in the period", "K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis", "Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis", "The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature .", "`` Meditations in an Emergency '' , the last episode of season 2 of the television series Mad Men takes place during the crisis", "Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King released for the Amazon Kindle , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' .", "Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis .", "The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis", "X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war .", "The Politics of Deception : JFK 'S Secret Decisions on Vietnam , Civil Rights and Cuba . Patrick J. Sloyan , St. Martins Press , New York , 2015 .", "The 2016 music video for My Trigger , by Miike Snow , is based loosely on the crisis .", "The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017" ]

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[ "Port Reitz Port Reitz Location of Port Reitz Coordinates : 4 ° 2 ′ 19 '' S 39 ° 36 ′ 17 '' E  /  4.03861 ° S 39.60472 ° E  / - 4.03861 ; 39.60472 Coordinates : 4 ° 2 ′ 19 '' S 39 ° 36 ′ 17 '' E  /  4.03861 ° S 39.60472 ° E  / - 4.03861 ; 39.60472 Country Kenya County Mombasa County Time zone EAT ( UTC + 3 )", "Port Reitz", "Port Reitz Location of Port Reitz", "Coordinates : 4 ° 2 ′ 19 '' S 39 ° 36 ′ 17 '' E  /  4.03861 ° S 39.60472 ° E  / - 4.03861 ; 39.60472 Coordinates : 4 ° 2 ′ 19 '' S 39 ° 36 ′ 17 '' E  /  4.03861 ° S 39.60472 ° E  / - 4.03861 ; 39.60472", "Country Kenya", "County Mombasa County", "Time zone EAT ( UTC + 3 )", "Port Reitz ( / ˌpɔːrˈtriːs / ; alternatively spelled Portreitz ) is a district of Mombasa , Kenya , and is located north - west of the island . It was named after Lieutenant J.J. Reitz , an officer in the Royal Navy , who became commander or resident of Mombasa in February 1824 .", "Port Reitz is the location of Moi International Airport , the second largest airport in Kenya . The dual - runway airport was originally named Port Reitz Airport .", "At the end of the main Port Reitz road is the Port Reitz District Hospital . The hospital operates specialises as a mental institute , a children 's hospital and prosthetics centre . A funeral director is located opposite the hospital complex . The road leading to the complex has come under political criticism due to the neglect of upkeep .", "Port Reitz is reached by matatu from Mombasa island . Although Port Reitz is a matatu terminus , shared taxis to Migadini are within walking distance ." ]

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[ "Australia Area 8,600,000 km ( 3,300,000 sq mi ) ( 7th ) Population 35,000,000 ( estimated population of Australia , Papua New Guinea , Papua and West Papua for 2009 , 6th ) Population density 4.2 / km ( 11 / sq mi ) Demonym Australian Countries 3 ( Australia , Papua New Guinea and portions of Indonesia ) Internet TLD . au , . pg and . id Largest cities List of cities in Australia by population List of cities and towns in Papua New Guinea by population List ( show ) Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Perth Adelaide Gold Coast - Tweed Newcastle - Maitland Canberra - Queanbeyan Sunshine Coast Wollongong Hobart Darwin Port Moresby Jayapura Manokwari", "Area 8,600,000 km ( 3,300,000 sq mi ) ( 7th )", "Population 35,000,000 ( estimated population of Australia , Papua New Guinea , Papua and West Papua for 2009 , 6th )", "Population density 4.2 / km ( 11 / sq mi )", "Demonym Australian", "Countries 3 ( Australia , Papua New Guinea and portions of Indonesia )", "Internet TLD . au , . pg and . id", "Largest cities List of cities in Australia by population List of cities and towns in Papua New Guinea by population List ( show ) Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Perth Adelaide Gold Coast - Tweed Newcastle - Maitland Canberra - Queanbeyan Sunshine Coast Wollongong Hobart Darwin Port Moresby Jayapura Manokwari", "List of cities in Australia by population List of cities and towns in Papua New Guinea by population", "Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Perth Adelaide Gold Coast - Tweed Newcastle - Maitland Canberra - Queanbeyan Sunshine Coast Wollongong Hobart Darwin Port Moresby Jayapura Manokwari", "Gold Coast - Tweed", "Newcastle - Maitland", "Canberra - Queanbeyan", "Australia , sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul , Australinea or Meganesia , to distinguish it from the country of Australia , is a continent comprising mainland Australia , Tasmania , New Guinea , New Britain , and small neighbouring islands ( such as Misool and Waigeo , just to the northeast of Maluku Islands at the edge of its continental shelf ) . Situated in the geographical region of Oceania , it is the smallest of the seven traditional continents in the English conception . Countries within the continent include Australia , Papua New Guinea and , partially , Indonesia .", "The continent lies on a continental shelf overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses -- the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait between mainland Australia and New Guinea , and Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania . When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice age , including the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 BC , they were connected by dry land . During the past 10,000 years , rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today 's low - lying arid to semi-arid mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania .", "New Zealand is not part of the continent of Australia , but of the separate , submerged continent of Zealandia . New Zealand and Australia are both part of the Oceanian sub-region known as Australasia , with New Guinea being in Melanesia . The term Oceania is often used to denote the region encompassing the Australian continent , Zealandia and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the seven - continent model .", "Papua New Guinea , a country within the continent , is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse countries in the world . It is also one of the most rural , as only 18 percent of its people live in urban centres . West Papua is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups . Australia , the largest landmass in the continent , is highly urbanised , and has the world 's 13th - largest economy with the second - highest human development index globally . Australia also has the world 's 9th largest immigrant population . The first settlers of Australia , New Guinea , and the large islands just to the east arrived between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago .", "Archaeological terminology for this region has changed repeatedly . Prior to the 1970s , the single Pleistocene landmass was called Australasia , derived from the Latin australis , meaning `` southern '' , although this word is most often used for a wider region that includes lands like New Zealand that are not on the same continental shelf . In the early 1970s , the term Greater Australia was introduced for the Pleistocene continent . Then at a 1975 conference and consequent publication , the name Sahul was extended from its previous use for just the Sahul Shelf to cover the continent .", "In 1984 W. Filewood suggested the name Meganesia , meaning `` great island '' or `` great island - group '' , for both the Pleistocene continent and the present - day lands , and this name has been widely accepted by biologists . Others have used Meganesia with different meanings : travel writer Paul Theroux included New Zealand in his definition and others have used it for Australia , New Zealand and Hawaii . Another biologist , Richard Dawkins , coined the name Australinea in 2004 . Australia - New Guinea has also been used .", "With a total land area of 8.56 million square kilometres ( 3,310,000 sq mi ) , the Australian continent is the smallest , and second - lowest human inhabited ( after Antarctica ) continent on Earth . The continental shelf connecting the islands , half of which is less than 50 metres ( 160 ft ) deep , covers some 2.5 million square kilometres ( 970,000 sq mi ) , including the Sahul Shelf and Bass Strait . As the country of Australia is mostly on a single landmass , and comprises most of the continent , it is sometimes informally referred to as an island continent , surrounded by oceans .", "Australia , being part of the Indo - Australian plate , is the lowest , flattest , and oldest landmass on Earth and it has had a relatively stable geological history . Geological forces such as tectonic uplift of mountain ranges or clashes between tectonic plates occurred mainly in Australia 's early history , when it was still a part of Gondwana . Australia is situated in the middle of the tectonic plate , and therefore currently has no active volcanism .", "The continent primarily sits on the Indo - Australian Plate . Because of its central location on its tectonic plate Australia does n't have any active volcanic regions , the only continent with this distinction . The lands were joined with Antarctica as part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana until the plate began to drift north about 96 million years ago . For most of the time since then , Australia -- New Guinea remained a continuous landmass . When the last glacial period ended in about 10,000 BC , rising sea levels formed Bass Strait , separating Tasmania from the mainland . Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC , the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea , separating New Guinea , the Aru Islands , and the Australian mainland .", "A northern arc consisting of the New Guinea Highlands , the Raja Ampat Islands , and Halmahera was uplifted by the northward migration of Australia and subduction of the Pacific Plate . The Outer Banda Arc was accreted along the northwestern edge the continent ; it includes the islands of Timor , Tanimbar , and Seram . Papua New Guinea has several volcanoes , as it is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire . Volcanic eruptions are not rare , and the area is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis because of this . Mount Wilhelm in Papua New Guinea is the second highest mountain in the continent , and at 4,884 metres ( 16,024 ft ) above sea level , Puncak Jaya is the highest mountain .", "Among the fungi , the remarkable association between Cyttaria gunnii ( one of the `` golf - ball '' fungi ) and its associated trees in the genus Nothofagus is evidence of that drift : the only other places where this association is known are New Zealand and southern Argentina and Chile . Prominent features of the Australian flora are adaptations to aridity and fire which include scleromorphy and serotiny . These adaptations are common in species from the large and well - known families Proteaceae ( Banksia ) , Myrtaceae ( Eucalyptus -- gum trees ) , and Fabaceae ( Acacia -- wattle ) .", "For about 40 million years Australia -- New Guinea was almost completely isolated . During this time , the continent experienced numerous changes in climate , but the overall trend was towards greater aridity . When South America eventually separated from Antarctica , the development of the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current changed weather patterns across the world . For Australia -- New Guinea , it brought a marked intensification of the drying trend . The great inland seas and lakes dried out . Much of the long - established broad - leaf deciduous forest began to give way to the distinctive hard - leaved sclerophyllous plants that characterise the modern Australian landscape . The flora of New Guinea is a mixture of many tropical rainforest species with origins in Asia , together with typically Australasian flora . Typical Southern Hemisphere flora include the conifers Podocarpus and the rainforest emergents Araucaria and Agathis , as well as tree ferns and several species of Eucalyptus .", "For many species , the primary refuge was the relatively cool and well - watered Great Dividing Range . Even today , pockets of remnant vegetation remain in the cool uplands , some species not much changed from the Gondwanan forms of 60 or 90 million years ago . Eventually , the Australia -- New Guinea tectonic plate collided with the Eurasian plate to the north . The collision caused the northern part of the continent to buckle upwards , forming the high and rugged mountains of New Guinea and , by reverse ( downwards ) buckling , the Torres Strait that now separates the two main landmasses . The collision also pushed up the islands of Wallacea , which served as island ' stepping - stones ' that allowed plants from Southeast Asia 's rainforests to colonise New Guinea , and some plants from Australia -- New Guinea to move into Southeast Asia . The ocean straits between the islands were narrow enough to allow plant dispersal , but served as an effective barrier to exchange of land mammals between Australia -- New Guinea and Asia .", "Prominent features of the Australian flora are adaptations to aridity and fire which include scleromorphy and serotiny . These adaptations are common in species from the large and well - known families Proteaceae ( Banksia ) , Myrtaceae ( Eucalyptus -- gum trees ) , and Fabaceae ( Acacia -- wattle ) . Due to the spread of animals , fungi and plants across the single Pleistocene landmass the separate lands have a related biota . There are over 300 bird species in West Papua , of which at least 20 are unique to the ecoregion , and some live only in very restricted areas . These include the grey - banded munia , Vogelkop bowerbird , and the king bird - of - paradise .", "Australia has a huge variety of animals ; some 83 % of mammals , 89 % of reptiles , 24 % of fish and insects and 93 % of amphibians that inhabit the continent are endemic to Australia . This high level of endemism can be attributed to the continent 's long geographic isolation , tectonic stability , and the effects of an unusual pattern of climate change on the soil and flora over geological time . Australia and its territories are home to around 800 species of bird ; 45 % of these are endemic to Australia . Predominant bird species in Australia include the Australian magpie , Australian raven , the pied currawong , crested pigeons and the laughing kookaburra . The koala , emu , platypus and kangaroo are national animals of Australia , and the Tasmanian devil is also one of the well - known animals in the country . The goanna is a predatory lizard native to the Australian mainland .", "As the continent drifted north from Antarctica , a unique fauna , flora and mycobiota developed . Marsupials and monotremes also existed on other continents , but only in Australia -- New Guinea did they out - compete the placental mammals and come to dominate . New Guinea has 284 species and six orders of mammals : monotremes , three orders of marsupials , rodents and bats ; 195 of the mammal species ( 69 % ) are endemic . New Guinea has a rich diversity of coral life and 1,200 species of fish have been found . Also about 600 species of reef - building coral -- the latter equal to 75 percent of the world 's known total . New Guinea has 578 species of breeding birds , of which 324 species are endemic. Bird life also flourished -- in particular , the songbirds ( order Passeriformes , suborder Passeri ) are thought to have evolved 50 million years ago in the part of Gondwana that later became Australia , New Zealand , New Guinea , and Antarctica , before radiating into a great number of different forms and then spreading around the globe .", "Animal groups such as macropods , monotremes , and cassowaries are endemic to Australia . There were three main reasons for the enormous diversity that developed in animal , fungal and plant life .", "While much of the rest of the world underwent significant cooling and thus loss of species diversity , Australia -- New Guinea was drifting north at such a pace that the overall global cooling effect was roughly equalled by its gradual movement toward the equator . Temperatures in Australia -- New Guinea , in other words , remained reasonably constant for a very long time , and a vast number of different animal , fungal and plant species were able to evolve to fit particular ecological niches . Because the continent was more isolated than any other , very few outside species arrived to colonise , and unique native forms developed unimpeded . Finally , despite the fact that the continent was already very old and thus relatively infertile , there are dispersed areas of high fertility . Where other continents had volcanic activity and / or massive glaciation events to turn over fresh , unleached rocks rich in minerals , the rocks and soils of Australia -- New Guinea were left largely untouched except by gradual erosion and deep weathering . In general , fertile soils produce a profusion of life , and a relatively large number of species / level of biodiversity . This is because where nutrients are plentiful , competition is largely a matter of outcompeting rival species , leaving great scope for innovative co-evolution as is witnessed in tropical , fertile ecosystems . In contrast , infertile soils tend to induce competition on an abiotic basis meaning individuals all face constant environmental pressures , leaving less scope for divergent evolution , a process instrumental in creating new species .", "While much of the rest of the world underwent significant cooling and thus loss of species diversity , Australia -- New Guinea was drifting north at such a pace that the overall global cooling effect was roughly equalled by its gradual movement toward the equator . Temperatures in Australia -- New Guinea , in other words , remained reasonably constant for a very long time , and a vast number of different animal , fungal and plant species were able to evolve to fit particular ecological niches .", "Because the continent was more isolated than any other , very few outside species arrived to colonise , and unique native forms developed unimpeded .", "Finally , despite the fact that the continent was already very old and thus relatively infertile , there are dispersed areas of high fertility . Where other continents had volcanic activity and / or massive glaciation events to turn over fresh , unleached rocks rich in minerals , the rocks and soils of Australia -- New Guinea were left largely untouched except by gradual erosion and deep weathering . In general , fertile soils produce a profusion of life , and a relatively large number of species / level of biodiversity . This is because where nutrients are plentiful , competition is largely a matter of outcompeting rival species , leaving great scope for innovative co-evolution as is witnessed in tropical , fertile ecosystems . In contrast , infertile soils tend to induce competition on an abiotic basis meaning individuals all face constant environmental pressures , leaving less scope for divergent evolution , a process instrumental in creating new species .", "Although New Guinea is the most northerly part of the continent , and could be expected to be the most tropical in climate , the altitude of the New Guinea highlands is such that a great many animals and plants that were once common across Australia -- New Guinea now survive only in the tropical highlands where they are severely threatened by overpopulation pressures .", "In New Guinea , the climate is mostly monsoonal ( December to March ) , southeast monsoon ( May to October ) , and tropical rainforest with slight seasonal temperature variation . In lower altitudes , the temperature is around 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) year round . But the higher altitudes , such as Mendi , are constantly around 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) with cool lows nearing 52 ° F ( 11 ° C ) , with abundant rainfall and high humidity . The New Guinea Highlands are one of the few regions close to the equator that experience snowfall , which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland . Some areas in the island experience an extraordinary amount of precipitation , averaging roughly 4,500 millimetres ( 180 in ) of rainfall annually .", "The Australian landmass 's climate is mostly desert or semi-arid , with the southern coastal corners having a temperate climate , such as oceanic and humid subtropical climate in the east coast and Mediterranean climate in the west . The northern parts of the country have a tropical climate . Snow falls frequently on the highlands near the east coast , in the states of Victoria , New South Wales , Tasmania and in the Australian Capital Territory . Temperatures in Australia have ranged from above 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) to well below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Nonetheless , minimum temperatures are moderated . The El Niño - Southern Oscillation is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world . Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods .", "Humans first populated eastern Wallacea ( including Timor , which at the time was separated from mainland Sahul ) , the rest of Sahul , and the Bismarck Archipelago from Sunda around 45,000 years ago , by a founding population estimated to have been at least several hundred , and having had relatively sophisticated water craft . There was little subsequent population mixing between Wallacea and Sahul for about 30,000 years , and indeed relatively little mixing between the north and south and the east and west of Sahul after the initial dispersal of the population .", "Indigenous Australians are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent and nearby islands who migrated from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago and arrived in Australia around 50,000 years ago . They are believed to be among the earliest human migrations out of Africa . There is evidence of genetic and linguistic interchange between Australians in the far north and the Austronesian peoples of modern - day New Guinea and the islands , but this may be the result of recent trade and intermarriage .", "The original inhabitants of the group of islands now named Melanesia were likely the ancestors of the present - day Papuan - speaking people . Migrating from South - East Asia , they appear to have occupied these islands as far east as the main islands in the Solomon Islands , including Makira and possibly the smaller islands farther to the east . Particularly along the north coast of New Guinea and in the islands north and east of New Guinea , the Austronesian people , who had migrated into the area somewhat more than 3,000 years ago , came into contact with these pre-existing populations of Papuan - speaking peoples . In the late 20th century , some scholars theorized a long period of interaction , which resulted in many complex changes in genetics , languages , and culture among the peoples .", "In 1526 -- 27 , the Portuguese explorer Jorge de Menezes accidentally came upon the principal island in the Biak archipelago and is credited with naming it Papua , from a Malay word pepuah , for the frizzled quality of Melanesian hair . Heading east , he eventually reported the northern coast of the Bird 's Head Peninsula and the Waigeo Island , and named the region Ilhas dos Papuas ( Islands of Papuans ) . In 1545 the Spaniard Yñigo Ortiz de Retez sailed along the north coast as far as the Mamberamo River near which he landed , naming the island Nueva Guinea .", "In 1606 Spanish navigator Luís Vaz de Torres sailed along the southwestern part of the island in present - day Papua , and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain . Near the end of the sixteenth century , Sultanate of Ternate under Sultan Baabullah ( 1570 -- 1583 ) , had influence over parts of Papua . In 1660 , the Dutch recognised the Sultan of Tidore 's sovereignty over New Guinea . New Guinea thus became notionally Dutch as the Dutch held power over Tidore . In 1793 , Britain established a settlement near Manokwari . However , it failed . By 1824 Britain and the Netherlands agreed that the western half of the island would become part of the Dutch East Indies .", "In the quest for Terra Australis , Spanish explorations in the 17th century , such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , discovered the Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos , and sailed the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea , named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres . Willem Janszoon , made the first completely documented European landing in Australia ( 1606 ) , in Cape York Peninsula . Abel Janszoon Tasman circumnavigated and landed on parts of the Australian continental coast and discovered Van Diemen 's Land ( now Tasmania ) , New Zealand in 1642 , and Fiji islands . He was the first known European explorer to reach these islands .", "On 23 April 1770 British explorer James Cook made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point . On 29 April , Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula . It is here that James Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal . His expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline of Australia .", "The Commonwealth of Australia came into being when the Federal Constitution was proclaimed by the Governor - General , Lord Hopetoun , on 1 January 1901 . From that point a system of federalism in Australia came into operation , entailing the establishment of an entirely new national government ( the Commonwealth government ) and an ongoing division of powers between that government and the States . With the encouragement of Queensland , in 1884 , a British protectorate had been proclaimed over the southern coast of New Guinea and its adjacent islands . British New Guinea , was annexed outright in 1888 . The possession was placed under the authority of the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia in 1902 and with passage of the Papua Act of 1905 , British New Guinea became the Australian Territory of Papua , with formal Australian administration beginning in 1906 .", "The bombing of Darwin on 19 February 1942 was the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia . In an effort to isolate Australia , the Japanese planned a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby , in the Australian Territory of New Guinea . Between July and November 1942 , Australian forces repulsed Japanese attempts on the city by way of the Kokoda Track , in the highlands of New Guinea . The Battle of Buna -- Gona , between November 1942 and January 1943 , set the tone for the bitter final stages of the New Guinea campaign , which persisted into 1945 . The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943 -- 44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces .", "Following the 1998 commencement of reforms across Indonesia , Papua and other Indonesian provinces received greater regional autonomy . In 2001 , `` Special Autonomy '' status was granted to Papua province , although to date , implementation has been partial and often criticized . The region was administered as a single province until 2003 , when it was split into the provinces of Papua and West Papua . Elections in 1972 resulted in the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister Michael Somare , who pledged to lead the country to self - government and then to independence . Papua New Guinea became self - governing on 1 December 1973 and achieved independence on 16 September 1975 . The country joined the United Nations ( UN ) on 10 October 1975 .", "Migration brought large numbers of southern and central Europeans to Australia for the first time . A 1958 government leaflet assured readers that unskilled non-British migrants were needed for `` labour on rugged projects ... work which is not generally acceptable to Australians or British workers . '' Australia fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars and became a long - standing ally of the United States when threatened by Imperial Japan during World War II . Trade with Asia increased and a post-war immigration program received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent . Supported by immigration of people from more than 200 countries since the end of World War II , the population increased to more than 23 million by 2014 .", "Christianity is the predominant religion in the continent , although large proportions of Australians belong to no religion . Other religions in the region include Islam , Buddhism and Hinduism , which are prominent minority religions in Australia . Traditional religions are often animist , found in New Guinea . Islam is prevalent in the Indonesian New Guinea and is a minority religion in Australia 's capitals , such as Sydney and Melbourne . Many Papuans combine their Christian faith with traditional indigenous beliefs and practices .", "`` Aboriginal Australian languages '' , including the large Pama -- Nyungan family , `` Papuan languages '' of New Guinea and neighbouring islands , including the large Trans -- New Guinea family , and `` Tasmanian languages '' are generic terms for the native languages of the continent other than those of Austronesian family . Predominant non-native languages include English in Australia , Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea , and Indonesian ( Malay ) in Indonesian New Guinea . Immigration to Australia have brought overseas languages such as Italian , Greek , Arabic , Filipino , Mandarin , Vietnamese and Spanish , among others . Contact between Austronesian and Papuan resulted in several instances in mixed languages such as Maisin . Tok Pisin is an English creole language spoken in Papua New Guinea . Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country , with over 820 indigenous languages , representing 12 % of the world 's total , but most have fewer than 1,000 speakers .", "Since 1945 , more than 7 million people have settled in Australia . From the late 1970s , there was a significant increase in immigration from Asian and other non-European countries , making Australia a multicultural country . Sydney is the most multicultural city in Oceania , having more than 250 different languages spoken with about 40 percent of residents speaking a language other than English at home . Furthermore , 36 percent of the population reported having been born overseas , with top countries being Italy , Lebanon , Vietnam and Iraq , among others . Melbourne is also fairly multicultural , having the largest Greek - speaking population outside of Europe , and the second largest Asian population in Australia after Sydney .", "Australia is the only first world country in the Australian - New Guinea continent , although the economy of Australia is by far the largest and most dominant economy in the region and one of the largest in the world . Australia 's per - capita GDP is higher than that of the UK , Canada , Germany , and France in terms of purchasing power parity . The Australian Securities Exchange in Sydney is the largest stock exchange in Australia and in the South Pacific . In 2012 , Australia was the 12th largest national economy by nominal GDP and the 19th - largest measured by PPP - adjusted GDP . Tourism in Australia is an important component of the Australian economy . In the financial year 2014 / 15 , tourism represented 3.0 % of Australia 's GDP contributing A $47.5 billion to the national economy . In 2015 , there were 7.4 million visitor arrivals .", "Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of quality of living , making it one of the most livable cities . It is classified as an Alpha+ World City by GaWC . Melbourne also ranked highly in the world 's most liveable city list , and is a leading financial centre in the Asia - Pacific region .", "Papua New Guinea is rich in natural resources , which account for two thirds of their export earnings . Though PNG is filled with resources , the lack of country 's development led foreign countries to take over few sites and continued foreign demand for PNG 's resources and as a result , the United States constructed an oil company and began to export in 2004 and this was the largest project in PNG 's history . Papua New Guinea is classified as a developing economy by the International Monetary Fund . Strong growth in Papua New Guinea 's mining and resource sector led to the country becoming the sixth fastest - growing economy in the world in 2011 .", "Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II at its apex as the Queen of Australia , a role that is distinct from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms . The Queen is represented in Australia by the Governor - General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level , who by convention act on the advice of her ministers . There are two major political groups that usually form government , federally and in the states : the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner , the National Party . Within Australian political culture , the Coalition is considered centre - right and the Labor Party is considered centre - left .", "Papua New Guinea is a Commonwealth realm . As such , Queen Elizabeth II is its sovereign and head of state . The constitutional convention , which prepared the draft constitution , and Australia , the outgoing metropolitan power , had thought that Papua New Guinea would not remain a monarchy . The founders , however , considered that imperial honours had a cachet . The monarch is represented by the Governor - General of Papua New Guinea , currently Bob Dadae . Papua New Guinea ( and the Solomon Islands ) are unusual among Commonwealth realms in that governors - general are elected by the legislature , rather than chosen by the executive branch .", "Since 1788 , the primary influence behind Australian culture has been Anglo - Celtic Western culture , with some Indigenous influences . The divergence and evolution that has occurred in the ensuing centuries has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture . Since the mid-20th century , American popular culture has strongly influenced Australia , particularly through television and cinema . Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries , and through large - scale immigration from non-English - speaking nations . The Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne are the oldest and largest museums in the continent , as well as in Oceania . Sydney 's New Year 's Eve celebrations are the largest in the continent .", "It is estimated that more than 7000 different cultural groups exist in Papua New Guinea , and most groups have their own language . Because of this diversity , in which they take pride , many different styles of cultural expression have emerged ; each group has created its own expressive forms in art , performance art , weaponry , costumes and architecture . Papua New Guinea is one of the few cultures in Oceania to practice the tradition of bride price . In particular , Papua New Guinea is world - famous for carved wooden sculpture : masks , canoes , story - boards .", "Australia has a tradition of Aboriginal art which is thousands of years old , the best known forms being rock art and bark painting . Evidence of Aboriginal art in Australia can be traced back at least 30,000 years . Examples of ancient Aboriginal rock artworks can be found throughout the continent -- notably in national parks such as those of the UNESCO listed sites at Uluru and Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory , but also within protected parks in urban areas such as at Ku - ring - gai Chase National Park in Sydney . Aboriginal culture includes a number of practices and ceremonies centered on a belief in the Dreamtime . Reverence for the land and oral traditions are emphasized .", "Popular sports in Papua New Guinea include various codes of football ( rugby league , rugby union , soccer , and Australian rules football ) , cricket , volleyball , softball , netball , and basketball . Other Olympic sports are also gaining popularity , such as boxing and weightlifting . Rugby league is the most popular sport in Papua New Guinea ( especially in the highlands ) , which also unofficially holds the title as the national sport . The most popular sport in Australia is cricket , the most popular sport among Australian women is netball , while Australian rules football is the most popular sport in terms of spectatorship and television ratings .", "Australia has hosted two Summer Olympics : Melbourne 1956 and Sydney 2000 . Also , Australia has hosted five editions of the Commonwealth Games ( Sydney 1938 , Perth 1962 , Brisbane 1982 , Melbourne 2006 , and Gold Coast 2018 ) . In 2006 , Australia joined the Asian Football Confederation and qualified for the 2010 and 2014 World Cups as an Asian entrant ." ]

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[ "Point Break Theatrical release poster Directed by Kathryn Bigelow Produced by Peter Abrams Robert L. Levy Screenplay by W. Peter Iliff Story by Rick King W. Peter Iliff Starring Patrick Swayze Keanu Reeves Gary Busey Lori Petty Music by Mark Isham Cinematography Donald Peterman Edited by Howard Smith Production companies Largo Entertainment Levy / Abrams / Guerin Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 10 ) ( Westwood , California ) July 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget US $ 24 million Box office US $83.5 million", "Point Break", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Kathryn Bigelow", "Produced by Peter Abrams Robert L. Levy", "Peter Abrams Robert L. Levy", "Robert L. Levy", "Screenplay by W. Peter Iliff", "Story by Rick King W. Peter Iliff", "Rick King W. Peter Iliff", "W. Peter Iliff", "Starring Patrick Swayze Keanu Reeves Gary Busey Lori Petty", "Patrick Swayze Keanu Reeves Gary Busey Lori Petty", "Music by Mark Isham", "Cinematography Donald Peterman", "Edited by Howard Smith", "Production companies Largo Entertainment Levy / Abrams / Guerin Productions", "Largo Entertainment Levy / Abrams / Guerin Productions", "Levy / Abrams / Guerin Productions", "Distributed by 20th Century Fox", "Release date July 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 10 ) ( Westwood , California ) July 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 12 ) ( United States )", "July 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 10 ) ( Westwood , California ) July 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 12 ) ( United States )", "July 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 10 ) ( Westwood , California )", "July 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 12 ) ( United States )", "Running time 122 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget US $ 24 million", "Box office US $83.5 million", "Point Break is a 1991 American buddy cop action crime thriller film directed by Kathryn Bigelow , starring Patrick Swayze , Keanu Reeves , Lori Petty and Gary Busey . The title refers to the surfing term `` point break , '' where a wave breaks as it hits a point of land jutting out from the coastline . Reeves stars as rookie FBI agent Johnny Utah , who is investigating a string of bank robberies possibly being committed by surfers . Johnny goes undercover to infiltrate the surfing community and develops a complex friendship with Bodhi ( Swayze ) , the charismatic leader of a gang of surfers .", "The film was a box office success upon its release , with an $83.5 million gross and a budget of $24 million , and has since gained cult status .", "Former Ohio State Buckeyes quarterback and rookie FBI Agent Johnny Utah is assigned to assist experienced agent and veteran Angelo Pappas in investigating a string of bank robberies by the `` Ex-Presidents '' , a gang of robbers who wear face - masks depicting former US presidents Ronald Reagan , Richard Nixon , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Jimmy Carter to disguise their true identities . They raid only the cash drawers in the banks that they rob -- never going for the vault -- and are out within 90 seconds .", "Pursuing Pappas 's theory that the criminals are surfers , Utah goes undercover to infiltrate the surfing community . He fabricates a personal family tragedy in order to persuade orphaned surfer Tyler Endicott to teach him to surf , after she had saved him from drowning during his first attempt at surfing . Through her , he meets Bodhi , the charismatic leader of a gang of surfers consisting of Roach , Grommet , and Nathaniel . The group are initially wary of Utah , but accept him when Bodhi recognizes him as the former college football star . As he masters the art of surfing , Utah finds himself increasingly drawn to the surfers ' adrenaline - charged lifestyle , Bodhi 's philosophies , and Tyler . Following a clue retrieved by analyzing toxins found in the hair of one of the bank robbers , Utah and Pappas lead an FBI raid on another gang of surfers , resulting in the deaths of two of them . Despite their criminal records , these surfers turn out to not be the Ex-Presidents and the raid inadvertently ruins a DEA undercover operation .", "Watching Bodhi 's group surfing , Utah begins to suspect that they are the `` Ex-Presidents , '' noting how close a group they are and the way one of them moons everyone in the same manner one of the robbers does when leaving a bank . Utah and Pappas stake out a bank and the Ex-Presidents appear . While wearing a Reagan mask , the gang leader ( implied to be Bodhi ) leads Utah on a foot chase through the neighborhood , which ends when Utah causes an old knee injury to flare up again after jumping into an aqueduct . Despite having a clear shot , Utah does not shoot and the leader escapes .", "At a campfire that night , it is confirmed that Bodhi and his gang are the Ex-Presidents. Tyler discovers Utah 's FBI badge and angrily terminates their relationship . Shortly afterwards , Bodhi aggressively recruits Utah into going skydiving with the group and he accepts . After the jump , Bodhi reveals that he knows Utah is an FBI agent and has arranged for his friend Rosie , a non-surfing thug , to hold Tyler hostage . Utah is thus blackmailed into participating in the Ex-Presidents last bank robbery of the summer . As a result , Grommet , along with an off - duty police officer and a bank guard -- who both attempt to foil the robbery -- are killed . Outraged by Grommet 's death , Bodhi knocks Utah out and leaves the scene .", "Defying their senior officer who arrests Utah for armed robbery , Pappas and Utah head to the airport where Bodhi , Roach , and Nathaniel are about to leave for Mexico . During a shootout , Pappas and Nathaniel are killed , whereas Roach is seriously wounded . With Roach aboard , Bodhi forces Utah onto the plane at gunpoint . Once airborne and over their intended drop zone , Bodhi and Roach put on their parachutes and jump from the plane , leaving Utah to take the blame again . With no other parachutes available , Utah jumps from the plane with Bodhi 's gun and intercepts him . After landing safely , Utah 's knee gives out again , allowing Bodhi to escape Utah 's grasp . Bodhi meets with Rosie and releases Tyler , who reunites with Utah . Roach dies of his wounds , and Bodhi and Rosie leave with the money .", "Nine months later , Utah tracks Bodhi at Bells Beach in Victoria , Australia , where a record storm is producing lethal waves . This is an event Bodhi had talked about experiencing , calling it the `` 50 - Year Storm . '' Utah attempts to bring Bodhi into custody , but Bodhi refuses . During a brawl in the surf , Utah manages to handcuff himself to Bodhi , who begs Utah to release him so he can ride the once - in - a-lifetime wave . Knowing Bodhi will not come back alive , Utah releases him , bids him farewell , and sees him step towards the wave . While the authorities watch Bodhi surf to his death , Utah walks away , throwing his FBI badge into the ocean .", "Patrick Swayze as Bodhi / `` Ronald Reagan '' Keanu Reeves as FBI Agent Johnny Utah Gary Busey as FBI Agent Angelo Pappas Lori Petty as Tyler Endicott John C. McGinley as FBI Director Ben Harp James LeGros as Roach / `` Richard Nixon '' John Philbin as Nathaniel / `` Jimmy Carter '' Lee Tergesen as Rosie Bojesse Christopher as Grommet / `` Lyndon B. Johnson '' Julian Reyes as FBI Agent Alvarez Daniel Beer as FBI Agent Babbit Vincent Klyn as Warchild Chris Pedersen as Bunker Weiss Dave Olson as Archbold Anthony Kiedis as Tone Christopher Pettiet as 15 Sydney Walsh as Miss Deer Peter Phelps as Australian surfer Galyn Gorg as Margarita Tom Sizemore as DEA Agent Deets ( uncredited )", "Patrick Swayze as Bodhi / `` Ronald Reagan ''", "Keanu Reeves as FBI Agent Johnny Utah", "Gary Busey as FBI Agent Angelo Pappas", "Lori Petty as Tyler Endicott", "John C. McGinley as FBI Director Ben Harp", "James LeGros as Roach / `` Richard Nixon ''", "John Philbin as Nathaniel / `` Jimmy Carter ''", "Lee Tergesen as Rosie", "Bojesse Christopher as Grommet / `` Lyndon B. Johnson ''", "Julian Reyes as FBI Agent Alvarez", "Daniel Beer as FBI Agent Babbit", "Vincent Klyn as Warchild", "Chris Pedersen as Bunker Weiss", "Dave Olson as Archbold", "Anthony Kiedis as Tone", "Christopher Pettiet as 15", "Sydney Walsh as Miss Deer", "Peter Phelps as Australian surfer", "Galyn Gorg as Margarita", "Tom Sizemore as DEA Agent Deets ( uncredited )", "Originally , Matthew Broderick , Johnny Depp , Val Kilmer and Charlie Sheen were all considered to star in Point Break playing the character Johnny Utah with Ridley Scott directing .", "After acquiring the screenplay , the producers of Point Break began looking for a director . At the time , executive producer James Cameron was married to director Kathryn Bigelow , who had just completed Blue Steel and was looking for her next project . Only W. Peter Iliff is credited for the screenplay , but James Cameron has said that he did a considerable amount of writing with Bigelow for the final film .", "Point Break was originally called Johnny Utah when Keanu Reeves was cast in the title role . The studio felt that this title said very little about surfing and by the time Patrick Swayze was cast , the film had been renamed Riders on the Storm after the famous rock song by The Doors . However , Jim Morrison 's lyrics had nothing to do with the film and so that title was also rejected . It was not until halfway through filming that Point Break became the film 's title because of its relevance to surfing . Reeves and Swayze had appeared together once before , in the 1986 film Youngblood .", "Reeves liked the name of his character , as it reminded him of star athletes like Johnny Unitas and Joe Montana . He described his character as a `` total control freak and the ocean beats him up and challenges him . After a while everything becomes a game ... He becomes as amoral as any criminal . He loses the difference between right and wrong . '' Swayze felt that Bodhi was a lot like him and that they both shared `` that wild - man edge . ''", "Two months before filming , Lori Petty , Reeves and Swayze trained with former world - class professional surfer Dennis Jarvis on the Hawaiian island of Kauai . Jarvis remembers , `` Patrick said he 'd been on a board a couple of times , Keanu definitely had not surfed before , and Lori had never been in the ocean in her life . '' Shooting the surfing sequences proved to be challenging for both actors , with Swayze cracking four of his ribs . For many of the surfing scenes , he refused to use a stunt double as he never had one for fight scenes or car chases . He also did the skydiving scenes himself and the film 's aerial jump instructor Jim Wallace found that the actor was a natural and took to it right away . The actor ended up making 55 jumps for the film . Swayze actually based aspects of his character after one of his stunt doubles , Darrick Doerner , a top big wave surfer . After learning to surf for the film , Reeves took a liking to it and took it up as a hobby .", "Parts of the film were shot at Lake Powell in Utah as well as Ecola State Park and Wheeler , Oregon , and Malibu , Manhattan Beach , Santa Monica , Venice , and Fox Hills Mall in California . Although the final scene of the film is set at Bells Beach , Victoria , Australia , the scene was not filmed there . Bells Beach is a straight stretch and the beach in the film is a cove with spruce trees atop a hill . The actual location of the film was a beach called Indian Beach , in Ecola State Park , located in Cannon Beach , Oregon , USA .", "Ratt -- `` Nobody Rides for Free '' Concrete Blonde -- `` I Want You '' The Jimi Hendrix Experience -- `` If 6 Was 9 '' School of Fish -- `` Rose Colored Glasses '' Public Image Ltd . -- `` Criminal '' Shark Island -- `` My City '' Love -- `` 7 and 7 Is '' Loudhouse -- `` Smoke on the Water '' Westworld -- `` So Long Cowboy '' Little Caesar -- `` Down to the Wire '' L.A. Guns -- `` Over the Edge '' Liquid Jesus -- `` 7 and 7 Is '' Wire Train -- `` I Will Not Fall '' Ice - T -- `` Original Gangster '' Mark Isham -- `` Foot Chase '' Sheryl Crow -- `` Hundreds of Tears ''", "Ratt -- `` Nobody Rides for Free ''", "Concrete Blonde -- `` I Want You ''", "The Jimi Hendrix Experience -- `` If 6 Was 9 ''", "School of Fish -- `` Rose Colored Glasses ''", "Public Image Ltd . -- `` Criminal ''", "Shark Island -- `` My City ''", "Love -- `` 7 and 7 Is ''", "Loudhouse -- `` Smoke on the Water ''", "Westworld -- `` So Long Cowboy ''", "Little Caesar -- `` Down to the Wire ''", "L.A. Guns -- `` Over the Edge ''", "Liquid Jesus -- `` 7 and 7 Is ''", "Wire Train -- `` I Will Not Fall ''", "Ice - T -- `` Original Gangster ''", "Mark Isham -- `` Foot Chase ''", "Sheryl Crow -- `` Hundreds of Tears ''", "Score album", "On February 7 , 2008 , a score release for Point Break was released by La - La Land Records , featuring composer Mark Isham 's score . This edition was limited to 2,000 units and features 65 minutes of score with liner notes by Dan Goldwasser that incorporate comments from both Bigelow and Isham . It is now out of print .", "Point Break was released on July 12 , 1991 in 1,615 theaters , grossing $8.5 million on its opening weekend , behind Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 's ( directed by Bigelow 's then husband , James Cameron ) second weekend and the openings of the re-issue of 101 Dalmatians and Boyz n the Hood . With a budget of $24 million , the film went on to make $43.2 million in North America and $40.3 million internationally for a worldwide total of $83.5 million .", "The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a 68 % rating based on 57 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . Metacritic reports a 58 out of 100 rating based on 20 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale .", "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four and wrote `` Bigelow is an interesting director for this material . She is interested in the ways her characters live dangerously for philosophical reasons . They are n't men of action , but men of thought who choose action as a way of expressing their beliefs . '' In her review for The New York Times , Janet Maslin praised Reeves ' performance : `` A lot of the snap comes , surprisingly , from Mr. Reeves , who displays considerable discipline and range . He moves easily between the buttoned - down demeanor that suits a police procedural story and the loose - jointed manner of his comic roles . '' Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` C + '' rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote `` Point Break makes those of us who do n't spend our lives searching for the ultimate physical rush feel like second - class citizens . The film turns reckless athletic valor into a new form of aristocracy . ''", "In his review for The Washington Post , Hal Hinson wrote `` A lot of what Bigelow puts up on the screen bypasses the brain altogether , plugging directly into our viscera , our gut . The surfing scenes in particular are majestically powerful , even awe - inspiring . Bigelow 's picture is a feast for the eyes , but we watch movies with more than our eyes . She seduces us , then asks us to be bimbos . '' Rolling Stone magazine 's Peter Travers wrote , `` Bigelow ca n't keep the film from drowning in a sea of surf - speak . But without her , Point Break would be no more than an excuse to ogle pretty boys in wet suits . ''", "USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Mike Clark wrote `` Its purely visceral material ( surf sounds , skydiving stunt work , a tough indoor shootout midway through ) are first - rate . As for the tangibles that matter even more ( script , acting , directorial control , credible relationships between characters ) , Break defies belief . Dramatically , it rivals the lowest surf yet this year . '' Time magazine 's Richard Corliss wrote , `` So how do you rate a stunningly made film whose plot buys so blithely into macho mysticism that it threatens to turn into an endless bummer ? Looks 10 , Brains 3 . ''", "In 2006 , a special edition was released on DVD ( In DVD was released in May 22 , 2001 ) . Entertainment Weekly gave it a `` B '' rating and wrote , `` The making - of docs ( at their best discussing Swayze 's extracurricular skydiving -- that really is him doing the Adios , amigo fall ) will leave you hanging . '' It was first released on Blu - ray as a special `` Pure Adrenaline Edition '' on July 1 , 2008 , but that was later discontinued . Point Break was re-released on Blu - ray by Warner Home Video on June 14 , 2011 .", "At the 1992 MTV Movie Awards , Point Break was nominated for three awards including `` Most Desirable Male '' ( Keanu Reeves ) , `` Most Desirable Male '' ( Patrick Swayze ) , and `` Best Action Sequence '' for the second jump from the plane . In it , Utah jumps out of a plane without a parachute to catch Bodhi and rescue Tyler . Utah catches up with Bodhi and holds a gun to his head . However , Bodhi refuses to pull the rip cord and Utah must decide between dropping his gun ( so he can hold on and pull the rip cord ) or letting the two fall to the ground . The film ultimately won `` Most Desirable Male '' for Keanu Reeves .", "Point Break was listed in the VH1 series I Love the 90s on the episode `` 1991 '' . Many celebrities , including Dominic Monaghan , Mo Rocca , Michael Ian Black , Hal Sparks , and Chris Pontius commented about the film and why it deserved to be included in the episode . Entertainment Weekly ranked Point Break as having one of the `` 10 Best Surfing Scenes '' in cinema .", "The film inspired a piece of cult theater , Point Break Live ! , in which the role of Johnny Utah is played by an audience member chosen by popular acclamation after a brief audition . The new `` Keanu '' reads all of his ( or her ) lines from cue - cards for the duration of the show , `` to capture the rawness of a Keanu Reeves performance even from those who generally think themselves incapable of acting . ''", "Point Break was referenced in Hot Fuzz , where the scene of Utah emptying his magazine into the sky in frustration is watched by the lead characters and later re-enacted by Nick Frost 's character .", "The scene in which Utah jumps after Bodhi without a parachute was ranked seventh in Empire magazine 's Top 10 Crazy Action Sequences . The scene was also tested by the Discovery Channel series MythBusters . It was determined that Utah and Bodhi would not have been able to free - fall for 90 seconds ( as in the film ) , nor would they have been able to hold a conversation in mid-air . However , it was determined that , by streamlining his body , Utah could have conceivably caught up with Bodhi after jumping from the plane .", "Point Break has been referenced in Marvel Cinematic Universe films twice , in The Avengers and Thor : Ragnarok , by Tony Stark calling Thor `` Point Break '' in reference to his long , blond hairstyle , similar to Swayze 's character 's .", "Point Break is referenced on the CBS television program Numb3rs , at the end of the episode entitled `` Charlie Do n't Surf '' ( 05.7 ) . In a discussion on the benefits of surfing and the connection of surfers to the universe , the character Dr. Larry Fleinhardt quotes Timothy Leary . In response , the character Colby Granger retorts : `` It 's dancing with the universe . '' Confused , Fleinhardt asks who said that , to which Granger replies : `` Bodhi ... Patrick Swayze ? ... from Point Break ... ? ''", "Alcon Entertainment and Warner Bros. released a remake of the film in 2015 entitled Point Break , which received mostly negative reviews ." ]

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[ "Australian involvement in the Vietnam War Part of the Vietnam War Australian soldiers from 7 RAR waiting to be picked up by US Army helicopters following a cordon and search operation near Phuoc Hai on 26 August 1967 . This image is etched on the Vietnam Forces National Memorial , Canberra . Location Republic of Vietnam Objective To support South Vietnam against Communist attacks Date 3 August 1962 -- 2 December 1972 Executed by Approximately 61,000 military personnel Casualties 521 killed , ~ 3,000 wounded", "Australian involvement in the Vietnam War", "Part of the Vietnam War", "Australian soldiers from 7 RAR waiting to be picked up by US Army helicopters following a cordon and search operation near Phuoc Hai on 26 August 1967 . This image is etched on the Vietnam Forces National Memorial , Canberra .", "Location Republic of Vietnam", "Objective To support South Vietnam against Communist attacks", "Date 3 August 1962 -- 2 December 1972", "Executed by Approximately 61,000 military personnel", "Casualties 521 killed , ~ 3,000 wounded", "Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War began with a small commitment of 30 military advisors in 1962 , and increased over the following decade to a peak of 7,672 Australian personnel following the Menzies Government 's April 1965 decision to upgrade its military commitment to South Vietnam 's security . By the time the last Australian personnel were withdrawn in 1972 , the Vietnam War had become Australia 's longest war , and was only recently surpassed by Australia 's long term commitment of combat forces to the War in Afghanistan . It currently remains Australia 's largest force contribution to a foreign conflict since the Second World War and was also the most controversial in Australian society since the conscription controversy during the First World War . Although initially enjoying broad support due to concerns about the spread of communism in Southeast Asia , a vocal anti-war movement developed in response to Australia 's programme of conscription .", "The withdrawal of Australia 's forces from South Vietnam began in November 1970 , under the Gorton Government , when 8 RAR completed its tour of duty and was not replaced . A phased withdrawal followed , and by 11 January 1973 Australian involvement in hostilities in Vietnam had ceased . Nevertheless , Australian troops from the Australian Embassy Platoon remained deployed in the country until 1 July 1973 , and Australian forces were deployed briefly in April 1975 , during the Fall of Saigon , to evacuate personnel from the Australian embassy . Approximately 60,000 Australians served in the war ; 521 were killed and more than 3,000 were wounded .", "Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War was driven largely by the rise of communism in Southeast Asia after the Second World War , and the fear of its spread which developed in Australia during the 1950s and early 1960s . Following the end of the Second World War the French had sought to reassert control over French Indochina . In 1950 as the communist - backed Viet Minh , led by Ho Chi Minh , began to gain the ascendency in the First Indochina War , the Vietnamese nation had two parallel administrations ; the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( DRV ) ( recognised by the Soviet Union and the People 's Republic of China ) and the State of Vietnam ( SoV ) , an associated state in the French Union ( recognised by the non-communist world ) . In 1954 , after the defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the Geneva Accords of 1954 split the country geographically , with the DRV to the north of the 17th parallel and the SoV in the south .", "The Geneva Accords imposed a deadline of July 1956 for the governments of the two Vietnams to hold elections , with a view to uniting the country under one government . In 1955 , Ngo Dinh Diem , the prime minister of the State of Vietnam , deposed the head of state Bao Dai in a fraudulent referendum and declared himself President of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam . He then refused to take part in the elections , claiming that the communist north would engage in election fraud and that as a result they would win because they had more people . After this deadline passed , the military commanders in the North began preparing an invasion of the South . Over the course of the late 1950s and early 1960s this invasion took root in a campaign of insurgency , subversion and sabotage in the South employing guerrilla warfare tactics . In September 1957 , Diem visited Australia and was given strong support by both the ruling Liberal Party of Australia of Prime Minister Robert Menzies and the opposition Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) . Diem was particularly feted by the Catholic community , as he pursued policies that discriminated in favour of the Catholic minority in his country and gave special powers to the Catholic Church .", "By 1962 the situation in South Vietnam had become bad enough that Diem submitted a request for assistance to the United States and its allies in order to counter the growing insurgency and the threat that it posed to South Vietnam 's security . Following this the US began to send advisors to provide tactical and logistical advice to the South Vietnamese . At the same time , the US sought to increase the legitimacy of the South Vietnamese government by instituting the Many Flags program , hoping to counter the communist propaganda that South Vietnam was merely a US puppet state and to involve as many nations as possible . Thus Australia , as an ally of the United States with obligations under the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) and ANZUS Pacts , and in the hope of shoring up its alliance with the US , became involved in the Vietnam War . Between 1962 and 1972 it would send almost 60,000 personnel to Vietnam , including ground troops , naval forces and air assets , and would contribute large amounts of material to the war effort .", "While assisting the British during the Malayan Emergency , Australian and New Zealand military forces had gained valuable experience in jungle warfare and counter-insurgency . According to historian Paul Ham , the US Secretary of State , Dean Rusk , `` freely admitted to the ANZUS meeting in Canberra in May 1962 , that the US armed forces knew little about jungle warfare '' . Given the experience that Australian forces had gained in Malaya it was felt that initially Australia could contribute to the situation by providing advisors who were experts in the tactics of jungle warfare . In this regard the Australian government 's initial response was to send 30 military advisers , dispatched as the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam ( AATTV ) , also known as `` the Team '' . The Australian military assistance was to be in jungle warfare training , and the Team comprised highly qualified and experienced officers and NCOs , led by Colonel Ted Serong , many with previous experience from the Malayan Emergency . Their arrival in South Vietnam during July and August 1962 was the beginning of Australia 's involvement in the war in Vietnam .", "Relationships between the AATTV and US advisors were generally very cordial , but there were sometimes significant differences of opinion on the training and tactics that should be employed . For example , when Serong expressed doubt about the value of the Strategic Hamlet Program at a US counter Insurgency Group meeting in Washington on 23 May 1963 , he drew a `` violent challenge '' from US Marine General Victor `` Brute '' Krulak . Captain Barry Petersen 's work with raising an anti-communist Montagnard force in the central highlands between 1963 and 1965 highlighted another problem -- South Vietnamese officials sometimes found sustained success by a foreigner difficult to accept . Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Conway of the AATTV , was killed on 6 July 1964 , side by side with Master Sergeant Gabriel Alamo of the USSF , during a sustained Viet Cong attack on Nam Dong Special Forces Camp , becoming Australia 's first battle casualty .", "In August 1964 the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) sent a flight of Caribou transports to the port town of Vung Tau . By the end of 1964 , there were almost 200 Australian military personnel in the Republic of Vietnam , including an engineer and surgical team as well as a larger AATTV team . In order to boost the size of the Army by providing a greater pool for infantrymen , the Australian Government had introduced conscription for compulsory military service for 20 - year - olds , in November 1964 , despite opposition from within the Army and many sections of the broader community . Thereafter , battalions serving with 1 ATF all contained National Servicemen . With the war escalating the AATTV increased to approximately 100 men by December .", "On 29 April 1965 , Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced that the government had received a request for further military assistance from South Vietnam . `` We have decided ... in close consultation with the Government of the United States -- to provide an infantry battalion for service in Vietnam . '' He argued that a communist victory in South Vietnam would be a direct military threat to Australia . `` It must be seen as part of a thrust by Communist China between the Indian and Pacific Oceans '' he added . The issue of whether a formal request was made by the South Vietnamese government at this time has been disputed , however . Although the South Vietnamese Prime Minister , Tran Van Huong , made a request in December 1964 , Huong 's replacement , Phan Huy Quat , had to be `` coerced into accepting an Australian battalion '' and stopped short of formally requesting the commitment in writing , simply sending an acceptance of the offer to Canberra the day before Menzies announced it to the Australian parliament . In this regard it has been argued that the decision was made by Australian politicians against advice of the Department of Defence , to coincide with the commitment of US combat troops earlier in the year , and that the decision would have been made regardless of the wishes of the South Vietnamese government .", "As a result of the announcement , the 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 1 RAR ) was deployed . Advanced elements of the battalion departed Australia on 27 May 1965 . Accompanied by a troop from the 4th / 19th Prince of Wales 's Light Horse as well as logistics personnel , they embarked upon Sydney and following their arrival in Vietnam in June , they were attached to the US 173rd Airborne Brigade along with a New Zealand artillery battery . Throughout 1965 they undertook several operations in Bien Hoa Province and subsequently fought a number of significant actions , including Gang Toi , Operation Crimp and Suoi Bong Trang . Meanwhile , 1 RAR 's attachment to US forces had highlighted the differences between Australian and American operational methods and Australian and US military leaders subsequently agreed to the future deployment of Australian combat forces in a discrete province . This would allow the Australian Army to `` fight their own tactical war '' , independently of the US . In April 1966 1st Australian Task Force ( 1 ATF ) was established in Phuoc Tuy Province , based at Nui Dat. 1 ATF consisted of two ( and after 1967 three ) infantry battalions , a troop and later a squadron of armoured personnel carriers from the 1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron and a detachment of the Special Air Service Regiment ( SASR ) as well as various support services under the command of the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group ( 1 ALSG ) based in Vung Tau . A squadron of Centurion tanks was added in December 1967 . 1 ATF 's responsibility was the security of Phuoc Tuy Province , excluding larger towns .", "The RAAF contingent was also expanded , growing to include three squadrons -- No. 35 Squadron , flying Caribou STOL transports , No. 9 Squadron flying UH - 1 Iroquois battlefield helicopters and No. 2 Squadron flying Canberra bombers . Based at Phan Rang Air Base in Ninh Thuan province the Canberras flew many bombing sorties , and two were lost , while the Caribou transport aircraft supported anti-communist ground forces and the Iroquois helicopters were used in troop - lift , medical evacuation and as gunships from their base at Vung Tau in support of 1 ATF . At its peak it included over 750 personnel . During the war RAAF CAC - 27 Sabre fighters from No. 79 Squadron were also deployed to Ubon Air Base in Thailand as part of Australia 's SEATO commitments . However , the Sabres took no part in direct hostilities against North Vietnam , and were withdrawn in 1968 . The Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) also made a significant contribution , which consisted of a destroyer on six - month rotations deployed on the gun - line in a shore bombardment role , the RAN Helicopter Flight Vietnam , and a RAN Clearance Diving Team . The ageing aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney , after being converted to a troop - ship , was used to convey the bulk of Australian ground forces to South Vietnam . Female members of the Army and RAAF nursing services also served in Vietnam from the outset , and as the force grew the medical capability was also expanded with the 1st Australian Field Hospital established at Vung Tau on 1 April 1968 .", "From an Australian perspective , one of the most famous engagements in the war was the Battle of Long Tan which took place on 18 and 19 August 1966 . During the battle a company from 6 RAR , despite being heavily outnumbered , fought off a large enemy assault of regimental strength . 18 Australians were killed and 24 wounded , while at least 245 Viet Cong were killed . It was a decisive Australian victory and is often cited as an example of the importance of combining and coordinating infantry , artillery , armour and military aviation . The battle had considerable tactical implications as well , being significant in allowing the Australians to gain dominance over Phuoc Tuy Province , and although there were other large - scale encounters in later years , 1 ATF was not fundamentally challenged again . Regardless , during February 1967 1 ATF sustained its heaviest casualties in the war to that point , losing 16 men killed and 55 wounded in a single week , the bulk of them during Operation Bribie. 1 ATF appeared to have lost the initiative and for the first time in nine months of operations the number of Australians killed in battle , or from friendly fire , mines or booby traps , had reversed the task force 's kill ratio .", "Such losses underscored the need for a third battalion and the requirement for tanks to support the infantry ; a realisation which challenged the conventional wisdom of Australian counter-revolutionary warfare doctrine which had previously allotted only a minor role to armour . Yet , it would be nearly a year before additional Australian forces would finally arrive in Vietnam . To Brigadier Stuart Graham , the 1 ATF commander , Operation Bribie confirmed the need to establish a physical barrier to deny the Viet Cong freedom of movement and thereby regain the initiative , and the subsequent decision to establish an 11 - kilometre ( 6.8 mi ) barrier minefield from Dat Do to the coast increasingly came to dominate task force planning . Yet ultimately this would prove both controversial and costly for the Australians , and despite initial success , the minefield would become a source of munitions for the Viet Cong to use against 1 ATF and later the decision would be made to remove it in 1969 . Meanwhile , with the war continuing to escalate following further American troop increases , 1 ATF was heavily reinforced in late 1967 . A third infantry battalion arrived in December 1967 , while a squadron of Centurion tanks and additional Iroquois helicopters would also be added in early 1968 . In all a further 1,200 men were deployed , taking the total Australian troop strength to over 8,000 men , its highest level during the war . This increase effectively doubled the combat power available to the task force commander .", "Although primarily operating out of Phuoc Tuy , the 1 ATF was also available for deployment elsewhere in the III Corps Tactical Zone . Indeed , with the province progressively coming under control , 1968 saw the Australians spending a significant period of time conducting operations further afield . The communist Tet offensive began on 30 January 1968 with the aim of inciting a general uprising , simultaneously engulfing population centres across South Vietnam . In response , 1 ATF was deployed along likely infiltration routes in order to defend the vital Bien Hoa -- Long Binh complex near Saigon , as part of Operation Coburg between January and March . Heavy fighting resulted in 17 Australians killed and 61 wounded , while communist casualties included at least 145 killed , 110 wounded and 5 captured , with many more removed from the battlefield . Meanwhile , Tet also affected Phuoc Tuy Province , and although stretched thin the remaining Australian forces there successfully repelled an attack on Ba Ria , as well as spoiling a harassing attack on Long Dien and conducting a sweep of Hoa Long , killing 50 Viet Cong and wounding 25 for the loss of five Australians killed and 24 wounded . In late February the communist offensive collapsed , suffering more than 45,000 killed -- against South Vietnamese and allied losses of only 6,000 men . Regardless , Tet proved to be a turning point in the war , and although it had been a tactical disaster for the communists it proved a strategic victory for Hanoi as confidence in the American military and political leadership collapsed , as did public support for the war in the United States .", "Tet had a similar effect on Australian public opinion , and caused growing uncertainty in the government about the determination of the United States to remain militarily involved in Southeast Asia . Amid the initial shock , Prime Minister John Gorton unexpectedly declared for the first time that Australia would not increase its military commitment in Vietnam . The war continued without respite however , and between May and June 1968 1 ATF was again deployed away from Phuoc Tuy in response to intelligence reports of another impending offensive . In May 1968 1 RAR and 3 RAR with armour and artillery support fought off large - scale attacks during the Battle of Coral -- Balmoral . Twenty - five Australians were killed and nearly 100 wounded , while the North Vietnamese lost in excess of 300 killed .", "Later , from December 1968 to February 1969 two battalions from 1 ATF again deployed away from their base in Phuoc Tuy province , operating against suspected communist bases in the Hat Dich area , in western Phuoc Tuy , south - eastern Bien Hoa and south - western Long Khan provinces during Operation Goodwood . The fighting lasted 78 days and was one of the longest out of province operations mounted by the Australians during the war .", "From May 1969 the main effort of the task force returned to Phuoc Tuy Province . Later in June 1969 , 5 RAR fought one of the last large - scale actions of the Australian war , during the Battle of Binh Ba , 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) north of Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province . The battle was unusual in the Australian experience , involving infantry and armour in close - quarter house - to - house fighting through the village of Binh Ba against a combined force of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army . For the loss of one Australian killed at the communists lost 107 killed , six wounded and eight captured in a hard fought but one - sided engagement .", "Due to the losses suffered at Binh Ba forced the NVA to move out of Phuoc Tuy into adjoining provinces and although the Australians did encounter main force units in the years to come , the Battle of Binh Ba marked the end of such clashes . Yet while the Viet Cong had largely been forced to withdraw to the borders of the province by 1968 -- 69 , the situation in Phuoc Tuy was challenged on several occasions in the following years , including during the 1968 Tet Offensive , as well as in mid-1969 following the incursion of the North Vietnamese 33rd Regiment , again in mid-1971 with further incursions by the 33rd Regiment and several Viet Cong main force units , and finally during the Easter Offensive in 1972 . Attacks on RF outposts and incursions into the villages had also continued .", "Such large - scale battles were not the norm in Phuoc Tuy Province . More typical of the Australian war was company - level patrolling and cordon and search operations which were designed to put pressure on enemy units and disrupt their access to the local population . To the end of Australian operations in Phuoc Tuy this remained the focus of Australian efforts and was this approach arguably allowed the restoration of government control in the province . Australia 's peak commitment at any one time was 7,672 combat troops and New Zealand 's , 552 , in 1969 . New Zealand first committed a detachment of engineers and an artillery battery . New Zealand infantry units were also deployed in 1967 and were integrated into Australian battalions serving with 1 ATF after March 1968 . These combined battalions being designated `` ANZAC Battalions '' . Special forces from the New Zealand Special Air Service were also attached to each Australian SASR squadron from late 1968 .", "During this time the AATTV had continued to operate in support of the South Vietnamese forces , with an area of operations stretching from the far south to the Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) forming the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam . Members of the team were involved in many combat operations , often commanding formations of Vietnamese soldiers . Some advisors worked with regular ARVN units and formations , while others worked with the Montagnard hill tribes in conjunction with US Special Forces . A few were involved in the controversial Phoenix Program run by the US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , which was designed to target the Viet Cong infrastructure through infiltration , arrest and assassination . The AATTV became Australia 's most decorated unit of the war , including all four Victoria Crosses awarded during the conflict .", "Historian Albert Palazzo comments that when the Australians entered the Vietnam War , it was with their own `` well considered ... concept of war '' , and this was often contradictory or in conflict with US concepts . The 1 ATF light infantry tactics such as patrolling , searching villages without destroying them ( with a view to eventually converting them ) , and ambush and counter ambush drew criticism from some US commanders . General William Westmoreland is reported to have complained to Major General Tim Vincent that 1 ATF was `` not being aggressive enough '' . By comparison , US forces sought to flush out the enemy and achieve rapid and decisive victory through `` brazen scrub bashing '' and the use of `` massive firepower . '' Australians acknowledged they had much to learn from the US forces about heliborne assault and joint armour and infantry assaults . Yet the US measure of success -- the body count -- was apparently held in contempt by many 1 ATF battalion commanders .", "In 1966 journalist Gerald Stone described tactics then being used by Australian soldiers newly arrived in Vietnam :", "`` The Australian battalion has been described ... as the safest combat force in Vietnam ... It is widely felt that the Australians have shown themselves able to give chase to the guerrillas without exposing themselves to the lethal ambushes that have claimed so many American dead ... Australian patrols shun jungle tracks and clearings ... picking their way carefully and quietly through bamboo thickets and tangled foliage ... It is a frustrating experience to trek through the jungle with Australians . Patrols have taken as much as nine hours to sweep a mile of terrain . They move forward a few steps at a time , stop , listen , then proceed again . ''", "`` The Australian battalion has been described ... as the safest combat force in Vietnam ... It is widely felt that the Australians have shown themselves able to give chase to the guerrillas without exposing themselves to the lethal ambushes that have claimed so many American dead ... Australian patrols shun jungle tracks and clearings ... picking their way carefully and quietly through bamboo thickets and tangled foliage ... It is a frustrating experience to trek through the jungle with Australians . Patrols have taken as much as nine hours to sweep a mile of terrain . They move forward a few steps at a time , stop , listen , then proceed again . ''", "Australian patrols shun jungle tracks and clearings ... picking their way carefully and quietly through bamboo thickets and tangled foliage ... It is a frustrating experience to trek through the jungle with Australians . Patrols have taken as much as nine hours to sweep a mile of terrain . They move forward a few steps at a time , stop , listen , then proceed again .", "Looking back on ten years of reporting the war in Vietnam and Cambodia , journalist Neil Davis said in 1983 ; `` I was very proud of the Australian troops . They were very professional , very well trained and they fought the people they were sent to fight -- the Viet Cong . They tried not to involve civilians and generally there were fewer casualties inflicted by the Australians . '' Another perspective on Australian operations was provided by David Hackworth , Vietnam 's most decorated US soldier . `` The Aussies used squads to make contact ... and brought in reinforcements to do the killing ; they planned in the belief that a platoon on the battlefield could do anything . ''", "For some Viet Cong leaders there was no doubt the Australian jungle warfare approach was effective . One former Viet Cong leader is quoted as saying ; `` Worse than the Americans were the Australians . The Americans style was to hit us , then call for planes and artillery . Our response was to break contact and disappear if we could ... The Australians were more patient than the Americans , better guerrilla fighters , better at ambushes . They liked to stay with us instead of calling in the planes . We were more afraid of their style . '' As a junior partner , Australians had little opportunity to influence US strategy in the war . `` The American concept ( of how the war should be fought ) remained unchallenged and it prevailed almost by default . ''", "Overall , the tactics used by the Australian Army in Vietnam were not successful . Like the Americans , Australian tactics were focused on seeking to engage the Communist forces in battle and ultimately failed as the Communists were generally able to evade Australian forces when conditions were not favourable . Moreover , the Australians did not devote sufficient resources to disrupting the logistical infrastructure which supported the Communist forces in Phuoc Tuy Province and popular support for the Communists remained strong . After 1 ATF was withdrawn in 1971 the insurgency in Phuoc Tuy rapidly expanded .", "Meanwhile , although the bulk of Australian military resources in Vietnam were devoted to operations against the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces , a civic action program was also undertaken to assist the local population and government authorities in Phuoc Tuy . This included various projects aimed at winning the support of the people and was seen as an essential element of Australian counter-revolutionary doctrine . Australian forces had first undertaken some civic action projects in 1965 while 1 RAR was operating in Bien Hoa , and similar work was started in Phuoc Tuy following the deployment of 1 ATF in 1966 . However , in June 1967 the 40 - man 1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit ( 1 ACAU ) was established to undertake the program . By 1970 this unit had grown to 55 men , with detachments specialising in engineering , medical , education and agriculture .", "During the first three years of the Australian presence civic action was mainly an adjunct to military operations , with the unit involved in the cordon and search of villages and resettlement programs , as well as occasionally in directly aiding and reconstructing villages that had been damaged in major actions . In the final years of the Australian presence it became more involved in assistance to villages and to the provincial administration . While 1 ACAU was the main agency involved in such tasks , at times other task force units were also involved in civic action programs . Activities included construction and public works , medical and dental treatment , education , agriculture development and youth and sports programs .", "Although extensive , these programs were often undertaken without reference to the local population and it was not until 1969 that villagers were involved in determining what projects would be undertaken and in their construction . Equally , ongoing staff and material support was usually not provided , while maintenance and sustainment was the responsibility of the provincial government which often lacked the capacity or the will to provide it , limiting the benefit provided to the local population . The program continued until 1 ATF 's withdrawal in 1971 , and although it may have succeeded in generating goodwill towards Australian forces , it largely failed to increase support for the South Vietnamese government in the province . Equally , while the program made some useful contributions to the civil facilities and infrastructure in Phuoc Tuy which remained following the Australian departure , it had little impact on the course of the conflict .", "The Australian withdrawal effectively commenced in November 1970 . As a consequence of the overall US strategy of Vietnamization and with the Australian government keen to reduce its own commitment to the war , 8 RAR was not replaced at the end of its tour of duty . 1 ATF was again reduced to just two infantry battalions , albeit with significant armour , artillery and aviation support remaining . The Australian area of operations remained the same however , with the reduction in forces only adding further to the burden on the remaining battalions . Regardless , following a sustained effort by 1 ATF in Phuoc Tuy Province between September 1969 and April 1970 , the bulk of communist forces had become inactive and had left the province to recuperate . By 1971 the province had been largely cleared of local VC forces , who were now increasingly reliant on reinforcements from North Vietnam . As a measure of some success , Highway 15 , the main route running through Phuoc Tuy between Saigon and Vung Tau , was open to unescorted traffic . Regardless , the Viet Cong maintained the ability to conduct local operations . Meanwhile , the AATTV had been further expanded , and a Jungle Warfare Training Centre was established in Phuoc Tuy province first at Nui Dat then relocated to Van Kiep . In November 1970 , the unit 's strength peaked at 227 advisors .", "Australian combat forces were further reduced during 1971 . The Battle of Long Khanh on 6 -- 7 June 1971 took place during one of the last major joint US - Australian operations , and resulted in three Australians killed and six wounded during heavy fighting in which an RAAF UH - 1H Iroqouis was shot down . On 18 August 1971 , Australia and New Zealand decided to withdraw their troops from Vietnam , with the Australian prime minister , William McMahon , announcing that 1 ATF would cease operations in October , commencing a phased withdrawal . The Battle of Nui Le on 21 September proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian forces in the war , and resulted in five Australians killed and 30 wounded . Finally , on 16 October Australian forces handed over control of the base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces , while the main body from 4 RAR -- the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam -- sailed for Australia on board HMAS Sydney on 9 December 1971 . Meanwhile , D Company , 4 RAR with an assault pioneer and mortar section and a detachment of APCs remained in Vung Tau to protect the task force headquarters and 1 ALSG until the final withdrawal of stores and equipment could be completed , finally returning to Australia on 12 March 1972 .", "Australian advisors continued to train Vietnamese troops however , until the announcement by the newly elected Australian Labor government of Gough Whitlam that the remaining advisors would be withdrawn by 18 December 1972 . It was only on 11 January 1973 that the Governor - General of Australia , Paul Hasluck , announced the cessation of combat operations against the communists . Whitlam recognised North Vietnam , which welcomed his electoral success . However , Australian troops remained in Saigon guarding the Australian embassy until 1 July 1973 . The withdrawal from Vietnam meant that 1973 was the first time since the beginning of World War II in 1939 that Australia 's armed forces were not involved in a conflict somewhere in the world . In total approximately 60,000 Australians -- ground troops , air - force and naval personnel -- served in Vietnam between 1962 and 1972 . 521 died as a result of the war and over 3,000 were wounded . 15,381 conscripted national servicemen served from 1965 to 1972 , sustaining 202 killed and 1,279 wounded . In addition there were six Australians listed as missing in action , although these men are included in the list of Australians killed in action and the last of their remains were finally located and returned to Australia in 2009 . Between 1962 and March 1972 the estimated cost of Australia 's involvement to the war in Vietnam was $218.4 million .", "In March 1975 the Australian Government dispatched RAAF transport aircraft to South Vietnam to provide humanitarian assistance to refugees fleeing the North Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh Campaign . The first Australian C - 130 Hercules arrived at Tan Son Nhat Airport on 30 March and the force , which was designated ' Detachment S ' , reached a strength of eight Hercules by the second week of April . The aircraft of detachment S transported refugees from cities near the front line and evacuated Australians and several hundred Vietnamese orphans from Saigon to Malaysia . In addition , they regularly flew supplies to a large refugee camp at An Thoi on the island of Phu Quoc . The deteriorating security situation forced the Australian aircraft to be withdrawn to Bangkok in mid-April , from where they flew into South Vietnam each day . The last three RAAF flights into Saigon took place on 25 April , when the Australian embassy was evacuated . While all Australians were evacuated , 130 Vietnamese who had worked at the embassy and had been promised evacuation were left behind . Whitlam later refused to accept South Vietnamese refugees following the fall of Saigon to the communists in April 1975 , including Australian embassy staff who were later sent to reeducation camps by the communists . The Liberals -- led by Malcolm Fraser -- condemned Whitlam , and after defeating Labor in the 1975 federal election , allowed South Vietnamese refugees to settle in Australia in large numbers .", "In Australia , resistance to the war was at first very limited . Initially public opinion was strongly in support of government policy in Vietnam and when the leader of the ALP ( in opposition for most of the period ) , Arthur Calwell announced that the 1966 federal election would be fought specifically on the issue of Vietnam the party suffered their biggest political defeat in decades . However , anti-war sentiment escalated rapidly from 1967 , although it never gained support from the majority of the Australian community . The centre - left ALP became more sympathetic to the communists and Calwell stridently denounced South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky as a `` fascist dictator '' and a `` butcher '' ahead of his 1967 visit -- at the time Ky was the chief of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and headed a military junta . Despite the controversy leading up to the visit , Ky 's trip was a success . He dealt with the media effectively , despite hostile sentiment from some sections of the press and public .", "The introduction of conscription by the Australian government in response to a worsening regional strategic outlook during the war was consistently opposed by the ALP and by many sections of society , and some groups resisted the call to military service by burning the letters notifying them of their conscription ( which was punishable by imprisonment ) . Growing public uneasiness about the death toll was fuelled by a series of highly publicised arrests of conscientious objectors , and exacerbated by revelations of atrocities committed against Vietnamese civilians , leading to a rapid increase in domestic opposition to the war between 1967 and 1970 . Following the 1969 federal election , which Labor lost again but with a much reduced margin , public debate about Vietnam was increasingly dominated by those opposed to government policy . On 8 May 1970 , moratorium marches were held in major Australian cities to coincide with the marches in the US . The demonstration in Melbourne , led by future deputy prime minister Jim Cairns , was supported by an estimated 100,000 people . Across Australia , it was estimated that 200,000 people were involved .", "Nevertheless , opinion polls taken at the time demonstrated that the moratorium failed to achieve its goals and had only a very limited impact upon public opinion , with over half respondents saying that they still supported national service and slightly less stating that they did not want Australia to pull out of the war . Additionally , the numbers that resisted the draft remained low . Indeed , by 1970 it was estimated that 99.8 per cent of those issued with call up papers complied with them .", "Further moratoria were undertaken on 18 September 1970 and again on 30 June 1971 . Arguably , however , the peace movement had lost its original spirit , as the political debate degenerated , according to author Paul Ham , towards `` menace and violence '' . Dominated by elements Ham identifies as `` left - wing extremists '' , the organisers of the events extended invitations to members of the North Vietnamese government to attend , although this was prevented due to a refusal by the Australian government to grant them visas . Attendance at the subsequent marches was lower than that of May 1970 , and as a result of several factors including confusion over the rules regarding what the protesters were allowed to do , aggressive police tactics , and agitation from protesters , the second march became violent . In Sydney , 173 people were arrested , while in Melbourne the police attempted to control the crowd with a baton - charge .", "Initially there was considerable support for Australia 's involvement in Vietnam , and all Australian battalions returning from Vietnam participated in well attended welcome home parades through either Sydney , Adelaide , Brisbane or Townsville , even during the early 1970s . Regardless , as opposition to the war increased service in Vietnam came to be seen by sections of the Australian community in less than sympathetic terms and opposition to it generated negative views of veterans in some quarters . In the years following the war , some Vietnam veterans experienced social exclusion and problems readjusting to society . Nevertheless , as the tour of duty of each soldier during the Vietnam War was limited to one year ( although some soldiers chose to sign up for a second or even a third tour of duty ) , the number of soldiers suffering from combat stress was probably more limited than it might otherwise have been .", "In addition to the negative sentiments towards returned soldiers from some sections of the anti-war movement , some Second World War veterans also held negative views and attitudes toward the Vietnam War veterans . As a result , many Australian Vietnam veterans were excluded from joining the Returned Servicemen 's League ( RSL ) during the 1960s and 1970s on the grounds that the Vietnam War veterans did not fight a `` real war '' . The response of the RSL varied across the country , and while some rejected Vietnam veterans , other branches , particularly those in rural areas , were said to be very supportive . Nevertheless , many Vietnam veterans were excluded from marching in Anzac Day parades during the 1970s because some soldiers of earlier wars saw the Vietnam veterans as unworthy heirs to the ANZAC title and tradition , a view which hurt many Vietnam veterans and resulted in continued resentment towards the RSL . Regardless , in 1972 the RSL decided that Vietnam veterans should lead the march , which attracted large crowds throughout the country .", "Australian Vietnam veterans were honoured at a `` Welcome Home '' parade in Sydney on 3 October 1987 , and it was then that a campaign for the construction of the Vietnam War Memorial began . This memorial , known as the Vietnam Forces National Memorial , was established on Anzac Parade in Canberra , and was dedicated on 3 October 1992 .", "In the aftermath of the Vietnam War the withdrawal of the US from South - East Asia forced Australia to adopt a more independent foreign policy , moving away from forward defence and reliance on powerful allies to a greater emphasis on the defence of continental Australia and military self - reliance , albeit in the context of a continued alliance with the United States . This later had important implications for the military 's force structure in the 1980s and 1990s . The experience in Vietnam also caused an intolerance for casualties which resulted in successive Australian governments becoming more cautious towards the deployment of military forces overseas . Regardless , the `` imperative to deploy forces overseas '' remained a feature of Australian strategic behavior in the post-Vietnam era , while the US alliance has continued to be a fundamental aspect of its foreign policy into the early 21st century .", "1950 The Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh is recognised by the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union , but Australia supports the French - backed State of Vietnam of Emperor Bao Dai . 1957 September -- South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem visits Australia and Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies reaffirms support . 1962 24 May -- The Minister for Defence , Athol Townley , announces the intention to send 30 Army advisers to South Vietnam ( SVN ) . 3 August -- The first members of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam arrive in Vietnam . 1963 1 June -- Advisor , Sergeant William Hacking becomes the first Australian to die in Vietnam when his weapon accidentally discharges after being caught in vegetation . 2 November -- Ngo Dinh Diem , South Vietnam 's first President ( 1955 -- 63 ) , and his brother , Ngo Dinh Nhu , are assassinated in a successful CIA - backed coup d'état led by General Duong Van Minh of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) . 22 November -- Lyndon B. Johnson becomes US president after the assassination of John F. Kennedy . Johnson announces that the US will continue support of South Vietnam . By the end of 1963 , 15,000 US advisors are serving in Vietnam ; the US gives $500 m in aid to Vietnam that year . 1964 8 June -- Minister for Defence announces that the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam will be increased to 83 advisers and their role will be expanded . 6 July -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Conway , an AATV advisor , is killed in action , the first Australian battle casualty of the war . 14 August -- Six Caribou aircraft are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force ; RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam is later renamed No. 35 Squadron RAAF . 10 November -- Selective conscription is introduced for 20 - year - old males by ballot under the National Service Act ( 1964 ) . 18 December -- In response to requests from the US President and South Vietnam Prime Minister for 200 additional advisers , the Australian Government offers to send ground troops to South Vietnam . 1965 29 April -- The Prime Minister announces the dispatch of an infantry battalion to South Vietnam , with an armoured personnel carrier ( APC ) troop , a signals troop and a logistic support company . 27 May -- The 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment leaves for Vietnam on HMAS Sydney . 8 June -- HMAS Sydney arrives at Vung Tau , South Vietnam , carrying the bulk of the Australian force . 8 November -- 1 RAR fights one of the first set - piece engagements of the war between Australian forces and the Viet Cong at the Battle of Gang Toi . Two servicemen , Private Richard Parker and Private Peter Gillson , are posted missing believed killed during the fighting . Their bodies are recovered more than forty years later , and returned to Australia for burial . 13 November -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Arthur Wheatley dies while defending a wounded comrade . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry . 1966 8 -- 14 January -- 1 RAR participates in Operation Crimp in the Ho Bo Woods as part of the first divisional - sized operation of the war , targeting an underground Viet Cong headquarters . 23 -- 24 February -- 1 RAR is involved in the Battle of Suoi Bong Trang , while providing protection to US engineers building a tactically important road in the vicinity of Tan Binh , in central Binh Duong Province . June -- Prime Minister , Harold Holt visits the United States to discuss the war with US President Lyndon B. Johnson . Holt confirms the Australian government 's full support for the United States ' Vietnam policy , and in a speech on 30 June adopts the slogan ' All the way with LBJ ' . 18 August -- Battle of Long Tan , a decisive Australian victory is fought by D Company of the 6th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment . The Company earns a US Presidential Unit Citation ( Vietnam ) . October -- US President Johnson visits Australia . Large crowds welcome him in Sydney and Melbourne , although some demonstrations take place ; images of protesters throwing eggs at Johnson 's car are later sent worldwide . 1967 7 April -- Major Peter Badcoe dies leading his company against more powerful opposition . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery , conspicuous gallantry and leadership on more than one occasion . 6 August -- A Company , 7 RAR was involved in heavy fighting in the eastern Hat Dich area during the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha . Australian casualties were heavy with five killed , one died of wounds and 19 wounded . A sweep of the area resulted in the recovery of only five dead Viet Cong , however drag marks and extensive blood trails indicated that they had suffered heavily , with perhaps another 33 killed or wounded in the contact , while a further 200 casualties were estimated from artillery and mortar fire , as well as airstrikes . 1968 30 January -- Tet Offensive is launched by the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam , more commonly known as the Viet Cong . The offensive lasts until 8 June 1969 . 12 February -- Prime Minister , John Gorton , announces that Australia will not increase its commitment to Vietnam . May -- The National Service Act is amended to impose a two - year civil gaol term for draft resisters . 13 May -- Battle of Coral -- Balmoral takes place and becomes the bloodiest engagement for Australians in Vietnam when 25 Australians are killed and nearly 100 wounded during 26 days of fighting in AO Surfers , north - east of Saigon . The operation lasts till 6 June 1968 . 14 October -- John Zarb is the first person to be found guilty of having failed to comply with his call up notice during the Vietnam War . He is convicted in Melbourne and sentenced to two years gaol . He loses his appeal to the full High Court on 25 November 1968 . He is released on compassionate grounds in August 1969 after serving 10 months and seven days in Pentridge Prison . 1969 6 May -- In Kon Tum Province , Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Rayene Stewart Simpson rescues a wounded fellow warrant officer and carries out an unsuccessful attack on a strong enemy position . On 11 May , he fights alone against heavy odds to cover the evacuation of casualties . Simpson is later awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in the face of the enemy . 24 May -- At Ben Het , Kon Tum Province in Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Keith Payne shows outstanding courage and leadership in saving the lives of many of the soldiers under his command , leading his men to safety under most difficult circumstances after an attack by the enemy in superior strength . He is awarded the Victoria Cross . 6 -- 8 June -- Australian forces destroy a large communist force in heavy house - to - house fighting during the Battle of Binh Ba . 20 July -- At a United States Marine non-commissioned officer 's club , 7 km ( 4 mi ) from Da Nang , a civilian pop entertainer , Cathy Wayne , becomes the first Australian woman killed during the Vietnam War . US Marine Sergeant J.W. Killen is found guilty of her unpremeditated murder , having shot her accidentally while attempting to kill his commanding officer . 1970 8 May -- First of the moratorium demonstrations : 200,000 march in Australian cities to call for an end to Australian involvement in the war . The largest turnout was in Melbourne where 70,000 people marched down Bourke Street , Melbourne . 18 September -- Second moratorium : 100,000 march in Australian cities ; over 300 people were arrested . 1971 7 June -- Battle of Long Khanh takes place when 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment with Centurion tanks in support attack a heavily fortified base camp during Operation Overlord . Although the Australians capture the bunker system , and a second system located to the south , the bulk of the communist forces successfully withdraw . 30 June -- Third and final large anti-war rally in Australia ; 110,000 demonstrate in Australian cities . 18 August 1971 -- Prime Minister William McMahon announces that 1 ATF would cease operations in South Vietnam in October , and would begin commencing a phased withdrawal after that . 21 September -- the Battle of Nui Le takes place in Phuoc Tuy Province . A tactically inconclusive encounter between troops from the 4th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment and the NVA 33rd Regiment north of Nui Dat , it proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian forces in the war . Five Australians are killed and 30 wounded . 16 October -- Australian forces hand over control of the Australian base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces . 9 December -- 4 RAR , the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam , sails for Australia on board HMAS Sydney . 1972 24 April -- `` The Michael Matteson Handcuff Incident '' ; about a thousand students at Sydney University free the draft resister , Michael Matteson , from the law . 2 December -- Whitlam Labor Government elected and within weeks releases the last imprisoned resisters including Robert Martin . Australia begins to finalise the withdrawal of its forces from Vietnam .", "1950 The Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh is recognised by the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union , but Australia supports the French - backed State of Vietnam of Emperor Bao Dai .", "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh is recognised by the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union , but Australia supports the French - backed State of Vietnam of Emperor Bao Dai .", "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh is recognised by the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union , but Australia supports the French - backed State of Vietnam of Emperor Bao Dai .", "1957 September -- South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem visits Australia and Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies reaffirms support .", "September -- South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem visits Australia and Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies reaffirms support .", "September -- South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem visits Australia and Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies reaffirms support .", "1962 24 May -- The Minister for Defence , Athol Townley , announces the intention to send 30 Army advisers to South Vietnam ( SVN ) . 3 August -- The first members of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam arrive in Vietnam .", "24 May -- The Minister for Defence , Athol Townley , announces the intention to send 30 Army advisers to South Vietnam ( SVN ) . 3 August -- The first members of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam arrive in Vietnam .", "24 May -- The Minister for Defence , Athol Townley , announces the intention to send 30 Army advisers to South Vietnam ( SVN ) .", "3 August -- The first members of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam arrive in Vietnam .", "1963 1 June -- Advisor , Sergeant William Hacking becomes the first Australian to die in Vietnam when his weapon accidentally discharges after being caught in vegetation . 2 November -- Ngo Dinh Diem , South Vietnam 's first President ( 1955 -- 63 ) , and his brother , Ngo Dinh Nhu , are assassinated in a successful CIA - backed coup d'état led by General Duong Van Minh of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) . 22 November -- Lyndon B. Johnson becomes US president after the assassination of John F. Kennedy . Johnson announces that the US will continue support of South Vietnam . By the end of 1963 , 15,000 US advisors are serving in Vietnam ; the US gives $500 m in aid to Vietnam that year .", "1 June -- Advisor , Sergeant William Hacking becomes the first Australian to die in Vietnam when his weapon accidentally discharges after being caught in vegetation . 2 November -- Ngo Dinh Diem , South Vietnam 's first President ( 1955 -- 63 ) , and his brother , Ngo Dinh Nhu , are assassinated in a successful CIA - backed coup d'état led by General Duong Van Minh of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) . 22 November -- Lyndon B. Johnson becomes US president after the assassination of John F. Kennedy . Johnson announces that the US will continue support of South Vietnam . By the end of 1963 , 15,000 US advisors are serving in Vietnam ; the US gives $500 m in aid to Vietnam that year .", "1 June -- Advisor , Sergeant William Hacking becomes the first Australian to die in Vietnam when his weapon accidentally discharges after being caught in vegetation .", "2 November -- Ngo Dinh Diem , South Vietnam 's first President ( 1955 -- 63 ) , and his brother , Ngo Dinh Nhu , are assassinated in a successful CIA - backed coup d'état led by General Duong Van Minh of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) .", "22 November -- Lyndon B. Johnson becomes US president after the assassination of John F. Kennedy . Johnson announces that the US will continue support of South Vietnam . By the end of 1963 , 15,000 US advisors are serving in Vietnam ; the US gives $500 m in aid to Vietnam that year .", "1964 8 June -- Minister for Defence announces that the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam will be increased to 83 advisers and their role will be expanded . 6 July -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Conway , an AATV advisor , is killed in action , the first Australian battle casualty of the war . 14 August -- Six Caribou aircraft are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force ; RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam is later renamed No. 35 Squadron RAAF . 10 November -- Selective conscription is introduced for 20 - year - old males by ballot under the National Service Act ( 1964 ) . 18 December -- In response to requests from the US President and South Vietnam Prime Minister for 200 additional advisers , the Australian Government offers to send ground troops to South Vietnam .", "8 June -- Minister for Defence announces that the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam will be increased to 83 advisers and their role will be expanded . 6 July -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Conway , an AATV advisor , is killed in action , the first Australian battle casualty of the war . 14 August -- Six Caribou aircraft are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force ; RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam is later renamed No. 35 Squadron RAAF . 10 November -- Selective conscription is introduced for 20 - year - old males by ballot under the National Service Act ( 1964 ) . 18 December -- In response to requests from the US President and South Vietnam Prime Minister for 200 additional advisers , the Australian Government offers to send ground troops to South Vietnam .", "8 June -- Minister for Defence announces that the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam will be increased to 83 advisers and their role will be expanded .", "6 July -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Conway , an AATV advisor , is killed in action , the first Australian battle casualty of the war .", "14 August -- Six Caribou aircraft are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force ; RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam is later renamed No. 35 Squadron RAAF .", "10 November -- Selective conscription is introduced for 20 - year - old males by ballot under the National Service Act ( 1964 ) .", "18 December -- In response to requests from the US President and South Vietnam Prime Minister for 200 additional advisers , the Australian Government offers to send ground troops to South Vietnam .", "1965 29 April -- The Prime Minister announces the dispatch of an infantry battalion to South Vietnam , with an armoured personnel carrier ( APC ) troop , a signals troop and a logistic support company . 27 May -- The 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment leaves for Vietnam on HMAS Sydney . 8 June -- HMAS Sydney arrives at Vung Tau , South Vietnam , carrying the bulk of the Australian force . 8 November -- 1 RAR fights one of the first set - piece engagements of the war between Australian forces and the Viet Cong at the Battle of Gang Toi . Two servicemen , Private Richard Parker and Private Peter Gillson , are posted missing believed killed during the fighting . Their bodies are recovered more than forty years later , and returned to Australia for burial . 13 November -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Arthur Wheatley dies while defending a wounded comrade . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry .", "29 April -- The Prime Minister announces the dispatch of an infantry battalion to South Vietnam , with an armoured personnel carrier ( APC ) troop , a signals troop and a logistic support company . 27 May -- The 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment leaves for Vietnam on HMAS Sydney . 8 June -- HMAS Sydney arrives at Vung Tau , South Vietnam , carrying the bulk of the Australian force . 8 November -- 1 RAR fights one of the first set - piece engagements of the war between Australian forces and the Viet Cong at the Battle of Gang Toi . Two servicemen , Private Richard Parker and Private Peter Gillson , are posted missing believed killed during the fighting . Their bodies are recovered more than forty years later , and returned to Australia for burial . 13 November -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Arthur Wheatley dies while defending a wounded comrade . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry .", "29 April -- The Prime Minister announces the dispatch of an infantry battalion to South Vietnam , with an armoured personnel carrier ( APC ) troop , a signals troop and a logistic support company .", "27 May -- The 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment leaves for Vietnam on HMAS Sydney .", "8 June -- HMAS Sydney arrives at Vung Tau , South Vietnam , carrying the bulk of the Australian force .", "8 November -- 1 RAR fights one of the first set - piece engagements of the war between Australian forces and the Viet Cong at the Battle of Gang Toi . Two servicemen , Private Richard Parker and Private Peter Gillson , are posted missing believed killed during the fighting . Their bodies are recovered more than forty years later , and returned to Australia for burial .", "13 November -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Arthur Wheatley dies while defending a wounded comrade . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry .", "1966 8 -- 14 January -- 1 RAR participates in Operation Crimp in the Ho Bo Woods as part of the first divisional - sized operation of the war , targeting an underground Viet Cong headquarters . 23 -- 24 February -- 1 RAR is involved in the Battle of Suoi Bong Trang , while providing protection to US engineers building a tactically important road in the vicinity of Tan Binh , in central Binh Duong Province . June -- Prime Minister , Harold Holt visits the United States to discuss the war with US President Lyndon B. Johnson . Holt confirms the Australian government 's full support for the United States ' Vietnam policy , and in a speech on 30 June adopts the slogan ' All the way with LBJ ' . 18 August -- Battle of Long Tan , a decisive Australian victory is fought by D Company of the 6th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment . The Company earns a US Presidential Unit Citation ( Vietnam ) . October -- US President Johnson visits Australia . Large crowds welcome him in Sydney and Melbourne , although some demonstrations take place ; images of protesters throwing eggs at Johnson 's car are later sent worldwide .", "8 -- 14 January -- 1 RAR participates in Operation Crimp in the Ho Bo Woods as part of the first divisional - sized operation of the war , targeting an underground Viet Cong headquarters . 23 -- 24 February -- 1 RAR is involved in the Battle of Suoi Bong Trang , while providing protection to US engineers building a tactically important road in the vicinity of Tan Binh , in central Binh Duong Province . June -- Prime Minister , Harold Holt visits the United States to discuss the war with US President Lyndon B. Johnson . Holt confirms the Australian government 's full support for the United States ' Vietnam policy , and in a speech on 30 June adopts the slogan ' All the way with LBJ ' . 18 August -- Battle of Long Tan , a decisive Australian victory is fought by D Company of the 6th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment . The Company earns a US Presidential Unit Citation ( Vietnam ) . October -- US President Johnson visits Australia . Large crowds welcome him in Sydney and Melbourne , although some demonstrations take place ; images of protesters throwing eggs at Johnson 's car are later sent worldwide .", "8 -- 14 January -- 1 RAR participates in Operation Crimp in the Ho Bo Woods as part of the first divisional - sized operation of the war , targeting an underground Viet Cong headquarters .", "23 -- 24 February -- 1 RAR is involved in the Battle of Suoi Bong Trang , while providing protection to US engineers building a tactically important road in the vicinity of Tan Binh , in central Binh Duong Province .", "June -- Prime Minister , Harold Holt visits the United States to discuss the war with US President Lyndon B. Johnson . Holt confirms the Australian government 's full support for the United States ' Vietnam policy , and in a speech on 30 June adopts the slogan ' All the way with LBJ ' .", "18 August -- Battle of Long Tan , a decisive Australian victory is fought by D Company of the 6th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment . The Company earns a US Presidential Unit Citation ( Vietnam ) .", "October -- US President Johnson visits Australia . Large crowds welcome him in Sydney and Melbourne , although some demonstrations take place ; images of protesters throwing eggs at Johnson 's car are later sent worldwide .", "1967 7 April -- Major Peter Badcoe dies leading his company against more powerful opposition . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery , conspicuous gallantry and leadership on more than one occasion . 6 August -- A Company , 7 RAR was involved in heavy fighting in the eastern Hat Dich area during the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha . Australian casualties were heavy with five killed , one died of wounds and 19 wounded . A sweep of the area resulted in the recovery of only five dead Viet Cong , however drag marks and extensive blood trails indicated that they had suffered heavily , with perhaps another 33 killed or wounded in the contact , while a further 200 casualties were estimated from artillery and mortar fire , as well as airstrikes .", "7 April -- Major Peter Badcoe dies leading his company against more powerful opposition . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery , conspicuous gallantry and leadership on more than one occasion . 6 August -- A Company , 7 RAR was involved in heavy fighting in the eastern Hat Dich area during the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha . Australian casualties were heavy with five killed , one died of wounds and 19 wounded . A sweep of the area resulted in the recovery of only five dead Viet Cong , however drag marks and extensive blood trails indicated that they had suffered heavily , with perhaps another 33 killed or wounded in the contact , while a further 200 casualties were estimated from artillery and mortar fire , as well as airstrikes .", "7 April -- Major Peter Badcoe dies leading his company against more powerful opposition . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery , conspicuous gallantry and leadership on more than one occasion .", "6 August -- A Company , 7 RAR was involved in heavy fighting in the eastern Hat Dich area during the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha . Australian casualties were heavy with five killed , one died of wounds and 19 wounded . A sweep of the area resulted in the recovery of only five dead Viet Cong , however drag marks and extensive blood trails indicated that they had suffered heavily , with perhaps another 33 killed or wounded in the contact , while a further 200 casualties were estimated from artillery and mortar fire , as well as airstrikes .", "1968 30 January -- Tet Offensive is launched by the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam , more commonly known as the Viet Cong . The offensive lasts until 8 June 1969 . 12 February -- Prime Minister , John Gorton , announces that Australia will not increase its commitment to Vietnam . May -- The National Service Act is amended to impose a two - year civil gaol term for draft resisters . 13 May -- Battle of Coral -- Balmoral takes place and becomes the bloodiest engagement for Australians in Vietnam when 25 Australians are killed and nearly 100 wounded during 26 days of fighting in AO Surfers , north - east of Saigon . The operation lasts till 6 June 1968 . 14 October -- John Zarb is the first person to be found guilty of having failed to comply with his call up notice during the Vietnam War . He is convicted in Melbourne and sentenced to two years gaol . He loses his appeal to the full High Court on 25 November 1968 . He is released on compassionate grounds in August 1969 after serving 10 months and seven days in Pentridge Prison .", "30 January -- Tet Offensive is launched by the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam , more commonly known as the Viet Cong . The offensive lasts until 8 June 1969 . 12 February -- Prime Minister , John Gorton , announces that Australia will not increase its commitment to Vietnam . May -- The National Service Act is amended to impose a two - year civil gaol term for draft resisters . 13 May -- Battle of Coral -- Balmoral takes place and becomes the bloodiest engagement for Australians in Vietnam when 25 Australians are killed and nearly 100 wounded during 26 days of fighting in AO Surfers , north - east of Saigon . The operation lasts till 6 June 1968 . 14 October -- John Zarb is the first person to be found guilty of having failed to comply with his call up notice during the Vietnam War . He is convicted in Melbourne and sentenced to two years gaol . He loses his appeal to the full High Court on 25 November 1968 . He is released on compassionate grounds in August 1969 after serving 10 months and seven days in Pentridge Prison .", "30 January -- Tet Offensive is launched by the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam , more commonly known as the Viet Cong . The offensive lasts until 8 June 1969 .", "12 February -- Prime Minister , John Gorton , announces that Australia will not increase its commitment to Vietnam .", "May -- The National Service Act is amended to impose a two - year civil gaol term for draft resisters .", "13 May -- Battle of Coral -- Balmoral takes place and becomes the bloodiest engagement for Australians in Vietnam when 25 Australians are killed and nearly 100 wounded during 26 days of fighting in AO Surfers , north - east of Saigon . The operation lasts till 6 June 1968 .", "14 October -- John Zarb is the first person to be found guilty of having failed to comply with his call up notice during the Vietnam War . He is convicted in Melbourne and sentenced to two years gaol . He loses his appeal to the full High Court on 25 November 1968 . He is released on compassionate grounds in August 1969 after serving 10 months and seven days in Pentridge Prison .", "1969 6 May -- In Kon Tum Province , Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Rayene Stewart Simpson rescues a wounded fellow warrant officer and carries out an unsuccessful attack on a strong enemy position . On 11 May , he fights alone against heavy odds to cover the evacuation of casualties . Simpson is later awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in the face of the enemy . 24 May -- At Ben Het , Kon Tum Province in Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Keith Payne shows outstanding courage and leadership in saving the lives of many of the soldiers under his command , leading his men to safety under most difficult circumstances after an attack by the enemy in superior strength . He is awarded the Victoria Cross . 6 -- 8 June -- Australian forces destroy a large communist force in heavy house - to - house fighting during the Battle of Binh Ba . 20 July -- At a United States Marine non-commissioned officer 's club , 7 km ( 4 mi ) from Da Nang , a civilian pop entertainer , Cathy Wayne , becomes the first Australian woman killed during the Vietnam War . US Marine Sergeant J.W. Killen is found guilty of her unpremeditated murder , having shot her accidentally while attempting to kill his commanding officer .", "6 May -- In Kon Tum Province , Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Rayene Stewart Simpson rescues a wounded fellow warrant officer and carries out an unsuccessful attack on a strong enemy position . On 11 May , he fights alone against heavy odds to cover the evacuation of casualties . Simpson is later awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in the face of the enemy . 24 May -- At Ben Het , Kon Tum Province in Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Keith Payne shows outstanding courage and leadership in saving the lives of many of the soldiers under his command , leading his men to safety under most difficult circumstances after an attack by the enemy in superior strength . He is awarded the Victoria Cross . 6 -- 8 June -- Australian forces destroy a large communist force in heavy house - to - house fighting during the Battle of Binh Ba . 20 July -- At a United States Marine non-commissioned officer 's club , 7 km ( 4 mi ) from Da Nang , a civilian pop entertainer , Cathy Wayne , becomes the first Australian woman killed during the Vietnam War . US Marine Sergeant J.W. Killen is found guilty of her unpremeditated murder , having shot her accidentally while attempting to kill his commanding officer .", "6 May -- In Kon Tum Province , Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Rayene Stewart Simpson rescues a wounded fellow warrant officer and carries out an unsuccessful attack on a strong enemy position . On 11 May , he fights alone against heavy odds to cover the evacuation of casualties . Simpson is later awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in the face of the enemy .", "24 May -- At Ben Het , Kon Tum Province in Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Keith Payne shows outstanding courage and leadership in saving the lives of many of the soldiers under his command , leading his men to safety under most difficult circumstances after an attack by the enemy in superior strength . He is awarded the Victoria Cross .", "6 -- 8 June -- Australian forces destroy a large communist force in heavy house - to - house fighting during the Battle of Binh Ba .", "20 July -- At a United States Marine non-commissioned officer 's club , 7 km ( 4 mi ) from Da Nang , a civilian pop entertainer , Cathy Wayne , becomes the first Australian woman killed during the Vietnam War . US Marine Sergeant J.W. Killen is found guilty of her unpremeditated murder , having shot her accidentally while attempting to kill his commanding officer .", "1970 8 May -- First of the moratorium demonstrations : 200,000 march in Australian cities to call for an end to Australian involvement in the war . The largest turnout was in Melbourne where 70,000 people marched down Bourke Street , Melbourne . 18 September -- Second moratorium : 100,000 march in Australian cities ; over 300 people were arrested .", "8 May -- First of the moratorium demonstrations : 200,000 march in Australian cities to call for an end to Australian involvement in the war . The largest turnout was in Melbourne where 70,000 people marched down Bourke Street , Melbourne . 18 September -- Second moratorium : 100,000 march in Australian cities ; over 300 people were arrested .", "8 May -- First of the moratorium demonstrations : 200,000 march in Australian cities to call for an end to Australian involvement in the war . The largest turnout was in Melbourne where 70,000 people marched down Bourke Street , Melbourne .", "18 September -- Second moratorium : 100,000 march in Australian cities ; over 300 people were arrested .", "1971 7 June -- Battle of Long Khanh takes place when 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment with Centurion tanks in support attack a heavily fortified base camp during Operation Overlord . Although the Australians capture the bunker system , and a second system located to the south , the bulk of the communist forces successfully withdraw . 30 June -- Third and final large anti-war rally in Australia ; 110,000 demonstrate in Australian cities . 18 August 1971 -- Prime Minister William McMahon announces that 1 ATF would cease operations in South Vietnam in October , and would begin commencing a phased withdrawal after that . 21 September -- the Battle of Nui Le takes place in Phuoc Tuy Province . A tactically inconclusive encounter between troops from the 4th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment and the NVA 33rd Regiment north of Nui Dat , it proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian forces in the war . Five Australians are killed and 30 wounded . 16 October -- Australian forces hand over control of the Australian base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces . 9 December -- 4 RAR , the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam , sails for Australia on board HMAS Sydney .", "7 June -- Battle of Long Khanh takes place when 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment with Centurion tanks in support attack a heavily fortified base camp during Operation Overlord . Although the Australians capture the bunker system , and a second system located to the south , the bulk of the communist forces successfully withdraw . 30 June -- Third and final large anti-war rally in Australia ; 110,000 demonstrate in Australian cities . 18 August 1971 -- Prime Minister William McMahon announces that 1 ATF would cease operations in South Vietnam in October , and would begin commencing a phased withdrawal after that . 21 September -- the Battle of Nui Le takes place in Phuoc Tuy Province . A tactically inconclusive encounter between troops from the 4th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment and the NVA 33rd Regiment north of Nui Dat , it proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian forces in the war . Five Australians are killed and 30 wounded . 16 October -- Australian forces hand over control of the Australian base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces . 9 December -- 4 RAR , the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam , sails for Australia on board HMAS Sydney .", "7 June -- Battle of Long Khanh takes place when 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment with Centurion tanks in support attack a heavily fortified base camp during Operation Overlord . Although the Australians capture the bunker system , and a second system located to the south , the bulk of the communist forces successfully withdraw .", "30 June -- Third and final large anti-war rally in Australia ; 110,000 demonstrate in Australian cities .", "18 August 1971 -- Prime Minister William McMahon announces that 1 ATF would cease operations in South Vietnam in October , and would begin commencing a phased withdrawal after that .", "21 September -- the Battle of Nui Le takes place in Phuoc Tuy Province . A tactically inconclusive encounter between troops from the 4th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment and the NVA 33rd Regiment north of Nui Dat , it proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian forces in the war . Five Australians are killed and 30 wounded .", "16 October -- Australian forces hand over control of the Australian base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces .", "9 December -- 4 RAR , the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam , sails for Australia on board HMAS Sydney .", "1972 24 April -- `` The Michael Matteson Handcuff Incident '' ; about a thousand students at Sydney University free the draft resister , Michael Matteson , from the law . 2 December -- Whitlam Labor Government elected and within weeks releases the last imprisoned resisters including Robert Martin . Australia begins to finalise the withdrawal of its forces from Vietnam .", "24 April -- `` The Michael Matteson Handcuff Incident '' ; about a thousand students at Sydney University free the draft resister , Michael Matteson , from the law . 2 December -- Whitlam Labor Government elected and within weeks releases the last imprisoned resisters including Robert Martin . Australia begins to finalise the withdrawal of its forces from Vietnam .", "24 April -- `` The Michael Matteson Handcuff Incident '' ; about a thousand students at Sydney University free the draft resister , Michael Matteson , from the law .", "2 December -- Whitlam Labor Government elected and within weeks releases the last imprisoned resisters including Robert Martin . Australia begins to finalise the withdrawal of its forces from Vietnam ." ]

[ [] ]

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[ "The Princess Bride Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Reiner Produced by Andrew Scheinman Rob Reiner Screenplay by William Goldman Based on The Princess Bride by William Goldman Starring Cary Elwes Mandy Patinkin Chris Sarandon Christopher Guest Wallace Shawn André the Giant Robin Wright Peter Falk Billy Crystal Music by Mark Knopfler Cinematography Adrian Biddle Edited by Robert Leighton Production company Act III Communications Buttercup Films The Princess Bride Ltd . Distributed by 20th Century Fox ( North America ) Vestron Pictures ( International ) Release date September 25 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 25 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $30.9 million", "The Princess Bride", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Rob Reiner", "Produced by Andrew Scheinman Rob Reiner", "Andrew Scheinman Rob Reiner", "Screenplay by William Goldman", "Based on The Princess Bride by William Goldman", "Starring Cary Elwes Mandy Patinkin Chris Sarandon Christopher Guest Wallace Shawn André the Giant Robin Wright Peter Falk Billy Crystal", "Cary Elwes Mandy Patinkin Chris Sarandon Christopher Guest Wallace Shawn André the Giant Robin Wright Peter Falk Billy Crystal", "André the Giant", "Music by Mark Knopfler", "Cinematography Adrian Biddle", "Edited by Robert Leighton", "Production company Act III Communications Buttercup Films The Princess Bride Ltd .", "Act III Communications Buttercup Films The Princess Bride Ltd .", "Act III Communications", "The Princess Bride Ltd .", "Distributed by 20th Century Fox ( North America ) Vestron Pictures ( International )", "20th Century Fox ( North America ) Vestron Pictures ( International )", "20th Century Fox ( North America )", "Vestron Pictures ( International )", "Release date September 25 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 25 )", "September 25 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 25 )", "September 25 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 25 )", "Running time 98 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $16 million", "Box office $30.9 million", "The Princess Bride is a 1987 American romantic fantasy adventure comedy - drama film directed and co-produced by Rob Reiner , and starring Cary Elwes , Robin Wright , Mandy Patinkin , Chris Sarandon , Wallace Shawn , André the Giant and Christopher Guest . Adapted by William Goldman from his 1973 novel of the same name , it tells the story about a farmhand named Westley , accompanied by befriended companions along the way , who must rescue his true love Princess Buttercup from the odious Prince Humperdinck . The story is presented in the film as a book being read by a grandfather ( Peter Falk ) to his sick grandson ( Fred Savage ) , thus effectively preserving the novel 's narrative style .", "Released in the United States on September 25 , 1987 , the film is number 50 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' , number 88 on The American Film Institute 's ( AFI ) `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' list of the 100 greatest film love stories , and 46 in Channel 4 's 50 Greatest Comedy Films list . In 2016 , the film was inducted into the National Film Registry , being deemed as `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' .", "The film is an enactment of the following story read by a sick boy 's grandfather as the boy sits in bed listening , framed and occasionally interrupted by scenes of the reading .", "A beautiful young woman named Buttercup lives on a farm in the fictional country of Florin . Whenever she orders the farmhand Westley to do chores for her , he complies and answers `` As you wish . '' Eventually she realizes he loves her and admits her love for him . Westley leaves to seek his fortune so they can marry , but his ship is attacked by the Dread Pirate Roberts .", "Five years later , believing Westley is dead , Buttercup reluctantly agrees to marry Prince Humperdinck , heir to the throne of Florin . Before the wedding , she is kidnapped by three outlaws : a short Sicilian boss named Vizzini , a gigantic wrestler from Greenland named Fezzik , and a Spanish fencing master named Inigo Montoya , who seeks revenge against the six - fingered man who killed his father . The outlaws are pursued by Prince Humperdinck with a complement of soldiers , and also by a masked man in black .", "The man in black catches up to the outlaws at the top of the Cliffs of Insanity , where he defeats Inigo in a duel and knocks him unconscious , chokes Fezzik until he blacks out , and kills Vizzini by tricking him into drinking poison . When he tells Buttercup he is Roberts , she becomes enraged at him for killing Westley and shoves him into a gorge , wishing death upon him , but she realizes he is Westley himself when he replies `` As you wish ! '' She throws herself into the gorge after him , and they flee through the dangerous Fire Swamp . When they are captured on the other side by Humperdinck and his sadistic six - fingered vizier Count Rugen , Buttercup agrees to return with Humperdinck in exchange for Westley 's release , but Humperdinck secretly orders Rugen to lock Westley in the castle torture chamber .", "When Buttercup expresses unhappiness at marrying Humperdinck , he promises to search for Westley , but his real plan is to start a war with the neighboring country of Guilder by killing Buttercup and framing them for her death . Buttercup taunts Humperdinck after learning that he never tried to find Westley . Enraged , Humperdinck tortures Westley almost to death . Meanwhile , Inigo and Fezzik meet when Humperdinck orders a gang of goons to arrest the thieves in a nearby forest , and Fezzik tells Inigo about Rugen . Inigo decides that they need Westley 's help to get into the castle , and when he hears cries of anguish , he realizes they must be from Westley . Inigo and Fezzik find Westley and fear him dead . Upon bringing him to a `` magic man '' , however , they learn that Westley is `` only mostly dead '' , and the magic man revives him to a state of heavy paralysis .", "After Westley , Inigo , and Fezzik invade the castle , Humperdinck orders the wedding ceremony shortened and Inigo finds and kills Rugen in a duel , repeatedly reciting his greeting of vengeance : `` Hello , my name is Inigo Montoya . You killed my father . Prepare to die . '' Westley finds Buttercup , who is about to commit suicide , and assures her that her marriage is invalid because she never said `` I do . '' Still partly paralyzed , he bluffs his way out of a duel with Humperdinck , then rides away with Buttercup , Inigo , and Fezzik .", "Back in the boy 's bedroom , the boy asks his grandfather to read the story to him again the next day , to which the grandfather replies , `` As you wish '' , which , as he explained earlier , means `` I love you . ''", "Peter Falk as Grandpa / The Narrator Fred Savage as The Grandson Betsy Brantley as The Mother", "Peter Falk as Grandpa / The Narrator", "Fred Savage as The Grandson", "Betsy Brantley as The Mother", "Cary Elwes as Westley / Dread Pirate Roberts / The Man in Black Robin Wright as Buttercup / The Princess Bride Chris Sarandon as Prince Humperdinck Mandy Patinkin as Inigo Montoya Christopher Guest as Count Tyrone Rugen André the Giant as Fezzik Wallace Shawn as Vizzini Billy Crystal as Miracle Max Carol Kane as Valerie , Max 's wife Peter Cook as The Impressive Clergyman Mel Smith as The Albino Margery Mason as The Ancient Booer Malcolm Storry as Yellin , a soldier of Florin Willoughby Gray as The King", "Cary Elwes as Westley / Dread Pirate Roberts / The Man in Black", "Robin Wright as Buttercup / The Princess Bride", "Chris Sarandon as Prince Humperdinck", "Mandy Patinkin as Inigo Montoya", "Christopher Guest as Count Tyrone Rugen", "André the Giant as Fezzik", "Wallace Shawn as Vizzini", "Billy Crystal as Miracle Max", "Carol Kane as Valerie , Max 's wife", "Peter Cook as The Impressive Clergyman", "Mel Smith as The Albino", "Margery Mason as The Ancient Booer", "Malcolm Storry as Yellin , a soldier of Florin", "Willoughby Gray as The King", "There had been many attempts to turn the novel into a film . In 1973 , 20th Century Fox paid Goldman $500,000 for the film rights and to do a screenplay . Richard Lester was signed to direct and the movie was almost made , but the head of production at Fox was fired and the project was put on hiatus . Goldman subsequently bought back the film rights to the novel with his own money . The movie was almost financed several times over the next decade -- at one stage in the early 1980s , Christopher Reeve was interested in playing Westley -- before Rob Reiner managed to secure funding from Norman Lear .", "The film was shot in various locations in Great Britain and Ireland :", "Carl Wark , Sheffield , England Burnham Beeches , Buckinghamshire , England Lathkill Dale where it meets Cales Dale ( the ' Battle of wits ' scene ) Cave Dale , Castleton , Derbyshire , England Bradley Rocks and Robin Hood 's Stride , Birchover , Derbyshire , England Cliffs of Moher , County Clare , Ireland ( for the Cliffs of Insanity ) Haddon Hall , Bakewell , Derbyshire , England Penshurst Place , Kent , England", "Carl Wark , Sheffield , England", "Burnham Beeches , Buckinghamshire , England", "Lathkill Dale where it meets Cales Dale ( the ' Battle of wits ' scene )", "Cave Dale , Castleton , Derbyshire , England", "Bradley Rocks and Robin Hood 's Stride , Birchover , Derbyshire , England", "Cliffs of Moher , County Clare , Ireland ( for the Cliffs of Insanity )", "Haddon Hall , Bakewell , Derbyshire , England", "Penshurst Place , Kent , England", "Cary Elwes and Mandy Patinkin learned to fence ( both left - and right - handed ) for the film ( reportedly spending all their free time during the production practicing with fencing instructors Bob Anderson and Peter Diamond , and with each other ) . The actors performed all of the fencing in the sword fight scene personally , although stunt doubles were used for the two somersaults .", "Popular professional wrestler André the Giant had undergone major back surgery prior to filming and , despite his great size and strength , could not support the weight of Cary Elwes during their fight scene or Robin Wright for a scene at the end of the film . For the wrestling scene , when Elwes was pretending to hang on André 's back , he was actually walking on a series of ramps below the camera during close - ups . For the wide shots , a stunt double took the place of André . When he was apparently carrying Wright , she was actually suspended by cables .", "The original soundtrack album was composed by Mark Knopfler , and released by Warner Bros. Records in the United States and Vertigo Records internationally in November 1987 . The album contains the song `` Storybook Love '' , performed by Willy DeVille and produced by Mark Knopfler . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 60th Academy Awards .", "In his audio commentary of the film on the special edition DVD , director Rob Reiner said that only Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits could create a soundtrack to capture the film 's quirky yet romantic nature . Reiner was an admirer of Knopfler 's work but did not know him before working on the film . He sent the script to him hoping he would agree to score the film . Knopfler agreed on one condition : that somewhere in the film Reiner would include the USS Coral Sea ( CV - 43 ) baseball cap ( which had been modified to say `` USS Ooral Sea OV - 4B '' ) he wore as Marty DiBergi in This Is Spinal Tap . Reiner was unable to produce the original cap , but did include a similar cap in the grandson 's room . Knopfler later said he was joking .", "The film was initially a modest success , grossing $30.8 million at the United States and Canada box office , on a $16 million production budget .", "The Princess Bride received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a 97 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating , based on 64 reviews , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` A delightfully postmodern fairy tale , The Princess Bride is a deft , intelligent mix of swashbuckling , romance , and comedy that takes an age - old damsel - in - distress story and makes it fresh . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . ''", "Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the film a `` two thumbs up '' rating on their television program . Ebert also wrote a very favorable print review in his column for the Chicago Sun - Times . Richard Corliss of Time said the film was fun for the whole family , and later , Time listed the film as one of the `` Best of ' 87 '' . Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the cast and the sweetness of the film .", "The Princess Bride was not a major box - office success , but it became a cult classic after its release to the home video market . The film is widely regarded as eminently quotable .", "In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted The Princess Bride the 38th greatest comedy film of all time . In 2006 , William Goldman 's screenplay was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 84th best screenplay of all time ; it earned the same ranking in the Guild 's 2013 update . The film was selected number 88 on The American Film Institute 's ( AFI ) `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' listing the 100 greatest film love stories of all time . BBC Radio 5 's resident film critic , Mark Kermode , is a fan of the film , frequently considering it a model to which similar films aspire. .", "American Film Institute lists", "American Film Institute lists", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 88 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Hello . My name is Inigo Montoya . You killed my father ; prepare to die ! '' -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Fantasy Film", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 88", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Hello . My name is Inigo Montoya . You killed my father ; prepare to die ! '' -- Nominated", "`` Hello . My name is Inigo Montoya . You killed my father ; prepare to die ! '' -- Nominated", "`` Hello . My name is Inigo Montoya . You killed my father ; prepare to die ! '' -- Nominated", "AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Fantasy Film", "In December 2011 , director Jason Reitman staged a live dramatic reading of The Princess Bride script at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art ( LACMA ) , with Paul Rudd as Westley ; Mindy Kaling as Buttercup ; Patton Oswalt as Vizzini ; Kevin Pollak as Miracle Max ; Goran Visnjic as Inigo Montoya ; Cary Elwes ( switching roles ) as Humperdinck ; director Rob Reiner as the grandfather ; and Fred Savage reprising his role as the grandson .", "In 2013 , director Ari Folman released a live action / animation film , The Congress , directly referencing the film and starring Robin Wright herself as a digitally cloned actress .", "In North America , the film was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1988 by Nelson Entertainment , the latter being a `` bare bones '' release in unmatted full screen . New Line Home Video reissued the VHS in 1994 .", "The Criterion Collection released a matted widescreen version , bare bones version on laserdisc in 1989 , supplementing it with liner notes . In 1997 Criterion re-released the Laserdisc as a `` special edition '' . This edition was widescreen and included an audio commentary by Rob Reiner , William Goldman , Andrew Scheinman , Billy Crystal , and Peter Falk ; excerpts from the novel read by Rob Reiner ; behind the scenes footage ; a production scrapbook by unit photographer Clive Coote ; design sketches by production designer Norman Garwood ; and excerpts from the television series Morton and Hayes , directed by Christopher Guest .", "By 2000 , MGM had acquired the US home video rights to the film ( as part of the `` pre-1996 Polygram film library '' package ) and released the film on VHS and DVD . The DVD release featured the soundtrack remastered in Dolby Digital 5.1 with the film in wide and full screen versions , and included the original US theatrical trailer . The next year MGM re-released the film in another widescreen `` special edition '' , this time with two audio commentaries -- one by Rob Reiner , the other by William Goldman -- `` As You Wish '' , `` Promotional '' , and `` Making Of '' featurettes ; a `` Cary Elwes Video Diary '' ; the US and UK theatrical trailers ; four television spots ; a photo gallery ; and a collectible booklet .", "In 2006 , MGM released a two - disc set with varying covers -- the `` Dread Pirate '' and `` Buttercup '' editions . Each featured their respective character , but had identical features : in addition to the features in the previous release were , the `` Dread Pirate Roberts : Greatest Legend of the Seven Seas '' , `` Love is Like a Storybook Story '' , and `` Miraculous Make Up '' featurettes , `` The Quotable Battle of Wits '' game , and Fezzik 's `` Guide to Florin '' booklet .", "Another year later , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the film , MGM and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( whose parent company 20th Century Fox continues to hold all US rights to the film except for US home video rights ) released the film with flippable cover art featuring the title displayed in an ambigram . This DVD did not include any of the bonus features from the older editions , but had new short featurettes and a new game . A Blu - ray Disc was released on March 17 , 2009 , encoded in 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio . Special features include two audio commentaries , the original theatrical trailer and eight featurettes .", "In 2007 , the film was released for download in the iTunes Store .", "The film is also available in Region 2 where it is published by Lions Gate Entertainment . Its extras are the theatrical trailer and text filmographies .", "It was announced that composer Adam Guettel was working with William Goldman on a musical adaptation of The Princess Bride in 2006 . The project was abandoned in February 2007 after Goldman reportedly demanded 75 percent of the author 's share , even though Guettel was writing both the music and the lyrics . Some of Guettel 's music for the production has since surfaced in concert performances and workshops .", "In 2008 , PlayRoom Entertainment released The Princess Bride : Storming the Castle , a board game based on the film .", "The Princess Bride Game is a casual video game developed and published by New York game development studio Worldwide Biggies ." ]

[ [ "fifth largest" ] ]

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[ "Economy of California The Seal of California features sailing ships in the background , symbolizing the state 's economic power Statistics GDP $2.751 trillion ( 2017 ) GDP growth 2.1 % ( 2017 ) GDP per capita $66,232 ( 2016 ) Population below poverty line 14.3 % ( absolute ) 23.5 % ( relative ) Labor force 19,286,476 ( December 2017 ) Unemployment 4.3 % ( December 2017 ) Public finances Expenses $220 billion ( 2011 -- 12 )", "The Seal of California features sailing ships in the background , symbolizing the state 's economic power", "Statistics", "GDP $2.751 trillion ( 2017 )", "GDP growth 2.1 % ( 2017 )", "GDP per capita $66,232 ( 2016 )", "Population below poverty line 14.3 % ( absolute ) 23.5 % ( relative )", "Labor force 19,286,476 ( December 2017 )", "Unemployment 4.3 % ( December 2017 )", "Public finances", "Expenses $220 billion ( 2011 -- 12 )", "California has experienced waves of migration . Once the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848 with Mexico that acquired and paid for the thinly settled future states of California , Nevada , Utah , Arizona , New Mexico as well as the independent territory of Texas the newly acquired territories underwent rapid and extensive development . In 1847 , California was controlled ( with much difficulty due to deserters leaving to look for gold ) by a U.S. Army - appointed military governor and an inadequate force of a little over 600 troops . After the finding of extensive gold deposits in California the California gold rush started in 1848 . Commerce and economic activity in California initially centered around the vastly expanded cities of San Francisco , San Jose and Sacramento as they scrambled to supply the hordes of gold miners . Los Angeles initially remained a sleepy backwater of less than 5,000 residents . Before 1850 government was judged inadequate and poorly run and statehood status was sought to start trying to remedy this problem . Due to the California Gold Rush , by 1850 California had grown to have a non-Indian and non-Californio population ( about 7,000 Californios were residing in California in 1850 ) of over 110,000 . Despite a major conflict in the U.S. Congress on the number of slave versus non-slave states , the large , rapid and continuing California population gains and the large amount of gold being exported east gave California enough clout to choose its own extensive boundaries , elect its representatives and senators , write its Constitution , and be admitted to the Union as a free state in 1850 without going through territorial status as required for most other new states .", "Soon after statehood in 1850 the state required and paid through taxes for nearly universal elementary school education . Other private schools were founded and are still doing well . In the 1930s the California was a leader in the high school movement to educate students beyond elementary school . State - subsidized college educations have a long history in California as well as many private elementary , middle , high schools , colleges and universities . There are three public funded higher education systems in the state : the California State University ( CSU ) ( founded 1857 ) , the University of California ( UC ) system ( founded 1868 ) , and the California Community College System ( CCCS ) founded in 1967 . CSU is the largest university system in the United States . CSU has 23 campuses and eight off - campus centers enrolling 437,000 students with 44,000 faculty members and staff , The University of California was founded in 1868 in Berkeley as a state supported university . As of fall 2011 , the University of California has 10 campuses , a combined student body of 234,464 students , 18,896 faculty members , 189,116 staff members , and over 1,600,000 living alumni . The California Community College System consisting of 112 community colleges in 72 community college districts in California has over 1,800,000 students . California also has an extensive private college system of over 133 colleges and universities including California Institute of Technology and Stanford University . ( See : List of colleges and universities in California )", "About half the settlers coming to California after 1846 came by the wagon trains on the California Trail ( a trip of about 140 -- 160 days ) . The other half came by sea via paddle steamers going to and from the Isthmus of Panama or Nicaragua ( about a 40 + day trip ) . The building of the Panama Railroad in 1855 made this a much more used route especially for passengers . The other main sailing ship route was going around Cape Horn , about a 120 - day ( via Clippers ) or 200 day trip by regular sailing ship . Nearly all freight to California till 1869 took this long route around South America -- shipping by ship has nearly always been relatively slow but cheap . Overland shipping was too difficult and took too long for nearly all cargo . The First Transcontinental Telegraph replaced the Pony Express in 1861 and established the first rapid communication with the east coast . The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed across the future states of Nebraska , Wyoming , Utah and the new states of Nevada ( est. 1864 ) and California in 1869 and cut this trip to about 7 days . This rail link tied California and the rest of the Pacific states firmly into the union and led to much more rapid and profitable commerce between the states . In 1886 the first refrigerated cars on the Southern Pacific Railroad entered operation . The loading of such cars with oranges , at Los Angeles on February 14 , 1886 , started an economic boom in the citrus industry of Southern California , by making deliveries of perishable fruits and vegetables to the eastern United States possible .", "Early farming in the state was primarily concentrated near the coast , and the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta in the Central Valley . Winter wheat was an early crop that grew well without irrigation if planted in the fall and harvested in the spring . By the 1880s extensive grape fields for producing wine were being planted in many areas in California . Many of the vine stock originally came from France and other parts of Europe . Starting in the late 1880s , Chinese workers and other laborers were used to construct hundreds of miles of levees throughout the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta 's waterways in an effort to control flooding , reclaim and preserve flooded land that could be converted into farmland . This area now often grows extensive rice crops . Subsequent irrigation projects have brought many more parts of the Central Valley into productive agriculture use . The Central Valley Project , formed in 1935 to redistribute water from northern California to the Central valley and Southern California helped develop more of the Central Valley . Water for agricultural and municipal purposes was captured in the spring from snow melt in the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) and stored for later irrigation use with an extensive system of dams and canals . The even larger California State Water Project was formed in the 1950s , consisting of the California Aqueduct and its ancillary dams . The California Aqueduct , developed at the cost of several billion dollars , helps store and transport water from the Feather River Basin to agricultural and municipal users statewide . The Colorado River Aqueduct delivers water from the Colorado River to the Imperial Valley of California area and since 1905 the Los Angeles Aqueduct delivers water over from the Owens Valley to the city of Los Angeles . One of the state 's most acute problems is its appetite for water . In the extensive fields of the Imperial Valley , irrigation is facilitated in part by the All - American Canal -- part of the Colorado River Aqueduct project . Cutbacks in federally funded water projects in the 1970s and 80s led many cities to begin buying water from areas with a surplus ; but political problems associated with water distribution continue . Ongoing challenges to develop a long - term plan to end surplus water withdrawals from the Colorado led the federal government to stop the release of surplus river water to the state in 2003 .", "Agriculture is one of the prominent elements of the state 's economy : California leads the nation in the production of fruits , vegetables , wines and nuts . The state 's most valuable crops are cannabis , nuts , grapes , cotton , flowers , and oranges . California produces the major share of U.S. domestic wine . Dairy products contribute the single largest share of farm income . California 's farms are highly productive as a result of good soil , a long growing season , the use of modern agricultural methods and extensive irrigation . Irrigation is critical since the long dry summers would not allow most crops to grow here -- California Indians had almost no agriculture because of this . Extensive and expensive irrigation systems including furrow `` gravity '' irrigation , sprinkler and drip irrigation systems have been developed to supply the extensive irrigation needs of California . Illegal immigration to the United States has been traditionally drawn to the state , in part , because corporations face intense pressure to control labor costs by using illegal means to harvest California 's extensive crops .", "Top 30 publicly traded companies in California for 2017 according to revenues with State and U.S. rankings State Corporation US Apple McKesson 5 Chevron 19 Wells Fargo 25 5 Alphabet 27 6 Intel 47 7 Disney 52 8 Hewlett - Packard Enterprise 59 9 Cisco Systems 60 10 HP Inc 61 11 Oracle 81 12 Google 92 13 Oracle 96 14 Gilead Sciences 92 16 Facebook 98 17 Qualcomm 119 18 Amgen 123 19 Molina Healthcare 156 20 PG&E 157 21 Aecom 161 22 Gap Inc 178 23 Visa 187 24 Synnex 198 25 CBRE Group 214 26 Ross Stores 219 27 Farmers Insurance Exchange 222 28 Edison International 235 29 Core - Mark Holding 247 30 PayPal Holdings 264 Further information : List of California companies Source : Fortune / LA Times", "Top 30 publicly traded companies in California for 2017 according to revenues with State and U.S. rankings", "State Corporation US", "Apple", "McKesson 5", "Chevron 19", "Wells Fargo 25", "5 Alphabet 27", "6 Intel 47", "7 Disney 52", "8 Hewlett - Packard Enterprise 59", "9 Cisco Systems 60", "10 HP Inc 61", "11 Oracle 81", "12 Google 92", "13 Oracle 96", "14 Gilead Sciences 92", "16 Facebook 98", "17 Qualcomm 119", "18 Amgen 123", "19 Molina Healthcare 156", "20 PG&E 157", "21 Aecom 161", "22 Gap Inc 178", "23 Visa 187", "24 Synnex 198", "25 CBRE Group 214", "26 Ross Stores 219", "27 Farmers Insurance Exchange 222", "28 Edison International 235", "29 Core - Mark Holding 247", "30 PayPal Holdings 264", "Further information : List of California companies Source : Fortune / LA Times", "Source : Fortune / LA Times", "California 's location along the Pacific coast and its rapidly growing population initially led to the constructions of major seaports at San Francisco in the San Francisco Bay area and inland ports at Sacramento , etc . The first paddle steamer , the SS California , arrived in the port of San Francisco on February 29 , 1849 , with over 400 passengers trying to get to the gold rush territory . She left New York City October 6 , 1848 , before the gold discoveries were verified and the gold rush truly stated . Shipment of passengers and freight to Sacramento was accomplished by off - loading the cargoes and passengers onto paddle steamers for transit up the Sacramento River to Sacramento , Stockton , etc . As the population spread out and grew ports were established up and down the California coast with other major ports in Long Beach , Los Angeles and San Diego . The largest U.S. Naval base on the west coast is now in San Diego . ( See : Maritime history of California for more information . ) The state 's shipping industry evolved to handle cargoes to and from California to Europe and the eastern United States and help support the growing international trade with South America , Asia and Oceania . During World War II , numerous military bases and various wartime industries were quickly established in the state to support the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic ocean fleets -- ships could use the Panama Canal to get from ocean to ocean . California led in the number of merchant ships built at the Kaiser shipyards in Richmond and the Los Angeles areas . Mare Island Naval Shipyard ( now closed ) in the San Francisco Bay built submarines as well as repaired many of the ships used by the U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet in World War II . The rapidly growing California aircraft industries was greatly expanded . Since then these defense connected industries have largely closed down or moved to cheaper areas in the U.S.", "With Thomas Edison 's invention of the Kinetoscope ( early movie camera ) in 1894 , California would become a leader when `` talkies '' were introduced in the sound film movie industry . The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as film itself , but because of the technical challenges involved , synchronized dialogue was only made practical in the late 1920s with the perfection of the Audion amplifier tube and the introduction of the Vitaphone system . After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927 , `` talkies '' became more and more commonplace . Within a decade , popular widespread production of silent films had ceased . Cheap land , good year - round climate and large natural spaces prompted the growing film industry to begin migrating to Southern California in the early part of the 20th century . The film patent wars of the early 20th century actually led to the spread of film companies across the U.S. Many worked with equipment for which they did not own the patent rights , and thus filming in New York was `` dangerous '' ; it was too close to Edison 's company headquarters , and to his agents which the company sent out to seize `` illegal '' cameras . By 1912 , most major film companies had set up movie production facilities in Southern California near or in Los Angeles because of the region 's favorable year - round weather and the rapidly growing supply of `` talent '' both before and behind the cameras . Since the 1920s California continues to be a major U.S. center for motion - picture shows , television shows , cartoons , and related entertainment industries , especially in Hollywood and Burbank areas .", "Since 1945 , manufacturing of electronic equipment , computers , machinery , transportation equipment , and metal products , has increased rapidly while aircraft and naval construction has largely ceased . Stanford University , its affiliates , and graduates played a major role in the development of California 's electronics and high - tech industry . From the 1890s , Stanford University 's leaders saw its mission as leading the development of the West and shaped the school accordingly . Regionalism helped align Stanford 's interests with those of the Stanford area 's high - tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley 's development . During the 1940s and 1950s , Frederick Terman , as Stanford 's dean of engineering and provost , encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies . He is credited with nurturing Hewlett - Packard , Varian Associates , and other high - tech firms such as Apple Inc. , Google , etc. in what would become Silicon Valley that grew up around the Stanford campus . Despite the development of other high - tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world , Silicon Valley continues to be a leading hub for high - tech innovation and development , accounting for one - third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States . Geographically , Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley , the southern Peninsula , and the southern East Bay . A number of high - tech companies and small low - tech , often low - wage , companies are also located in Southern California .", "Tourism is also an important part of California 's economy . Yosemite National Park was established in 1890 , followed by nine other national parks and seashores , as well as various other protected areas across California . Disneyland , established in 1955 , and other theme parks draw millions of visitors each year .", "California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century , particularly fast food restaurants and credit cards . Nationwide fast food chains A&W Restaurants ( 1919 ) , McDonald 's ( 1940 ) , Taco Bell ( 1961 ) , and Panda Express ( 1983 ) were all founded in California . Visa Inc. ( originally BankAmericard ) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of America in Fresno , while MasterCard ( originally Master Charge ) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in 1966 by a group of California banks to compete against BankAmericard .", "If the state were considered separately , it would rank as the fifth largest economy in the world , behind rest of the United States , China , Japan , and Germany as of 2017 . The state recently overtook the United Kingdom to take the fifth spot . The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that California 's GDP was $2.751 trillion in 3rd quarter 2017 .", "In 2002 , the U.S. government began to use the North American Industry Classification System ( NAICS ) system of classifying economic activities , to better reflect today 's economy .", "Government is California 's largest industry , like most states , with about 2.5 million employees . The second largest industry , according to the Census , is Healthcare and Social Assistance .", "California has historically derived significant revenue from international trade and tourism . However , the state 's share of America 's merchandise export trade has been steadily shrinking since 2000 , from 15.4 % to 11.1 % in 2008 . The exports of goods made in California totaled $134 billion in 2007 . $48 billion of that total was computers and electronics , followed by transportation , non-electrical machinery , agriculture , and chemicals . California trade and exports translate into high - paying jobs for over one million Californians . According to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis ( BEA ) , in 2005 , foreign - controlled companies employed 542,600 California workers , the most of any state . Major sources of foreign investment in California in 2005 were Japan , the United Kingdom , Switzerland , France , and Germany . Foreign investment in California was responsible for 4.6 percent of the state 's total private - industry employment in 2009 . Total direct travel spending in California reached $96.7 billion in 2008 , a 0.8 % increase over the preceding year . Los Angeles County receives the most tourism in the state .", "Compared to other states , California has a large agriculture industry ( including fruit , vegetables , dairy , and wine production ) , but at less than 2 % of the GDP , it makes a relatively minor contribution to the state 's overall economy . Airborne exports of perishable fruits and vegetables amounted to approximately $579 million in 2007 . By way of comparison , California exported more agricultural products by air that year than 23 other states did by all modes of transport . California agriculture is dependent on undocumented labor .", "According to the California Department of Food and Agriculture , `` California agriculture is a $42.6 billion dollar industry that generates at least $100 billion in related economic activity . '' The state 's agricultural sales first exceeded $30 billion in 2004 , making it more than twice the size of any other state 's agriculture industry .", "California is the leading dairy state . Milk is California 's number one farm commodity . Exports of almonds continued to be the top commodity from California , with a value of $2.83 billion in foreign sales . Dairy and dairy products ranked second to almonds with a California total export value of $1.42 billion , a 24 percent increase over 2010 . California 's dairy industry generated $47 billion `` in economic activity '' in 2004 and employed over 400,000 people . ''", "California leads the United States in strawberry production ; due to its optimal climate and productive soil , the state is the source of over 80 % of the nation 's strawberry harvest .", "Oil drilling has played a significant role in the development of the state . There have been major strikes in the Bakersfield , Long Beach , Los Angeles areas and off the California coast .", "Solar power in California is also a large employer in the state . There are over 43,000 Californians working in the solar industry , primarily around the San Francisco Bay Area , Los Angeles , San Diego , and the Central Valley .", "Per capita income was $58,272 in 2017 , ranking 6th in the nation , though with wide variation by geographic region and profession . The highest income counties in California are Marin County and San Francisco County , which both have per capita personal incomes of over $100,000 , and are 2 of the top 12 highest - income counties in the United States . Some coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per - capita areas in the U.S. , notably in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area .", "The most expensive and largest housing markets in the U.S. are in the state of California , so there are a number of communities where average housing prices hover between US $1 -- 2 million . Generally , the Central Valley in northern California is the least expensive area , as is the Inland Empire in Southern California , though prices in these regions are still much more expensive than most other areas of the country , to the point that there are also communities in these areas where housing prices average around the $1 million mark . The agricultural central counties have some of the highest poverty rates in the state .", "( hide ) California state and local tax revenue 2011 ( in thousands ) Revenue type State and local revenue State revenue Local revenue General revenue from own sources 268,224,294 142,927,463 125,296,831 Various taxes 185,218,208 116,695,284 68,522,924 Property taxes 53,506,490 3,207,301 50,299,189 Sales and gross receipts tax 59,179,135 45,147,657 14,031,478 General sales tax 40,101,659 30,996,372 9,105,287 Selective sales tax 19,077,476 14,151,285 4,926,191 Motor fuel tax 5,705,527 5,705,527 ( X ) Alcoholic beverage tax 334,178 334,178 ( X ) Tobacco products tax 905,245 905,245 ( X ) Public utilities 3,974,053 790,501 3,183,552 Other selective sales tax 8,158,473 6,415,834 1,742,639 Individual income tax 50,508,441 50,508,441 ( X ) Corporate income tax 9,613,594 9,613,594 ( X ) Vehicle license tax 3,131,975 3,090,610 41,365 Other taxes 9,278,573 5,127,681 4,150,892 Charges and misc . general revenue 83,006,086 26,232,179 56,773,907 Current charges 60,339,164 16,701,739 43,637,425 Education K - 14 10,168,290 7,258,220 2,910,070 Institutions of higher education 9,104,750 7,252,680 1,852,070 School lunch sales ( gross ) 426,647 ( X ) 426,647 Hospital fees 17,007,989 6,542,258 10,465,731 Highway fees 651,115 38,490 612,625 Airport fees 2,498,811 ( X ) 2,498,811 Parking facilities 435,455 12,261 423,194 Sea and inland port facilities 1,334,929 ( X ) 1,334,929 Natural resources 2,137,297 1,297,670 839,627 Parks and recreation 1,416,246 96,167 1,320,079 Housing and community development 951,021 487 950,534 Sewerage 6,485,827 ( X ) 6,485,827 Solid waste management 2,469,196 ( X ) 2,469,196 Other charges & fees 14,782,988 1,456,186 13,326,802 Miscellaneous general revenue 22,666,922 9,530,440 13,136,482 Interest earnings 6,253,309 2,374,030 3,879,279 Special assessments 1,466,292 ( X ) 1,466,292 Sale of property 333,326 14,168 319,158 Other general revenue 14,613,995 7,142,242 7,471,753 Utility revenue 25,316,003 2,496,154 22,819,849 Water supply 10,334,952 ( X ) 10,334,952 Electric power 12,795,350 2,496,154 10,299,196 Gas supply 242,213 ( X ) 242,213 Transit 1,943,488 ( X ) 1,943,488 Insurance trust revenue 149,964,876 120,379,020 29,585,856 Unemployment compensation 17,009,070 17,009,070 ( X ) Employee retirement 124,640,863 95,055,007 29,585,856 Workers ' compensation 2,077,574 2,077,574 ( X ) Other insurance trust revenue 6,237,369 6,237,369 ( X ) Notes : 1 . Federal transfers add $75.876 billion to state and local funds . 2 . There are $100.310 billion in additional local transfers ; $11.294 billion from the federal government and $89.016 billion from the state . 3 . Insurance trusts include unemployment , worker 's compensation and retirement accounts .", "( hide ) California state and local tax revenue 2011 ( in thousands )", "Revenue type State and local revenue State revenue Local revenue", "General revenue from own sources 268,224,294 142,927,463 125,296,831", "Various taxes 185,218,208 116,695,284 68,522,924", "Property taxes 53,506,490 3,207,301 50,299,189", "Sales and gross receipts tax 59,179,135 45,147,657 14,031,478", "General sales tax 40,101,659 30,996,372 9,105,287", "Selective sales tax 19,077,476 14,151,285 4,926,191", "Motor fuel tax 5,705,527 5,705,527 ( X )", "Alcoholic beverage tax 334,178 334,178 ( X )", "Tobacco products tax 905,245 905,245 ( X )", "Public utilities 3,974,053 790,501 3,183,552", "Other selective sales tax 8,158,473 6,415,834 1,742,639", "Individual income tax 50,508,441 50,508,441 ( X )", "Corporate income tax 9,613,594 9,613,594 ( X )", "Vehicle license tax 3,131,975 3,090,610 41,365", "Other taxes 9,278,573 5,127,681 4,150,892", "Charges and misc . general revenue 83,006,086 26,232,179 56,773,907", "Current charges 60,339,164 16,701,739 43,637,425", "Education K - 14 10,168,290 7,258,220 2,910,070", "Institutions of higher education 9,104,750 7,252,680 1,852,070", "School lunch sales ( gross ) 426,647 ( X ) 426,647", "Hospital fees 17,007,989 6,542,258 10,465,731", "Highway fees 651,115 38,490 612,625", "Airport fees 2,498,811 ( X ) 2,498,811", "Parking facilities 435,455 12,261 423,194", "Sea and inland port facilities 1,334,929 ( X ) 1,334,929", "Natural resources 2,137,297 1,297,670 839,627", "Parks and recreation 1,416,246 96,167 1,320,079", "Housing and community development 951,021 487 950,534", "Sewerage 6,485,827 ( X ) 6,485,827", "Solid waste management 2,469,196 ( X ) 2,469,196", "Other charges & fees 14,782,988 1,456,186 13,326,802", "Miscellaneous general revenue 22,666,922 9,530,440 13,136,482", "Interest earnings 6,253,309 2,374,030 3,879,279", "Special assessments 1,466,292 ( X ) 1,466,292", "Sale of property 333,326 14,168 319,158", "Other general revenue 14,613,995 7,142,242 7,471,753", "Utility revenue 25,316,003 2,496,154 22,819,849", "Water supply 10,334,952 ( X ) 10,334,952", "Electric power 12,795,350 2,496,154 10,299,196", "Gas supply 242,213 ( X ) 242,213", "Transit 1,943,488 ( X ) 1,943,488", "Insurance trust revenue 149,964,876 120,379,020 29,585,856", "Unemployment compensation 17,009,070 17,009,070 ( X )", "Employee retirement 124,640,863 95,055,007 29,585,856", "Workers ' compensation 2,077,574 2,077,574 ( X )", "Other insurance trust revenue 6,237,369 6,237,369 ( X )", "Notes : 1 . Federal transfers add $75.876 billion to state and local funds . 2 . There are $100.310 billion in additional local transfers ; $11.294 billion from the federal government and $89.016 billion from the state . 3 . Insurance trusts include unemployment , worker 's compensation and retirement accounts .", "1 . Federal transfers add $75.876 billion to state and local funds . 2 . There are $100.310 billion in additional local transfers ; $11.294 billion from the federal government and $89.016 billion from the state . 3 . Insurance trusts include unemployment , worker 's compensation and retirement accounts .", "California is divided into counties which are legal subdivisions of the state . There are 58 California counties , 480 California cities , and about 3,400 special districts and school districts . Special districts deliver specific public programs and public facilities to constituents , and are defined as `` any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries . '' Much of the government of California is in practice the responsibility of city , county and school governments . All these different governments have their own sources of tax revenue and fees ; making a complicated mix of taxes , fees , transfers and responsibilities . Most taxes are collected by the state and then redistributed to the different government branches . Many fees are collected at the city and county level .", "According to the U.S. Census , the federal Internal Revenue Service collected in California in 2012 $292.563 billion . This included federal income & payroll ( $193.489 bn ) , excise ( $3.227 bn ) , corporate income ( $37.181 bn ) , gift ( $0.288 bn ) , estate ( $2.590 bn ) , unemployment ( $0.838 bn ) , and trust ( $1.091 bn ) taxes .", "State and local tax and fee collections in California ( 2011 ) were $268.224 billion plus another $75.875 billion in federal transfers were spent by state and local government agencies .", "California in 2010 , when measured as a percentage of GDP , had the 4th highest tax burden of all the fifty states at 13.4 % of the state GDP .", "The maximum 13.3 % state personal income tax rate is the highest in the nation , but only applies to incomes over $1 million . For a married couple the first $15,164 has an income tax rate of 1.0 % on taxable income ( all income minus allowable deductions ) . The rate on taxable income between $15,164 and $35,952 is 2.0 % ; from $35,952 to $56,742 it is 4.0 % ; from $56,742 to $78,768 it is 6.0 % ; from $78,768 to $99,548 income has an 8.0 % rate . On taxable income from $99,548 to $508,500 the rate is 9.3 % . Taxable income from $508,500 to $610,200 the tax is 10.30 % ( of all income over $508,500 ) . Taxable income from $610,200 to $1,017,000 the tax is 11.30 % of all income over $610,200 . All income over $1,017,000 has a tax of 13.3 % . The standard deduction for a married couple is now $212.00 . This means a married couple earning less than $18,182.00 pays no income tax . Rates for single persons are the same but the bracket amounts are halved .", "The 8.4 percent `` average '' sales tax assessed by the state and local governments of California is one of the highest in the nation and varies by city and county from a low of 7.5 % to 10.0 % . Food , prescription drugs and services are exempt from sales tax -- about one - third of all purchases have sales tax applied to them . Sales taxes are collected by the state , which re-allocates them to the various counties , cities , districts , etc . The basic statewide sales and use tax rate is 7.50 % and is divided as follows : 6.50 % State , 0.75 % plus a 0.25 % local transportation fund to city or county of place of sale ( distributed quarterly ) . All taxes above 7.5 % are so called `` district taxes '' which are imposed locally , after an area wide vote , under the Transactions and Use Tax Law . Local , voter approved , sales tax rate increases have resulted in higher sales tax rates in various California locations . Sales taxes imposed for general governmental purposes are subject to simple majority approval . Sales taxes imposed for specific purposes like transportation are subject to two - thirds voter approval .", "Used cars have a 7.5 % to 10.0 % sales tax applied to the used car purchase price . This sales tax is applied to all new and used car , planes , boats , etc. purchased even if they are purchased out of state . In addition to having a clear title , a passed smog and emission inspection on the vehicle plus proof of insurance are needed before a car can be registered . New residents to California are required to register their vehicle ( s ) within 20 days of establishing residency . A department of motor vehicle ( DMV ) employee will perform a physical inspection of the vehicle and verify the vehicle identification number ( VIN ) number before you receive a California registration certificate , license plates and correct yearly registration stickers for your vehicle . State and local government vehicles are exempt from paying fees and are issued `` exempt '' license plates .", "California vehicle license fees are 0.65 % of depreciated vehicle 's value . These fees are applied annually . Licenses are renewed in the month the vehicle was originally registered and have a yearly sticker applied to them after paying the registration fee to show fee payment .", "The 8.84 % state corporate income flat tax rate is the highest in the west and one of the highest in the nation . Banks and financials have a 10.84 % flat tax applied to their profits . S corporation rate is 1.5 % while S corporation bank and financial rate is 3.5 % .", "California property tax rates are ranked 17th highest in the nation having been capped by the Proposition 13 overwhelmingly passed in 1978 . Property taxes in California amounted to over $54.0 billion ( 2011 ) and are one of the largest taxes in California of which about $12.0 billion of the $54.0 billion collected was for voter approved `` extras '' . The property tax , despite being used primarily to finance local governments , has a significant effect on the state budget . The state 's convoluted education finance system attempts to `` equalize '' school district property tax revenue for K -- 14 districts by using the states general funds collected mostly from income and sales taxes . The state has changed the laws regarding property tax allocation many times to attempt to limit its extensive education costs .", "Property in California , when sold , is assessed at 100 % of full cash value . Under Proposition 13 , the maximum amount of tax on real estate in California is limited to 1.0 % plus local voter approved surcharges for `` extras '' . Revenue from these `` extra '' taxes are used primarily to repay general obligation bonds issued for local infrastructure projects such as school district surcharges for rehabilitation of school facilities or building new buildings . These extras may also include : water districts , sidewalk maintenance , flood control , street lighting , etc ... The state also has statewide property taxes collected and used by the state on privately owned railroad cars and timber . The statewide average property tax is about 1.26 % of assessed value but can range from about 1.03 % to nearly 2.0 % in some cities and counties . Proposition 13 limits property tax assessment increases to 2.0 % of previously assessed value or the inflation rate over the previous year , whichever is lower . Because property prices have increased in California faster than 2.0 % , on average , older properties are taxed at lower `` effective '' rates then newly sold properties . This feature was part in the Proposition 13 language to encourage people to stay put in their residences longer -- they do . Property taxes were allocated as follows : counties 17 % , cities 10 % , schools ( school districts and community colleges ) 54 % , and special districts 19 % . In 2013 the state legislature abolished special districts . Intangible personal property , personal effects , business inventory property held for resale are exempt from property taxes . A principal residence qualifies for a $7,000 homestead reduction in the taxable value of their property . Property owned by governments , non-profit hospitals , religious institutions , and charitable organizations -- are exempt from the 1.0 % property tax rate .", "In California gasoline is taxed at $0.719 / gallon and diesel at $0.749 / gallon -- these are the highest gas and diesel taxes in the nation . The state legislature switched its gas taxation system in 2010 so it could re-appropriate some of the gas and diesel tax money from road maintenance to other areas of the state budget which was in deficit . Since they re-purposed much of the state and federal fuel taxes there are now complaints that there is not enough money in the transportation funds to do all the required highway upgrades and maintenance .", "Cigarette excise taxes in California are $0.87 / pack . The federal excise tax on cigarettes is an additional $1.01 making the total excise taxes on a package of cigarettes $1.88 / pack . Because excise taxes are `` hidden '' ( not listed separately ) the price of the cigarettes plus the excise tax have a 7.5 % to 10.0 % sales tax added to the purchase price -- a tax on a tax .", "California alcoholic beverage taxes varies by beverage , from 20 ¢ per gallon of wine or beer to $6.60 per gallon of spirits ( over 100 proof ) .", "The unemployment insurance rate , paid by the employer , is experienced based and averages about 1.0 % - 6.0 % of the first $7,000 of worker 's income -- employers with high turnovers pay more . The federal unemployment insurance rate ( now ) is 6.2 % of the first $7,000 of worker 's income . The Great Recession resulted in a high unemployment rate , causing California to borrow about $10 billion from the federal government .", "The Employment Training Tax ( ETT ) rate for 2014 is 0.1 percent on the first $7,000 per employee per calendar year .", "The State Disability Insurance ( SDI ) withholding rate for 2014 is 1.0 percent up to a salary limit of $101,636 income -- maximum disability tax for each employee is $1,016.36 .", "The international boom in housing prices has been most pronounced in California , with the median property price in the state rising to about the half - million dollar mark in April 2005 . Orange County , Ventura County and the San Francisco Bay Area have the highest median prices , each approaching $650,000 . The least expensive region is the Central Valley , with a median price of $290,000 .", "Various real estate markets in California experienced sharp increases in value in the early 2000s , followed by declines in 2007 and 2008 , as a housing bubble burst .", "However , beginning in 2007 with the credit crunch in the banking system , thousands of homes have been foreclosed statewide , thereby leading to plummeting home prices . As of 2014 California was found to be the most expensive state in which to lease a home ." ]

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[ "Deadpool 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by David Leitch Produced by Simon Kinberg Ryan Reynolds Lauren Shuler Donner Written by Rhett Reese Paul Wernick Ryan Reynolds Based on Deadpool by Fabian Nicieza Rob Liefeld Starring Ryan Reynolds Josh Brolin Morena Baccarin Julian Dennison Zazie Beetz T.J. Miller Brianna Hildebrand Jack Kesy Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Jonathan Sela Edited by Dirk Westervelt Craig Alpert Elísabet Ronaldsdóttir Production company Marvel Entertainment Kinberg Genre Maximum Effort The Donners ' Company TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Leicester Square ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $733.1 million", "Deadpool 2", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by David Leitch", "Produced by Simon Kinberg Ryan Reynolds Lauren Shuler Donner", "Simon Kinberg Ryan Reynolds Lauren Shuler Donner", "Lauren Shuler Donner", "Written by Rhett Reese Paul Wernick Ryan Reynolds", "Rhett Reese Paul Wernick Ryan Reynolds", "Based on Deadpool by Fabian Nicieza Rob Liefeld", "Fabian Nicieza Rob Liefeld", "Starring Ryan Reynolds Josh Brolin Morena Baccarin Julian Dennison Zazie Beetz T.J. Miller Brianna Hildebrand Jack Kesy", "Ryan Reynolds Josh Brolin Morena Baccarin Julian Dennison Zazie Beetz T.J. Miller Brianna Hildebrand Jack Kesy", "Music by Tyler Bates", "Cinematography Jonathan Sela", "Edited by Dirk Westervelt Craig Alpert Elísabet Ronaldsdóttir", "Dirk Westervelt Craig Alpert Elísabet Ronaldsdóttir", "Production company Marvel Entertainment Kinberg Genre Maximum Effort The Donners ' Company TSG Entertainment", "Marvel Entertainment Kinberg Genre Maximum Effort The Donners ' Company TSG Entertainment", "The Donners ' Company", "Distributed by 20th Century Fox", "Release date May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Leicester Square ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States )", "May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Leicester Square ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States )", "May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Leicester Square )", "May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States )", "Running time 119 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $110 million", "Box office $733.1 million", "Deadpool 2 is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is the eleventh installment in the X-Men film series , and a direct sequel to the 2016 film Deadpool . The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese , Paul Wernick , and Ryan Reynolds , with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin , Morena Baccarin , Julian Dennison , Zazie Beetz , T.J. Miller , Brianna Hildebrand , and Jack Kesy . In the film , Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from the time - traveling soldier Cable .", "Plans for a sequel to Deadpool began before that film 's release , and were confirmed in February 2016 . Though the original creative team of Reynolds , Reese , Wernick , and director Tim Miller were quickly set to return for the second film , Miller left the project in October 2016 due to creative differences with Reynolds and was soon replaced by Leitch . An extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable , with Brolin ultimately cast . Filming took place in British Columbia , Canada , from June to October 2017 . During filming , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident ; the film is dedicated to her memory . The film 's score is the first to receive a parental advisory warning for explicit content , and the soundtrack also includes the original song `` Ashes '' by Céline Dion .", "Deadpool 2 was released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . It has grossed over $733 million worldwide , making it the fifth highest - grossing film of 2018 , as well as the third highest - grossing R - rated film and the third highest - grossing X-Men film . It received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised its humor , performances ( particularly Reynolds , Brolin , and Beetz ) , and action sequences , with some calling it better than the first film , although a feeling of cynicism drew some criticism . An extended cut of the film was released later in 2018 . A sequel , Deadpool 3 , is in development .", "After successfully working as the mercenary Deadpool for two years , Wade Wilson fails to kill one of his targets on his anniversary with his girlfriend Vanessa . That night , after the pair decides to start a family together , the target tracks Wilson down and kills Vanessa . Wilson kills the man in revenge . He blames himself for her death and attempts to commit suicide six weeks later by blowing himself up . Wilson has a vision of Vanessa in the afterlife , but the pieces of his body remain alive and are put back together by Colossus . Wilson is left with only a Skee - Ball token , an anniversary gift , as a final memento of Vanessa .", "Recovering at the X-Mansion , Wilson agrees to join the X-Men as a form of healing . He , Colossus , and Negasonic Teenage Warhead respond to a standoff between authorities and the unstable young mutant Russell Collins / Firefist at an orphanage , labeled a `` Mutant Reeducation Center '' . Wilson realizes that Collins has been abused by the orphanage staff , and kills one of the staff members . Colossus stops him from killing anyone else , and both Wilson and Collins are arrested . Restrained with collars that suppress their powers , they are taken to the Ice Box , an isolated prison for mutant criminals . Meanwhile , a cybernetic soldier from the future , Cable , whose family is murdered by an older Collins , travels back in time to kill the boy before Collins ever becomes a killer .", "Cable breaks into the Ice Box and attacks Collins . Wilson , whose collar has broken in the melee , attempts to defend Collins . After Cable takes Vanessa 's token , Wilson forces himself and Cable out of the prison , but not before Collins overhears Wilson deny that he cares for the young mutant . Near death again , Wilson has another vision of Vanessa in which she convinces him to help Collins . Wilson organizes a team called X-Force to break Collins out of a prison - transfer convoy and defend him from Cable . The team launches its assault on the convoy by parachuting from a plane , but all of the members die during the landing except for Wilson and the lucky Domino . While they fight Cable , Collins frees fellow inmate Juggernaut , who agrees to help Collins kill the abusive orphanage headmaster . Juggernaut destroys the convoy , allowing himself and Collins to escape .", "Cable offers to work with Wilson and Domino to stop Collins ' first murder , and agrees to give Wilson a chance to talk Collins down . At the orphanage , they are overpowered by Juggernaut while Collins attacks the headmaster , until Colossus -- who had at first refused to help Wilson due to Wilson 's murderous ways -- arrives to distract Juggernaut . When Wilson fails to talk down Collins , Cable shoots at the young mutant . Wilson leaps in front of the bullet while wearing the Ice Box collar and dies , reuniting with Vanessa in the afterlife . Seeing this sacrifice , Collins does not kill the headmaster ; this changes the future so that Cable 's family now survives . Cable uses the last charge on his time - traveling device , which he needed for returning to his family , to go back several minutes and strap Vanessa 's token in front of Wilson 's heart . Now when Wilson takes the bullet for Collins , it is stopped by the token and both survive . Collins still has his change of heart , and afterwards , the headmaster is run over by Wilson 's taxi - driver friend Dopinder .", "In a mid-credits sequence , Negasonic Teenage Warhead and her girlfriend Yukio repair Cable 's time - traveling device for Wilson . He uses it to save the lives of Vanessa and X-Force member Peter , and kills both X-Men Origins : Wolverine 's version of Deadpool and actor Ryan Reynolds while he is considering starring in the film Green Lantern .", "Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool : A wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his body after undergoing an experimental regenerative mutation . He forms the X-Force , a team of mutants , after finding himself at his `` lowest point '' at the beginning of the film . The film makes several references to Deadpool 's pansexuality after the first film was criticized for ignoring it . As a co-writer on the film , Reynolds ad - libbed much of his dialogue throughout the production process . For the film 's mid-credits sequence , archive footage of Reynolds portraying Deadpool in X-Men Origins : Wolverine is used , and Reynolds also portrays himself before he acted in the film Green Lantern . Josh Brolin as Cable : A time - traveling cybernetic soldier , `` in many ways the opposite of Deadpool '' . Director David Leitch called the dynamic between Cable and Deadpool `` sort of classic buddy - cop fare '' , and compared them to the characters portrayed by Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy , respectively , in 48 Hrs. ( 1982 ) . Leitch added that the character as written in the script was mostly just an `` action character '' , and he relied on Brolin to add nuance to the role and explore the character 's internal pain to avoid it becoming a caricature . Brolin signed a four - film deal to play the character , and described his appearance here as just the introduction for the character , with `` three more movies to reveal more '' . Morena Baccarin as Vanessa : Wilson 's fiancée . The character is killed at the beginning of the film in an example of `` fridging '' -- the killing of a female character solely to forward the development of a male character . This happens to Cable 's wife and daughter as motivation for his story arc as well . Leitch and the writers said they were unaware of the term `` fridging '' , and that they were not being `` consciously sexist '' . Earlier versions of the film simply had Vanessa breaking up with Wilson , but the writers wanted to use the opportunity to `` engender great suffering for him by having his line of work be the thing that costs Vanessa her life '' . They were also more comfortable with the deaths due to the increased number of strong female characters in the film overall , and because those deaths are all reversed by the end of the film through time travel ; screenwriter Rhett Reese stated , `` We ran with that . And maybe that 's a sexist thing . I do n't know . And maybe some women will have an issue with that . I do n't know . I do n't think that that 'll be a large concern , but it did n't even really occur to us . '' Baccarin said she trusted the storyline was necessary for the film , and emphasized the fact that Vanessa is saved at the end of the film . Julian Dennison as Russell Collins / Firefist : A young mutant with pyrokinesis who is being hunted by Cable . Reynolds insisted on casting Dennison after seeing him in Hunt for the Wilderpeople ( 2016 ) , with the character `` tailor - made '' for him , and no other actors considered for the role . The character is considered a villain for much of the film , which Leitch thought was an `` interesting take on the whole angle of the villain '' . Dennison felt the role was particularly special because , being `` chubby '' , he would watch superhero films and `` never see anyone like me . I am excited to be that for other kids who look like me . '' Sala Baker portrays an older Firefist , in Cable 's future . Zazie Beetz as Domino : A mercenary with the mutant ability to manipulate luck , who joins Deadpool 's X-Force team . Leitch described the film 's version of the character as Beetz ' own `` real fun interesting take '' , with the actress interpreting the character as an only child who forms a `` sibling sort of relationship '' with Deadpool , with `` that back - and - forth banter where she is not dealing with his '' . Beetz began `` working out everyday '' when she got the role , which required her to shoot guns and use `` full body '' physicality , and chose not to shave her armpits to match the changing perception of the practice among the general public and to prove that it is `` not something that is gross or shameful '' . T.J. Miller as Weasel : Wilson 's best friend and the owner of a bar frequented by mercenaries . Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead : A teenage X-Man with the mutant power to detonate atomic bursts from her body , she is now a `` new level of X-Men '' after being a trainee in the first film . Hildebrand felt that `` it 's cool that she 's grown and matured and she still has so much of this essence of a punk kid '' from the first film , and added that the character would have a `` cooler '' costume in the sequel . The filmmakers intended to have Hildebrand shave her head to indicate that her abilities burned off her hair , but she was unable to do so due to a television series commitment . The film also reveals that Negasonic is in a same - sex relationship , which is the first openly LGBTQ relationship depicted in a Marvel film . When Reynolds asked Hildebrand how she felt about the potential storyline during development , the actress -- a member of the LGBTQ community herself -- responded positively with the stipulation that the film not make `` a big deal '' about the relationship . In a statement , GLAAD President and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the relationship as `` a milestone in a genre that too often renders LGBTQ people invisible , and should send a message to other studios to follow this example of inclusive and smart storytelling '' . Jack Kesy as Black Tom Cassidy : A mutant inmate of the Ice Box with Deadpool and Firefist . His role was reduced from being the main antagonist , who would have acted as a `` devil on Firefist 's shoulder '' , when the writers felt there were too many antagonists and they would rather spend the money needed to portray his abilities on a character such as Juggernaut .", "Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool : A wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his body after undergoing an experimental regenerative mutation . He forms the X-Force , a team of mutants , after finding himself at his `` lowest point '' at the beginning of the film . The film makes several references to Deadpool 's pansexuality after the first film was criticized for ignoring it . As a co-writer on the film , Reynolds ad - libbed much of his dialogue throughout the production process . For the film 's mid-credits sequence , archive footage of Reynolds portraying Deadpool in X-Men Origins : Wolverine is used , and Reynolds also portrays himself before he acted in the film Green Lantern .", "Josh Brolin as Cable : A time - traveling cybernetic soldier , `` in many ways the opposite of Deadpool '' . Director David Leitch called the dynamic between Cable and Deadpool `` sort of classic buddy - cop fare '' , and compared them to the characters portrayed by Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy , respectively , in 48 Hrs. ( 1982 ) . Leitch added that the character as written in the script was mostly just an `` action character '' , and he relied on Brolin to add nuance to the role and explore the character 's internal pain to avoid it becoming a caricature . Brolin signed a four - film deal to play the character , and described his appearance here as just the introduction for the character , with `` three more movies to reveal more '' .", "Morena Baccarin as Vanessa : Wilson 's fiancée . The character is killed at the beginning of the film in an example of `` fridging '' -- the killing of a female character solely to forward the development of a male character . This happens to Cable 's wife and daughter as motivation for his story arc as well . Leitch and the writers said they were unaware of the term `` fridging '' , and that they were not being `` consciously sexist '' . Earlier versions of the film simply had Vanessa breaking up with Wilson , but the writers wanted to use the opportunity to `` engender great suffering for him by having his line of work be the thing that costs Vanessa her life '' . They were also more comfortable with the deaths due to the increased number of strong female characters in the film overall , and because those deaths are all reversed by the end of the film through time travel ; screenwriter Rhett Reese stated , `` We ran with that . And maybe that 's a sexist thing . I do n't know . And maybe some women will have an issue with that . I do n't know . I do n't think that that 'll be a large concern , but it did n't even really occur to us . '' Baccarin said she trusted the storyline was necessary for the film , and emphasized the fact that Vanessa is saved at the end of the film .", "Julian Dennison as Russell Collins / Firefist : A young mutant with pyrokinesis who is being hunted by Cable . Reynolds insisted on casting Dennison after seeing him in Hunt for the Wilderpeople ( 2016 ) , with the character `` tailor - made '' for him , and no other actors considered for the role . The character is considered a villain for much of the film , which Leitch thought was an `` interesting take on the whole angle of the villain '' . Dennison felt the role was particularly special because , being `` chubby '' , he would watch superhero films and `` never see anyone like me . I am excited to be that for other kids who look like me . '' Sala Baker portrays an older Firefist , in Cable 's future .", "Zazie Beetz as Domino : A mercenary with the mutant ability to manipulate luck , who joins Deadpool 's X-Force team . Leitch described the film 's version of the character as Beetz ' own `` real fun interesting take '' , with the actress interpreting the character as an only child who forms a `` sibling sort of relationship '' with Deadpool , with `` that back - and - forth banter where she is not dealing with his '' . Beetz began `` working out everyday '' when she got the role , which required her to shoot guns and use `` full body '' physicality , and chose not to shave her armpits to match the changing perception of the practice among the general public and to prove that it is `` not something that is gross or shameful '' .", "T.J. Miller as Weasel : Wilson 's best friend and the owner of a bar frequented by mercenaries .", "Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead : A teenage X-Man with the mutant power to detonate atomic bursts from her body , she is now a `` new level of X-Men '' after being a trainee in the first film . Hildebrand felt that `` it 's cool that she 's grown and matured and she still has so much of this essence of a punk kid '' from the first film , and added that the character would have a `` cooler '' costume in the sequel . The filmmakers intended to have Hildebrand shave her head to indicate that her abilities burned off her hair , but she was unable to do so due to a television series commitment . The film also reveals that Negasonic is in a same - sex relationship , which is the first openly LGBTQ relationship depicted in a Marvel film . When Reynolds asked Hildebrand how she felt about the potential storyline during development , the actress -- a member of the LGBTQ community herself -- responded positively with the stipulation that the film not make `` a big deal '' about the relationship . In a statement , GLAAD President and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the relationship as `` a milestone in a genre that too often renders LGBTQ people invisible , and should send a message to other studios to follow this example of inclusive and smart storytelling '' .", "Jack Kesy as Black Tom Cassidy : A mutant inmate of the Ice Box with Deadpool and Firefist . His role was reduced from being the main antagonist , who would have acted as a `` devil on Firefist 's shoulder '' , when the writers felt there were too many antagonists and they would rather spend the money needed to portray his abilities on a character such as Juggernaut .", "Ryan Reynolds also provides the voice for Juggernaut , in addition to portraying Deadpool and himself . Juggernaut is credited as being voiced by `` himself '' , and was previously portrayed by Vinnie Jones in the 2006 film X-Men : The Last Stand . According to Reese , the creative team on Deadpool 2 felt that appearance did not do justice to the character . Wanting an additional villain for the film to support Firefist for the final fight with X-Force , the writers chose Juggernaut because he is `` a force of nature ( who ) was probably the coolest character never to be used ... in the right way '' . The character 's face was modeled on Leitch 's , with Reynolds providing facial capture and his voice . The latter was digitally modulated to make it deeper . Reese added that the character `` did n't have many lines , he 's a man of few words , but he 's a man of great anger and forcefulness '' .", "Stefan Kapičić voices Colossus , an X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel . Kapičić described Colossus as one of the most important characters in the film , requiring a more intense process for Kapičić during recording for the character . He explained that Colossus would continue to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the first film . Unlike the first film , Kapičić also provided performance capture for the character 's face on the sequel , while Andre Tricoteux returned to stand - in for the character on set . Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni also return from the first film as Deadpool 's elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder , respectively . Additionally , Eddie Marsan plays the headmaster of the Essex Home for Mutant Rehabilitation , an orphanage ; Robert Maillet briefly appears as Sluggo , an inmate of the Ice Box who originally had a more prominent antagonistic role alongside Black Tom before both roles were reduced due to the number of villains in the film ; Hayley Sales and Islie Hirvonen respectively appear as Cable 's wife and Hope , their daughter , during a flashforward ; and Shioli Kutsuna portrays Yukio , Negasonic Teenage Warhead 's girlfriend and fellow X-Man . A version of Yukio previously appeared in the 2013 film The Wolverine , portrayed by Rila Fukushima . The film 's version of the X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam , Lewis Tan as Shatterstar , Bill Skarsgård as Zeitgeist , Rob Delaney as Peter , and Brad Pitt as Vanisher . Pitt was considered for the role of Cable before scheduling issues prevented him from taking it ; he filmed his Vanisher cameo in two hours during post-production .", "Reprising their roles as the X-Men for a brief appearance are James McAvoy as Professor X , Nicholas Hoult as Beast , Evan Peters as Quicksilver , Tye Sheridan as Cyclops , Alexandra Shipp as Storm , and Kodi Smit - McPhee as Nightcrawler . Archive footage of Hugh Jackman as Wolverine from X-Men Origins : Wolverine is used in the mid-credits sequence , with Jackman 's permission . This was re-edited for the sequence , and included raw footage shot for that film . Luke Roessler , who portrays a young David Haller in the X-Men - based television series Legion , appears as a young mutant credited as `` Cereal Kid '' . When Cable travels to the present day , he comes across two `` rednecks '' discussing a toilet paper manifesto . This was inspired by a real manifesto written by Reese , which the writers wanted to be discussed in the film by a certain `` calibre '' of actor : the characters are portrayed by Alan Tudyk and a disguised Matt Damon , with the latter credited as `` Dickie Greenleaf '' ( a reference to the 1999 film The Talented Mr. Ripley in which Damon stars ) . Leitch and writers Reese and Paul Wernick respectively cameo as Ice Box inmate `` Ground Chuck Mutant '' , a news helicopter pilot , and a news cameraman . Stan Lee was unable to cameo in the sequel , as he did in the first film and the short No Good Deed , but his likeness was used for a bust in the X-Mansion and for graffiti on a wall .", "Producer Simon Kinberg revealed in September 2015 that discussions had begun regarding ideas for a sequel to Deadpool , which was set to be released in February 2016 . One idea was for the film to introduce the character Cable , who had previously been looked at to appear in the first Deadpool , and X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) before that . Cable 's inclusion in the potential sequel was confirmed by the character Deadpool while breaking the fourth wall in the post-credit scene of the first film . Domino , a character with connections to Cable in the comics , was also believed to be featured in the sequel . By the first film 's release , 20th Century Fox had green - lit a sequel , with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the screenplay . Though director Tim Miller and producer / star Ryan Reynolds were not confirmed for the sequel at the time , Fox was `` intent on keeping the creative team together '' . Miller and Reynolds ' involvement was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon that April , though Miller had still not formally signed on to direct the sequel . He began work developing the script with the writers , while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him `` casting approval and other creative controls '' .", "-- Producer Simon Kinberg on approaching Deadpool 2", "In June 2016 , Kinberg expected filming to begin at the beginning of 2017 . By August , Kyle Chandler was believed to be in the running to portray Cable . Testing of actresses for Domino had also begun by October , with the shortlist of actresses under consideration including Lizzy Caplan , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Sienna Miller , Sofia Boutella , Stephanie Sigman , Sylvia Hoeks , Mackenzie Davis , Ruby Rose , Eve Hewson , and Kelly Rohrbach . The producers were particularly interested in casting a black or Latina actress in the role .", "At the end of October , Miller left the film over `` mutual creative differences '' with Reynolds , reportedly based on several factors , including Reynolds ' expanded creative control over the sequel ; Miller 's wish for a more stylized follow - up than the first film , versus Reynolds ' focus `` on the raunchy comedy style that earned the first movie its R rating '' ; and Miller 's intention to cast Chandler as Cable , which Reynolds opposed . Fox ultimately backed `` its marketable star '' over Miller , who had made his directorial debut with the first film . Miller denied this report , while Reynolds said he could only add that `` I 'm sad to see him off the film . Tim 's brilliant and nobody worked harder on Deadpool than he did . '' A week after Miller 's departure , Fox was looking at David Leitch , Drew Goddard , Magnus Martens , and Rupert Sanders as potential replacements for the director . Leitch was the `` strong frontrunner '' for the role , and signed on a month later . Reynolds , a fan of Leitch 's John Wick , said the director `` really understands those Deadpool sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise '' , and `` can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it was shot for 10 -- 15 times what it cost '' .", "The first completed draft from Wernick and Reese was expected around June 2016 ; multiple had been completed by January 2017 . The pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force , which includes Deadpool , Cable , and Domino in the comics , but to also keep the film focused on Deadpool . By the next month , the studio was still not happy with the script , with Reynolds and the writers `` bunkered down ... trying to cross the finish line and create something everyone is excited to make '' . Goddard joined them as a consultant . Reese , Wernick , and Reynolds were credited for the script , the three having split the film 's scenes between them before passing them around to be re-written by the others . Reese felt they were able to maintain `` one voice '' because of their long history with the character during development on the first film .", "Deadpool 2 is set `` more or less '' when the first film ends , and focuses on `` an existential crisis and a deeply personal cause '' for Deadpool . Leitch felt that retaining these personal stakes was more compelling for audiences than trying to build the film around global stakes . The writers felt that the sequel was tonally similar to the first film , but wanted to explore a different theme by focusing on a group of individuals ( X-Force ) and their need for family , with Reynolds explaining that `` the first movie is a love story masquerading as a comic - book movie , and this one is kind of a family film masquerading as a comic - book film again . '' Deadpool spends around half of the film unmasked , which the writers wanted for exploring the more emotional scenes , though Reynolds was reluctant to do this because he found the make - up required to portray an unmasked Deadpool `` time consuming and really uncomfortable '' . An early idea was to have the film begin five years after the first and explore Deadpool being a father , but the writers quickly decided that this was `` never , ever going to work '' and reworked the idea to explore the character wanting to have a child but being unable to .", "Earlier versions of the script included prominent roles for the characters Black Tom Cassidy and Sluggo , but they ultimately had a supporting role and a brief appearance , respectively . The villain Mr. X was also included in early drafts , but was cut due to the number of villains already in the film . The mutant inmates of the Ice Box were going to be explored more by having Cable breaking into the prison cause their power dampening collars to malfunction . This was removed from the script due to not being feasible within the film 's budget . Leitch fought to include more aspects of Cable 's backstory in the film after the writers chose to mostly ignore it due to it being convoluted ; a painting of Cyclops which would have acknowledged that character as Cable 's father was ultimately cut , but the Techno - Organic Virus that Cable is inflicted with and his daughter Hope are depicted . The film features contradictory connections to the various films of the franchise , which Leitch acknowledged as confusing but said that the issue had not really been discussed during development since the Deadpool films are considered their own `` entity '' in a way , and the character of Deadpool allows them to be `` flexible with the timeline , per se '' .", "Reese and Wernick preferred to use jokes in the film that only certain members of the audience would understand , though Reynolds would not allow some to be used if he thought not enough people would enjoy them ( including a reference to golfer Davis Love III ) . Following the announcement of the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in December 2017 , the film includes several Disney related jokes including a running gag about the Disney film Frozen ( 2013 ) . However , Fox did make the producers remove a joke from the film that directly acknowledged the deal , which Reynolds said `` was a wise decision '' . Other cut jokes included many `` bizarre '' characters interviewing to join the X-Force , such as an idea to have Chris Evans reprise his role as the Human Torch from the Fantastic Four films .", "Reese and Wernick confirmed in January 2017 that Stefan Kapičić 's Colossus , Brianna Hildebrand 's Negasonic Teenage Warhead , and Karan Soni 's Dopinder would be returning from the first film to `` make at least an appearance '' . By the beginning of March 2017 , Michael Shannon had been in the running to portray Cable , but no longer could due to a scheduling conflict . David Harbour had screen - tested for the role , and Pierce Brosnan was believed to be in negotiations for a part in the film , potentially Cable . Reynolds announced shortly after that Zazie Beetz had been cast as Domino . Shannon was in the running to portray Cable again later in the month , and was considered the frontrunner ahead of a shortlist that also included Harbour . Brad Pitt was also considered for the role , but had `` moved on '' . Leitch soon addressed the potential casting of these actors , saying Shannon `` would make an incredible Cable ... If that happens , I would be through the roof '' ; and on Pitt , `` We had a great meeting with Brad , he was incredibly interested in the property . Things did n't work out schedule-wise ( but ) I think he would 've made an amazing Cable . '' At the end of March , Morena Baccarin confirmed her return from the first film as Vanessa , and expressed interest in exploring the character 's Copycat persona from the comics in the sequel . Josh Brolin emerged as a `` surprise contender '' to play Cable in April , ahead of Shannon and Harbour , and was officially cast in the role . Brolin also portrays the Marvel Comics character Thanos , in the Marvel Cinematic Universe .", "Also in April , Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film , while Fox gave the sequel a June 1 , 2018 release date . Noting the release date , Leitch wanted to ensure that the film `` was worthy of a summer tentpole movie , and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films '' , specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film `` bigger '' than the first one . However , he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the original `` in terms of the tone , and the fun ... I love that challenge '' of combining that with the increased scope . The film uses Deadpool 's fourth wall - breaking to reference this release period , with Leitch calling these comments `` definitely fresh and timely when they come up '' . In May 2017 , Fox was reportedly looking to use a post-credits scene at the end of Deadpool 2 to introduce several other members of X-Force who would go on to star alongside Reynolds , Brolin , and Beetz in an X-Force film . Casting for the characters -- Sunspot , Feral , and Shatterstar -- would take place over the coming months , though Reese denied the accuracy of this report . Later , T.J. Miller confirmed that he would return from the first film as Weasel , and described the sequel as `` even more weaselicious '' than the first . He noted that Reynolds and the writers had `` really put the time in on the script '' to meet their own expectations for the sequel as well as those of fans . Jack Kesy also joined the cast , as Black Tom Cassidy . In June , Shioli Kutsuna was cast in a key role for the film , Negasonic Teenage Warhead 's girlfriend Yukio . The writers felt free to use the character however the film needed due to her having only a minor role in the comics .", "Initial filming had begun by June 17 , 2017 , at Hatley Castle in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada , which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the X-Men films . Principal photography began in Vancouver , on June 26 , under the working title Love Machine . Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film . At the end of June , Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film . The next month , T.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than the first film , and that `` it 's not going to be the same movie in a different location ( like The Hangover Part II ) . It 's got different stakes , different things happen , some pretty tragic , dark shit happens in the first part of the film , in the beginning , and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with that . '' By then , Kapičić had been working with Leitch on set , and expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018 . Production on the X-Men film Dark Phoenix was taking place in Montreal concurrently with the filming of Deadpool 2 , with Kinberg directing that film . He directed a brief moment where the X-Men are seen through an open door in the X-Mansion , which was added to Deadpool 2 with the aid of green screen to allow those characters to appear in this film .", "Leitch worked closely with Sela , the pair having previously collaborated on Leitch 's earlier films , to acknowledge the aesthetic of the first film while expanding the look of the sequel to match the new situations and characters introduced . The pair created specific shot lists and plans for blocking out scenes before they arrived on set , and were very particular about the colors they used ; they planned the color palette of the entire film , and also produced color wheels detailing specific palettes for each set piece . These color wheels were sometimes adjusted several days into the filming of a sequence after digital intermediate work revealed a different look than Leitch and Sela had been anticipating . Elements that were carried over from the first film included the `` moodiness '' and saturation of scenes set in Deadpool 's apartment , and the contrast with blacks in action sequences , while Cable 's future had a new aesthetic unlike anything in the first film . Another example of these color wheels was the sequence in which Firefist is introduced , with Leitch taking advantage of the scene being set during day to overemphasize the lighting and create a general sepia / orange tone that represented the fire abilities the character displays . This aesthetic met the storytelling needs of the scene as well as the practicalities of the filmmaking process . Because the film was shot digitally , Sela worked with Vantage Film to develop custom lenses that created the `` texture and flavor '' he wanted for it where he otherwise would have manipulated the exposure and development of film stock to achieve the same effect .", "On August 14 , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident after losing control and crashing into Shaw Tower . Harris , the first African - American female professional road racer , was working on the film as a stunt performer for the first time and had only joined the production a week before . Harris was not wearing a helmet because the character she was portraying , Domino , does not wear one in the scene , and there had not been time since she joined the film to create one for her to fit underneath the Domino wig . She had two full days of rehearsing the stunt as well as five more attempts on the day of the accident . Veteran stunt double Melissa Stubbs had been available and willing to do the stunt , but the inexperienced Harris was preferred due to her skin color being a match for Beetz . This decision was criticized by multiple stunt professionals , with many noting that Harris ' experiences racing motorcycles did not necessarily qualify her as an able stunt performer . Production was shut down immediately after the incident , but resumed two days later . With this news also came reports that the film 's crew were `` enduring very long hours '' and were `` exhausted by the schedule '' , with the studio confirming that some days had increased from the scheduled 12 -- 13 hours filming to over 15 hours . The film 's credits includes a dedication to the stuntwoman that reads `` In memory of Sequana Harris '' .", "Earlier in August , Reynolds revealed that Rob Delaney was at the film 's set , and Eddie Marsan revealed later in the month that he was also on set for a role in the film . Filming in Vancouver was expected to last until October 6 , with production on Deadpool 2 being officially completed on October 14 . Discussing the film 's action , having previously worked as a stunt coordinator , Leitch said that all stunts are `` variations on a theme '' with the same basic elements , but Deadpool allows you to `` subvert those basics , and there 's an expectation for a classic gag , but oops , maybe you get something else '' . He also felt that introducing Domino gave the film unique opportunities for action sequences taking advantage of her luck - based abilities , as well as focusing on Deadpool 's healing abilities and trying to use those interestingly . Darrin Prescott served as second - unit director on the film , and Jonathan Eusebio was the stunt - coordinator for the film , both having worked on John Wick previously . Domino 's abilities were envisioned as a Rube Goldberg machine `` on steroids '' , while Deadpool allowing his arm to be broken during a fight was an example of his abilities being used . Unlike the first film , for which Fox was unwilling to pay for the writers to be on set , the studio did pay for Reese and Wernick to be on set for the sequel . Leitch was happy for this to happen , Reynolds wanted them to be there , and it allowed the pair to continue contributing to the script and suggest new jokes and ideas throughout the filming process .", "Fox revealed in November that the film was technically untitled at that point , and not officially known as Deadpool 2 as had been assumed ; the studio was temporarily referring to the film as The Untitled Deadpool Sequel . Sexual misconduct allegations against T.J. Miller surfaced a month later , and by January 2018 some commentators had called for Miller to be replaced in the film in a similar manner to how Kevin Spacey was replaced by Christopher Plummer through reshoots in All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) . Producer Lauren Shuler Donner addressed whether this would be possible , saying `` We 're in the final editing . I do n't think so . '' Miller was later arrested for calling in a false bomb threat ; Reynolds would not comment on either issue , but stated that Miller would not be appearing in the X-Force film . Also in January , the film 's release was moved up to May 18 , 2018 .", "In February 2018 , Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film , the character Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing , and the production returned to Vancouver for six days of reshoots under a new working title , Daisy . Some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that these reshoots were due to poor audience responses during test screenings of the film , and consisted of sweeping changes . However , the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original did , up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests ( compared to a maximum score of 91 during tests of the first film ) . Because of this , the reshoots were adding more of the elements that audiences responded positively to , including additional material featuring Cable and Domino . Sam Hargrave joined the film as a stunt coordinator for the reshoots , trying to `` breathe some new life in a couple of sequences '' . He highlighted a car chase which combines vehicles , actors , and green screen . By the end of the month , Pitt filmed a secret cameo appearance as the X-Force team member Vanisher during two hours of filming in Los Angeles , having been asked to shoot the part by Reynolds and agreeing to be paid `` scale '' , which Reese described as the equivalent of a Starbucks coffee . This was the final photography work done for the film . The film 's first full trailer officially titled the film Deadpool 2 , and revealed that Crews was portraying Bedlam ; confirmed that Delaney would appear , portraying Peter ; and that Bill Skarsgård also had a role . The film 's final trailer , released a month later , confirmed that Lewis Tan would portray Shatterstar , joining Domino , Bedlam , and Peter as members of X-Force . The group also includes Skarsgård 's character , revealed to be Zeitgeist .", "One scene that was cut from the film following test screenings was a post-credits scene featuring Deadpool travelling back in time to kill a baby Adolf Hitler . It was decided that the scene made audiences too `` squeamish '' , which was not the feeling that the creative team wanted people to be leaving the film with . The film originally did not have any post - or mid - credits scenes , with the Hitler scene and the film 's other time - traveling mid-credits scenes shot during additional photography . The latter came about when someone suggested the time travel device be used to fix real - world mistakes like Reynolds ' role in Green Lantern which the writers felt was `` the funniest idea ever , and what a great idea to end the movie '' . Additional footage of the X-Force team was shot for the film 's marketing to hide the fact that the majority of the X-Force are immediately killed as a joke in the film . Due to Deadpool 's mask , the creative team was able to change the character 's dialogue up to the film being officially completed ; Reynolds took this opportunity to keep adding new jokes to the film as long as possible .", "Visual effects for the characters of Colossus and Juggernaut were provided by Framestore . The model for Colossus was altered from the first film to make him more `` chiseled and angular '' , and his movements were based on motion capture done by Andre Tricoteux on set . Tricoteux wore several metallic pieces , including a helmet and chest piece , as reference . Kapičić provided the character 's facial performance . The character 's `` iconic metal ridges '' were live textured by animators for the first film , but Framestore changed this to use a combination of shape movement and distortion so they could be more precise with the geometry of the lines . Juggernaut was represented on set by a 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) stand - in , who wore a helmet extension to match the character 's 9 feet 6 inches ( 2.90 m ) height . A full scale replica of the character 's metal helmet was built for interacting with stunts on set , but the final version was completely digital along with the rest of the character . Framestore animators found it challenging to move the helmet in a way that the character could still move his head underneath it , and studied the movement of bodybuilders for the character . Juggernaut 's face was modeled on Leitch 's , and Reynolds provided facial capture for the character , but this was modified during the animation process . For the final fight between the two characters , two stuntmen who matched the height difference between the two were filmed on a motion capture stage for reference ; this footage was edited into a previsualization .", "Junkie XL chose not to return for Deadpool 2 after composing the score for the first film , given that Miller was `` the driving force behind '' him working on that film in the first place . In October 2017 , it was confirmed that Tyler Bates would be writing the score for Deadpool 2 after doing the same for Leitch 's previous films . Bates approached the music with a slight rock sensibility , and used a distorted guitar run through a wah - wah pedal , microsynths to add `` unique colors '' , and a choir . The choir originally sings lyrics such as `` you ca n't stop this motherfucker '' and `` holy shit balls ! '' , which ultimately earned the score a parental advisory warning . It is the first score album to receive such a warning . Bates felt this was not `` merit-less debauchery , it was just fun . It 's very rare that we can work on something at such a high professional level that embraces the irreverence of Deadpool . ''", "Leitch wanted to create an original song for the film that served as an emotional through - line for all of the film 's characters ; the song `` Ashes '' was ultimately produced , as recorded by Céline Dion . Leitch directed a music video to go with the release of the song , and Reynolds both wanted to produce a music video to accompany the song ; Leitch was initially conflicted about this , as he wanted audiences to discover the song , which was filmed in The Colosseum at Caesars Palace . It features dancer Yanis Marshall performing as Deadpool in high heels while Dion sings the song . The song was released as a single with the music video on May 3 , 2018 , before Sony Classical Records released a score album on May 11 , and Columbia Records released an album featuring the songs from the film -- including `` Ashes '' -- on May 18 .", "Deadpool 2 premiered at Leicester Square in London on May 10 , 2018 . It was released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 , having been previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year .", "For the Fox presentation at CineEurope 2017 in June , Reynolds made a video message featuring himself in costume as Deadpool from the film 's set . The first teaser poster , which pays homage to Norman Rockwell 's 1943 painting Freedom from Want , was released that November . Justin Carter of Comic Book Resources found it `` oddly appropriate for Deadpool 2 to co-opt ( this ) iconic work for a modern pop culture audience '' as it is `` true to Deadpool 's incredibly referential nature '' . Eric Diaz of Nerdist said , `` It strikes exactly the irreverent tone you 'd expect for the Deadpool sequel . '' The first footage from the film debuted the following week , at the end of a video where Reynolds ( in - character as Deadpool ) parodies Bob Ross and his television show The Joy of Painting . The video was described by The Hollywood Reporter 's Ryan Parker as `` completely out of left field '' and setting the tone perfectly for the film , though his colleague Graeme McMillan was less positive due to not knowing of Ross ( Deadpool co-creator Fabian Nicieza thought the fact that many in the audience would n't know of Ross made the video `` exactly the kind of quirky pop culture choice that works perfectly for Deadpool '' ) . Parker added , `` This trailer only showed a few seconds from the film , but fans will be talking about it all day '' because of the presentation , unlike `` any other trailer which would have shown so little of the product '' .", "Rather than pay for an expensive advertisement spot during Super Bowl LII , the film 's official Twitter account was used to `` live tweet '' the event with in - character commentary from Deadpool . A new trailer for the film was released later that week , focusing on introducing Cable . Parker felt that `` Reynolds and company have completely changed the trailer game . The formula of just showing some of the actual movie , but with a tiny story thrown in is such an incredible marketing idea . '' McMillan and their colleague Aaron Couch praised the trailer playing on the visual effects for Cable 's arm not being finished , noting it as a joke about the visual effects to remove Henry Cavill 's mustache from Justice League . The group collectively praised the overall marketing for the franchise , with McMillan suggesting that the campaign for the sequel may surpass that of the first Deadpool . A full trailer for the film , explaining its general plot , was released at the end of March . Forbes contributor Scott Mendelson called it `` pretty funny and mostly entertaining '' , but was disappointed in it being a `` conventional '' trailer compared to the more out - there videos previously released for the film . He explained that he thought the first film `` had a winning lead character and fine character - centric jokes , but a pretty generic origin story plot that eventually became the thing it was critiquing '' , and was concerned that the sequel would turn out to be `` a more standard ' superhero sequel ' sell '' . Mendelson also noted the inclusion of T.J. Miller in the trailer following the reveal of sexual misconduct allegations against the actor in late 2017 , calling it `` inevitable no matter how tarnished his reputation might be these days '' . The Hollywood Reporter group also noted the more traditional style of the trailer , but remained generally positive about the film and highlighted the supporting cast for the film as appearing in the trailer , including Brolin , Beetz , Kutsuna , and Crews .", "Also in March , a Twitter account was established for the character Peter and began to be regularly updated with `` tweets '' about his interests , including photos of the character beekeeping and preparing for his work as part of the X-Force team ( as seen in the film ) . A month later , Fox released the final trailer for the film , with Mendelson lamenting that it was as `` conventional '' as the previous trailer but finding it understandable that Fox not be seen to be hiding the film , and ultimately felt that the trailer indicated the film would be `` a pretty solid comic book sequel '' . The group at The Hollywood Reporter praised the final trailer as well , highlighting its references to X-Men Origins : Wolverine and the DC universe as well as its introduction of Peter . At the end of April , Leitch stated that alternate versions of jokes that had been cut from the film were included in the trailers , since `` only one can live in the movie , so we might have snuck a couple in sort of additional materials that people can discover . '' As part of a promotion for the film with beverage company Mike 's Harder , Sister Margaret 's School for Wayward Girls -- the fictional bar featured in the films -- was emulated in pop - ups at the Alligator Lounge in New York from April 26 through 28 and the Slipper Clutch in Los Angeles from May 10 through 12 . The pop - ups respectively served pizza and chimichangas , traditionally Deadpool 's favorite food , as well as Deadpool - inspired Harder drinks . The campaign also included the chance to win a trip to the film 's premiere through Harder , and the Los Angeles pop - up benefitted the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival .", "Leitch 's initial cut of the film was around two hours and twelve minutes , with `` nips and tucks '' done to it to get the run time down to the final two hours . By May 2018 , Leitch was working on an official extended edition of the film with Fox wanting to `` spin that out as a special thing '' . He said it would be closer to his initial runtime and would include a cut montage of Deadpool trying to commit suicide in various ways , an extended sequence in the X-Mansion , and alternate versions of jokes that were not chosen for the film 's theatrical version . The extended cut will be screened at San Diego Comic - Con 2018 at an event titled Deadpool 2 : Uncut Screening . Ahead of the screening , a panel was held at the convention moderated by Soni and featuring other cast members . Some of the scenes cut from the theatrical version of the film were debuted at the panel .", "The film was released on Digital HD on August 7 , 2018 , and will have a physical release on August 21 . The latter covers the 4K Ultra HD , Blu - ray , and DVD formats , and includes both the theatrical and unrated extended versions , with the latter labeled a Super Duper $ @ % ! # & Cut . The physical release includes an audio commentary for the theatrical version in 4K Ultra HD and Blu - ray formats , from Reynolds , Leitch , Reese , and Wernick . The Blu - ray format also includes a gag reel , deleted and extended scenes , alternate takes , featurettes on Easter eggs , the cast and characters , Leitch 's directing , and the action and stunts , and more .", "As of August 7 , 2018 , Deadpool 2 has grossed $318.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $415 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $733.1 million , against a production budget of $110 million .", "On April 20 , 2018 , both Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that Deadpool 2 was the best pre-selling R - rated film in their respective histories . The film opened in 4,332 theaters , setting the record for widest R - rated release ever ( beating the 4,103 count by It in September 2017 ) . It made $18.6 million from Thursday night previews and $53.3 million on its first day , setting records for both by an R - rated film , beating It 's $13.5 million and $50.4 million , respectively . The film went on to debut to $125.5 million , the second - best opening for an R - rated film behind the original , and became the first film to dethrone Avengers : Infinity War atop the box office . It fell 66 % in its second weekend , grossing $42.7 million and finishing second behind newcomer Solo : A Star Wars Story . The film made $23.3 million in its third weekend , remaining in second behind Solo . It dropped 39 % in both its fourth and fifth weekends , making a respective $14.1 million and $8.7 million .", "Worldwide , the film had a global debut of $300.4 million , including $174.9 million internationally , the largest - ever for an R - rated film or Fox release . It opened in 81 markets and finished first in all of them , including the United Kingdom ( $18 million ) , Korea ( $17 million ) , Russia ( $11.8 million ) and Australia ( $11.7 million ) . It remained number one in 27 markets in its second weekend , making $57 million and bringing its foreign total through its first full week to $279.7 million . In its third week of international release the film made $47 million , including a $5.5 million debut in Japan ( 26 % better than the first film ) , bringing its foreign total to $344 million .", "On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 83 % based on 300 reviews , and an average rating of 7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Though it threatens to buckle under the weight of its meta gags , Deadpool 2 is a gory , gleeful lampoon of the superhero genre buoyed by Ryan Reynolds ' undeniable charm . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 66 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as the first film .", "Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , jokingly calling it the best sequel since The Godfather Part II and saying : `` Deadpool 2 is wicked , dark fun from start to finish , with some twisted and very funny special effects , cool production elements ( and ) terrific ensemble work . '' PopMatters writer J.R. Kinnard wrote : `` If you enjoyed the guilty pleasures of Deadpool , it 's an immutable law of physics that you will love Deadpool 2 . The second verse may be the same as the first , but that verse is a dirty limerick of childish goodness . ''", "Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote , `` Deadpool 2 is just like Deadpool only more so . It 's actually a fair bit better -- funnier , more inventive than the 2016 smash ... and more consistent in its chosen tone and style : ultraviolent screwball comedy . '' Alex Hudson of Exclaim ! lauded the film , saying `` Much like in the Marvel Studios universe , Deadpool 2 serves to unite superheroes into a cohesive narrative arc , setting the stage for plenty of cross-pollination superhero boogaloos in the future . Assuming that more films follow in the series , this sets the bar high . ''", "By November 2016 , with development underway on Deadpool 2 , Fox was also planning Deadpool 3 , which was said to include the team X-Force . With the confirmation that Leitch would direct Deadpool 2 , it was revealed that Fox was looking for a separate filmmaker to direct Deadpool 3 . In March 2017 , Reese clarified that though Deadpool 2 sets - up the X-Force team , a future film focused on the team would be separate from Deadpool 3 , `` so I think we 'll be able to take two paths . ( X-Force ) is where we 're launching something bigger , but then ( Deadpool 3 is ) where we 're contracting and staying personal and small . ''", "After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017 , Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney , and that the company would be willing to make future R - rated Deadpool films `` as long as we let the audiences know what 's coming '' . In May 2018 , Reynolds stated that a third Deadpool film may not be made given the franchise 's shift of focus to X-Force , though Reese and Wernick felt a third film would `` absolutely '' be happening after Reynolds took a break from the character and X-Force was released , which they compared to the Iron Man franchise having Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) release after the crossover film The Avengers ( 2012 ) . Also , Leitch expressed interest in returning to the franchise , saying , `` I would be grateful to work on something ( starring Reynolds ' Deadpool ) again . It just depends on time and place , so we 'll see what happens '' ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` This Is How We Do It '' Single by Montell Jordan from the album This Is How We Do It Released February 6 , 1995 Format CD single Recorded Genre New jack swing hip hop soul R&B Length 4 : 47 ( album version ) 3 : 59 ( single version ) Label Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Montell Jordan Oji Pierce Ricky Walters Producer ( s ) Montell Jordan Oji Pierce Montell Jordan singles chronology `` This Is How We Do It '' ( 1995 ) `` Somethin ' 4 da Honeyz '' ( 1995 ) `` This Is How We Do It '' ( 1995 ) `` Somethin ' 4 da Honeyz '' ( 1995 )", "`` This Is How We Do It ''", "Single by Montell Jordan", "from the album This Is How We Do It", "Released February 6 , 1995", "Format CD single", "Recorded", "Genre New jack swing hip hop soul R&B", "New jack swing hip hop soul R&B", "New jack swing", "hip hop soul", "Length 4 : 47 ( album version ) 3 : 59 ( single version )", "4 : 47 ( album version )", "Label Def Jam", "Songwriter ( s ) Montell Jordan Oji Pierce Ricky Walters", "Montell Jordan Oji Pierce Ricky Walters", "Producer ( s ) Montell Jordan Oji Pierce", "Montell Jordan Oji Pierce", "Montell Jordan singles chronology", "`` This Is How We Do It '' ( 1995 ) `` Somethin ' 4 da Honeyz '' ( 1995 )", "`` This Is How We Do It '' ( 1995 ) `` Somethin ' 4 da Honeyz '' ( 1995 )", "`` This Is How We Do It '' ( 1995 ) `` Somethin ' 4 da Honeyz '' ( 1995 )", "`` This Is How We Do It '' ( 1995 ) `` Somethin ' 4 da Honeyz '' ( 1995 )", "`` This Is How We Do It '' ( 1995 ) `` Somethin ' 4 da Honeyz '' ( 1995 )", "`` This Is How We Do It '' ( 1995 ) `` Somethin ' 4 da Honeyz '' ( 1995 )", "`` This Is How We Do It '' is the debut single by American singer Montell Jordan . It was released by Def Jam Recordings on February 6 , 1995 as the lead single from his debut album of the same name . The single was Def Jam 's first R&B release .", "The song is representative of the hip hop soul style popular at the time , featuring Jordan singing over an enhanced sample of Slick Rick 's `` Children 's Story '' which in turn samples Bob James ' `` Nautilus '' . `` This Is How We Do It '' peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks from 15 April to 27 May 1995 , and was also number one for seven weeks on the R&B singles chart . The single sold one million copies domestically and earned a platinum certification from the RIAA .", "A cover of the song by Mis - Teeq appears in the movie Ali G Indahouse and on its soundtrack album . A cover by AlunaGeorge is a bonus track on their debut studio album Body Music .", "The song appears in Kinect game Dance Central 2 and Saints Row IV on one of the in game radio stations `` 107.7 The Mix FM '' and is played during the ending of the game where all the characters dance to the song .", "The song earned Jordan a Grammy Award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards .", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 26 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Dance ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 38 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Dance ( RPM ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 10 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 29", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 26 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Dance ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 38 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Dance ( RPM ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 10 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 29", "Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 26 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Dance ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 38 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Rhythmic ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 7", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 26", "Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8", "Canada Dance ( RPM )", "France ( SNEP ) 34", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 38", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 22", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11", "UK R&B ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard )", "US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11", "US Rhythmic ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Dance ( RPM ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 10", "Chart ( 1995 ) Position", "Canada Dance ( RPM ) 15", "US Billboard Hot 100 10", "Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 29", "Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position", "US Billboard Hot 100 29", "`` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) '' Single by Joe Stone featuring Montell Jordan Released 15 May 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre House Length 3 : 04 Label Spinnin ' Songwriter ( s ) Montell Jordan Joe Stone singles chronology `` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) '' ( 2015 ) The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) 2015 `` Until The Morning ( Joe Stone Remix ) '' ( 2015 ) Until The Morning ( Joe Stone Remix ) 2015", "`` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) ''", "Single by Joe Stone featuring Montell Jordan", "Released 15 May 2015", "Format Digital download", "Recorded 2015", "Genre House", "Length 3 : 04", "Label Spinnin '", "Songwriter ( s ) Montell Jordan", "Joe Stone singles chronology", "`` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) '' ( 2015 ) The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) 2015 `` Until The Morning ( Joe Stone Remix ) '' ( 2015 ) Until The Morning ( Joe Stone Remix ) 2015", "`` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) '' ( 2015 ) The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) 2015 `` Until The Morning ( Joe Stone Remix ) '' ( 2015 ) Until The Morning ( Joe Stone Remix ) 2015", "`` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) '' ( 2015 ) The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) 2015 `` Until The Morning ( Joe Stone Remix ) '' ( 2015 ) Until The Morning ( Joe Stone Remix ) 2015", "Dutch DJ Joe Stone remixed the song and it was released officially on 31 July 2015 .", "Song tempo is 124 BPM", "No . Title Length 1 . `` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) ( Original Mix ) '' ( featuring Montell Jordan ) 4 : 44 2 . `` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) ( Radio Edit ) '' ( featuring Montell Jordan ) 3 : 04", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) ( Original Mix ) '' ( featuring Montell Jordan ) 4 : 44", "2 . `` The Party ( This Is How We Do It ) ( Radio Edit ) '' ( featuring Montell Jordan ) 3 : 04", "Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 65 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 17 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 14", "Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 65", "Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9", "UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 9", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 17", "US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 14", "Country Date Format Label Ireland 31 July 2015 Digital download Spinnin ' . United Kingdom", "Country Date Format Label", "Ireland 31 July 2015 Digital download Spinnin ' .", "United Kingdom", "In 2015 and 2016 , the song appeared in ads for satellite provider Dish Network . Australian band CDB covered the song on their album , Tailored for Now ( 2017 ) .", "In 2015 and 2016 , the song appeared in ads for satellite provider Dish Network .", "Australian band CDB covered the song on their album , Tailored for Now ( 2017 ) ." ]

[ [ "around 1600" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "A Christmas tree is a decorated tree , usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce , pine , or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance , associated with the celebration of Christmas . The modern Christmas tree was developed in medieval Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) and early modern Germany , where Protestant Germans brought decorated trees into their homes . It acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany and the Baltic countries during the second half of the 19th century , at first among the upper classes .", "The tree was traditionally decorated with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , ( and ) sweetmeats '' . In the 18th century , it began to be illuminated by candles , which were ultimately replaced by Christmas lights after the advent of electrification . Today , there is a wide variety of traditional ornaments , such as garlands , baubles , tinsel , and candy canes . An angel or star might be placed at the top of the tree to represent the Angel Gabriel or the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity . Edible items such as gingerbread , chocolate and other sweets are also popular and are tied to or hung from the tree 's branches with ribbons .", "In the Western Christian tradition , Christmas trees are variously erected on days such as the first day of Advent or even as late as Christmas Eve depending on the country ; customs of the same faith hold that the two traditional days when Christmas decorations , such as the Christmas tree , are removed are Twelfth Night and , if they are not taken down on that day , Candlemas , the latter of which ends the Christmas - Epiphany season in some denominations .", "The Christmas tree is sometimes compared with the `` Yule - tree '' , especially in discussions of its folkloric origins .", "The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th - century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed . Resistance to the custom was often because of its supposed Lutheran origins .", "Other sources have offered a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions . For example , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica , `` The use of evergreen trees , wreaths , and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians , Chinese , and Hebrews . Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmas time . ''", "During the Roman mid-winter festival of Saturnalia , houses were decorated with wreaths of evergreen plants , along with other antecedent customs now associated with Christmas .", "The modern Christmas tree is frequently traced to the symbolism of trees in pre-Christian winter rites , wherein Viking and Saxon worshiped trees . The story of Saint Boniface cutting down Donar 's Oak illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans . A later folk version of the story adds the detail that an evergreen tree grew in place of the felled oak , telling them about how its triangular shape reminds humanity of the Trinity and how it points to heaven .", "Alternatively , it is identified with the `` tree of paradise '' of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 December , the commemoration and name day of Adam and Eve in various countries . In such plays , a tree decorated with apples ( to represent the forbidden fruit ) and wafers ( to represent the Eucharist and redemption ) was used as a setting for the play . Like the Christmas crib , the Paradise tree was later placed in homes . The apples were replaced by round objects such as shiny red balls .", "At the end of the Middle Ages , an early predecessor appears referred in the Regiment of the Order of Cister around 1400 , in Alcobaça , Portugal . The Regiment of the local high - Sacristans of the Cistercian Order refers to what may be considered one of the oldest references to the Christmas tree : `` Note on how to put the Christmas branch , scilicet : On the Christmas eve , you will look for a large Branch of green laurel , and you shall reap many red oranges , and place them on the branches that come of the laurel , specifically as you have seen , and in every orange you shall put a candle , and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole , which shall be by the candle of the altar - mor . ''", "Modern Christmas trees originated during the Renaissance of early modern Germany . Its 16th - century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer Martin Luther , who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree .", "The first recorded Christmas tree can be found on the keystone sculpture of a private home in Turckheim , Alsace ( then part of Germany , today France ) , dating 1576 .", "Georgians have their own traditional Christmas tree called Chichilaki , made from dried up hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree . These pale - colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) to 3 meters ( 9.8 feet ) . Chichilakis are most common in the Guria and Samegrelo regions of Georgia near the Black Sea , but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of Tbilisi . Georgians believe that Chichilaki resembles the famous beard of St. Basil the Great , because Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates St. Basil on January 1 .", "There was an old pagan custom , associated with Koliada , of suspending a branch of fir , spruce or pine called Podłaźniczka from the ceiling . The branches were decorated with apples , nuts , cookies , colored paper , stars made of straw , ribbons and colored wafers . Some people believed that the tree had magical powers that were linked with harvesting and success in the next year .", "In the late 18th and early 19th century , these traditions were almost completely replaced by the German custom of decorating the Christmas tree .", "Customs of erecting decorated trees in wintertime can be traced to Christmas celebrations in Renaissance - era guilds in Northern Germany and Livonia . The first evidence of decorated trees associated with Christmas Day are trees in guildhalls decorated with sweets to be enjoyed by the apprentices and children . In Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) , in 1441 , 1442 , 1510 and 1514 , the Brotherhood of Blackheads erected a tree for the holidays in their guild houses in Reval ( now Tallinn ) and Riga . On the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays , the tree was taken to the Town Hall Square , where the members of the brotherhood danced around it .", "A Bremen guild chronicle of 1570 reports that a small tree decorated with `` apples , nuts , dates , pretzels and paper flowers '' was erected in the guild - house for the benefit of the guild members ' children , who collected the dainties on Christmas Day . In 1584 , the pastor and chronicler Balthasar Russow in his Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt ( 1584 ) wrote of an established tradition of setting up a decorated spruce at the market square , where the young men `` went with a flock of maidens and women , first sang and danced there and then set the tree aflame '' .", "After the Protestant Reformation , such trees are seen in the houses of upper - class Protestant families as a counterpart to the Catholic Christmas cribs . This transition from the guild hall to the bourgeois family homes in the Protestant parts of Germany ultimately gives rise to the modern tradition as it developed in the 18th and 19th centuries .", "By the early 18th century , the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland , but it had not yet spread to rural areas . Wax candles , expensive items at the time , are found in attestations from the late 18th century .", "Along the lower Rhine , an area of Roman Catholic majority , the Christmas tree was largely regarded as a Protestant custom . As a result , it remained confined to the upper Rhineland for a relatively long period of time . The custom did eventually gain wider acceptance beginning around 1815 by way of Prussian officials who emigrated there following the Congress of Vienna .", "In the 19th century , the Christmas tree was taken to be an expression of German culture and of Gemütlichkeit , especially among emigrants overseas .", "A decisive factor in winning general popularity was the German army 's decision to place Christmas trees in its barracks and military hospitals during the Franco - Prussian War . Only at the start of the 20th century did Christmas trees appear inside churches , this time in a new brightly lit form .", "In the early 19th century , the custom became popular among the nobility and spread to royal courts as far as Russia . Princess Henrietta of Nassau - Weilburg introduced the Christmas tree to Vienna in 1816 , and the custom spread across Austria in the following years . In France , the first Christmas tree was introduced in 1840 by the duchesse d'Orléans . In Denmark a Danish newspaper claims that the first attested Christmas tree was lit in 1808 by countess Wilhemine of Holsteinborg . It was the aging countess who told the story of the first Danish Christmas tree to the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen in 1865 . He had published a fairy - tale called The Fir - Tree in 1844 , recounting the fate of a fir - tree being used as a Christmas tree .", "Although the tradition of decorating the home with evergreens was long established , the custom of decorating an entire small tree was unknown in Britain until some two centuries ago . At the time of the personal union with Hanover , George III 's German - born wife , Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , introduced a Christmas tree at a party she gave for children in 1800 . The custom did not at first spread much beyond the royal family . Queen Victoria as a child was familiar with it and a tree was placed in her room every Christmas . In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832 , the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote :", "After dinner ... we then went into the drawing - room near the dining - room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments . All the presents being placed round the trees ...", "After Victoria 's marriage to her German cousin Prince Albert , by 1841 the custom became even more widespread as wealthier middle - class families followed the fashion . In 1842 a newspaper advert for Christmas trees makes clear their smart cachet , German origins and association with children and gift - giving . An illustrated book , The Christmas Tree , describing their use and origins in detail , was on sale in December 1844 . On 2 January 1846 Elizabeth Fielding ( née Fox Strangways ) wrote from Laycock Abbey to William Henry Fox - Talbot : `` Constance is extremely busy preparing the Bohemian Xmas Tree . It is made from Caroline 's description of those she saw in Germany '' . In 1847 Prince Albert wrote : `` I must now seek in the children an echo of what Ernest ( his brother ) and I were in the old time , of what we felt and thought ; and their delight in the Christmas - trees is not less than ours used to be '' . A boost to the trend was given in 1848 when The Illustrated London News , in a report picked up by other papers , described the trees in Windsor Castle in detail and showed the main tree , surrounded by the royal family , on its cover . In fewer than ten years their use in better - off homes was widespread . By 1856 a northern provincial newspaper contained an advert alluding casually to them , as well as reporting the accidental death of a woman whose dress caught fire as she lit the tapers on a Christmas tree . They had not yet spread down the social scale though , as a report from Berlin in 1858 contrasts the situation there where `` Every family has its own '' with that of Britain , where Christmas trees were still the preserve of the wealthy or the `` romantic '' .", "Their use at public entertainments , charity bazaars and in hospitals made them increasingly familiar however , and in 1906 a charity was set up specifically to ensure even poor children in London slums ' who had never seen a Christmas tree ' would enjoy one that year . Anti-German sentiment after World War I briefly reduced their popularity but the effect was short - lived and by the mid-1920s the use of Christmas trees had spread to all classes . In 1933 a restriction on the importation of foreign trees led to the `` rapid growth of a new industry '' as the growing of Christmas trees within Britain became commercially viable due to the size of demand . By 2013 the number of trees grown in Britain for the Christmas market was approximately 8 million and their display in homes , shops and public spaces a normal part of the Christmas season .", "The tradition was introduced to North America in the winter of 1781 by Hessian soldiers stationed in the Province of Québec ( 1763 -- 1791 ) to garrison the colony against American attack . General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel and his wife , the Baroness von Riedesel , held a Christmas party for the officers at Sorel , delighting their guests with a fir tree decorated with candles and fruits .", "The Christmas tree became very common in the United States in the early nineteenth century . The first image of a Christmas tree was published in 1836 as the frontispiece to The Stranger 's Gift by Hermann Bokum . The first mention of the Christmas tree in American literature was in a story in the 1836 edition of The Token and Atlantic Souvenir , titled `` New Year 's Day , '' by Catherine Maria Sedgwick , where she tells the story of a German maid decorating her mistress 's tree . Also , a woodcut of the British Royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle , initially published in The Illustrated London News December 1848 , was copied in the United States at Christmas 1850 , in Godey 's Lady 's Book . Godey 's copied it exactly , except for the removal of the Queen 's tiara and Prince Albert 's moustache , to remake the engraving into an American scene . The republished Godey 's image became the first widely circulated picture of a decorated evergreen Christmas tree in America . Art historian Karal Ann Marling called Prince Albert and Queen Victoria , shorn of their royal trappings , `` the first influential American Christmas tree '' . Folk - culture historian Alfred Lewis Shoemaker states , `` In all of America there was no more important medium in spreading the Christmas tree in the decade 1850 -- 60 than Godey 's Lady 's Book '' . The image was reprinted in 1860 , and by the 1870s , putting up a Christmas tree had become even more common in America .", "Several cities in the United States with German connections lay claim to that country 's first Christmas tree : Windsor Locks , Connecticut , claims that a Hessian soldier put up a Christmas tree in 1777 while imprisoned at the Noden - Reed House , while the `` First Christmas Tree in America '' is also claimed by Easton , Pennsylvania , where German settlers purportedly erected a Christmas tree in 1816 . In his diary , Matthew Zahm of Lancaster , Pennsylvania , recorded the use of a Christmas tree in 1821 , leading Lancaster to also lay claim to the first Christmas tree in America . Other accounts credit Charles Follen , a German immigrant to Boston , for being the first to introduce to America the custom of decorating a Christmas tree . August Imgard , a German immigrant living in Wooster , Ohio , is said to be the first to popularize the practice of decorating a tree with candy canes . In 1847 , Imgard cut a blue spruce tree from a woods outside town , had the Wooster village tinsmith construct a star , and placed the tree in his house , decorating it with paper ornaments , gilded nuts and Kuchen . German immigrant Charles Minnegerode accepted a position as a professor of humanities at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia , in 1842 , where he taught Latin and Greek . Entering into the social life of the Virginia Tidewater , Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor St. George Tucker , thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time . An 1853 article on Christmas customs in Pennsylvania defines them as mostly `` German in origin '' , including the Christmas tree , which is `` planted in a flower pot filled with earth , and its branches are covered with presents , chiefly of confectionary , for the younger members of the family . '' The article distinguishes between customs in different states however , claiming that in New England generally `` Christmas is not much celebrated '' , whereas in Pennsylvania and New York it is .", "When Edward H. Johnson was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Company , a predecessor of Con Edison , he created the first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree at his home in New York City in 1882 . Johnson became the `` Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights '' .", "The lyrics sung in the United States to the German tune O Tannenbaum begin `` O Christmas tree ... '' , giving rise to the mistaken idea that the German word Tannenbaum ( fir tree ) means `` Christmas tree '' , the German word for which is instead Weihnachtsbaum .", "18th to early 20th century representations The Christmas tree by Winslow Homer , 1858 Christmas in the Netherlands , c. 1899 Illustration for Harper 's Bazaar , published 1 January 1870 . Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by Prang & Co . ( Boston ) 1880 Vera Komissarzhevskaya as Nora in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( c. 1904 ) . Photo by Elena Mrozovskaya An Italian American family on Christmas , 1924", "18th to early 20th century representations", "The Christmas tree by Winslow Homer , 1858", "The Christmas tree by Winslow Homer , 1858", "Christmas in the Netherlands , c. 1899", "Christmas in the Netherlands , c. 1899", "Illustration for Harper 's Bazaar , published 1 January 1870 .", "Illustration for Harper 's Bazaar , published 1 January 1870 .", "Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by Prang & Co . ( Boston ) 1880", "Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by Prang & Co . ( Boston ) 1880", "Vera Komissarzhevskaya as Nora in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( c. 1904 ) . Photo by Elena Mrozovskaya", "Vera Komissarzhevskaya as Nora in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( c. 1904 ) . Photo by Elena Mrozovskaya", "An Italian American family on Christmas , 1924", "An Italian American family on Christmas , 1924", "In Russia , the Christmas tree was banned after the October Revolution but then reinstated as a New - year spruce ( Новогодняя ёлка , Novogodnyaya yolka ) in 1935 . It became a fully secular icon of the New Year holiday , for example , the crowning star was regarded not as a symbol of Bethlehem Star , but as the Red star . Decorations , such as figurines of airplanes , bicycles , space rockets , cosmonauts , and characters of Russian fairy tales , were produced . This tradition persists after the fall of the USSR , with the New Year holiday outweighing the Christmas ( 7 January ) for a wide majority of Russian people .", "The TV special A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) was influential on the pop culture surrounding the Christmas tree . Aluminum Christmas trees were popular during the early 1960s in the US . They were satirized in the Charlie Brown show and came to be seen as symbolizing the commercialization of Christmas . The term Charlie Brown Christmas tree , describing any poor - looking or malformed little tree , also derives from the 1965 TV special , based on the appearance of Charlie Brown 's Christmas tree .", "1935 to present Christmas tree with presents Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor 's mansion . Christmas tea with Christmas Tree at an espresso shop in Eugene , Oregon A Soviet - era ( 1960s ) New Year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut Christmas Trees in church An aluminum Christmas tree", "1935 to present", "Christmas tree with presents", "Christmas tree with presents", "Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor 's mansion .", "Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor 's mansion .", "Christmas tea with Christmas Tree at an espresso shop in Eugene , Oregon", "Christmas tea with Christmas Tree at an espresso shop in Eugene , Oregon", "A Soviet - era ( 1960s ) New Year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut", "A Soviet - era ( 1960s ) New Year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut", "Christmas Trees in church", "Christmas Trees in church", "An aluminum Christmas tree", "An aluminum Christmas tree", "Since the early 20th century , it has become common in many cities , towns , and department stores to put up public Christmas trees outdoors , such as the Macy 's Great Tree in Atlanta ( since 1948 ) , the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in New York City , and the large Christmas tree at Victoria Square in Adelaide . The use of fire retardant allows many indoor public areas to place real trees and be compliant with code . Licensed applicants of fire retardant solution spray the tree , tag the tree , and provide a certificate for inspection . Real trees are popular with high end visual merchandising displays around the world . Leading global retailers such as Apple often place real trees in their window displays . In 2009 , Apple placed two Fraser fir trees in every one of its retail establishments .", "The United States ' National Christmas Tree has been lit each year since 1923 on the South Lawn of the White House . Today , the lighting of the National Christmas Tree is part of what has become a major holiday event at the White House . President Jimmy Carter lit only the crowning star atop the tree in 1979 in honor of the Americans being held hostage in Iran . The same was true in 1980 , except that the tree was fully lit for 417 seconds , one second for each day the hostages had been in captivity .", "During most of the 1970s and 1980s , the largest decorated Christmas tree in the world was put up every year on the property of the National Enquirer in Lantana , Florida . This tradition grew into one of the most spectacular and celebrated events in the history of southern Florida , but was discontinued on the death of the paper 's founder in the late 1980s .", "In some cities , a charity event called the Festival of Trees is organized , in which multiple trees are decorated and displayed .", "The giving of Christmas trees has also often been associated with the end of hostilities . After the signing of the Armistice in 1918 the city of Manchester sent a tree , and £ 500 to buy chocolate and cakes , for the children of the much - bombarded town of Lille in northern France . In some cases the trees represent special commemorative gifts , such as in Trafalgar Square in London , where the City of Oslo , Norway presents a tree to the people of London as a token of appreciation for the British support of Norwegian resistance during the Second World War ; in Boston , where the tree is a gift from the province of Nova Scotia , in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 ammunition ship explosion that leveled the city of Halifax ; and in Newcastle upon Tyne , where the main civic Christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of Bergen , in thanks for the part played by soldiers from Newcastle in liberating Bergen from Nazi occupation . Norway also annually gifts a Christmas tree to Washington , D.C. as a symbol of friendship between Norway and the US and as an expression of gratitude from Norway for the help received from the US during World War II .", "Public Christmas trees Christmas tree in Milan , Italy , 2008 Christmas tree in Vatican City , 2007 Christmas tree in Salerno old town , Italy , 2008 . Trafalgar Square Christmas tree Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Christmas tree on the Römerberg in Frankfurt ( 2008 ) in Lisbon ( 2005 ) , at 75 metres ( 246 feet ) the tallest Christmas tree in Europe . Boston 's Christmas Tree . An Árbol navideño luminoso in Madrid ( 2011 ) Christmas tree in Warsaw Christmas tree in South Coast Plaza , California Christmas tree in Stockholm at NK shopping mall Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal , Harbour City , Hong Kong", "Public Christmas trees", "Christmas tree in Milan , Italy , 2008", "Christmas tree in Milan , Italy , 2008", "Christmas tree in Vatican City , 2007", "Christmas tree in Vatican City , 2007", "Christmas tree in Salerno old town , Italy , 2008 .", "Christmas tree in Salerno old town , Italy , 2008 .", "Trafalgar Square Christmas tree", "Trafalgar Square Christmas tree", "Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree", "Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree", "Christmas tree on the Römerberg in Frankfurt ( 2008 )", "Christmas tree on the Römerberg in Frankfurt ( 2008 )", "in Lisbon ( 2005 ) , at 75 metres ( 246 feet ) the tallest Christmas tree in Europe .", "in Lisbon ( 2005 ) , at 75 metres ( 246 feet ) the tallest Christmas tree in Europe .", "Boston 's Christmas Tree .", "Boston 's Christmas Tree .", "An Árbol navideño luminoso in Madrid ( 2011 )", "An Árbol navideño luminoso in Madrid ( 2011 )", "Christmas tree in Warsaw", "Christmas tree in Warsaw", "Christmas tree in South Coast Plaza , California", "Christmas tree in South Coast Plaza , California", "Christmas tree in Stockholm at NK shopping mall", "Christmas tree in Stockholm at NK shopping mall", "Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal , Harbour City , Hong Kong", "Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal , Harbour City , Hong Kong", "A `` Chrismon tree '' is a Christmas tree decorated with explicitly Christian symbols in white and gold . First introduced by North American Lutherans in 1957 , the practice has rapidly spread to other Christian denominations , including Anglicans , Catholics , Methodists , and the Reformed .", "`` Chrismon '' ( plural `` Chrismons '' ) was adopted for the type of Christmas decoration and explained as a portmanteau of `` Christ - monogram '' ( a Christogram ) .", "( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Both setting up and taking down a Christmas tree are associated with specific dates . Traditionally , Christmas trees were not brought in and decorated until Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) or , in the traditions celebrating Christmas Eve rather than the first day of Christmas , 23 December , and then removed the day after Twelfth Night ( 5 January ) ; to have a tree up before or after these dates was even considered bad luck , and that to avoid bad luck from affecting the house 's residents , the tree must be left up until after the following Twelfth Night passes .", "In many areas , it has become customary to set up one 's Christmas tree at the beginning of the Advent season . Some families in the U.S. and Canada will put up a Christmas tree a week prior to American Thanksgiving ( the fourth Thursday of November ) , and Christmas decorations can show up even earlier in retail stores , often the day after Halloween ( 31 October ) . In Canada many families wait until after Remembrance Day , as to show respect to fallen soldiers . Some households do not put up the tree until the second week of December , and leave it up until 6 January ( Epiphany ) . In Germany , traditionally the tree is put up on 24 December and taken down on 7 January , though many start one or two weeks earlier , and in Roman Catholic homes the tree may be kept until February 2 ( Candlemas ) .", "In Italy , Ireland and Argentina , along with many countries in Latin America , the Christmas tree is put up on 8 December ( Immaculate Conception day ) and left up until 6 January . In Australia , the Christmas tree is usually put up on 1 December , which occurs about a 2 weeks before the school summer holidays ( except for South Australia , where most people put up their tree after in late November following the completion of the Adelaide Christmas Pageant , a time frame that has started to filter into other states as the official time Christmas decorations and in store Santa Claus start to appear ) and is left up until it is taken down . Some traditions suggest that Christmas trees may be kept up until no later than 2 February , the feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) , when the Christmas season effectively closes . Superstitions say that it is a bad sign if Christmas greenery is not removed by Candlemas Eve .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Christmas ornaments are decorations ( usually made of glass , metal , wood , or ceramics ) that are used to decorate a Christmas tree . The first decorated trees were adorned with apples , white candy canes and pastries in the shapes of stars , hearts and flowers . Glass baubles were first made in Lauscha , Germany , and also garlands of glass beads and tin figures that could be hung on trees . The popularity of these decorations grew into the production of glass figures made by highly skilled artisans with clay molds .", "Tinsel and several types of garland or ribbon are commonly used to decorate a Christmas tree . Silvered saran - based tinsel was introduced later . Delicate mold - blown and painted colored glass Christmas ornaments were a specialty of the glass factories in the Thuringian Forest , especially in Lauscha in the late 19th century , and have since become a large industry , complete with famous - name designers . Baubles are another common decoration , consisting of small hollow glass or plastic spheres coated with a thin metallic layer to make them reflective , with a further coating of a thin pigmented polymer in order to provide coloration . Lighting with electric lights ( Christmas lights or , in the United Kingdom , fairy lights ) is commonly done . A tree - topper , sometimes an angel but more frequently a star , completes the decoration .", "In the late 1800s , home - made white Christmas trees were made by wrapping strips of cotton batting around leafless branches creating the appearance of a snow - laden tree . In the 1940s and 1950s , popularized by Hollywood films in the late 1930s , flocking was very popular on the West Coast of the United States . There were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners . In the 1980s some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow .", "Decorations A transparent Christmas bauble A golden bauble decorating a Christmas tree Christmas baubles A snowman - shaped decoration painted as a baseball A toy bear Christmas decoration . Fabergé egg as a Christmas decoration . Christmas decorations Red ornamented Christmas bauble Christmas baubles", "A transparent Christmas bauble", "A transparent Christmas bauble", "A golden bauble decorating a Christmas tree", "A golden bauble decorating a Christmas tree", "Christmas baubles", "A snowman - shaped decoration painted as a baseball", "A snowman - shaped decoration painted as a baseball", "A toy bear Christmas decoration .", "A toy bear Christmas decoration .", "Fabergé egg as a Christmas decoration .", "Fabergé egg as a Christmas decoration .", "Christmas decorations", "Red ornamented Christmas bauble", "Red ornamented Christmas bauble", "Christmas baubles", "Each year , 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America , and 50 to 60 million are produced in Europe . In 1998 , there were about 15,000 growers in America ( a third of them `` choose and cut '' farms ) . In that same year , it was estimated that Americans spent $1.5 billion on Christmas trees . By 2016 that had climbed to $2.04 billion for natural trees and a further $1.86 billion for artificial trees . In Europe , 75 million trees worth € 2.4 billion ( $3.2 billion ) are harvested annually .", "The most commonly used species are fir ( Abies ) , which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out , as well as retaining good foliage color and scent ; but species in other genera are also used .", "In northern Europe most commonly used are :", "Norway spruce Picea abies ( the original tree , generally the cheapest ) Silver fir Abies alba Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana Noble fir Abies procera Serbian spruce Picea omorika Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Swiss pine Pinus cembra", "Norway spruce Picea abies ( the original tree , generally the cheapest )", "Silver fir Abies alba", "Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana", "Noble fir Abies procera", "Serbian spruce Picea omorika", "Scots pine Pinus sylvestris", "Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees )", "Swiss pine Pinus cembra", "In North America , Central America and South America most commonly used are :", "Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Balsam fir Abies balsamea Fraser Fir Abies fraseri Grand fir Abies grandis Guatemalan fir Abies guatemalensis Noble fir Abies procera Red fir Abies magnifica White fir Abies concolor Pinyon pine Pinus edulis Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophylla", "Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii", "Balsam fir Abies balsamea", "Fraser Fir Abies fraseri", "Grand fir Abies grandis", "Guatemalan fir Abies guatemalensis", "Noble fir Abies procera", "Red fir Abies magnifica", "White fir Abies concolor", "Pinyon pine Pinus edulis", "Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi", "Scots pine Pinus sylvestris", "Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees )", "Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophylla", "Several other species are used to a lesser extent . Less - traditional conifers are sometimes used , such as giant sequoia , Leyland cypress , Monterey cypress and eastern juniper . Various types of spruce tree are also used for Christmas trees ( including the blue spruce and , less commonly , the white spruce ) ; but spruces begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut , and spruce needles are often sharp , making decorating uncomfortable . Virginia pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States ; however , its winter color is faded . The long - needled eastern white pine is also used there , though it is an unpopular Christmas tree in most parts of the country , owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches , making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments . Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used , particularly in Oceania , and in Australia , some species of the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina are also occasionally used as Christmas trees . But , by far , the most common tree is the Monterey pine . Adenanthos sericeus or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree . Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to support the weight of lights and ornaments .", "Some trees , frequently referred to as `` living Christmas trees '' , are sold live with roots and soil , often from a plant nursery , to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed ( and often decorated ) for years or decades . Others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio . However , when done improperly , the combination of root loss caused by digging , and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree 's health ; additionally , the warmth of an indoor climate will bring the tree out of its natural winter dormancy , leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate . Often Christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals , including mice and spiders . Thus , the survival rate of these trees is low . However , when done properly , replanting provides higher survival rates .", "European tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally grown , unsheared trees , while in North America ( outside western areas where trees are often wild - harvested on public lands ) there is a preference for close - sheared trees with denser foliage , but less space to hang decorations .", "In the past , Christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests , but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms . Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted . According to the United States Department of Agriculture 's agriculture census for 2007 , 21,537 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas tree market in America , 5,717.09 square kilometres ( 1,412,724 acres ) were planted in Christmas trees .", "The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a 2 - metre ( 7 ft ) tree takes , depending on species and treatment in cultivation , between 8 and 12 years . First , the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees . These seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to Christmas tree farms at an age of 3 -- 4 years . The remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate , soil quality , as well as the cultivation and how the trees are tended by the Christmas tree farmer .", "The first artificial Christmas trees were developed in Germany during the 19th century , though earlier examples exist . These `` trees '' were made using goose feathers that were dyed green. , as one response by Germans to continued deforestation . Feather Christmas trees ranged widely in size , from a small 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) tree to a large 98 - inch ( 2,500 mm ) tree sold in department stores during the 1920s . Often , the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as candle holders .", "Over the years , other styles of artificial Christmas trees have evolved and become popular . In 1930 , the U.S. - based Addis Brush Company created the first artificial Christmas tree made from brush bristles . Another type of artificial tree is the aluminum Christmas tree , first manufactured in Chicago in 1958 , and later in Manitowoc , Wisconsin , where the majority of the trees were produced . Most modern artificial Christmas trees are made from plastic recycled from used packaging materials , such as polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) . Approximately 10 % of artificial Christmas trees are using virgin suspension PVC resin ; despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable .", "Other trends have developed in the early 2000s as well . Optical fiber Christmas trees come in two major varieties ; one resembles a traditional Christmas tree . One Dallas - based company offers `` holographic mylar '' trees in many hues . Tree - shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard , glass , ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations . Upside - down artificial Christmas trees became popular for a short time and were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick ; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores and opened up floor space for more products . Artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century . Users of artificial Christmas trees assert that they are more convenient , and , because they are reusable , much cheaper than their natural alternative . They are also considered much safer as natural trees can be a significant fire hazard . Between 2001 and 2007 artificial Christmas tree sales in the U.S. jumped from 7.3 million to 17.4 million . Currently it is estimated that around 58 % of Christmas trees used in the United States are artificial while numbers in the United Kingdom are indicated to be around 66 % .", "Artificial trees A tree with fibre optic lights Christmas tree and presents Athens , Greece White Christmas tree Spanish artificial Christmas tree A chrismon tree ( St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral , Oviedo , Florida ) An artificial Aluminum Christmas tree Artificial tree", "A tree with fibre optic lights", "A tree with fibre optic lights", "Christmas tree and presents Athens , Greece", "Christmas tree and presents Athens , Greece", "White Christmas tree", "White Christmas tree", "Spanish artificial Christmas tree", "Spanish artificial Christmas tree", "A chrismon tree ( St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral , Oviedo , Florida )", "A chrismon tree ( St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral , Oviedo , Florida )", "An artificial Aluminum Christmas tree", "An artificial Aluminum Christmas tree", "Artificial tree", "The debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing . Generally , natural tree growers contend that artificial trees are more environmentally harmful than their natural counterparts . However , trade groups such as the American Christmas Tree Association , continue to refute that artificial trees are more harmful to the environment , and maintain that the PVC used in Christmas trees has excellent recyclable properties .", "Live trees are typically grown as a crop and replanted in rotation after cutting , often providing suitable habitat for wildlife . Alternately , live trees can be donated to livestock farmers of such animals like goats who find that such trees uncontaminated by chemical additives are excellent fodder . In some cases management of Christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it sometimes involves heavy input of pesticides . Concerns have been raised about people cutting down old and rare conifers , such as the Keteleeria evelyniana and Abies fraseri , for Christmas trees .", "Real or cut trees are used only for a short time , but can be recycled and used as mulch , wildlife habitat , or used to prevent erosion . Real trees are carbon - neutral , they emit no more carbon dioxide by being cut down and disposed of than they absorb while growing . However , emissions can occur from farming activities and transportation . An independent life - cycle assessment study , conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development , states that a natural tree will generate 3.1 kg ( 6.8 lb ) of greenhouse gases every year ( based on purchasing 5 km ( 3.1 miles ) from home ) whereas the artificial tree will produce 48.3 kg ( 106 lb ) over its lifetime . Some people use living Christmas or potted trees for several seasons , providing a longer life cycle for each tree . Living Christmas trees can be purchased or rented from local market growers . Rentals are picked up after the holidays , while purchased trees can be planted by the owner after use or donated to local tree adoption or urban reforestation services .", "Most artificial trees are made of recycled PVC rigid sheets using tin stabilizer in the recent years . In the past , lead was often used as a stabilizer in PVC , but is now banned by Chinese laws . The use of lead stabilizer in Chinese imported trees has been an issue of concern among politicians and scientists over recent years . A 2004 study found that while in general artificial trees pose little health risk from lead contamination , there do exist `` worst - case scenarios '' where major health risks to young children exist . A 2008 United States Environmental Protection Agency report found that as the PVC in artificial Christmas trees aged it began to degrade . The report determined that of the 50 million artificial trees in the United States approximately 20 million were 9 or more years old , the point where dangerous lead contamination levels are reached . A professional study on the life - cycle assessment of both real and artificial Christmas trees revealed that one must use an artificial Christmas tree at least 20 years to leave an environmental footprint as small as the natural Christmas tree .", "The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century , with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539 , under the leadership of the Protestant Reformer , Martin Bucer . In the United States , these `` German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . '' When decorating the Christmas tree , many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem , a fact recorded by The School Journal in 1897 . Professor David Albert Jones of Oxford University writes that in the 19th century , it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the Nativity of Jesus .", "Under the Marxist - Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union , after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other religious holidays -- were prohibited as a result of the Soviet anti-religious campaign . The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , among them being the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays , including Easter ; the League established an anti-religious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement . With the Christmas tree being prohibited in accordance with Soviet anti-religious legislation , people supplanted the former Christmas custom with New Year 's trees . In 1935 the tree was brought back as New Year tree and became a secular , not a religious holiday .", "Pope John Paul II introduced the Christmas tree custom to the Vatican in 1982 . Although at first disapproved of by some as out of place at the centre of the Roman Catholic Church , the Vatican Christmas Tree has become an integral part of the Vatican Christmas celebrations , and in 2005 Pope Benedict XVI spoke of it as part of the normal Christmas decorations in Catholic homes . In 2004 , Pope John Paul called the Christmas tree a symbol of Christ . This very ancient custom , he said , exalts the value of life , as in winter what is evergreen becomes a sign of undying life , and it reminds Christians of the `` tree of life '' of Genesis 2 : 9 , an image of Christ , the supreme gift of God to humanity . In the previous year he said : `` Beside the crib , the Christmas tree , with its twinkling lights , reminds us that with the birth of Jesus the tree of life has blossomed anew in the desert of humanity . The crib and the tree : precious symbols , which hand down in time the true meaning of Christmas . '' The Catholic Church 's official Book of Blessings has a service for the blessing of the Christmas tree in a home . Likewise the Protestant Episcopal Church in The Anglican Family Prayer Book , which has the imprimatur of The Rt. Rev. Catherine S. Roskam of the Anglican Communion , has long had a ritual titled Blessing of a Christmas Tree , as well as Blessing of a Crèche , for use in the church and the home .", "In 2005 , the city of Boston renamed the spruce tree used to decorate the Boston Common a `` Holiday Tree '' rather than a `` Christmas Tree '' . The name change drew a poor response from the public and it was reversed after the city was threatened with several lawsuits .", "Chrismon trees are a variety developed in 1957 by a Lutheran laywoman in Virginia , as a specifically religious version appropriate for a church 's Christmas celebrations , although most Christian churches continue to display the traditional Christmas tree in their sanctuaries during Christmastide ." ]

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[ "This is a collection of lists of organisms by their population . While of the most numbers are estimates , they have been made by the experts in their fields . Species population is a science falling under the purview of population ecology and biogeography . Individuals are counted by census , as carried out for the piping plover ; using the transect method , as done for the mountain plover ; and beginning in 2012 by satellite , with the emperor penguin being first subject counted in this manner .", "More than 99 percent of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct . Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described . According to another study , the number of described species has been estimated at 1,899,587. 2000 -- 2009 saw approximately 17,000 species described per year . The total number of undescribed organisms is unknown , but marine microbial species alone could number 20,000,000 . The number of quantified species will ipso facto always lag behind the number of described species , and species contained in these lists tend to be on the K side of the r / K selection continuum . More recently , in May 2016 , scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one - thousandth of one percent described . The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 10 and weighs 50 billion tonnes . In comparison , the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC ( trillion ( million million ) tonnes of carbon ) . In July 2016 , scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the Last Universal Common Ancestor ( LUCA ) of all organisms living on Earth .", "It is estimated that the most numerous bacteria are of a species of the Pelagibacterales ( or SAR11 ) clade , perhaps Pelagibacter ubique , and the most numerous viruses are bacteriophages infecting these species . It is estimated that the oceans contain about 2.4 × 10 ( 24 billion billion billion ) SAR11 cells .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )", "Mammals by population Artiodactyla ( even - toed ungulates ) Carnivora ( carnivorans ) Cetacea ( cetaceans ) Chiroptera ( bats ) Perissodactyla ( odd - toed ungulates ) Primates", "Mammals by population Artiodactyla ( even - toed ungulates ) Carnivora ( carnivorans ) Cetacea ( cetaceans ) Chiroptera ( bats ) Perissodactyla ( odd - toed ungulates ) Primates", "Artiodactyla ( even - toed ungulates ) Carnivora ( carnivorans ) Cetacea ( cetaceans ) Chiroptera ( bats ) Perissodactyla ( odd - toed ungulates ) Primates", "Artiodactyla ( even - toed ungulates )", "Carnivora ( carnivorans )", "Cetacea ( cetaceans )", "Chiroptera ( bats )", "Perissodactyla ( odd - toed ungulates )", "Birds by population Anseriformes ( waterfowl ) Apodiformes ( swifts and hummingbirds ) Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and relatives ) Charadriiformes ( gulls and relatives ) Ciconiiformes ( storks and relatives ) Columbiformes ( doves and pigeons ) Coraciiformes ( kingfishers and relatives ) Cuculiformes ( cuckoos and relatives ) Falconiformes ( falcons and relatives ) Galliformes ( gamebirds ) Gaviiformes ( loons or divers ) Gruiformes ( cranes and relatives ) Passeriformes ( perching birds ) Pelecaniformes ( pelicans and relatives ) Phoenicopteriformes ( flamingos ) Piciformes ( woodpeckers and relatives ) Podicipediformes ( grebes ) Procellariiformes ( albatrosses and petrels ) Psittaciformes ( parrots ) Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) Strigiformes ( owls ) Struthioniformes ( ratites ) Tinamiformes ( tinamous ) Trogoniformes ( trogons and quetzals )", "Birds by population Anseriformes ( waterfowl ) Apodiformes ( swifts and hummingbirds ) Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and relatives ) Charadriiformes ( gulls and relatives ) Ciconiiformes ( storks and relatives ) Columbiformes ( doves and pigeons ) Coraciiformes ( kingfishers and relatives ) Cuculiformes ( cuckoos and relatives ) Falconiformes ( falcons and relatives ) Galliformes ( gamebirds ) Gaviiformes ( loons or divers ) Gruiformes ( cranes and relatives ) Passeriformes ( perching birds ) Pelecaniformes ( pelicans and relatives ) Phoenicopteriformes ( flamingos ) Piciformes ( woodpeckers and relatives ) Podicipediformes ( grebes ) Procellariiformes ( albatrosses and petrels ) Psittaciformes ( parrots ) Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) Strigiformes ( owls ) Struthioniformes ( ratites ) Tinamiformes ( tinamous ) Trogoniformes ( trogons and quetzals )", "Anseriformes ( waterfowl ) Apodiformes ( swifts and hummingbirds ) Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and relatives ) Charadriiformes ( gulls and relatives ) Ciconiiformes ( storks and relatives ) Columbiformes ( doves and pigeons ) Coraciiformes ( kingfishers and relatives ) Cuculiformes ( cuckoos and relatives ) Falconiformes ( falcons and relatives ) Galliformes ( gamebirds ) Gaviiformes ( loons or divers ) Gruiformes ( cranes and relatives ) Passeriformes ( perching birds ) Pelecaniformes ( pelicans and relatives ) Phoenicopteriformes ( flamingos ) Piciformes ( woodpeckers and relatives ) Podicipediformes ( grebes ) Procellariiformes ( albatrosses and petrels ) Psittaciformes ( parrots ) Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) Strigiformes ( owls ) Struthioniformes ( ratites ) Tinamiformes ( tinamous ) Trogoniformes ( trogons and quetzals )", "Anseriformes ( waterfowl )", "Apodiformes ( swifts and hummingbirds )", "Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and relatives )", "Charadriiformes ( gulls and relatives )", "Ciconiiformes ( storks and relatives )", "Columbiformes ( doves and pigeons )", "Coraciiformes ( kingfishers and relatives )", "Cuculiformes ( cuckoos and relatives )", "Falconiformes ( falcons and relatives )", "Galliformes ( gamebirds )", "Gaviiformes ( loons or divers )", "Gruiformes ( cranes and relatives )", "Passeriformes ( perching birds )", "Pelecaniformes ( pelicans and relatives )", "Phoenicopteriformes ( flamingos )", "Piciformes ( woodpeckers and relatives )", "Podicipediformes ( grebes )", "Procellariiformes ( albatrosses and petrels )", "Psittaciformes ( parrots )", "Sphenisciformes ( penguins )", "Strigiformes ( owls )", "Struthioniformes ( ratites )", "Tinamiformes ( tinamous )", "Trogoniformes ( trogons and quetzals )", "Anima Population Notes Chinese alligator 100 -- 200 Only in the wild . Chinese alligators are quite prolific in captivity , with estimates of the total captive population at over 10,000 animals , mostly in the Anhui Research Centre of Chinese Alligator Reproduction and the Madras Crocodile Bank . Komodo dragon 4,000 -- 5,000 Their populations are restricted to the islands of Gili Motang ( 100 ) , Gili Dasami ( 100 ) , Rinca ( 1,300 ) , Komodo ( 1,700 ) , and Flores ( perhaps 2,000 ) . However , there are concerns that there may presently be only 350 breeding females .", "Anima Population Notes", "Chinese alligator 100 -- 200 Only in the wild . Chinese alligators are quite prolific in captivity , with estimates of the total captive population at over 10,000 animals , mostly in the Anhui Research Centre of Chinese Alligator Reproduction and the Madras Crocodile Bank .", "Komodo dragon 4,000 -- 5,000 Their populations are restricted to the islands of Gili Motang ( 100 ) , Gili Dasami ( 100 ) , Rinca ( 1,300 ) , Komodo ( 1,700 ) , and Flores ( perhaps 2,000 ) . However , there are concerns that there may presently be only 350 breeding females .", "There are an estimated 3,500,000,000,000 ( 3.5 trillion ) fish in the ocean . In the last 100 years , the number of small fish -- such as pilchards , herrings , anchovies , sprats and sardines -- has more than doubled . It is caused by a major decline in big ' predator fish ' such as sharks , tuna and cod due to over-fishing .", "Recent figures indicate that there are more than 200 million insects for each human on the planet . An article in The New York Times claimed that the world holds 300 pounds of insects for every pound of humans . Ants have colonised almost every landmass on Earth . Their population is estimated as 10 -- 10 billion .", "According to NASA in 2005 , there were over 400 billion trees on our globe . However , more recently , in 2015 , using better methods , the global tree count has been estimated at about 3 trillion . Other studies show that the Amazonian forest alone yields approximately 430 billion trees . Extrapolations from data compiled over a period of 10 years suggest that greater Amazonia , which includes the Amazon Basin and the Guiana Shield , harbors around 390 billion individual trees ." ]

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[ "The Florentine Codex is a 16th - century ethnographic research study in Mesoamerica by the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún . Sahagún originally titled it : La Historia Universal de las Cosas de Nueva España ( in English : The Universal History of the Things of New Spain ) . After a translation mistake , it was given the name Historia general de las Cosas de Nueva España . The best - preserved manuscript is commonly referred to as the Florentine Codex , as it is held in the Laurentian Library of Florence , Italy .", "In partnership with Nahua men who were formerly his students at the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco , Sahagún conducted research , organized evidence , wrote and edited his findings . He worked on this project from 1545 up until his death in 1590 . The work consists of 2,400 pages organized into twelve books ; more than 2,000 illustrations drawn by native artists provide vivid images of this era . It documents the culture , religious cosmology ( worldview ) and ritual practices , society , economics , and natural history of the Aztec people . It has been described as `` one of the most remarkable accounts of a non-Western culture ever composed . ''", "The Americans Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J.O. Anderson were the first to translate the Codex from Nahuatl to English , in a project that took 30 years to complete . In 2012 high - resolution scans of all volumes of The Florentine Codex , in Nahuatl and Spanish , with illustrations , were added to the World Digital Library .", "The three bound volumes of the Florentine Codex are found in the Biblioteca Medicea - Laurenziana , Palat. 218 - 220 in Florence , Italy , with the title Florentine Codex chosen by its English translators , Americans Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble , following in the tradition of nineteenth - century Mexican scholars Francisco del Paso y Troncoso and Joaquín García Icazbalceta .", "The manuscript became part of the collection of the library in Florence at some point after its creation in the late sixteenth century . It was not until the late eighteenth century that scholars become aware of it , when the bibliographer Angelo Maria Bandini published a description of it in Latin in 1793 . The work became more generally known in the nineteenth century , with a description published by P. Fr . Marcelino de Civezza in 1879 .", "The Spanish Royal Academy of History learned of this work and , at the 5th meeting of the International Congress of Americanists , the find was announced to the larger scholarly community . In 1888 German scholar Eduard Seler presented a description of the illustrations at the 7th meeting of the International Congress of Americanists . Mexican scholar Francisco del Paso y Troncoso received permission in 1893 from the Italian government to copy the alphabetic text and the illustrations .", "The three - volume manuscript of the Florentine Codex has been intensely analyzed and compared to earlier drafts found in Madrid . The Tolosa Manuscript ( Códice Castellano de Madrid ) was known in the 1860s and studied by José Fernando Ramírez The Tolosa Manuscript has been source for all published editions in Spanish of the Historia General .", "The English translation of the complete Nahuatl text of all twelve volumes of the Florentine Codex was a decades - long work of Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble , an important contribution to the scholarship on Mesoamerican ethno - history . In 1979 the Mexican government published a full - color , three - volume facsimile of the Florentine Codex in a limited edition of 2,000 , allowing scholars to have easier access to the manuscript . The Archivo General de la Nación ( Dra . Alejandra Moreno Toscano , director ) supervised the project that was published by the Secretaria de Gobernación ( Prof. Enrique Olivares Santana , Secretary ) . The 2012 World Digital Library high - resolution digital version of the manuscript makes it fully accessible online to all those interested in this source for Mexican and Aztec history .", "The missionary Sahagún had the goal of evangelizing the indigenous Mesoamerican peoples , and his writings were devoted to this end . He described this work as an explanation of the `` divine , or rather idolatrous , human , and natural things of New Spain . '' He compared its body of knowledge to that needed by a physician to cure the `` patient '' suffering from idolatry .", "He had three overarching goals for his research :", "To describe and explain ancient Indigenous religion , beliefs , practices , deities . This was to help friars and others understand this `` idolatrous '' religion in order to evangelize the Aztecs . To create a vocabulary of the Aztec language , Nahuatl . This provides more than definitions from a dictionary , as it gives an explanation of their cultural origins , with pictures . This was to help friars and others learn Nahuatl and to understand the cultural context of the language . To record and document the great cultural inheritance of the Indigenous peoples of New Spain .", "To describe and explain ancient Indigenous religion , beliefs , practices , deities . This was to help friars and others understand this `` idolatrous '' religion in order to evangelize the Aztecs .", "To create a vocabulary of the Aztec language , Nahuatl . This provides more than definitions from a dictionary , as it gives an explanation of their cultural origins , with pictures . This was to help friars and others learn Nahuatl and to understand the cultural context of the language .", "To record and document the great cultural inheritance of the Indigenous peoples of New Spain .", "Sahagún conducted research for several decades , edited and revised his work over several decades , created several versions of a 2,400 - page manuscript , and addressed a cluster of religious , cultural and nature themes . Copies of the work were sent by ship to the royal court of Spain and to the Vatican in the late 16th century to explain Aztec culture . The Copies of the work were essentially lost for about two centuries , until a scholar rediscovered it in the Laurentian Library ( Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana ) an archive library in Florence , Italy . The Spanish also had earlier drafts in their archives . A scholarly community of historians , anthropologists , art historians , and linguists has since been investigating Sahagún 's work , its subtleties and mysteries , for more than 200 years .", "The Florentine Codex is a complex document , assembled , edited , and appended over decades . Essentially it is three integral texts : ( 1 ) in Nahuatl ; ( 2 ) a Spanish text ; ( 3 ) pictorials . The final version of the Florentine Codex was completed in 1569 . The Nahuatl Sahagún 's goals of orienting fellow missionaries to Aztec culture , providing a rich Nahuatl vocabulary , and recording the indigenous cultural heritage are at times in competition within the work . The manuscript pages are generally arranged in two columns , with Nahuatl , written first , on the right and a Spanish gloss or translation on the left . Diverse voices , views , and opinions are expressed in these 2,400 pages , and the result is a document that is sometimes contradictory .", "Scholars have proposed several classical and medieval worldbook authors who inspired Sahagún , such as Aristotle , Pliny , Isidore of Seville , and Bartholomew the Englishman . These shaped the late medieval approach to the organization of knowledge .", "The twelve books of the Florentine Codex are organized in the following way :", "Gods , religious beliefs and rituals , cosmology , and moral philosophy , Humanity ( society , politics , economics , including anatomy and disease ) , Natural history .", "Gods , religious beliefs and rituals , cosmology , and moral philosophy ,", "Humanity ( society , politics , economics , including anatomy and disease ) ,", "Natural history .", "Book 12 , the account of the conquest of Mexico from the point of view of the conquered of Tenochtitlan - Tlatelolco is the only strictly historical book of the Historia General .", "This work follows the organizational logic found in medieval encyclopedias , in particular the 19 - volume De proprietatibus rerum of Sahagún 's fellow Franciscan Friar Bartholomew the Englishman . One scholar has argued that Bartholomew 's work served as a conceptual model for Sahagún , although evidence is circumstantial . Both men present descriptions of the cosmos , society and nature of the late medieval paradigm .", "After the facsimile edition became available generally in 1979 , the illustrations of the Florentine Codex could be analyzed in detail . Previously , the images were known mainly through the black - and - white drawings found in various earlier publications , which were separated from the alphabetic text . The images in the Florentine Codex were created as an integral element of the larger opus . Although many of the images show evidence of European influence , a careful analysis by one scholar posits that they were created by `` members of the hereditary profession of tlacuilo or native scribe - painter . ''", "The images were inserted in places in the text left open for them , and in some cases the blank space has not been filled . This strongly suggests that when the manuscripts were sent to Spain , they were as yet unfinished . The images are of two types , what can be called `` primary figures '' that amplify the meaning of the alphabetic texts , and `` ornamentals '' that were decorative . The majority of the nearly 2500 images are `` primary figures '' ( approximately 2000 ) , with the remainder ornamental . The figures were drawn in black outline first , with color added later . Scholars have concluded that several artists , of varying skill , created the images . Art historian Diana Magaloni Kerpel deduced that 22 artists worked on the images in the Codex . She did this by analyzing the different ways that forms of body were drawn , such as the eyes , profile , and proportions of the body . Additionally , Magaloni studied the different artists ' treatments of lines .", "It is not clear what artistic sources the scribes drew from , but the library of the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco had European books with illustrations and books of engravings . European elements appear in the imagery , as well as pre-Conquest images done in the `` native style '' . A number of the images have Christian elements , which Peterson has described as `` Christian editorializing . '' The entirety of the Codex is characterized by the Nahua belief that the use of color activates the image and causes it to embody the true nature , or ixiptla , of the object or person depicted . For the Aztecs , the true self or identity of a person or object was shown via the external layer , or skin . Imparting color onto an image would change it so that it was given the identity of what it was portraying . Color was also used as a vehicle to impart knowledge that worked in tandem with the image itself .", "The codex is composed of the following twelve books :", "The Gods . Deals with gods worshipped by the natives of this land , which is New Spain . The Ceremonies . Deals with holidays and sacrifices with which these natives honored their gods in times of infidelity . The Origin of the Gods . About the creation of the gods . The Soothsayers . About Indian judiciary astrology or omens and fortune - telling arts . The Omens . Deals with foretelling these natives made from birds , animals , and insects in order to foretell the future . Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy . About prayers to their gods , rhetoric , moral philosophy , and theology in the same context . The Sun , Moon and Stars , and the Binding of the Years . Deals with the sun , the moon , the stars , and the jubilee year . Kings and Lords . About kings and lords , and the way they held their elections and governed their reigns . The Merchants . About long - distance elite merchants , pochteca , who expanded trade , reconnoitered new areas to conquer , and agents - provocateurs . The People . About general history : it explains vices and virtues , spiritual as well as bodily , of all manner of persons . Earthly Things . About properties of animals , birds , fish , trees , herbs , flowers , metals , and stones , and about colors . The Conquest . About the conquest of New Spain from the Tenochtitlan - Tlatelolco point of view .", "The Gods . Deals with gods worshipped by the natives of this land , which is New Spain .", "The Ceremonies . Deals with holidays and sacrifices with which these natives honored their gods in times of infidelity .", "The Origin of the Gods . About the creation of the gods .", "The Soothsayers . About Indian judiciary astrology or omens and fortune - telling arts .", "The Omens . Deals with foretelling these natives made from birds , animals , and insects in order to foretell the future .", "Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy . About prayers to their gods , rhetoric , moral philosophy , and theology in the same context .", "The Sun , Moon and Stars , and the Binding of the Years . Deals with the sun , the moon , the stars , and the jubilee year .", "Kings and Lords . About kings and lords , and the way they held their elections and governed their reigns .", "The Merchants . About long - distance elite merchants , pochteca , who expanded trade , reconnoitered new areas to conquer , and agents - provocateurs .", "The People . About general history : it explains vices and virtues , spiritual as well as bodily , of all manner of persons .", "Earthly Things . About properties of animals , birds , fish , trees , herbs , flowers , metals , and stones , and about colors .", "The Conquest . About the conquest of New Spain from the Tenochtitlan - Tlatelolco point of view .", "Sahagún was among the first person to develop an array of strategies for gathering and validating knowledge of indigenous New World cultures . Much later , the discipline of anthropology would later formalize these as ethnography . This is the scientific research strategy to document the beliefs , behavior , social roles and relationships , and worldview of another culture , and to explain these within the logic of that culture . Ethnography requires scholars to practice empathy with persons very different from them , and to try to suspend their own cultural beliefs in order to enter into , understand , and explain the worldview of those living in another culture .", "Sahagún systematically gathered knowledge from a range of diverse persons ( now known as informants in anthropology ) , who were recognized as having expert knowledge of Aztec culture . He did so in the native language of Nahuatl , while comparing the answers from different sources of information . He sought out different types of informants , including women ( which was unusual ) .", "Some passages appear to be the transcription of spontaneous narration of religious beliefs , society or nature . Other parts clearly reflect a consistent set of questions presented to different people designed to elicit specific information . Some sections of text report Sahagún 's own narration of events or commentary .", "He developed a methodology with the following elements :", "He used the native language of Nahuatl . He elicited information of elders , cultural authorities publicly recognized as most knowledgeable . He adapted the project to the ways in which Aztec culture recorded and transmitted knowledge . He used the expertise of his former students at the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco , whom he credited by name . He attempted to capture the totality or complete reality of Aztec culture on its own terms . He structured his inquiry by using questionnaires , but also could adapt to using more valuable information shared with him by other means . He attended to the diverse ways that diverse meanings are transmitted through Nahuatl linguistics . He undertook a comparative evaluation of information , drawing from multiple sources , in order to determine the degree of confidence with which he could regard that information . He collected information on the conquest of Mexico from the point of view of the Tenochtitlan - Tlatelolco , who had been defeated .", "He used the native language of Nahuatl .", "He elicited information of elders , cultural authorities publicly recognized as most knowledgeable .", "He adapted the project to the ways in which Aztec culture recorded and transmitted knowledge .", "He used the expertise of his former students at the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco , whom he credited by name .", "He attempted to capture the totality or complete reality of Aztec culture on its own terms .", "He structured his inquiry by using questionnaires , but also could adapt to using more valuable information shared with him by other means .", "He attended to the diverse ways that diverse meanings are transmitted through Nahuatl linguistics .", "He undertook a comparative evaluation of information , drawing from multiple sources , in order to determine the degree of confidence with which he could regard that information .", "He collected information on the conquest of Mexico from the point of view of the Tenochtitlan - Tlatelolco , who had been defeated .", "These methodological innovations substantiate historians ' claim that Sahagún was the first anthropologist .", "Most of the Florentine Codex is alphabetic text in Nahuatl and Spanish , but its 2,000 pictures provide vivid images of sixteenth - century New Spain . Some of these images directly support the alphabetic text ; others are thematically related ; others are for seemingly decorative purposes . Some are colorful and large , taking up most of a page ; others are black and white sketches . The pictorial images offer remarkable detail about life in New Spain , but they do not bear titles , and the relationship of some to the adjoining text is not always self - evident . They can be considered a `` third column of language '' in the manuscript . Several different artists ' hands have been identified , and many questions about their accuracy have been raised . The drawings convey a blend of Indigenous and European artistic elements and cultural influences .", "Many passages of the texts in the Florentine Codex present descriptions of like items ( e.g. , gods , classes of people , animals ) according to consistent patterns . Because of this , scholars have concluded that Sahagún used a series of questionnaires to structure his interviews and collect data .", "For instance , the following questions appear to have been used to gather information about the gods for Book One :", "What are the titles , the attributes , or the characteristics of the god ? What were his powers ? What ceremonies were performed in his honor ? What was his attire ?", "What are the titles , the attributes , or the characteristics of the god ?", "What were his powers ?", "What ceremonies were performed in his honor ?", "What was his attire ?", "For Book Ten , `` The People , '' a questionnaire may have been used to gather information about the social organization of labor and workers , with questions such as :", "What is the ( trader , artisan ) called and why ? What particular gods did they venerate ? How were their gods attired ? How were they worshiped ? What do they produce ? How did each occupation work ?", "What is the ( trader , artisan ) called and why ?", "What particular gods did they venerate ?", "How were their gods attired ?", "How were they worshiped ?", "What do they produce ?", "How did each occupation work ?", "This book also described some other indigenous groups in Mesoamerica .", "Sahagún was particularly interested in Nahua medicine . The information he collected is a major contribution to the history of medicine generally . His interest was likely related to the high death rate at the time from plagues and diseases . Many thousands of people died , including friars and students at the school . Sections of Books Ten and Eleven describe human anatomy , disease , and medicinal plant remedies . Sahagún named more than a dozen Aztec doctors who dictated and edited these sections . A questionnaire such as the following may have been used in this section :", "What is the name of the plant ( plant part ) ? What does it look like ? What does it cure ? How is the medicine prepared ? How is it administered ? Where is it found ?", "What is the name of the plant ( plant part ) ?", "What does it look like ?", "What does it cure ?", "How is the medicine prepared ?", "How is it administered ?", "Where is it found ?", "The text in this section provides very detailed information about location , cultivation , and medical uses of plants and plant parts , as well as information about the uses of animal products as medicine . The drawings in this section provide important visual information to amplify the alphabetic text . The information is useful for a wider understanding of the history of botany and the history of zoology . Scholars have speculated that Sahagún was involved in the creation of the Badianus Manuscript , an herbal created in 1552 that has pictorials of medicinal plants and their uses . Although this was originally written in Nahuatl , only the Latin translation has survived .", "Book Eleven , `` Earthly Things , '' has the most text and approximately half of the drawings in the codex . The text describes it as a `` forest , garden , orchard of the Mexican language . '' It describes the Aztec cultural understanding of the animals , birds , insects , fish and trees in Mesoamerica .", "Sahagún appeared to have asked questions about animals such as the following :", "What is the name of the animal ? What animals does it resemble ? Where does it live ? Why does it receive this name ? What does it look like ? What habits does it have ? What does it feed on ? How does it hunt ? What sounds does it make ?", "What is the name of the animal ?", "What animals does it resemble ?", "Where does it live ?", "Why does it receive this name ?", "What does it look like ?", "What habits does it have ?", "What does it feed on ?", "How does it hunt ?", "What sounds does it make ?", "Plants and animals are described in association with their behavior and natural conditions or habitat . The Nahua presented their information in a way consistent with their worldview . For modern readers , this combination of ways of presenting materials is sometimes contradictory and confusing . Other sections include data on minerals , mining , bridges , roads , types of terrain , and food crops .", "The Florentine Codex is one of the most remarkable social science research projects ever conducted . It is not unique as a chronicle of encountering the New World and its peoples , for there were others in this era . Sahagún 's methods for gathering information from the perspective within a foreign culture were highly unusual for this time . He reported the worldview of people of Central Mexico as they understood it , rather than describing the society exclusively from the European perspective . `` The scope of the Historia 's coverage of contact - period Central Mexico indigenous culture is remarkable , unmatched by any other sixteenth - century works that attempted to describe the native way of life . '' Foremost in his own mind , Sahagún was a Franciscan missionary , but he may also rightfully be given the title as Father of American Ethnography .", "", "General History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún : The Florentine Codex , at the World Digital Library online Bernardino de Sahagún , translated by Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble ; The Florentine Codex : General History of the Things of New Spain , 12 volumes ; University of Utah Press ( January 7 , 2002 ) , hardcover , ISBN 087480082X ISBN 978 - 0874800821 Bernardino de , Sahagun ; Kupriienko , Sergii ( 2013 ) ( 2013 ) . General history of the affairs of New Spain . Books X-XI : Aztec 's Knowledge in medicine and botany . Kyiv : Видавець Купрієнко С. А . ISBN 978 - 617 - 7085 - 07 - 1 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 .", "General History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún : The Florentine Codex , at the World Digital Library online", "Bernardino de Sahagún , translated by Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble ; The Florentine Codex : General History of the Things of New Spain , 12 volumes ; University of Utah Press ( January 7 , 2002 ) , hardcover , ISBN 087480082X ISBN 978 - 0874800821", "Bernardino de , Sahagun ; Kupriienko , Sergii ( 2013 ) ( 2013 ) . General history of the affairs of New Spain . Books X-XI : Aztec 's Knowledge in medicine and botany . Kyiv : Видавець Купрієнко С. А . ISBN 978 - 617 - 7085 - 07 - 1 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 ." ]

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[ "St. Croix River River The St. Croix River , looking downstream toward Stillwater , Minnesota Country United States States Wisconsin , Minnesota Tributaries - left Sunrise River , Snake River , Kettle River - right Apple River , Yellow River , Namekagon River , Eau Claire River ( St. Croix River ) , Kinnickinnic River Cities St. Croix Falls , WI , Taylors Falls , MN , Osceola , WI , Stillwater , MN , Hudson , WI , Prescott , WI , Somerset , WI , River Falls , WI Source Upper St. Croix Lake - location near Solon Springs , Wisconsin , Douglas County , WI - coordinates 46 ° 23 ′ 19 '' N 91 ° 45 ′ 34 '' W  /  46.38861 ° N 91.75944 ° W  / 46.38861 ; - 91.75944 Mouth Mississippi River - location Prescott , WI , Pierce County , Washington , Dakota , MN , WI - coordinates 44 ° 44 ′ 45 '' N 92 ° 48 ′ 10 '' W  /  44.74583 ° N 92.80278 ° W  / 44.74583 ; - 92.80278 Coordinates : 44 ° 44 ′ 45 '' N 92 ° 48 ′ 10 '' W  /  44.74583 ° N 92.80278 ° W  / 44.74583 ; - 92.80278 Length 169 mi ( 272 km ) Map of the St. Croix watershed .", "St. Croix River", "River", "The St. Croix River , looking downstream toward Stillwater , Minnesota", "Country United States", "States Wisconsin , Minnesota", "Tributaries", "- left Sunrise River , Snake River , Kettle River", "- right Apple River , Yellow River , Namekagon River , Eau Claire River ( St. Croix River ) , Kinnickinnic River", "Cities St. Croix Falls , WI , Taylors Falls , MN , Osceola , WI , Stillwater , MN , Hudson , WI , Prescott , WI , Somerset , WI , River Falls , WI", "Source Upper St. Croix Lake", "- location near Solon Springs , Wisconsin , Douglas County , WI", "- coordinates 46 ° 23 ′ 19 '' N 91 ° 45 ′ 34 '' W  /  46.38861 ° N 91.75944 ° W  / 46.38861 ; - 91.75944", "Mouth Mississippi River", "- location Prescott , WI , Pierce County , Washington , Dakota , MN , WI", "- coordinates 44 ° 44 ′ 45 '' N 92 ° 48 ′ 10 '' W  /  44.74583 ° N 92.80278 ° W  / 44.74583 ; - 92.80278 Coordinates : 44 ° 44 ′ 45 '' N 92 ° 48 ′ 10 '' W  /  44.74583 ° N 92.80278 ° W  / 44.74583 ; - 92.80278", "Length 169 mi ( 272 km )", "Map of the St. Croix watershed .", "The St. Croix River ( French : Holy Cross ) is a tributary of the Mississippi River , approximately 169 miles ( 272 km ) long , in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Minnesota . The lower 125 miles ( 201 km ) of the river form the border between Wisconsin and Minnesota . The river is a National Scenic Riverway under the protection of the National Park Service . A hydroelectric plant at St. Croix Falls supplies power to the Minneapolis -- St. Paul metropolitan area .", "The St. Croix River rises in the northwestern corner of Wisconsin , out of Upper St. Croix Lake in Douglas County , near Solon Springs , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Lake Superior . It flows south to Gordon , then southwest . It is joined by the Namekagon River in northern Burnett County , where it becomes significantly wider . A few miles downstream the St. Croix meets the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin , which it demarcates for another 130 miles ( 209 km ) until its confluence with the Mississippi River .", "Other major tributaries include the Kettle River , Snake River , and Sunrise River joining from the west , and the Apple River , Willow River , and Kinnickinnic River joining from the east . Just below Stillwater , Minnesota the river widens into Lake St. Croix , and eventually joins the Mississippi River at Prescott , Wisconsin , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) southeast of St. Paul , Minnesota .", "The St. Croix River was one of the original eight rivers to have significant portions placed under protection by the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 . The upper reaches of the river in Wisconsin below the St. Croix Flowage , 15 miles ( 24 km ) downstream from its source , as well as the Namekagon River , are protected as the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway . The free - flowing nature of the river is interrupted only by a hydroelectric dam operated by the Northern States Power Company at St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin .", "The lower 27 miles ( 43 km ) below the dam , including both sides of the river along the Minnesota - Wisconsin border , were protected as part of the Lower St. Croix National Scenic Riverway . This area includes the Dalles of the St. Croix River , a scenic gorge located near Interstate Park , south of St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin .", "Although the addition of an interstate bridge connected to MN Highway 36 was objected to by residents , nearby communities , conservation groups , and the National Park Service , construction of the bridge was authorized by amending the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 . Light and noise pollution are concerns of those opposed to the bridge , who cite the original act that kept such activity to the south along the Interstate 94 corridor .", "The St. Croix River Association ( SCRA ) is a watershed - wide non-profit advocating for conservation throughout the watershed . Founded in 1911 as an all - volunteer citizens group , it has evolved into a staffed , mature nonprofit organization and official `` friends group '' of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway . Its mission is to protect , restore and celebrate the St. Croix River and its watershed .", "Father Louis Hennepin wrote in 1683 , from information probably provided by Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut : `` There is another River which falls ... into the Meschasipi ... We named it The River of the Grave , or Mausoleum , because the Savages buried there one of their Men ... who was bitten by a Rattlesnake . '' In the original French , this is translated as `` Rivière Tombeaux '' .", "Jean - Baptiste - Louis Franquelin 's 1688 map recorded a `` Fort St. Croix '' on the upper reaches of the river . The name `` Rivière de Sainte - Croix '' was applied to the river sometime in 1688 or 1689 , and this more auspicious name supplanted Father Hennepin 's earlier designation .", "On Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi ( 1718 ) by Guillaume Delisle and on A Map of North America ( 1768 ) by John Blair , the St. Croix River -- more specifically what was then known as the east branch of the St. Croix River ( known today as the Namekagon River ) -- is shown as the Ouasisacadeba , a French representation of the Dakota name for the St. Croix River . On the 1778 Mitchell Map , the river is simply titled `` Ouadeba '' , which represents the Dakota watpá meaning `` river '' .", "The upper portion of river -- originally called the north branch of the St. Croix River -- was known to the Ojibwa as Manoominikeshiinh - ziibi ( Ricing - Rail River ) . Downstream of its confluence with the Namekagon , the Ojibwa renamed the river as Gichi - ziibi ( Big River ) or Okijii - ziibi ( Pipestem River )", "At the time of European settlement of the valley , Dakota and Ojibwe were engaged in a long and deadly war with each other . Consequently , the portion of the river below the confluence with Trade River is called Jiibayaatig - ziibi ( Grave - marker River ) in the Ojibwe language , reinforcing the earlier `` Rivière Tombeaux '' name in their language .", "On Map of the Territories of Michigan and Ouisconsin ( 1830 ) by John Farmer , the St. Croix River is shown as the `` Chippewa River '' . However , by 1843 , Joseph Nicollet 's Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River reinforced the name provided by Franquelin 's 1688 map .", "The river is the result of geologic forces going back 1.1 billion years . At that time , the Mid-Continent Rift rended the middle of North America apart , creating a volcanic zone . The lave spewed forth cooled into hard basalt . That basalt is what today creates the dramatic cliffs around the Interstate State Parks . About 500 million years ago , a shallow sea covered the area , laying down layers of sand and minerals that make up much of the sandstone bluffs now seen along the river . In the last 20,000 years , glaciers have scraped the landscape and released torrents of meltwater , which carved the St. Croix River 's course .", "The river has been home to people for thousands of years . A bison kill site in May Township , Washington County , Minnesota is believed to be about 4,000 years old . An Oneota village from about 1200 A.D. has been studied by archaeologists .", "At the time of European arrival in the region , the river valley and the surrounding area was occupied by the semi-nomadic Ojibwe , Dakota and nine other American Indian tribes . The Indians lived mainly on wild rice , fish , and game . By the 18th century , the Ojibwe and Dakota were the two primary tribes that inhabited the area , until around 1745 , when the Dakota were forever driven from the St. Croix Valley as a result of the Battle of Kathio .", "The first Europeans to arrive in the area were Sieur du Lhut and his men in the fall and winter of 1679 - 1680 . For the next eighty years the area was primarily under French influence , and the fur trade grew throughout the first half of the 18th century , with beaver pelts as the prize trade good . French trade in the upper valley was dominated by the Ojibwe and tied to Lake Superior traders , whereas in the lower valley the Dakota assisted in trading with merchants based out of St. Louis downstream . After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 , British traders entered the area , and grew in numbers and influence with the help of the powerful North West Company .", "The 1837 Treaty of St. Peters with the Ojibwe was signed at St. Peters ( now Mendota ) which ceded to the United States government a vast tract of land in what today is north central Wisconsin and east central Minnesota , roughly bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line in the south , Mississippi River in the west , St. Croix and Chippewa River watersheds in the north , and a 25 - mile parallel east of the Wisconsin River in the east . This opened the region to logging . The river was important to the transportation of lumber downstream , from the areas where it was being cut to the sawmills that processed it . During the 1840s , important sawmills were located at St. Croix Falls and Marine on St. Croix , but as the 1850s progressed Stillwater became the primary lumber destination . During this time the population of Stillwater boomed , several additional sawmills were opened , and the town saw an influx of capital , primarily from lumber companies based downriver in St. Louis , Missouri . In 1856 construction began on a boom site two miles north of Stillwater , which was used to store and sort the lumber floating downstream and remained in operation for over fifty years . The St. Croix Boom Site is now a wayside rest and National Historic Landmark along Minnesota State Highway 95 .", "The vast white pine forests in the upper valley provided the forest products that built the towns along Lake St. Croix , Minneapolis and St. Paul ; the St. Croix along with the forest reserves in the river valleys of the nearby Red Cedar , Chippewa , and Rum provided supplies for the building of Winona , Minnesota , Davenport , Iowa , Rock Island , Illinois , and St. Louis .", "The lumber industry continued to grow throughout the latter half of the 19th century , with progressively larger spring drives and consequent dangers to navigation on the river above Stillwater . Logs were frequently caught in log jams at the narrow Dalles of the St. Croix River , and in 1883 the blockade was so severe it took almost two months before the flow of logs was re-established . At its peak in 1890 , logging in the St. Croix River valley produced 450,000,000 board feet ( 1,100,000 m ) of lumber and logs . The lumber industry continued until the last major log drive in 1912 marked the end of the rich white pine forests of the area .", "It was along the banks of the St. Croix , in the milltown of Stillwater , that the state of Minnesota was first proposed in 1848 .", "Afton , Minnesota Bayport , Minnesota Danbury , Wisconsin Gordon , Wisconsin Hudson , Wisconsin Lake St. Croix Beach , Minnesota Lakeland , Minnesota Lakeland Shores , Minnesota Marine on St. Croix , Minnesota North Hudson , Wisconsin Oak Park Heights , Minnesota Osceola , Wisconsin Point Douglas , Minnesota Prescott , Wisconsin St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin St. Marys Point , Minnesota Scandia , Minnesota Solon Springs , Wisconsin Stillwater , Minnesota Taylors Falls , Minnesota", "Afton , Minnesota Bayport , Minnesota Danbury , Wisconsin Gordon , Wisconsin Hudson , Wisconsin Lake St. Croix Beach , Minnesota Lakeland , Minnesota Lakeland Shores , Minnesota Marine on St. Croix , Minnesota North Hudson , Wisconsin Oak Park Heights , Minnesota Osceola , Wisconsin Point Douglas , Minnesota Prescott , Wisconsin St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin St. Marys Point , Minnesota Scandia , Minnesota Solon Springs , Wisconsin Stillwater , Minnesota Taylors Falls , Minnesota", "Afton , Minnesota Bayport , Minnesota Danbury , Wisconsin Gordon , Wisconsin Hudson , Wisconsin Lake St. Croix Beach , Minnesota Lakeland , Minnesota Lakeland Shores , Minnesota Marine on St. Croix , Minnesota North Hudson , Wisconsin", "Afton , Minnesota", "Bayport , Minnesota", "Danbury , Wisconsin", "Gordon , Wisconsin", "Hudson , Wisconsin", "Lake St. Croix Beach , Minnesota", "Lakeland , Minnesota", "Lakeland Shores , Minnesota", "Marine on St. Croix , Minnesota", "North Hudson , Wisconsin", "Oak Park Heights , Minnesota Osceola , Wisconsin Point Douglas , Minnesota Prescott , Wisconsin St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin St. Marys Point , Minnesota Scandia , Minnesota Solon Springs , Wisconsin Stillwater , Minnesota Taylors Falls , Minnesota", "Oak Park Heights , Minnesota", "Osceola , Wisconsin", "Point Douglas , Minnesota", "Prescott , Wisconsin", "St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin", "St. Marys Point , Minnesota", "Scandia , Minnesota", "Solon Springs , Wisconsin", "Stillwater , Minnesota", "Taylors Falls , Minnesota", "Significant bridge crossings of the St. Croix River are listed below , ordered from source to mouth .", "Scott Bridge in Douglas County , Wisconsin . County Road T bridge in Douglas County , Wisconsin . C.C.C. Bridge in Burnett County , Wisconsin . Wisconsin State Highway 35 bridge near Danbury , Wisconsin . Minnesota State Highway 48 to Wisconsin State Highway 77 bridge near Danbury , Wisconsin . Minnesota State Highway 70 to Wisconsin State Highway 70 bridge near Grantsburg , Wisconsin . U.S. Highway 8 bridge between Taylors Falls , Minnesota and St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin . Minnesota State Highway 243 bridge at Osceola , Wisconsin . Soo Line High Bridge north of Stillwater , Minnesota . This private , rail - only bridge is 2,682 feet ( 817 m ) long and 184 feet ( 56 m ) above the river . It roughly marks the northern limit of zebra mussel infestation in the St. Croix . The Stillwater lift bridge , built 1931 , between Stillwater , Minnesota and Houlton , Wisconsin . St. Croix Crossing bridge near Stillwater , Minnesota and Houlton , Wisconsin . Union Pacific Railroad swing bridge at Hudson , Wisconsin Interstate 94 bridge at Hudson , Wisconsin . U.S. Highway 10 drawbridge at Prescott , Wisconsin . BNSF Railway lift bridge at Prescott , Wisconsin .", "Scott Bridge in Douglas County , Wisconsin .", "County Road T bridge in Douglas County , Wisconsin .", "C.C.C. Bridge in Burnett County , Wisconsin .", "Wisconsin State Highway 35 bridge near Danbury , Wisconsin .", "Minnesota State Highway 48 to Wisconsin State Highway 77 bridge near Danbury , Wisconsin .", "Minnesota State Highway 70 to Wisconsin State Highway 70 bridge near Grantsburg , Wisconsin .", "U.S. Highway 8 bridge between Taylors Falls , Minnesota and St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin .", "Minnesota State Highway 243 bridge at Osceola , Wisconsin .", "Soo Line High Bridge north of Stillwater , Minnesota . This private , rail - only bridge is 2,682 feet ( 817 m ) long and 184 feet ( 56 m ) above the river . It roughly marks the northern limit of zebra mussel infestation in the St. Croix .", "The Stillwater lift bridge , built 1931 , between Stillwater , Minnesota and Houlton , Wisconsin .", "St. Croix Crossing bridge near Stillwater , Minnesota and Houlton , Wisconsin .", "Union Pacific Railroad swing bridge at Hudson , Wisconsin", "Interstate 94 bridge at Hudson , Wisconsin .", "U.S. Highway 10 drawbridge at Prescott , Wisconsin .", "BNSF Railway lift bridge at Prescott , Wisconsin .", "The St. Croix is a popular recreational river . Common uses include boating , fishing , camping and canoeing . Highways along both sides of the river offer scenic drives punctuated by small towns offering restaurants , shopping ( especially antiques , books and gifts ) , bed and breakfasts , historical tours and other common tourist activities .", "Public lands along the St. Croix River include :", "Governor Knowles State Forest ( Wisconsin ) Saint Croix State Forest ( Minnesota ) Saint Croix State Park ( Minnesota ) Chengwatana State Forest ( Minnesota ) Wild River State Park ( Minnesota ) Interstate Park ( Minnesota and Wisconsin ) William O'Brien State Park ( Minnesota ) Afton State Park ( Minnesota ) St. Croix Boom Site ( Minnesota )", "Governor Knowles State Forest ( Wisconsin )", "Saint Croix State Forest ( Minnesota )", "Saint Croix State Park ( Minnesota )", "Chengwatana State Forest ( Minnesota )", "Wild River State Park ( Minnesota )", "Interstate Park ( Minnesota and Wisconsin )", "William O'Brien State Park ( Minnesota )", "Afton State Park ( Minnesota )", "St. Croix Boom Site ( Minnesota )", "The St. Croix River is mentioned in the band Rocket Club 's song `` North Country '' as a symbol for the singer 's desire to `` head up North . ''", "Dunn , James Taylor . The St. Croix : Midwest Border River . ( New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1965 , 309 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 873 - 51141 - 4 McMahon , Eileen M. , and Theodore J. Karamanski . North Woods River : The St. Croix River in Upper Midwest History . ( Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 2009 . xii , 338 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 23424 - 9", "Dunn , James Taylor . The St. Croix : Midwest Border River . ( New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1965 , 309 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 873 - 51141 - 4", "McMahon , Eileen M. , and Theodore J. Karamanski . North Woods River : The St. Croix River in Upper Midwest History . ( Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 2009 . xii , 338 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 23424 - 9" ]

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[ "DSM - IV codes are the classification found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th Edition , Text Revision , also known as DSM - IV - TR , a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) that includes all currently recognized mental health disorders . The DSM - IV codes are thus used by mental health professionals to describe the features of a given mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be distinguished from other , similar problems .", "The coding system utilized by the DSM - IV is designed to correspond with codes from the International Classification of Diseases , Ninth Revision , Clinical Modification , commonly referred to as the ICD - 9 - CM . Since early versions of the DSM did not correlate with ICD codes and updates of the publications for the ICD and the DSM are not simultaneous , some distinctions in the coding systems may still be present . For this reason , it is recommended that users of these manuals consult the appropriate reference when accessing diagnostic codes", "Note that NOS is an abbreviation for Not Otherwise Specified , indicating a cluster of symptoms that do not clearly fit in any single diagnostic category . NOS is often a provisional diagnosis pending additional information or testing .", "For an alphabetical list , see DSM - IV codes ( alphabetical ) .", "317 Mild mental retardation 318.0 Moderate mental retardation 318.1 Severe mental retardation 318.2 Profound mental retardation 319 Mental retardation ; severity unspecified", "317 Mild mental retardation", "318.0 Moderate mental retardation", "318.1 Severe mental retardation", "318.2 Profound mental retardation", "319 Mental retardation ; severity unspecified", "315.00 Reading disorder 315.1 Mathematics disorder 315.2 Disorder of written expression 315.9 Learning disorder NOS", "315.00 Reading disorder", "315.1 Mathematics disorder", "315.2 Disorder of written expression", "315.9 Learning disorder NOS", "315.4 Developmental coordination disorder", "315.4 Developmental coordination disorder", "315.31 Expressive language disorder 315.32 Mixed receptive - expressive language disorder 315.39 Phonological disorder 307.0 Stuttering 307.9 Communication disorder NOS", "315.31 Expressive language disorder", "315.32 Mixed receptive - expressive language disorder", "315.39 Phonological disorder", "307.9 Communication disorder NOS", "299.00 Autistic Disorder 299.80 Rett 's Disorder 299.10 Childhood Disintegrative Disorder 299.80 Asperger 's Disorder 299.80 Pervasive Developmental Disorder NOS", "299.00 Autistic Disorder", "299.80 Rett 's Disorder", "299.10 Childhood Disintegrative Disorder", "299.80 Asperger 's Disorder", "299.80 Pervasive Developmental Disorder NOS", "Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 314.01 Combined subtype 314.01 Predominantly hyperactive - impulsive subtype 314.00 Predominantly inattentive subtype 314.9 Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder NOS Conduct disorder 312.81 Childhood onset 312.82 Adolescent onset 312.89 Unspecified onset 313.81 Oppositional Defiant Disorder 312.9 Disruptive Behavior Disorder NOS", "Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 314.01 Combined subtype 314.01 Predominantly hyperactive - impulsive subtype 314.00 Predominantly inattentive subtype 314.9 Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder NOS", "314.01 Combined subtype 314.01 Predominantly hyperactive - impulsive subtype 314.00 Predominantly inattentive subtype 314.9 Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder NOS", "314.01 Combined subtype", "314.01 Predominantly hyperactive - impulsive subtype", "314.00 Predominantly inattentive subtype", "314.9 Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder NOS", "Conduct disorder 312.81 Childhood onset 312.82 Adolescent onset 312.89 Unspecified onset", "312.81 Childhood onset 312.82 Adolescent onset 312.89 Unspecified onset", "312.81 Childhood onset", "312.82 Adolescent onset", "312.89 Unspecified onset", "313.81 Oppositional Defiant Disorder", "312.9 Disruptive Behavior Disorder NOS", "307.52 Pica 307.53 Rumination disorder 307.59 Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood", "307.53 Rumination disorder", "307.59 Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood", "307.23 Tourette 's Disorder 307.22 Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder 307.21 Transient tic disorder 307.20 Tic disorder NOS", "307.23 Tourette 's Disorder", "307.22 Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder", "307.21 Transient tic disorder", "307.20 Tic disorder NOS", "307.6 Enuresis ( not due to a general medical condition ) 307.7 Encopresis , without constipation and overflow incontinence 787.6 Encopresis , with constipation and overflow incontinence", "307.6 Enuresis ( not due to a general medical condition )", "307.7 Encopresis , without constipation and overflow incontinence", "787.6 Encopresis , with constipation and overflow incontinence", "309.21 Separation anxiety disorder 313.23 Selective mutism 313.89 Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood 307.3 Stereotypic movement disorder 313.9 Disorder of infancy , childhood , or adolescence NOS", "309.21 Separation anxiety disorder", "313.23 Selective mutism", "313.89 Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood", "307.3 Stereotypic movement disorder", "313.9 Disorder of infancy , childhood , or adolescence NOS", "293.0 Delirium due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 780.09 Delirium NOS", "293.0 Delirium due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "780.09 Delirium NOS", "Dementia of the Alzheimer 's Type , with early onset 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance Dementia of the Alzheimer 's Type , with late onset 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance Vascular dementia 290.40 Uncomplicated 290.41 With delirium 290.42 With delusions 290.43 With depressed mood Dementia due to HIV disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance Dementia due to head trauma 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance Dementia due to Parkinson 's disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance Dementia due to Huntington 's disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance Dementia due to Pick 's disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance Dementia due to Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance Dementia due to ... ( indicate other general medical condition ) 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance 294.8 Dementia NOS", "Dementia of the Alzheimer 's Type , with early onset 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance", "294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "Dementia of the Alzheimer 's Type , with late onset 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance", "294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "Vascular dementia 290.40 Uncomplicated 290.41 With delirium 290.42 With delusions 290.43 With depressed mood", "290.40 Uncomplicated 290.41 With delirium 290.42 With delusions 290.43 With depressed mood", "290.41 With delirium", "290.42 With delusions", "290.43 With depressed mood", "Dementia due to HIV disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance", "294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "Dementia due to head trauma 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance", "294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "Dementia due to Parkinson 's disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance", "294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "Dementia due to Huntington 's disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance", "294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "Dementia due to Pick 's disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance", "294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "Dementia due to Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance", "294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "Dementia due to ... ( indicate other general medical condition ) 294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance 294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.10 Without behavioral disturbance", "294.11 With behavioral disturbance", "294.8 Dementia NOS", "294.0 Amnestic disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 294.8 Amnestic disorder NOS", "294.0 Amnestic disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "294.8 Amnestic disorder NOS", "294.9 Cognitive disorder NOS", "294.9 Cognitive disorder NOS", "293.89 Catatonic disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 310.1 Personality change due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) ( Subtypes : Labile , Disinhibited , Aggressive , Apathetic , Paranoid , Other , Combined , Unspecified ) 293.9 Mental disorder NOS due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "293.89 Catatonic disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "310.1 Personality change due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) ( Subtypes : Labile , Disinhibited , Aggressive , Apathetic , Paranoid , Other , Combined , Unspecified )", "( Subtypes : Labile , Disinhibited , Aggressive , Apathetic , Paranoid , Other , Combined , Unspecified )", "( Subtypes : Labile , Disinhibited , Aggressive , Apathetic , Paranoid , Other , Combined , Unspecified )", "293.9 Mental disorder NOS due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "Alcohol 305.00 Abuse 303.90 Dependence 291.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 291.89 - Induced mood disorder 291.1 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder 291.2 - Induced persisting dementia 291.5 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 291.3 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 291.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 291.89 - Induced sleep disorder 303.00 Intoxication 291.0 Intoxication delirium 291.9 - Related disorder NOS 291.81 Withdrawal 291.0 Withdrawal delirium", "Alcohol 305.00 Abuse 303.90 Dependence 291.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 291.89 - Induced mood disorder 291.1 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder 291.2 - Induced persisting dementia 291.5 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 291.3 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 291.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 291.89 - Induced sleep disorder 303.00 Intoxication 291.0 Intoxication delirium 291.9 - Related disorder NOS 291.81 Withdrawal 291.0 Withdrawal delirium", "305.00 Abuse 303.90 Dependence 291.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 291.89 - Induced mood disorder 291.1 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder 291.2 - Induced persisting dementia 291.5 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 291.3 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 291.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 291.89 - Induced sleep disorder 303.00 Intoxication 291.0 Intoxication delirium 291.9 - Related disorder NOS 291.81 Withdrawal 291.0 Withdrawal delirium", "291.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "291.89 - Induced mood disorder", "291.1 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder", "291.2 - Induced persisting dementia", "291.5 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "291.3 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "291.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction", "291.89 - Induced sleep disorder", "291.0 Intoxication delirium", "291.9 - Related disorder NOS", "291.0 Withdrawal delirium", "Amphetamine ( or amphetamine - like ) 305.70 Abuse 304.40 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "Amphetamine ( or amphetamine - like ) 305.70 Abuse 304.40 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "305.70 Abuse 304.40 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "292.84 - Induced mood disorder", "292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction", "292.89 - Induced sleep disorder", "292.81 Intoxication delirium", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Caffeine 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 305.90 Intoxication 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Caffeine 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 305.90 Intoxication 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 305.90 Intoxication 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "292.89 - Induced sleep disorder", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Cannabis 305.20 Abuse 304.30 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Cannabis 305.20 Abuse 304.30 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "305.20 Abuse 304.30 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "292.81 Intoxication delirium", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Cocaine 305.60 Abuse 304.20 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "Cocaine 305.60 Abuse 304.20 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "305.60 Abuse 304.20 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "292.84 - Induced mood disorder", "292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction", "292.89 - Induced sleep disorder", "292.81 Intoxication delirium", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Hallucinogen 305.30 Abuse 304.50 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.89 - persisting perception disorder 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Hallucinogen 305.30 Abuse 304.50 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.89 - persisting perception disorder 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "305.30 Abuse 304.50 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.89 - persisting perception disorder 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "292.84 - Induced mood disorder", "292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "292.81 Intoxication delirium", "292.89 - persisting perception disorder", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Inhalant 305.90 Abuse 304.60 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.82 - Induced persisting dementia 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Inhalant 305.90 Abuse 304.60 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.82 - Induced persisting dementia 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "305.90 Abuse 304.60 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.82 - Induced persisting dementia 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "292.84 - Induced mood disorder", "292.82 - Induced persisting dementia", "292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "292.81 Intoxication delirium", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Nicotine 305.1 Dependence 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "Nicotine 305.1 Dependence 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "305.1 Dependence 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Opioid 305.50 Abuse 304.00 Dependence 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "Opioid 305.50 Abuse 304.00 Dependence 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "305.50 Abuse 304.00 Dependence 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal", "292.84 - Induced mood disorder", "292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction", "292.89 - Induced sleep disorder", "292.81 Intoxication delirium", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Phencyclidine ( or phencyclidine - like ) 305.90 Abuse 304.60 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Phencyclidine ( or phencyclidine - like ) 305.90 Abuse 304.60 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "305.90 Abuse 304.60 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "292.84 - Induced mood disorder", "292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "292.81 Intoxication delirium", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "Sedative , hypnotic , or anxiolytic 305.40 Abuse 304.10 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.83 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder 292.82 - Induced persisting dementia 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal 292.81 Withdrawal delirium", "Sedative , hypnotic , or anxiolytic 305.40 Abuse 304.10 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.83 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder 292.82 - Induced persisting dementia 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal 292.81 Withdrawal delirium", "305.40 Abuse 304.10 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.83 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder 292.82 - Induced persisting dementia 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal 292.81 Withdrawal delirium", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "292.84 - Induced mood disorder", "292.83 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder", "292.82 - Induced persisting dementia", "292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction", "292.89 - Induced sleep disorder", "292.81 Intoxication delirium", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "292.81 Withdrawal delirium", "304.80 Polysubstance dependence", "304.80 Polysubstance dependence", "Other ( or unknown ) substance 305.90 Abuse 304.90 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.81 - Induced delirium 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.83 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder 292.82 - Induced persisting dementia 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal 293.0 Delirium Due to ... ( Indicate the General Medical Condition )", "Other ( or unknown ) substance 305.90 Abuse 304.90 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.81 - Induced delirium 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.83 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder 292.82 - Induced persisting dementia 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal 293.0 Delirium Due to ... ( Indicate the General Medical Condition )", "305.90 Abuse 304.90 Dependence 292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder 292.81 - Induced delirium 292.84 - Induced mood disorder 292.83 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder 292.82 - Induced persisting dementia 292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions 292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations 292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 - Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.9 - Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal 293.0 Delirium Due to ... ( Indicate the General Medical Condition )", "292.89 - Induced anxiety disorder", "292.81 - Induced delirium", "292.84 - Induced mood disorder", "292.83 - Induced persisting amnestic disorder", "292.82 - Induced persisting dementia", "292.11 - Induced psychotic disorder , with delusions", "292.12 - Induced psychotic disorder , with hallucinations", "292.89 - Induced sexual dysfunction", "292.89 - Induced sleep disorder", "292.9 - Related disorder NOS", "293.0 Delirium Due to ... ( Indicate the General Medical Condition )", "Schizophrenia 295.20 Catatonic type 295.10 Disorganized type 295.30 Paranoid type 295.60 Residual type 295.90 Undifferentiated type 295.40 Schizophreniform disorder 295.70 Schizoaffective disorder 297.1 Delusional disorder Erotomanic subtype Grandiose subtype Jealous subtype Persecutory subtype Somatic subtype Mixed type 298.8 Brief psychotic disorder 297.3 Shared psychotic disorder Psychotic disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 293.81 With delusions 293.82 With hallucinations 298.9 Psychotic disorder NOS", "Schizophrenia 295.20 Catatonic type 295.10 Disorganized type 295.30 Paranoid type 295.60 Residual type 295.90 Undifferentiated type", "295.20 Catatonic type 295.10 Disorganized type 295.30 Paranoid type 295.60 Residual type 295.90 Undifferentiated type", "295.20 Catatonic type", "295.10 Disorganized type", "295.30 Paranoid type", "295.60 Residual type", "295.90 Undifferentiated type", "295.40 Schizophreniform disorder", "295.70 Schizoaffective disorder", "297.1 Delusional disorder Erotomanic subtype Grandiose subtype Jealous subtype Persecutory subtype Somatic subtype Mixed type", "Erotomanic subtype Grandiose subtype Jealous subtype Persecutory subtype Somatic subtype Mixed type", "298.8 Brief psychotic disorder", "297.3 Shared psychotic disorder", "Psychotic disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 293.81 With delusions 293.82 With hallucinations", "293.81 With delusions 293.82 With hallucinations", "293.81 With delusions", "293.82 With hallucinations", "298.9 Psychotic disorder NOS", "293.83 Mood Disorder Due to ... ( Indicate the General Medical Condition )", "293.83 Mood Disorder Due to ... ( Indicate the General Medical Condition )", "296.90 Mood Disorder NOS", "296.90 Mood Disorder NOS", "300.4 Dysthymic disorder Major depressive disorder Major depressive disorder , recurrent 296.36 In full remission 296.35 In partial remission 296.31 Mild 296.32 Moderate 296.33 Severe without psychotic features 296.34 Severe with psychotic features 296.30 Unspecified Major depressive disorder , single episode 296.26 In full remission 296.25 In partial remission 296.21 Mild 296.22 Moderate 296.23 Severe without psychotic features 296.24 Severe with psychotic features 296.20 Unspecified 311 Depressive disorder NOS", "300.4 Dysthymic disorder", "Major depressive disorder Major depressive disorder , recurrent 296.36 In full remission 296.35 In partial remission 296.31 Mild 296.32 Moderate 296.33 Severe without psychotic features 296.34 Severe with psychotic features 296.30 Unspecified Major depressive disorder , single episode 296.26 In full remission 296.25 In partial remission 296.21 Mild 296.22 Moderate 296.23 Severe without psychotic features 296.24 Severe with psychotic features 296.20 Unspecified", "Major depressive disorder , recurrent 296.36 In full remission 296.35 In partial remission 296.31 Mild 296.32 Moderate 296.33 Severe without psychotic features 296.34 Severe with psychotic features 296.30 Unspecified Major depressive disorder , single episode 296.26 In full remission 296.25 In partial remission 296.21 Mild 296.22 Moderate 296.23 Severe without psychotic features 296.24 Severe with psychotic features 296.20 Unspecified", "Major depressive disorder , recurrent 296.36 In full remission 296.35 In partial remission 296.31 Mild 296.32 Moderate 296.33 Severe without psychotic features 296.34 Severe with psychotic features 296.30 Unspecified", "296.36 In full remission 296.35 In partial remission 296.31 Mild 296.32 Moderate 296.33 Severe without psychotic features 296.34 Severe with psychotic features 296.30 Unspecified", "296.36 In full remission", "296.35 In partial remission", "296.33 Severe without psychotic features", "296.34 Severe with psychotic features", "Major depressive disorder , single episode 296.26 In full remission 296.25 In partial remission 296.21 Mild 296.22 Moderate 296.23 Severe without psychotic features 296.24 Severe with psychotic features 296.20 Unspecified", "296.26 In full remission 296.25 In partial remission 296.21 Mild 296.22 Moderate 296.23 Severe without psychotic features 296.24 Severe with psychotic features 296.20 Unspecified", "296.26 In full remission", "296.25 In partial remission", "296.23 Severe without psychotic features", "296.24 Severe with psychotic features", "311 Depressive disorder NOS", "Bipolar disorders 296.80 Bipolar disorder NOS Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode depressed 296.56 In full remission 296.55 In partial remission 296.51 Mild 296.52 Moderate 296.53 Severe without psychotic features 296.54 Severe with psychotic features 296.50 Unspecified 296.40 Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode hypomanic Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode manic 296.46 In full remission 296.45 In partial remission 296.41 Mild 296.42 Moderate 296.43 Severe without psychotic features 296.44 Severe with psychotic features 296.40 Unspecified Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode mixed 296.66 In full remission 296.65 In partial remission 296.61 Mild 296.62 Moderate 296.63 Severe without psychotic features 296.64 Severe with psychotic features 296.60 Unspecified 296.7 Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode unspecified Bipolar I disorder , single manic episode 296.06 In full remission 296.05 In partial remission 296.01 Mild 296.02 Moderate 296.03 Severe without psychotic features 296.04 Severe with psychotic features 296.00 Unspecified 296.89 Bipolar II disorder 301.13 Cyclothymic disorder 293.83 Mood disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 296.90 Mood disorder NOS", "Bipolar disorders 296.80 Bipolar disorder NOS Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode depressed 296.56 In full remission 296.55 In partial remission 296.51 Mild 296.52 Moderate 296.53 Severe without psychotic features 296.54 Severe with psychotic features 296.50 Unspecified 296.40 Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode hypomanic Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode manic 296.46 In full remission 296.45 In partial remission 296.41 Mild 296.42 Moderate 296.43 Severe without psychotic features 296.44 Severe with psychotic features 296.40 Unspecified Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode mixed 296.66 In full remission 296.65 In partial remission 296.61 Mild 296.62 Moderate 296.63 Severe without psychotic features 296.64 Severe with psychotic features 296.60 Unspecified 296.7 Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode unspecified Bipolar I disorder , single manic episode 296.06 In full remission 296.05 In partial remission 296.01 Mild 296.02 Moderate 296.03 Severe without psychotic features 296.04 Severe with psychotic features 296.00 Unspecified 296.89 Bipolar II disorder", "296.80 Bipolar disorder NOS Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode depressed 296.56 In full remission 296.55 In partial remission 296.51 Mild 296.52 Moderate 296.53 Severe without psychotic features 296.54 Severe with psychotic features 296.50 Unspecified 296.40 Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode hypomanic Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode manic 296.46 In full remission 296.45 In partial remission 296.41 Mild 296.42 Moderate 296.43 Severe without psychotic features 296.44 Severe with psychotic features 296.40 Unspecified Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode mixed 296.66 In full remission 296.65 In partial remission 296.61 Mild 296.62 Moderate 296.63 Severe without psychotic features 296.64 Severe with psychotic features 296.60 Unspecified 296.7 Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode unspecified Bipolar I disorder , single manic episode 296.06 In full remission 296.05 In partial remission 296.01 Mild 296.02 Moderate 296.03 Severe without psychotic features 296.04 Severe with psychotic features 296.00 Unspecified 296.89 Bipolar II disorder", "296.80 Bipolar disorder NOS", "Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode depressed 296.56 In full remission 296.55 In partial remission 296.51 Mild 296.52 Moderate 296.53 Severe without psychotic features 296.54 Severe with psychotic features 296.50 Unspecified", "296.56 In full remission 296.55 In partial remission 296.51 Mild 296.52 Moderate 296.53 Severe without psychotic features 296.54 Severe with psychotic features 296.50 Unspecified", "296.56 In full remission", "296.55 In partial remission", "296.53 Severe without psychotic features", "296.54 Severe with psychotic features", "296.40 Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode hypomanic", "Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode manic 296.46 In full remission 296.45 In partial remission 296.41 Mild 296.42 Moderate 296.43 Severe without psychotic features 296.44 Severe with psychotic features 296.40 Unspecified", "296.46 In full remission 296.45 In partial remission 296.41 Mild 296.42 Moderate 296.43 Severe without psychotic features 296.44 Severe with psychotic features 296.40 Unspecified", "296.46 In full remission", "296.45 In partial remission", "296.43 Severe without psychotic features", "296.44 Severe with psychotic features", "Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode mixed 296.66 In full remission 296.65 In partial remission 296.61 Mild 296.62 Moderate 296.63 Severe without psychotic features 296.64 Severe with psychotic features 296.60 Unspecified", "296.66 In full remission 296.65 In partial remission 296.61 Mild 296.62 Moderate 296.63 Severe without psychotic features 296.64 Severe with psychotic features 296.60 Unspecified", "296.66 In full remission", "296.65 In partial remission", "296.63 Severe without psychotic features", "296.64 Severe with psychotic features", "296.7 Bipolar I disorder , most recent episode unspecified", "Bipolar I disorder , single manic episode 296.06 In full remission 296.05 In partial remission 296.01 Mild 296.02 Moderate 296.03 Severe without psychotic features 296.04 Severe with psychotic features 296.00 Unspecified", "296.06 In full remission 296.05 In partial remission 296.01 Mild 296.02 Moderate 296.03 Severe without psychotic features 296.04 Severe with psychotic features 296.00 Unspecified", "296.06 In full remission", "296.05 In partial remission", "296.03 Severe without psychotic features", "296.04 Severe with psychotic features", "296.89 Bipolar II disorder", "301.13 Cyclothymic disorder", "293.83 Mood disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "296.90 Mood disorder NOS", "300.02 Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder 300.21 With agoraphobia 300.01 Without agoraphobia 300.22 Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder 300.29 Specific phobia 300.23 Social phobia 300.3 Obsessive - compulsive disorder 309.81 Posttraumatic stress disorder 308.3 Acute stress disorder 293.84 Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition 293.89 Anxiety disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 300.00 Anxiety disorder NOS", "300.02 Generalized anxiety disorder", "Panic disorder 300.21 With agoraphobia 300.01 Without agoraphobia", "300.21 With agoraphobia 300.01 Without agoraphobia", "300.21 With agoraphobia", "300.01 Without agoraphobia", "300.22 Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder", "300.29 Specific phobia", "300.23 Social phobia", "300.3 Obsessive - compulsive disorder", "309.81 Posttraumatic stress disorder", "308.3 Acute stress disorder 293.84 Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition 293.89 Anxiety disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 300.00 Anxiety disorder NOS", "293.84 Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition 293.89 Anxiety disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 300.00 Anxiety disorder NOS", "293.84 Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition", "293.89 Anxiety disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "300.00 Anxiety disorder NOS", "300.81 Somatization disorder 300.82 Undifferentiated somatoform disorder 300.11 Conversion disorder Pain disorder 307.89 Associated with both psychological factors and a general medical condition 307.80 Associated with psychological factors 300.7 Hypochondriasis 300.7 Body dysmorphic disorder 300.82 Somatoform disorder NOS", "300.81 Somatization disorder", "300.82 Undifferentiated somatoform disorder", "300.11 Conversion disorder", "Pain disorder 307.89 Associated with both psychological factors and a general medical condition 307.80 Associated with psychological factors", "307.89 Associated with both psychological factors and a general medical condition 307.80 Associated with psychological factors", "307.89 Associated with both psychological factors and a general medical condition", "307.80 Associated with psychological factors", "300.7 Body dysmorphic disorder", "300.82 Somatoform disorder NOS", "Factitious disorder 300.19 With combined psychological and physical signs and symptoms 300.19 With predominantly physical signs and symptoms 300.16 With predominantly psychological signs and symptoms 300.19 Factitious disorder NOS", "Factitious disorder 300.19 With combined psychological and physical signs and symptoms 300.19 With predominantly physical signs and symptoms 300.16 With predominantly psychological signs and symptoms 300.19 Factitious disorder NOS", "300.19 With combined psychological and physical signs and symptoms 300.19 With predominantly physical signs and symptoms 300.16 With predominantly psychological signs and symptoms 300.19 Factitious disorder NOS", "300.19 With combined psychological and physical signs and symptoms", "300.19 With predominantly physical signs and symptoms", "300.16 With predominantly psychological signs and symptoms", "300.19 Factitious disorder NOS", "300.6 Depersonalization disorder 300.12 Dissociative amnesia 300.14 Dissociative identity disorder 300.15 Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified", "300.6 Depersonalization disorder", "300.12 Dissociative amnesia", "300.14 Dissociative identity disorder", "300.15 Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified", "625.8 Female hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 608.89 Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 302.71 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 302.79 Sexual aversion disorder 302.72 Female sexual arousal disorder 302.72 Male erectile disorder 607.84 Male erectile disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 302.73 Female orgasmic disorder 302.74 Male orgasmic disorder 302.75 Premature ejaculation 302.76 Dyspareunia ( not due to a general medical condition ) 625.0 Female dyspareunia due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 608.89 Male dyspareunia due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 306.51 Vaginismus ( not due to a general medical condition ) 625.8 Other female sexual dysfunction due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 608.89 Other male sexual dysfunction due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 302.70 Sexual dysfunction NOS", "625.8 Female hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "608.89 Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "302.71 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder", "302.79 Sexual aversion disorder", "302.72 Female sexual arousal disorder", "302.72 Male erectile disorder", "607.84 Male erectile disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "302.73 Female orgasmic disorder", "302.74 Male orgasmic disorder", "302.75 Premature ejaculation", "302.76 Dyspareunia ( not due to a general medical condition )", "625.0 Female dyspareunia due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "608.89 Male dyspareunia due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "306.51 Vaginismus ( not due to a general medical condition )", "625.8 Other female sexual dysfunction due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "608.89 Other male sexual dysfunction due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "302.70 Sexual dysfunction NOS", "302.4 Exhibitionism 302.81 Fetishism 302.89 Frotteurism 302.2 Pedophilia 302.83 Sexual masochism 302.84 Sexual sadism 302.3 Transvestic fetishism 302.82 Voyeurism 302.9 Paraphilia NOS ( not otherwise specified )", "302.83 Sexual masochism", "302.84 Sexual sadism", "302.3 Transvestic fetishism", "302.9 Paraphilia NOS ( not otherwise specified )", "Gender identity disorder 302.85 In adolescents or adults 302.6 In children 302.6 Gender identity disorder NOS 302.9 Sexual disorder NOS", "Gender identity disorder 302.85 In adolescents or adults 302.6 In children 302.6 Gender identity disorder NOS", "302.85 In adolescents or adults 302.6 In children 302.6 Gender identity disorder NOS", "302.85 In adolescents or adults", "302.6 In children", "302.6 Gender identity disorder NOS", "302.9 Sexual disorder NOS", "307.1 Anorexia nervosa 307.51 Bulimia nervosa 307.50 Eating disorder not otherwise specified ( EDNOS )", "307.1 Anorexia nervosa", "307.51 Bulimia nervosa", "307.50 Eating disorder not otherwise specified ( EDNOS )", "307.44 Primary hypersomnia 307.42 Primary insomnia 347 Narcolepsy 780.59 Breathing - related sleep disorder 307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder 307.47 Dyssomnia NOS 327.03 Insomnia Related to Mood Disorder ( ICD 9 )", "307.44 Primary hypersomnia", "307.42 Primary insomnia", "780.59 Breathing - related sleep disorder", "307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder", "307.47 Dyssomnia NOS", "327.03 Insomnia Related to Mood Disorder ( ICD 9 )", "307.47 Nightmare disorder 307.46 Sleep terror disorder 307.46 Sleepwalking disorder 307.47 Parasomnia NOS", "307.47 Nightmare disorder", "307.46 Sleep terror disorder", "307.46 Sleepwalking disorder", "307.47 Parasomnia NOS", "Sleep disorder Sleep disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 780.54 Hypersomnia type 780.52 Insomnia type 780.59 Mixed type 780.59 Parasomnia type 307.42 Insomnia related to ... ( indicate the Axis I or Axis II disorder ) 307.44 Hypersomnia related to ... ( indicate the Axis I or Axis II disorder )", "Sleep disorder Sleep disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 780.54 Hypersomnia type 780.52 Insomnia type 780.59 Mixed type 780.59 Parasomnia type", "Sleep disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition ) 780.54 Hypersomnia type 780.52 Insomnia type 780.59 Mixed type 780.59 Parasomnia type", "Sleep disorder due to ... ( indicate the general medical condition )", "780.54 Hypersomnia type", "780.52 Insomnia type", "780.59 Mixed type", "780.59 Parasomnia type", "307.42 Insomnia related to ... ( indicate the Axis I or Axis II disorder )", "307.44 Hypersomnia related to ... ( indicate the Axis I or Axis II disorder )", "312.34 Intermittent Explosive Disorder 312.32 Kleptomania 312.31 Pathological Gambling 312.33 Pyromania 312.39 Trichotillomania 312.30 Impulse - Control Disorder NOS", "312.34 Intermittent Explosive Disorder", "312.31 Pathological Gambling", "312.30 Impulse - Control Disorder NOS", "Adjustment disorders 309.9 Unspecified 309.24 With anxiety 309.0 With depressed mood 309.3 With disturbance of conduct 309.28 With mixed anxiety and depressed mood 309.4 With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct", "Adjustment disorders 309.9 Unspecified 309.24 With anxiety 309.0 With depressed mood 309.3 With disturbance of conduct 309.28 With mixed anxiety and depressed mood 309.4 With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct", "309.9 Unspecified 309.24 With anxiety 309.0 With depressed mood 309.3 With disturbance of conduct 309.28 With mixed anxiety and depressed mood 309.4 With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct", "309.24 With anxiety", "309.0 With depressed mood", "309.3 With disturbance of conduct", "309.28 With mixed anxiety and depressed mood", "309.4 With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct", "Cluster A ( odd or eccentric )", "301.0 Paranoid personality disorder 301.20 Schizoid personality disorder 301.22 Schizotypal personality disorder", "301.0 Paranoid personality disorder", "301.20 Schizoid personality disorder", "301.22 Schizotypal personality disorder", "Cluster B ( dramatic , emotional , or erratic )", "301.7 Antisocial personality disorder 301.83 Borderline personality disorder 301.50 Histrionic personality disorder 301.81 Narcissistic personality disorder", "301.7 Antisocial personality disorder", "301.83 Borderline personality disorder", "301.50 Histrionic personality disorder", "301.81 Narcissistic personality disorder", "Cluster C ( anxious or fearful )", "301.82 Avoidant personality disorder 301.6 Dependent personality disorder 301.4 Obsessive - compulsive personality disorder", "301.82 Avoidant personality disorder", "301.6 Dependent personality disorder", "301.4 Obsessive - compulsive personality disorder", "301.9 Personality disorder not otherwise specified", "301.9 Personality disorder not otherwise specified", "V62. 3 Academic problem V62. 4 Acculturation problem 995.2 Adverse effects of medication NOS 780.9 Age - related cognitive decline Antisocial behavior V71. 01 Adult antisocial behavior V71. 02 Child or adolescent antisocial behavior V62. 82 Bereavement V62. 89 Borderline intellectual functioning 313.82 Identity problem Medication - induced Movement disorder 333.90 Movement disorder NOS 333.1 Postural tremor Neglect of child V61. 21 Neglect of child 995.5 Neglect of child ( if focus of attention is on victim ) Neuroleptic - induced 333.99 Acute akathisia 333.7 Acute dystonia 332.1 Parkinsonism 333.82 Tardive dyskinesia 333.92 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome V71. 09 No diagnosis on Axis II V71. 09 No diagnosis or condition on Axis I V15. 81 Noncompliance with treatment V62. 2 Occupational problem V61. 20 Parent - child relational problem V61. 10 Partner relational problem V62. 89 Phase of life problem Physical abuse V61. 1 Physical abuse of adult 995.81 Physical abuse of adult ( if focus of attention is on victim ) V61. 21 Physical abuse of child 995.5 Physical abuse of child ( if focus of attention is on victim ) 316 Psychological factors affecting medical condition Relational problem V62. 81 Relational problem NOS V61. 9 Relational problem related to a mental disorder or general medical condition V62. 89 Religious or spiritual problem V61. 1 Sexual abuse of adult 995.83 Sexual abuse of adult ( if focus of attention is on victim ) V61. 21 Sexual abuse of child 995.53 Sexual abuse of child ( if focus of attention is on victim ) V61. 8 Sibling relational problem 300.9 Unspecified mental disorder ( nonpsychotic ) 799.9 Diagnosis deferred on Axis II 799.9 Diagnosis or condition deferred on Axis I V65. 2 Malingering", "V62. 3 Academic problem", "V62. 4 Acculturation problem", "995.2 Adverse effects of medication NOS", "780.9 Age - related cognitive decline", "Antisocial behavior V71. 01 Adult antisocial behavior V71. 02 Child or adolescent antisocial behavior", "V71. 01 Adult antisocial behavior V71. 02 Child or adolescent antisocial behavior", "V71. 01 Adult antisocial behavior", "V71. 02 Child or adolescent antisocial behavior", "V62. 82 Bereavement", "V62. 89 Borderline intellectual functioning", "313.82 Identity problem", "Medication - induced", "Movement disorder 333.90 Movement disorder NOS 333.1 Postural tremor", "333.90 Movement disorder NOS 333.1 Postural tremor", "333.90 Movement disorder NOS", "333.1 Postural tremor", "Neglect of child V61. 21 Neglect of child 995.5 Neglect of child ( if focus of attention is on victim )", "V61. 21 Neglect of child 995.5 Neglect of child ( if focus of attention is on victim )", "V61. 21 Neglect of child", "995.5 Neglect of child ( if focus of attention is on victim )", "Neuroleptic - induced 333.99 Acute akathisia 333.7 Acute dystonia 332.1 Parkinsonism 333.82 Tardive dyskinesia 333.92 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome", "333.99 Acute akathisia 333.7 Acute dystonia 332.1 Parkinsonism 333.82 Tardive dyskinesia 333.92 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome", "333.99 Acute akathisia", "333.7 Acute dystonia", "333.82 Tardive dyskinesia", "333.92 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome", "V71. 09 No diagnosis on Axis II", "V71. 09 No diagnosis or condition on Axis I", "V15. 81 Noncompliance with treatment", "V62. 2 Occupational problem", "V61. 20 Parent - child relational problem", "V61. 10 Partner relational problem", "V62. 89 Phase of life problem", "Physical abuse V61. 1 Physical abuse of adult 995.81 Physical abuse of adult ( if focus of attention is on victim ) V61. 21 Physical abuse of child 995.5 Physical abuse of child ( if focus of attention is on victim )", "V61. 1 Physical abuse of adult 995.81 Physical abuse of adult ( if focus of attention is on victim ) V61. 21 Physical abuse of child 995.5 Physical abuse of child ( if focus of attention is on victim )", "V61. 1 Physical abuse of adult", "995.81 Physical abuse of adult ( if focus of attention is on victim )", "V61. 21 Physical abuse of child", "995.5 Physical abuse of child ( if focus of attention is on victim )", "316 Psychological factors affecting medical condition", "Relational problem V62. 81 Relational problem NOS V61. 9 Relational problem related to a mental disorder or general medical condition", "V62. 81 Relational problem NOS V61. 9 Relational problem related to a mental disorder or general medical condition", "V62. 81 Relational problem NOS", "V61. 9 Relational problem related to a mental disorder or general medical condition", "V62. 89 Religious or spiritual problem", "V61. 1 Sexual abuse of adult", "995.83 Sexual abuse of adult ( if focus of attention is on victim )", "V61. 21 Sexual abuse of child", "995.53 Sexual abuse of child ( if focus of attention is on victim )", "V61. 8 Sibling relational problem", "300.9 Unspecified mental disorder ( nonpsychotic )", "799.9 Diagnosis deferred on Axis II", "799.9 Diagnosis or condition deferred on Axis I", "V65. 2 Malingering" ]

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[ "Sugar glider Temporal range : Pleistocene -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Illustration by Neville Cayley Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Marsupialia Order : Diprotodontia Family : Petauridae Genus : Petaurus Species : P. breviceps Binomial name Petaurus breviceps Waterhouse , 1839 Subspecies P.b. ariel , Gould 1842 P.b. breviceps , Waterhouse 1838 P.b. longicaudatus , Longman 1924 P.b. papuanus , Thomas 1888 Sugar glider natural range by subspecies : P. b . breviceps P. b . longicaudatus P. b . ariel P. b . papuanus P. b . tafa P. b . flavidus P. b . biacensis Synonyms P. ( Belideus ) breviceps , Waterhouse 1839 P. ( Belideus ) notatus , Peters 1859 P. kohlsi , Troughton 1945", "Sugar glider Temporal range : Pleistocene -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg ↓", "Illustration by Neville Cayley", "Conservation status", "Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 )", "Scientific classification", "Kingdom : Animalia", "Phylum : Chordata", "Class : Mammalia", "Infraclass : Marsupialia", "Order : Diprotodontia", "Family : Petauridae", "Genus : Petaurus", "Species : P. breviceps", "Binomial name", "Petaurus breviceps Waterhouse , 1839", "Subspecies", "P.b. ariel , Gould 1842 P.b. breviceps , Waterhouse 1838 P.b. longicaudatus , Longman 1924 P.b. papuanus , Thomas 1888", "P.b. ariel , Gould 1842 P.b. breviceps , Waterhouse 1838 P.b. longicaudatus , Longman 1924 P.b. papuanus , Thomas 1888", "Sugar glider natural range by subspecies : P. b . breviceps P. b . longicaudatus P. b . ariel P. b . papuanus P. b . tafa P. b . flavidus P. b . biacensis", "P. b . breviceps P. b . longicaudatus P. b . ariel P. b . papuanus", "P. b . tafa P. b . flavidus P. b . biacensis", "Synonyms", "P. ( Belideus ) breviceps , Waterhouse 1839 P. ( Belideus ) notatus , Peters 1859 P. kohlsi , Troughton 1945", "P. ( Belideus ) breviceps , Waterhouse 1839 P. ( Belideus ) notatus , Peters 1859 P. kohlsi , Troughton 1945", "The sugar glider ( Petaurus breviceps ) is a small , omnivorous , arboreal , and nocturnal gliding possum belonging to the marsupial infraclass . The common name refers to its preference for sugary foods like sap and nectar and its ability to glide through the air , much like a flying squirrel . They have very similar habits and appearance to the flying squirrel , despite not being closely related -- an example of convergent evolution . The scientific name , Petaurus breviceps , translates from Latin as `` short - headed rope - dancer '' , a reference to their canopy acrobatics .", "The sugar glider is characterised by its gliding membrane , known as the patagium , which extends from its forelegs to its hindlegs , one on each side of its body . Gliding serves as an efficient means of reaching food and evading predators . The animal is covered in soft , pale grey to light brown fur which is countershaded , being lighter in colour on its underside .", "The sugar glider is endemic to parts of mainland Australia , New Guinea and certain Indonesian islands ; and it was introduced to Tasmania , probably in the 1830s . It is a popular exotic pet but is prohibited in some regions , including parts of Australia and the United States .", "The genus Petaurus is believed to have originated during the early - mid Miocene period ( 18 to 24 million years ago ) , then dispersed from New Guinea to Australia where Australian Petaurus species diverged . The earliest Petaurus species occurred in Australia 4.46 million years ago ; and the sugar glider is the only Petaurus species endemic to both Australia and New Guinea .", "The species is divided into seven subspecies ; three occur in Australia , four in New Guinea , although debate regarding current species delineation continues . These seven subspecies are currently designated by small morphological differences such as colour and body size . However , genetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA indicates that the morphological subspecies may not represent genetically unique populations .", "Contrary to the current geographic distribution of sugar gliders , two genetically distinct populations in Australia may have arisen due to long term geographical isolation following drying of the Australian continent after the Pliocene and the uplift of the Great Dividing Range , by a process known as allopatric speciation . One population is found in coastal New South Wales and southern Queensland ; and the other is found in northern Queensland , inland and southern New South Wales , Victoria and South Australia .", "Further evidence is required to clarify if changes to the current taxonomic divisions are warranted ; for example , subspecies P. b . biacensis is provisionally considered a separate species , Biak glider ( Petaurus biacensis ) .", "Sugar gliders are found throughout the northern and eastern parts of mainland Australia , Tasmania , New Guinea and several associated isles , the Bismarck Archipelago , Louisiade Archipelago , and certain isles of Indonesia , Halmahera Islands of the North Moluccas . The earliest Australian sugar glider fossils were found in a cave in Victoria and are dated to 15,000 years ago , at the time of the Pleistocene epoch . The facilitated introduction of the sugar glider to Tasmania in 1835 is supported by the absence of skeletal remains in subfossil bone deposits and the lack of an Aboriginal Tasmanian name for the animal . In Australia , sugar glider distribution corresponds with forests along the southern , eastern and northern coastlines , and extends to altitudes of 2000 m in the eastern ranges .", "The sugar glider occurs in sympatry with the squirrel glider , mahogany glider , and yellow - bellied glider ; and their coexistence is permitted through niche partitioning where each species has different patterns of resource use .", "They have a broad habitat niche , inhabiting rainforests and coconut plantations in New Guinea ; and rainforests , wet or dry sclerophyll forest and acacia scrub in Australia ; preferring habitats with Eucalypt and Acacia species . The main structural habitat requirements are a large number of stems within the canopy , and dense mid and upper canopy cover , likely to enable efficient movement through the canopy .", "Like all arboreal , nocturnal marsupials , sugar gliders are active at night , and shelter in tree hollows lined with leafy twigs during the day .", "The average home range of sugar gliders is 0.5 hectares ( 1.2 acres ) , and is largely related to the abundance of food sources ; density ranges from two to six individuals per hectare ( 0.8 -- 2.4 per acre ) .", "Native owls ( Ninox sp . ) are their primary predators ; others in their range include kookaburras , goannas , snakes , and quolls . Feral cats ( Felis catus ) also represent a significant threat .", "The sugar glider has a squirrel - like body with a long , partially ( weakly ) prehensile tail . The length from the nose to the tip of the tail is about 24 -- 30 cm ( 9 -- 12 in ) , and males and females weigh 140 and 115 grams ( 5 and 4 oz ) respectively . Heart rate range is 200 -- 300 beats per minute , and respiratory rate is 16 -- 40 breaths per minute . The sugar glider is a sexually dimorphic species , with males typically larger than females . Sexual dimorphism has likely evolved due to increased mate competition arising through social group structure ; and is more pronounced in regions of higher latitude , where mate competition is greater due to increased food availability .", "The fur coat on the sugar glider is thick , soft , and is usually blue - grey ; although some have been known to be yellow , tan or ( rarely ) albino . A black stripe is seen from its nose to midway on its back . Its belly , throat , and chest are cream in colour . Males have four scent glands , located on the forehead , chest , and two paracloacal ( associated with , but not part of the cloaca which is the common opening for the intestinal , urinal and genital tracts ) that are used for marking of group members and territory . Scent glands on the head and chest of males appear as bald spots . Females also have a paracloacal scent gland and a scent gland in the pouch , but do not have scent glands on the chest or forehead .", "The sugar glider is nocturnal ; its large eyes help it to see at night and its ears swivel to help locate prey in the dark . The eyes are set far apart , allowing more precise triangulation from launching to landing locations while gliding .", "Each foot on the sugar glider has five digits , with an opposable toe on each hind foot . These opposable toes are clawless , and bend such that they can touch all the other digits , like a human thumb , allowing it to firmly grasp branches . The second and third digits of the hind foot are partially syndactylous ( fused together ) , forming a grooming comb . The fourth digit of the forefoot is sharp and elongated , aiding in extraction of insects under the bark of trees .", "The gliding membrane extends from the outside of the fifth digit of each forefoot to the first digit of each hind foot . When the legs are stretched out , this membrane allows the sugar glider to glide a considerable distance . The membrane is supported by well developed tibiocarpalis , humerodorsalis and tibioabdominalis muscles , and its movement is controlled by these supporting muscles in conjunction with trunk , limb and tail movement .", "Lifespan in the wild is up to 9 years ; is typically up to 12 years in captivity , and the maximum reported lifespan is 17.8 years .", "The sugar glider is one of a number of volplane ( gliding ) possums in Australia . Gliders glide with the fore - and hind - limbs extended at right angles to their body , with their feet flexed upwards . The animal launches itself from a tree , spreading its limbs to expose the gliding membranes . This creates an aerofoil enabling them to glide 50 metres ( 55 yards ) or more . For every 1.82 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) travelled horizontally when gliding , sugar gliders fall 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) . Sugar gliders can steer by moving their limbs and adjusting the tension of their gliding membrane ; for example , to turn left , a sugar glider will lower its left forearm below its right .", "This form of arboreal locomotion is typically used to travel from tree to tree ; the species rarely descends to the ground . Gliding provides three dimensional avoidance of arboreal predators , and minimal contact with ground dwelling predators ; as well as possible benefits in decreasing time spent foraging for nutrient poor foods that are irregularly distributed . Using gliding as a mode of locomotion may also allow sugar gliders to decrease their energy consumption when searching for food . Young carried in the pouch of females are protected from landing forces by the septum that separates them within the pouch .", "Sugar gliders can tolerate ambient air temperatures of up to 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) through behavioural strategies such as licking their coat and exposing the wet area , as well as drinking small quantities of water . In cold weather , sugar gliders will huddle together to avoid heat loss , and will enter torpor to conserve energy . Huddling as an energy conserving mechanism is not as efficient as torpor . Before entering torpor , a sugar glider will reduce activity and body temperature normally in order to lower energy expenditure and avoid torpor . With energetic constraints , the sugar glider will enter into daily torpor for 2 -- 23 hours while in rest phase . Torpor differs from hibernation in that torpor is usually a short - term daily cycle . Entering torpor saves energy for the animal by allowing its body temperature to fall to a minimum of 10.4 ° C ( 50.7 ° F ) to 19.6 ° C ( 67.3 ° F ) . When food is scarce , as in winter , heat production is lowered in order to reduce energy expenditure . With low energy and heat production , it is important for the sugar glider to peak its body mass by fat content in the autumn ( May / June ) in order to survive the following cold season . In the wild , sugar gliders enter into daily torpor more often than sugar gliders in captivity . The use of torpor is most frequent during winter , likely in response to low ambient temperature , rainfall , and seasonal fluctuation in food sources .", "Sugar gliders are seasonally adaptive omnivores with a wide variety of foods in their diet , and mainly forage in the lower layers of the forest canopy . Sugar gliders may obtain up to half their daily water intake through drinking rainwater , with the remainder obtained through water held in its food . In summer they are primarily insectivorous , and in the winter when insects ( and other arthropods ) are scarce , they are mostly exudativorous ( feeding on acacia gum , eucalyptus sap , manna , honeydew or lerp ) . Sugar gliders have an enlarged caecum to assist in digestion of complex carbohydrates obtained from gum and sap .", "To obtain sap and nectar from plants , sugar gliders will strip the bark off trees or open bore holes with their teeth to access stored liquid gum . Little time is spent foraging for insects , as it is an energetically expensive process , and sugar gliders will wait until insects fly into their habitat , or stop to feed on flowers . Gliders consume approximately 11 g of dry food matter per day . This equates to roughly 8 % and 9.5 % of body weight for males and females , respectively .", "They are opportunistic feeders and can be carnivorous , preying mostly on lizards and small birds . They eat many other foods when available , such as nectar , acacia seeds , bird eggs , pollen , fungi and native fruits . Pollen can make up a large portion of their diet , therefore sugar gliders are likely to be important pollinators of Banksia species .", "Like most marsupials , female sugar gliders have two ovaries and two uteri ; they are polyestrous , meaning they can go into heat several times a year . The female has a marsupium ( pouch ) in the middle of her abdomen to carry offspring . The pouch opens anteriorly , and two lateral pockets extend posteriorly when young are present . Four nipples are usually present in the pouch , although reports of individuals with two nipples have been recorded . Male sugar gliders have a bifurcated penis to correspond with the two uteri of females .", "The age of sexual maturity in sugar gliders varies slightly between the males and females . Males reach maturity at 4 to 12 months of age , while females require from 8 to 12 months . In the wild , sugar gliders breed once or twice a year depending on the climate and habitat conditions , while they can breed multiple times a year in captivity as a result of consistent living conditions and proper diet .", "A sugar glider female gives birth to one ( 19 % ) or two ( 81 % ) babies ( joeys ) per litter . The gestation period is 15 to 17 days , after which the tiny joey 0.2 g ( 0.0071 oz ) will crawl into a mother 's pouch for further development . They are born largely undeveloped and furless , with only the sense of smell being developed . They have a continuous arch of cartilage in their shoulder girdle which disappears soon after birth ; this supports the forelimbs , assisting the climb into the pouch . The mother has a scent gland in the external marsupium to attract the sightless joeys from the uterus . Young are completely contained in the pouch for 60 days after birth , wherein mammae provide nourishment during the remainder of development . Eyes first open around 80 days after birth , and young will leave the nest around 110 days after birth . By the time young are weaned , the thermoregulatory system is developed , and in conjunction with a large body size and thicker fur , they are able to regulate their own body temperature .", "Breeding is seasonal in southeast Australia , with young only born in winter and spring ( June to November ) . Further north in Arnhem Land , breeding is not seasonally restricted and young may be born throughout the year . Unlike animals that move along the ground , the sugar glider and other gliding species produce fewer , but heavier , offspring per litter . This allows female sugar gliders to retain the ability to glide when pregnant .", "Sugar gliders are highly social animals . They live in family groups or colonies consisting of up to seven adults , plus the current season 's young . Up to four age classes may exist within each group , although some sugar gliders are solitary , not belonging to a group . They engage in social grooming , which in addition to improving hygiene and health , helps bond the colony and establish group identity .", "Within social communities , there are two codominant males who suppress subordinate males , but show no aggression towards each other . These co-dominant pairs are more related to each other than to subordinates within the group ; and share food , nests , mates , and responsibility for scent marking of community members and territories .", "Territory and members of the group are marked with saliva and a scent produced by separate glands on the forehead and chest . Intruders who lack the appropriate scent marking are expelled violently . Rank is established through scent marking ; and fighting does not occur within groups , but does occur when communities come into contact with each other . Within the colony , no fighting typically takes place beyond threatening behaviour . Each colony defends a territory of about 1 hectare ( 2.5 acres ) where eucalyptus trees provide a staple food source .", "Sugar gliders are one of the few species of mammals that exhibit male parental care . The oldest codominant male in a social community shows a high level of parental care , as he is the probable father of any offspring due to his social status . This paternal care evolved in sugar gliders as young are more likely to survive when parental investment is provided by both parents . In the sugar glider , biparental care allows one adult to huddle with the young and prevent hypothermia while the other parent is out foraging , as young sugar gliders are n't able to thermoregulate until they are 100 days old ( 3.5 months ) .", "Communication in sugar gliders is achieved through vocalisations , visual signals and complex chemical odours . Chemical odours account for a large part of communication in sugar gliders , similar to many other nocturnal animals . Odours may be used to mark territory , convey health status of an individual , and mark rank of community members . Gliders produce a number of vocalisations including barking and hissing .", "The sugar glider is not considered endangered , and its conservation rank is `` Least Concern ( LC ) '' on the IUCN Red List . Despite the loss of natural habitat in Australia over the last 200 years , it is adaptable and capable of living in small patches of remnant bush , particularly if it does not have to cross large expanses of cleared land to reach them . However , several close relatives are endangered , particularly Leadbeater 's possum and the mahogany glider . Sugar gliders may persist in areas that have undergone mild - moderate selective logging , as long as three to five hollow bearing trees are retained per hectare . Although not currently threatened by habitat loss , the ability of sugar gliders to forage and avoid predators successfully may be decreased in areas of high light pollution .", "Conservation in Australia is enacted at the federal , state and local levels , where sugar gliders are protected as a native species . The central conservation law in Australia is the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ( EPBC Act ) . The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 is an example of conservation law in the state of South Australia , where it is legal to keep ( only ) one sugar glider without a permit , provided it was acquired legally from a source with a permit . A permit is required to obtain or possess more than one glider , or if one wants to sell or give away any glider in their possession . It is illegal to capture or sell wild sugar gliders without a permit .", "According to naturalist Ronald Campbell Gunn , no Petaurus species is indigenous to Tasmania . He concluded that sugar gliders had been brought to Launceston , Tasmania as pets from Port Phillip , Australia ( now Melbourne ) soon after the founding of the port in 1834 . Many sugar gliders had escaped and quickly became established in the area . The species has been identified as a threat to the survival of the swift parrot , which breeds only in Tasmania . Reduction in mature forest cover has left swift parrot nests highly vulnerable to predation by sugar gliders , and it is estimated that the parrot could be extinct by 2031 .", "In captivity , the sugar glider can suffer from calcium deficiencies if not fed an adequate diet . A lack of calcium in the diet causes the body to leach calcium from the bones , with the hind legs first to show noticeable dysfunction . Calcium to phosphorus ratios should be 2 : 1 to prevent hypocalcemia , sometimes known as hind leg paralysis ( HLP ) . Their diet should be 50 % insects ( gut - loaded ) or other sources of protein , 25 % fruit and 25 % vegetables . Some of the more recognised diets are Bourbon 's Modified Leadbeaters ( BML ) , High Protein Wombaroo ( HPW ) and various calcium rich diets with Leadbeaters Mixture ( LBM ) . Iron storage disease ( hemochromatosis ) is another dietary problem that has been reported in captive gliders and can lead to fatal complications if not diagnosed and treated early .", "Plenty of attention and environmental enrichment may be required for this highly social species , especially for those kept as individuals . Inadequate social interaction can lead to depression and behavioural disorders such as loss of appetite , irritability and self - mutilation .", "Around the world , the sugar glider is popular as an exotic pet , and is sometimes considered a pocket pet .", "In Australia , sugar gliders can be kept in Victoria , South Australia , and the Northern Territory . However , they are not allowed to be kept as pets in Western Australia , New South Wales , the Australian Capital Territory , Queensland or Tasmania .", "Sugar gliders are popular as pets in the United States , where they are bred in large numbers . Most states and cities allow sugar gliders as pets , with some exceptions including California , Hawaii , Alaska , and New York City . In 2014 , Massachusetts changed its law , allowing sugar gliders to be kept as pets . Some other states require permits or licensing . Breeders of sugar gliders are regulated and licensed by the US Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) through the Animal Welfare Act ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This is a list of TCP and UDP port numbers used by protocols of the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite for the establishment of host - to - host connectivity .", "Originally , port numbers were used by the Network Control Program ( NCP ) in the ARPANET for which two ports were required for half - duplex transmission . Later , the Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) and the User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) needed only one port for full - duplex , bidirectional traffic . The even - numbered ports were not used , and this resulted in some even numbers in the well - known port number range being unassigned . The Stream Control Transmission Protocol ( SCTP ) and the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol ( DCCP ) also use port numbers . They usually use port numbers that match the services of the corresponding TCP or UDP implementation , if they exist .", "The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) is responsible for maintaining the official assignments of port numbers for specific uses . However , many unofficial uses of both well - known and registered port numbers occur in practice . Similarly many of the official assignments refer to protocols that were never or are no longer in common use . This article lists port numbers and their associated protocols that have experienced significant uptake .", "This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The port numbers in the range from 0 to 1023 are the well - known ports or system ports . They are used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services . On Unix - like operating systems , a process must execute with superuser privileges to be able to bind a network socket to an IP address using one of the well - known ports .", "Well - known ports ( hide ) Port TCP UDP Description IANA status 0 N / A N / A In programming APIs ( not in communication between hosts ) , requests a system - allocated ( dynamic ) port N / A 0 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official TCP Assigned TCP Port Service Multiplexer ( TCPMUX ) . Historic . Both TCP and UDP have been assigned to TCPMUX by IANA , but by design only TCP is specified . Official Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 5 TCP UDP Remote job entry Official 6 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 7 TCP UDP Echo Protocol Official 8 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 9 TCP SCTP UDP Discard Protocol Official 9 UDP Wake - on - LAN Unofficial 10 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 11 TCP UDP Active Users ( systat service ) Official 12 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 13 TCP UDP Daytime Protocol Official 14 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 15 TCP UDP Previously netstat service Unofficial 16 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 17 TCP UDP Quote of the Day ( QOTD ) Official 18 TCP UDP Message Send Protocol Official 19 TCP UDP Character Generator Protocol ( CHARGEN ) Official 20 TCP SCTP Assigned File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) data transfer Official 21 TCP SCTP Assigned File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) control ( command ) Official 22 TCP SCTP UDP Secure Shell ( SSH ) , secure logins , file transfers ( scp , sftp ) and port forwarding Official 23 TCP Assigned Telnet protocol -- unencrypted text communications Official 25 TCP Assigned Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) , used for email routing between mail servers Official 26 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 37 TCP UDP Time Protocol Official 38 TCP UDP Route Access Protocol ( RAP ) Official 39 TCP UDP Resource Location Protocol ( RLP ) -- used for determining the location of higher level services from hosts on a network Official 40 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official 42 TCP UDP Host Name Server Protocol Official 43 TCP UDP WHOIS protocol Official 49 TCP UDP TACACS+ Login Host protocol Official 50 TCP UDP Remote Mail Checking Protocol Official 51 Reserved Official 51 TCP UDP Previously Interface Message Processor logical address management Unofficial 52 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) Time Protocol Official 53 TCP UDP Domain Name System ( DNS ) Official 54 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) clearinghouse Official 56 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) authentication Official 57 TCP UDP Any private terminal access Official 58 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) Mail Official 67 Assigned UDP Bootstrap Protocol ( BOOTP ) server ; also used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) Official 68 Assigned UDP Bootstrap Protocol ( BOOTP ) client ; also used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) Official 69 Assigned UDP Trivial File Transfer Protocol ( TFTP ) Official 70 TCP UDP Gopher protocol Official 71 -- 74 TCP UDP NETRJS protocol Official 75 TCP UDP Any private dial out service Official 77 TCP UDP Any private Remote job entry Official 79 TCP Assigned Finger protocol Official 80 TCP SCTP UDP Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) Official 80 UDP QUIC ( from Chromium ) for HTTP Unofficial 81 N / A N / A Unassigned Official 81 TCP TorPark onion routing Unofficial 82 UDP TorPark control Unofficial 87 Any private terminal link Official 88 TCP Assigned Kerberos authentication system Official 90 TCP UDP dnsix ( DoD Network Security for Information Exchange ) Securit ( sic ? ) Attribute Token Map Official 90 TCP UDP PointCast ( dotcom ) Unofficial 99 TCP WIP message protocol Unofficial 100 N / A N / A Unassigned ( with known unauthorized use ) Official 101 TCP UDP NIC host name Official 102 TCP UDP ISO Transport Service Access Point ( TSAP ) Class 0 protocol ; Official 104 TCP UDP Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine ( DICOM ; also port 11112 ) Official 105 TCP UDP CCSO Nameserver Official 107 TCP UDP Remote User Telnet Service ( RTelnet ) Official 108 TCP UDP IBM Systems Network Architecture ( SNA ) gateway access server Official 109 TCP UDP Post Office Protocol , version 2 ( POP2 ) Official 110 TCP Assigned Post Office Protocol , version 3 ( POP3 ) Official 111 TCP UDP Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call ( ONC RPC , sometimes referred to as Sun RPC ) Official 113 TCP Ident , authentication service / identification protocol , used by IRC servers to identify users Official 113 TCP Assigned Authentication Service ( auth ) , the predecessor to identification protocol . Used to determine a user 's identity of a particular TCP connection . Official 114 N / A N / A Unassigned ( deprecated since June 2004 ) Official 115 TCP UDP Simple File Transfer Protocol Official 117 TCP UDP UUCP Mapping Project ( path service ) Official 118 TCP UDP Structured Query Language ( SQL ) Services Official 119 TCP Assigned Network News Transfer Protocol ( NNTP ) , retrieval of newsgroup messages Official 123 Assigned UDP Network Time Protocol ( NTP ) , used for time synchronization Official 126 TCP UDP Formerly Unisys Unitary Login , renamed by Unisys to NXEdit . Used by Unisys Programmer 's Workbench for Clearpath MCP , an IDE for Unisys MCP software development Official 135 TCP UDP DCE endpoint resolution Official 135 TCP UDP Microsoft EPMAP ( End Point Mapper ) , also known as DCE / RPC Locator service , used to remotely manage services including DHCP server , DNS server and WINS . Also used by DCOM Official 137 Assigned UDP NetBIOS Name Service , used for name registration and resolution Official 138 TCP UDP NetBIOS Datagram Service Official 139 TCP Assigned NetBIOS Session Service Official 143 TCP Assigned Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP ) , management of electronic mail messages on a server Official 152 TCP UDP Background File Transfer Program ( BFTP ) Official 153 TCP UDP Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol ( SGMP ) , a protocol for remote inspection and alteration of gateway management information Official 156 TCP UDP Structured Query Language ( SQL ) Service Official 158 TCP UDP Distributed Mail System Protocol ( DMSP , sometimes referred to as Pcmail ) Official 161 Assigned UDP Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP ) Official 162 TCP UDP Simple Network Management Protocol Trap ( SNMPTRAP ) Official 170 TCP UDP Print server Official 177 TCP UDP X Display Manager Control Protocol ( XDMCP ) , used for remote logins to an X Display Manager server Official 179 TCP SCTP UDP Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) , used to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems ( AS ) on the Internet Official 194 TCP UDP Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Official 199 TCP UDP SNMP multiplexing protocol ( SMUX ) Official 201 TCP UDP AppleTalk Routing Maintenance Official 209 TCP UDP Quick Mail Transfer Protocol Official 210 TCP UDP ANSI Z39. 50 Official 213 TCP UDP Internetwork Packet Exchange ( IPX ) Official 218 TCP UDP Message posting protocol ( MPP ) Official 220 TCP UDP Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP ) , version 3 Official 259 TCP UDP Efficient Short Remote Operations ( ESRO ) Official 262 TCP UDP Arcisdms Official 264 TCP UDP Border Gateway Multicast Protocol ( BGMP ) Official 280 TCP UDP http - mgmt Official 300 TCP ThinLinc Web Access Unofficial 308 TCP Novastor Online Backup Official 311 TCP Mac OS X Server Admin ( officially AppleShare IP Web administration ) Official 318 TCP UDP PKIX Time Stamp Protocol ( TSP ) Official 319 UDP Precision Time Protocol ( PTP ) event messages Official 320 UDP Precision Time Protocol ( PTP ) general messages Official 350 TCP UDP Mapping of Airline Traffic over Internet Protocol ( MATIP ) type A Official 351 TCP UDP MATIP type B Official 356 TCP UDP cloanto - net - 1 ( used by Cloanto Amiga Explorer and VMs ) Official 366 TCP UDP On - Demand Mail Relay ( ODMR ) Official 369 TCP UDP Rpc2portmap Official 370 TCP codaauth2 , Coda authentication server Official 370 UDP codaauth2 , Coda authentication server Official 370 UDP securecast1 , outgoing packets to NAI 's SecureCast servers As of 2000 Official 371 TCP UDP ClearCase albd Official 383 TCP UDP HP data alarm manager Official 384 TCP UDP A Remote Network Server System Official 387 TCP UDP AURP ( AppleTalk Update - based Routing Protocol ) Official 389 TCP Assigned Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ( LDAP ) Official 399 TCP UDP Digital Equipment Corporation DECnet ( Phase V+ ) over TCP / IP Official 401 TCP UDP Uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ) Official 427 TCP UDP Service Location Protocol ( SLP ) Official 433 TCP UDP NNSP , part of Network News Transfer Protocol Official 434 TCP UDP Mobile IP Agent ( RFC 5944 ) Official 443 TCP SCTP Assigned Hypertext Transfer Protocol over TLS / SSL ( HTTPS ) Official 443 UDP QUIC ( from Chromium ) for HTTPS Unofficial 444 TCP UDP Simple Network Paging Protocol ( SNPP ) , RFC 1568 Official 444 TCP Well known Slither.io port Unofficial 445 TCP UDP Microsoft - DS Active Directory , Windows shares Official 445 TCP Assigned Microsoft - DS SMB file sharing Official 464 TCP UDP Kerberos Change / Set password Official 465 TCP URL Rendezvous Directory for SSM ( Cisco protocol ) Official 465 TCP Authenticated SMTP over TLS / SSL ( SMTPS ) Unofficial 475 TCP UDP tcpnethaspsrv , Aladdin Knowledge Systems Hasp services Official 491 TCP GO - Global remote access and application publishing software Unofficial 497 TCP UDP Retrospect Official 500 Assigned UDP Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol ( ISAKMP ) / Internet Key Exchange ( IKE ) Official 502 TCP UDP Modbus Protocol Official 504 TCP UDP Citadel , multiservice protocol for dedicated clients for the Citadel groupware system Official 510 TCP UDP FirstClass Protocol ( FCP ) , used by FirstClass client / server groupware system Official 512 TCP Rexec , Remote Process Execution Official 512 UDP comsat , together with biff Official 513 TCP rlogin Official 513 UDP Who Official 514 TCP Remote Shell , used to execute non-interactive commands on a remote system ( Remote Shell , rsh , remsh ) Official 514 UDP Syslog , used for system logging Official 515 TCP Assigned Line Printer Daemon ( LPD ) , print service Official 517 UDP Talk Official 518 UDP NTalk Official 520 TCP efs , extended file name server Official 520 UDP Routing Information Protocol ( RIP ) Official 521 UDP Routing Information Protocol Next Generation ( RIPng ) Official 524 TCP UDP NetWare Core Protocol ( NCP ) is used for a variety things such as access to primary NetWare server resources , Time Synchronization , etc . Official 525 UDP Timed , Timeserver Official 530 TCP UDP Remote procedure call ( RPC ) Official 531 TCP UDP AOL Instant Messenger Unofficial 532 TCP Assigned netnews Official 533 UDP netwall , For Emergency Broadcasts Official 540 TCP Unix - to - Unix Copy Protocol ( UUCP ) Official 542 TCP UDP commerce ( Commerce Applications ) Official 543 TCP klogin , Kerberos login Official 544 TCP kshell , Kerberos Remote shell Official 546 TCP UDP DHCPv6 client Official 547 TCP UDP DHCPv6 server Official 548 TCP Assigned Apple Filing Protocol ( AFP ) over TCP Official 550 TCP UDP new - rwho , new - who Official 554 TCP UDP Real Time Streaming Protocol ( RTSP ) Official 556 TCP Remotefs , RFS , rfs_server Official 560 UDP rmonitor , Remote Monitor Official 561 UDP monitor Official 563 TCP UDP NNTP over TLS / SSL ( NNTPS ) Official 564 TCP 9P ( Plan 9 ) Unofficial 585 N / A N / A De-registered since April 2006 ( with recommendation to use port 993 instead ) Official 585 TCP ? Legacy use of Internet Message Access Protocol over TLS / SSL ( IMAPS ) Unofficial 587 TCP Assigned email message submission ( SMTP ) Official 591 TCP FileMaker 6.0 ( and later ) Web Sharing ( HTTP Alternate , also see port 80 ) Official 593 TCP UDP HTTP RPC Ep Map , Remote procedure call over Hypertext Transfer Protocol , often used by Distributed Component Object Model services and Microsoft Exchange Server Official 601 TCP Reliable Syslog Service -- used for system logging Official 604 TCP TUNNEL profile , a protocol for BEEP peers to form an application layer tunnel Official 623 UDP ASF Remote Management and Control Protocol ( ASF - RMCP ) & IPMI Remote Management Protocol Official 625 TCP Open Directory Proxy ( ODProxy ) Unofficial 631 TCP UDP Internet Printing Protocol ( IPP ) Official 631 TCP UDP Common Unix Printing System ( CUPS ) administration console ( extension to IPP ) Unofficial 635 TCP UDP RLZ DBase Official 636 TCP UDP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol over TLS / SSL ( LDAPS ) Official 639 TCP UDP MSDP , Multicast Source Discovery Protocol Official 641 TCP UDP SupportSoft Nexus Remote Command ( control / listening ) , a proxy gateway connecting remote control traffic Official 643 TCP UDP SANity Official 646 TCP UDP Label Distribution Protocol ( LDP ) , a routing protocol used in MPLS networks Official 647 TCP DHCP Failover protocol Official 648 TCP Registry Registrar Protocol ( RRP ) Official 651 TCP UDP IEEE - MMS Official 653 TCP UDP SupportSoft Nexus Remote Command ( data ) , a proxy gateway connecting remote control traffic Official 654 TCP Media Management System ( MMS ) Media Management Protocol ( MMP ) Official 655 TCP UDP Tinc VPN daemon Official 657 TCP UDP IBM RMC ( Remote monitoring and Control ) protocol , used by System p5 AIX Integrated Virtualization Manager ( IVM ) and Hardware Management Console to connect managed logical partitions ( LPAR ) to enable dynamic partition reconfiguration Official 660 TCP Assigned Mac OS X Server administration , version 10.4 and earlier Official 666 TCP UDP Doom , first online first - person shooter Official 666 TCP airserv - ng , aircrack - ng 's server for remote - controlling wireless devices Unofficial 674 TCP Application Configuration Access Protocol ( ACAP ) Official 688 TCP UDP REALM - RUSD ( ApplianceWare Server Appliance Management Protocol ) Official 690 TCP UDP Velneo Application Transfer Protocol ( VATP ) Official 691 TCP MS Exchange Routing Official 694 TCP UDP Linux - HA high - availability heartbeat Official 695 TCP IEEE Media Management System over SSL ( IEEE - MMS - SSL ) Official 698 UDP Optimized Link State Routing ( OLSR ) Official 700 TCP Extensible Provisioning Protocol ( EPP ) , a protocol for communication between domain name registries and registrars ( RFC 5734 ) Official 701 TCP Link Management Protocol ( LMP ) , a protocol that runs between a pair of nodes and is used to manage traffic engineering ( TE ) links Official 702 TCP IRIS ( Internet Registry Information Service ) over BEEP ( Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol ) ( RFC 3983 ) Official 706 TCP Secure Internet Live Conferencing ( SILC ) Official 711 TCP Cisco Tag Distribution Protocol -- being replaced by the MPLS Label Distribution Protocol Official 712 TCP Topology Broadcast based on Reverse - Path Forwarding routing protocol ( TBRPF ; RFC 3684 ) Official 749 TCP UDP Kerberos ( protocol ) administration Official 750 UDP kerberos - iv , Kerberos version IV Official 751 TCP UDP kerberos_master , Kerberos authentication Unofficial 752 UDP passwd_server , Kerberos password ( kpasswd ) server Unofficial 753 TCP Reverse Routing Header ( RRH ) Official 753 UDP Reverse Routing Header ( RRH ) Official 753 UDP userreg_server , Kerberos userreg server Unofficial 754 TCP tell send Official 754 TCP krb5_prop , Kerberos v5 slave propagation Unofficial 754 UDP tell send Official 760 TCP UDP krbupdate ( kreg ) , Kerberos registration Unofficial 782 TCP Conserver serial - console management server Unofficial 783 TCP SpamAssassin spamd daemon Unofficial 800 TCP UDP mdbs - daemon Official 808 TCP Microsoft Net. TCP Port Sharing Service Unofficial 829 Yes Assigned Certificate Management Protocol Official 830 TCP UDP NETCONF over SSH Official 831 TCP UDP NETCONF over BEEP Official 832 TCP UDP NETCONF for SOAP over HTTPS Official 833 TCP UDP NETCONF for SOAP over BEEP Official 843 TCP Adobe Flash Unofficial 847 TCP DHCP Failover protocol Official 848 TCP UDP Group Domain Of Interpretation ( GDOI ) protocol Official 853 TCP UDP DNS over TLS ( RFC 7858 ) Official 860 TCP iSCSI ( RFC 3720 ) Official 861 TCP UDP OWAMP control ( RFC 4656 ) Official 862 TCP UDP TWAMP control ( RFC 5357 ) Official 873 TCP rsync file synchronization protocol Official 888 TCP cddbp , CD DataBase ( CDDB ) protocol ( CDDBP ) Unofficial 888 TCP IBM Endpoint Manager Remote Control Unofficial 897 TCP UDP Brocade SMI - S RPC Unofficial 898 TCP UDP Brocade SMI - S RPC SSL Unofficial 902 TCP UDP VMware ESXi Unofficial 903 TCP VMware ESXi Unofficial 953 TCP BIND remote name daemon control ( RNDC ) Official 954 -- 988 N / A N / A Unassigned Official 981 TCP Remote HTTPS management for firewall devices running embedded Check Point VPN - 1 software Unofficial 987 TCP Microsoft Remote Web Workplace , a feature of Windows Small Business Server Unofficial 989 TCP UDP FTPS Protocol ( data ) , FTP over TLS / SSL Official 990 TCP UDP FTPS Protocol ( control ) , FTP over TLS / SSL Official 991 TCP UDP Netnews Administration System ( NAS ) Official 992 TCP UDP Telnet protocol over TLS / SSL Official 993 TCP Assigned Internet Message Access Protocol over TLS / SSL ( IMAPS ) Official 994 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official 994 TCP UDP Internet Relay Chat over TLS / SSL ( IRCS ) Unofficial 995 TCP UDP Post Office Protocol 3 over TLS / SSL ( POP3S ) Official < / ref > Unofficial 1010 TCP ThinLinc web - based administration interface Unofficial 1023 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official", "( hide ) Port TCP UDP Description IANA status", "0 N / A N / A In programming APIs ( not in communication between hosts ) , requests a system - allocated ( dynamic ) port N / A", "0 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official", "TCP Assigned TCP Port Service Multiplexer ( TCPMUX ) . Historic . Both TCP and UDP have been assigned to TCPMUX by IANA , but by design only TCP is specified . Official", "Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official", "5 TCP UDP Remote job entry Official", "6 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official", "7 TCP UDP Echo Protocol Official", "8 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official", "9 TCP SCTP UDP Discard Protocol Official", "TCP SCTP", "9 UDP Wake - on - LAN Unofficial", "10 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official", "11 TCP UDP Active Users ( systat service ) Official", "12 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official", "13 TCP UDP Daytime Protocol Official", "14 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official", "15 TCP UDP Previously netstat service Unofficial", "16 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official", "17 TCP UDP Quote of the Day ( QOTD ) Official", "18 TCP UDP Message Send Protocol Official", "19 TCP UDP Character Generator Protocol ( CHARGEN ) Official", "20 TCP SCTP Assigned File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) data transfer Official", "TCP SCTP", "21 TCP SCTP Assigned File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) control ( command ) Official", "TCP SCTP", "22 TCP SCTP UDP Secure Shell ( SSH ) , secure logins , file transfers ( scp , sftp ) and port forwarding Official", "TCP SCTP", "23 TCP Assigned Telnet protocol -- unencrypted text communications Official", "25 TCP Assigned Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) , used for email routing between mail servers Official", "26 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official", "37 TCP UDP Time Protocol Official", "38 TCP UDP Route Access Protocol ( RAP ) Official", "39 TCP UDP Resource Location Protocol ( RLP ) -- used for determining the location of higher level services from hosts on a network Official", "40 Reserved Reserved Unassigned Official", "42 TCP UDP Host Name Server Protocol Official", "43 TCP UDP WHOIS protocol Official", "49 TCP UDP TACACS+ Login Host protocol Official", "50 TCP UDP Remote Mail Checking Protocol Official", "51 Reserved Official", "51 TCP UDP Previously Interface Message Processor logical address management Unofficial", "52 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) Time Protocol Official", "53 TCP UDP Domain Name System ( DNS ) Official", "54 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) clearinghouse Official", "56 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) authentication Official", "57 TCP UDP Any private terminal access Official", "58 TCP UDP Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ) Mail Official", "67 Assigned UDP Bootstrap Protocol ( BOOTP ) server ; also used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) Official", "68 Assigned UDP Bootstrap Protocol ( BOOTP ) client ; also used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) Official", "69 Assigned UDP Trivial File Transfer Protocol ( TFTP ) Official", "70 TCP UDP Gopher protocol Official", "71 -- 74 TCP UDP NETRJS protocol Official", "75 TCP UDP Any private dial out service Official", "77 TCP UDP Any private Remote job entry Official", "79 TCP Assigned Finger protocol Official", "80 TCP SCTP UDP Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) Official", "TCP SCTP", "80 UDP QUIC ( from Chromium ) for HTTP Unofficial", "81 N / A N / A Unassigned Official", "81 TCP TorPark onion routing Unofficial", "82 UDP TorPark control Unofficial", "87 Any private terminal link Official", "88 TCP Assigned Kerberos authentication system Official", "90 TCP UDP dnsix ( DoD Network Security for Information Exchange ) Securit ( sic ? ) Attribute Token Map Official", "90 TCP UDP PointCast ( dotcom ) Unofficial", "99 TCP WIP message protocol Unofficial", "100 N / A N / A Unassigned ( with known unauthorized use ) Official", "101 TCP UDP NIC host name Official", "102 TCP UDP ISO Transport Service Access Point ( TSAP ) Class 0 protocol ; Official", "104 TCP UDP Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine ( DICOM ; also port 11112 ) Official", "105 TCP UDP CCSO Nameserver Official", "107 TCP UDP Remote User Telnet Service ( RTelnet ) Official", "108 TCP UDP IBM Systems Network Architecture ( SNA ) gateway access server Official", "109 TCP UDP Post Office Protocol , version 2 ( POP2 ) Official", "110 TCP Assigned Post Office Protocol , version 3 ( POP3 ) Official", "111 TCP UDP Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call ( ONC RPC , sometimes referred to as Sun RPC ) Official", "113 TCP Ident , authentication service / identification protocol , used by IRC servers to identify users Official", "113 TCP Assigned Authentication Service ( auth ) , the predecessor to identification protocol . Used to determine a user 's identity of a particular TCP connection . Official", "114 N / A N / A Unassigned ( deprecated since June 2004 ) Official", "115 TCP UDP Simple File Transfer Protocol Official", "117 TCP UDP UUCP Mapping Project ( path service ) Official", "118 TCP UDP Structured Query Language ( SQL ) Services Official", "119 TCP Assigned Network News Transfer Protocol ( NNTP ) , retrieval of newsgroup messages Official", "123 Assigned UDP Network Time Protocol ( NTP ) , used for time synchronization Official", "126 TCP UDP Formerly Unisys Unitary Login , renamed by Unisys to NXEdit . Used by Unisys Programmer 's Workbench for Clearpath MCP , an IDE for Unisys MCP software development Official", "135 TCP UDP DCE endpoint resolution Official", "135 TCP UDP Microsoft EPMAP ( End Point Mapper ) , also known as DCE / RPC Locator service , used to remotely manage services including DHCP server , DNS server and WINS . Also used by DCOM Official", "137 Assigned UDP NetBIOS Name Service , used for name registration and resolution Official", "138 TCP UDP NetBIOS Datagram Service Official", "139 TCP Assigned NetBIOS Session Service Official", "143 TCP Assigned Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP ) , management of electronic mail messages on a server Official", "152 TCP UDP Background File Transfer Program ( BFTP ) Official", "153 TCP UDP Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol ( SGMP ) , a protocol for remote inspection and alteration of gateway management information Official", "156 TCP UDP Structured Query Language ( SQL ) Service Official", "158 TCP UDP Distributed Mail System Protocol ( DMSP , sometimes referred to as Pcmail ) Official", "161 Assigned UDP Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP ) Official", "162 TCP UDP Simple Network Management Protocol Trap ( SNMPTRAP ) Official", "170 TCP UDP Print server Official", "177 TCP UDP X Display Manager Control Protocol ( XDMCP ) , used for remote logins to an X Display Manager server Official", "179 TCP SCTP UDP Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) , used to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems ( AS ) on the Internet Official", "TCP SCTP", "194 TCP UDP Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Official", "199 TCP UDP SNMP multiplexing protocol ( SMUX ) Official", "201 TCP UDP AppleTalk Routing Maintenance Official", "209 TCP UDP Quick Mail Transfer Protocol Official", "210 TCP UDP ANSI Z39. 50 Official", "213 TCP UDP Internetwork Packet Exchange ( IPX ) Official", "218 TCP UDP Message posting protocol ( MPP ) Official", "220 TCP UDP Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP ) , version 3 Official", "259 TCP UDP Efficient Short Remote Operations ( ESRO ) Official", "262 TCP UDP Arcisdms Official", "264 TCP UDP Border Gateway Multicast Protocol ( BGMP ) Official", "280 TCP UDP http - mgmt Official", "300 TCP ThinLinc Web Access Unofficial", "308 TCP Novastor Online Backup Official", "311 TCP Mac OS X Server Admin ( officially AppleShare IP Web administration ) Official", "318 TCP UDP PKIX Time Stamp Protocol ( TSP ) Official", "319 UDP Precision Time Protocol ( PTP ) event messages Official", "320 UDP Precision Time Protocol ( PTP ) general messages Official", "350 TCP UDP Mapping of Airline Traffic over Internet Protocol ( MATIP ) type A Official", "351 TCP UDP MATIP type B Official", "356 TCP UDP cloanto - net - 1 ( used by Cloanto Amiga Explorer and VMs ) Official", "366 TCP UDP On - Demand Mail Relay ( ODMR ) Official", "369 TCP UDP Rpc2portmap Official", "370 TCP codaauth2 , Coda authentication server Official", "370 UDP codaauth2 , Coda authentication server Official", "370 UDP securecast1 , outgoing packets to NAI 's SecureCast servers As of 2000 Official", "371 TCP UDP ClearCase albd Official", "383 TCP UDP HP data alarm manager Official", "384 TCP UDP A Remote Network Server System Official", "387 TCP UDP AURP ( AppleTalk Update - based Routing Protocol ) Official", "389 TCP Assigned Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ( LDAP ) Official", "399 TCP UDP Digital Equipment Corporation DECnet ( Phase V+ ) over TCP / IP Official", "401 TCP UDP Uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ) Official", "427 TCP UDP Service Location Protocol ( SLP ) Official", "433 TCP UDP NNSP , part of Network News Transfer Protocol Official", "434 TCP UDP Mobile IP Agent ( RFC 5944 ) Official", "443 TCP SCTP Assigned Hypertext Transfer Protocol over TLS / SSL ( HTTPS ) Official", "TCP SCTP", "443 UDP QUIC ( from Chromium ) for HTTPS Unofficial", "444 TCP UDP Simple Network Paging Protocol ( SNPP ) , RFC 1568 Official", "444 TCP Well known Slither.io port Unofficial", "445 TCP UDP Microsoft - DS Active Directory , Windows shares Official", "445 TCP Assigned Microsoft - DS SMB file sharing Official", "464 TCP UDP Kerberos Change / Set password Official", "465 TCP URL Rendezvous Directory for SSM ( Cisco protocol ) Official", "465 TCP Authenticated SMTP over TLS / SSL ( SMTPS ) Unofficial", "475 TCP UDP tcpnethaspsrv , Aladdin Knowledge Systems Hasp services Official", "491 TCP GO - Global remote access and application publishing software Unofficial", "497 TCP UDP Retrospect Official", "500 Assigned UDP Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol ( ISAKMP ) / Internet Key Exchange ( IKE ) Official", "502 TCP UDP Modbus Protocol Official", "504 TCP UDP Citadel , multiservice protocol for dedicated clients for the Citadel groupware system Official", "510 TCP UDP FirstClass Protocol ( FCP ) , used by FirstClass client / server groupware system Official", "512 TCP Rexec , Remote Process Execution Official", "512 UDP comsat , together with biff Official", "513 TCP rlogin Official", "513 UDP Who Official", "514 TCP Remote Shell , used to execute non-interactive commands on a remote system ( Remote Shell , rsh , remsh ) Official", "514 UDP Syslog , used for system logging Official", "515 TCP Assigned Line Printer Daemon ( LPD ) , print service Official", "517 UDP Talk Official", "518 UDP NTalk Official", "520 TCP efs , extended file name server Official", "520 UDP Routing Information Protocol ( RIP ) Official", "521 UDP Routing Information Protocol Next Generation ( RIPng ) Official", "524 TCP UDP NetWare Core Protocol ( NCP ) is used for a variety things such as access to primary NetWare server resources , Time Synchronization , etc . Official", "525 UDP Timed , Timeserver Official", "530 TCP UDP Remote procedure call ( RPC ) Official", "531 TCP UDP AOL Instant Messenger Unofficial", "532 TCP Assigned netnews Official", "533 UDP netwall , For Emergency Broadcasts Official", "540 TCP Unix - to - Unix Copy Protocol ( UUCP ) Official", "542 TCP UDP commerce ( Commerce Applications ) Official", "543 TCP klogin , Kerberos login Official", "544 TCP kshell , Kerberos Remote shell Official", "546 TCP UDP DHCPv6 client Official", "547 TCP UDP DHCPv6 server Official", "548 TCP Assigned Apple Filing Protocol ( AFP ) over TCP Official", "550 TCP UDP new - rwho , new - who Official", "554 TCP UDP Real Time Streaming Protocol ( RTSP ) Official", "556 TCP Remotefs , RFS , rfs_server Official", "560 UDP rmonitor , Remote Monitor Official", "561 UDP monitor Official", "563 TCP UDP NNTP over TLS / SSL ( NNTPS ) Official", "564 TCP 9P ( Plan 9 ) Unofficial", "585 N / A N / A De-registered since April 2006 ( with recommendation to use port 993 instead ) Official", "585 TCP ? Legacy use of Internet Message Access Protocol over TLS / SSL ( IMAPS ) Unofficial", "587 TCP Assigned email message submission ( SMTP ) Official", "591 TCP FileMaker 6.0 ( and later ) Web Sharing ( HTTP Alternate , also see port 80 ) Official", "593 TCP UDP HTTP RPC Ep Map , Remote procedure call over Hypertext Transfer Protocol , often used by Distributed Component Object Model services and Microsoft Exchange Server Official", "601 TCP Reliable Syslog Service -- used for system logging Official", "604 TCP TUNNEL profile , a protocol for BEEP peers to form an application layer tunnel Official", "623 UDP ASF Remote Management and Control Protocol ( ASF - RMCP ) & IPMI Remote Management Protocol Official", "625 TCP Open Directory Proxy ( ODProxy ) Unofficial", "631 TCP UDP Internet Printing Protocol ( IPP ) Official", "631 TCP UDP Common Unix Printing System ( CUPS ) administration console ( extension to IPP ) Unofficial", "635 TCP UDP RLZ DBase Official", "636 TCP UDP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol over TLS / SSL ( LDAPS ) Official", "639 TCP UDP MSDP , Multicast Source Discovery Protocol Official", "641 TCP UDP SupportSoft Nexus Remote Command ( control / listening ) , a proxy gateway connecting remote control traffic Official", "643 TCP UDP SANity Official", "646 TCP UDP Label Distribution Protocol ( LDP ) , a routing protocol used in MPLS networks Official", "647 TCP DHCP Failover protocol Official", "648 TCP Registry Registrar Protocol ( RRP ) Official", "651 TCP UDP IEEE - MMS Official", "653 TCP UDP SupportSoft Nexus Remote Command ( data ) , a proxy gateway connecting remote control traffic Official", "654 TCP Media Management System ( MMS ) Media Management Protocol ( MMP ) Official", "655 TCP UDP Tinc VPN daemon Official", "657 TCP UDP IBM RMC ( Remote monitoring and Control ) protocol , used by System p5 AIX Integrated Virtualization Manager ( IVM ) and Hardware Management Console to connect managed logical partitions ( LPAR ) to enable dynamic partition reconfiguration Official", "660 TCP Assigned Mac OS X Server administration , version 10.4 and earlier Official", "666 TCP UDP Doom , first online first - person shooter Official", "666 TCP airserv - ng , aircrack - ng 's server for remote - controlling wireless devices Unofficial", "674 TCP Application Configuration Access Protocol ( ACAP ) Official", "688 TCP UDP REALM - RUSD ( ApplianceWare Server Appliance Management Protocol ) Official", "690 TCP UDP Velneo Application Transfer Protocol ( VATP ) Official", "691 TCP MS Exchange Routing Official", "694 TCP UDP Linux - HA high - availability heartbeat Official", "695 TCP IEEE Media Management System over SSL ( IEEE - MMS - SSL ) Official", "698 UDP Optimized Link State Routing ( OLSR ) Official", "700 TCP Extensible Provisioning Protocol ( EPP ) , a protocol for communication between domain name registries and registrars ( RFC 5734 ) Official", "701 TCP Link Management Protocol ( LMP ) , a protocol that runs between a pair of nodes and is used to manage traffic engineering ( TE ) links Official", "702 TCP IRIS ( Internet Registry Information Service ) over BEEP ( Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol ) ( RFC 3983 ) Official", "706 TCP Secure Internet Live Conferencing ( SILC ) Official", "711 TCP Cisco Tag Distribution Protocol -- being replaced by the MPLS Label Distribution Protocol Official", "712 TCP Topology Broadcast based on Reverse - Path Forwarding routing protocol ( TBRPF ; RFC 3684 ) Official", "749 TCP UDP Kerberos ( protocol ) administration Official", "750 UDP kerberos - iv , Kerberos version IV Official", "751 TCP UDP kerberos_master , Kerberos authentication Unofficial", "752 UDP passwd_server , Kerberos password ( kpasswd ) server Unofficial", "753 TCP Reverse Routing Header ( RRH ) Official", "753 UDP Reverse Routing Header ( RRH ) Official", "753 UDP userreg_server , Kerberos userreg server Unofficial", "754 TCP tell send Official", "754 TCP krb5_prop , Kerberos v5 slave propagation Unofficial", "754 UDP tell send Official", "760 TCP UDP krbupdate ( kreg ) , Kerberos registration Unofficial", "782 TCP Conserver serial - console management server Unofficial", "783 TCP SpamAssassin spamd daemon Unofficial", "800 TCP UDP mdbs - daemon Official", "808 TCP Microsoft Net. TCP Port Sharing Service Unofficial", "829 Yes Assigned Certificate Management Protocol Official", "830 TCP UDP NETCONF over SSH Official", "831 TCP UDP NETCONF over BEEP Official", "832 TCP UDP NETCONF for SOAP over HTTPS Official", "833 TCP UDP NETCONF for SOAP over BEEP Official", "843 TCP Adobe Flash Unofficial", "847 TCP DHCP Failover protocol Official", "848 TCP UDP Group Domain Of Interpretation ( GDOI ) protocol Official", "853 TCP UDP DNS over TLS ( RFC 7858 ) Official", "860 TCP iSCSI ( RFC 3720 ) Official", "861 TCP UDP OWAMP control ( RFC 4656 ) Official", "862 TCP UDP TWAMP control ( RFC 5357 ) Official", "873 TCP rsync file synchronization protocol Official", "888 TCP cddbp , CD DataBase ( CDDB ) protocol ( CDDBP ) Unofficial", "888 TCP IBM Endpoint Manager Remote Control Unofficial", "897 TCP UDP Brocade SMI - S RPC Unofficial", "898 TCP UDP Brocade SMI - S RPC SSL Unofficial", "902 TCP UDP VMware ESXi Unofficial", "903 TCP VMware ESXi Unofficial", "953 TCP BIND remote name daemon control ( RNDC ) Official", "954 -- 988 N / A N / A Unassigned Official", "981 TCP Remote HTTPS management for firewall devices running embedded Check Point VPN - 1 software Unofficial", "987 TCP Microsoft Remote Web Workplace , a feature of Windows Small Business Server Unofficial", "989 TCP UDP FTPS Protocol ( data ) , FTP over TLS / SSL Official", "990 TCP UDP FTPS Protocol ( control ) , FTP over TLS / SSL Official", "991 TCP UDP Netnews Administration System ( NAS ) Official", "992 TCP UDP Telnet protocol over TLS / SSL Official", "993 TCP Assigned Internet Message Access Protocol over TLS / SSL ( IMAPS ) Official", "994 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official", "994 TCP UDP Internet Relay Chat over TLS / SSL ( IRCS ) Unofficial", "995 TCP UDP Post Office Protocol 3 over TLS / SSL ( POP3S ) Official < / ref > Unofficial", "< / ref > Unofficial", "1010 TCP ThinLinc web - based administration interface Unofficial", "1023 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official", "This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The range of port numbers from 1024 to 49151 are the registered ports . They are assigned by IANA for specific service upon application by a requesting entity . On most systems , registered ports can be used without superuser privileges .", "Registered ports ( hide ) Port TCP UDP Description IANA status 1024 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official 1027 Reserved Reserved Official 1027 UDP Native IPv6 behind IPv4 - to - IPv4 NAT Customer Premises Equipment ( 6a44 ) Official 1028 Deprecated Official 1029 Microsoft DCOM services Official 1058 TCP UDP nim , IBM AIX Network Installation Manager ( NIM ) Official 1059 TCP UDP nimreg , IBM AIX Network Installation Manager ( NIM ) Official 1080 TCP UDP SOCKS proxy Official 1085 TCP UDP WebObjects Official 1098 TCP UDP rmiactivation , Java remote method invocation ( RMI ) activation Official 1099 TCP Assigned rmiregistry , Java remote method invocation ( RMI ) registry Official 1109 Reserved -- IANA Official 1109 TCP Kerberos Post Office Protocol ( KPOP ) Unofficial 1119 TCP UDP Battle.net chat / game protocol , used by Blizzard 's games Official 1167 TCP SCTP UDP Cisco IP SLA ( Service Assurance Agent ) Official 1194 TCP UDP OpenVPN Official 1198 TCP UDP The cajo project Free dynamic transparent distributed computing in Java Official 1214 TCP UDP Kazaa Official 1220 TCP Assigned QuickTime Streaming Server administration Official 1234 TCP UDP Infoseek search agent Official 1234 UDP VLC media player default port for UDP / RTP stream Unofficial 1241 TCP UDP Nessus Security Scanner Official 1270 TCP UDP Microsoft System Center Operations Manager ( SCOM ) ( formerly Microsoft Operations Manager ( MOM ) ) agent Official 1293 TCP UDP Internet Protocol Security ( IPSec ) Official 1311 TCP UDP Windows RxMon. exe Official 1311 TCP Dell OpenManage HTTPS Unofficial 1314 ? ? Festival Speech Synthesis System server Unofficial 1337 TCP neo4j - shell Unofficial 1337 TCP WASTE Encrypted File Sharing Program Unofficial 1341 TCP UDP Qubes ( Manufacturing Execution System ) Official 1344 TCP UDP Internet Content Adaptation Protocol Official 1352 TCP UDP IBM Lotus Notes / Domino ( RPC ) protocol Official 1360 TCP UDP Mimer SQL Official 1414 TCP UDP IBM WebSphere MQ ( formerly known as MQSeries ) Official 1417 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 1 Port Official 1418 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 2 Port Official 1419 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 3 Port Official 1420 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 4 Port Official 1431 TCP Reverse Gossip Transport Protocol ( RGTP ) , used to access a General - purpose Reverse - Ordered Gossip Gathering System ( GROGGS ) bulletin board , such as that implemented on the Cambridge University 's Phoenix system Official 1433 TCP UDP Microsoft SQL Server database management system ( MSSQL ) server Official 1434 TCP UDP Microsoft SQL Server database management system ( MSSQL ) monitor Official 1492 TCP Sid Meier 's CivNet , a multiplayer remake of the original Sid Meier 's Civilization game Unofficial 1494 TCP UDP Citrix Independent Computing Architecture ( ICA ) Unofficial 1500 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager server Unofficial 1501 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager client scheduler Unofficial 1503 TCP UDP Windows Live Messenger ( Whiteboard and Application Sharing ) Unofficial 1512 TCP UDP Microsoft 's Windows Internet Name Service ( WINS ) Official 1513 TCP UDP Garena game client Unofficial 1521 TCP UDP nCUBE License Manager Official 1521 TCP Oracle database default listener , in future releases official port 2483 ( TCP / IP ) and 2484 ( TCP / IP with SSL ) Unofficial 1524 TCP UDP ingreslock , ingres Official 1527 TCP UDP Oracle Net Services , formerly known as SQL * Net Official 1527 TCP Apache Derby Network Server Unofficial 1533 TCP UDP IBM Sametime Virtual Places Chat Official 1534 UDP Eclipse Target Communication Framework ( TCF ) agent discovery Unofficial 1547 TCP UDP Laplink Official 1550 TCP Gadu - Gadu ( direct client - to - client ) Unofficial 1581 TCP UDP MIL STD 2045 - 47001 VMF Official 1581 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager web client Unofficial 1582 -- 1583 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager server web interface Unofficial 1583 ? ? Pervasive PSQL Unofficial 1589 TCP UDP Cisco VLAN Query Protocol ( VQP ) Official 1604 TCP UDP DarkComet remote administration tool ( RAT ) Unofficial 1626 TCP iSketch Unofficial 1627 TCP iSketch Unofficial 1628 TCP UDP LonTalk normal Official 1629 TCP UDP LonTalk urgent Official 1645 UDP Early deployment of RADIUS before RFC standardization was done using UDP port number 1645 . Enabled for compatibility reasons by default on Cisco and Juniper Networks RADIUS servers . Official port is 1812 . TCP port 1645 must not be used . Unofficial 1646 UDP Old radacct port , RADIUS accounting protocol . Enabled for compatibility reasons by default on Cisco and Juniper Networks RADIUS servers . Official port is 1813 . TCP port 1646 must not be used . Unofficial 1666 TCP Perforce Unofficial 1677 TCP UDP Novell GroupWise clients in client / server access mode Official 1688 TCP Microsoft Key Management Service ( KMS ) for Windows Activation Unofficial 1701 TCP UDP Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol ( L2F ) Official 1701 Assigned UDP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) Official 1707 TCP UDP Windward Studios games ( vdmplay ) Official 1707 UDP L2TP / IPsec , for establish an initial connection Unofficial 1716 UDP America 's Army , a massively multiplayer online game ( MMO ) Unofficial 1719 TCP UDP H. 323 registration and alternate communication Official 1720 TCP UDP H. 323 call signaling Official 1723 TCP Assigned Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) Official 1755 TCP UDP Microsoft Media Services ( MMS , ms - streaming ) Official 1761 TCP UDP Novell ZENworks Unofficial 1783 Decomissioned ( sic ) Port 04 / 14 / 00 , ms Official 1801 TCP UDP Microsoft Message Queuing Official 1812 TCP UDP RADIUS authentication protocol , radius Official 1813 TCP UDP RADIUS accounting protocol , radius - acct Official 1863 TCP UDP Microsoft Notification Protocol ( MSNP ) , used by the Microsoft Messenger service and a number of instant messaging Messenger clients Official 1880 ? ? Node - RED Unofficial 1883 TCP UDP MQTT ( formerly MQ Telemetry Transport ) Official 1900 Assigned UDP Simple Service Discovery Protocol ( SSDP ) , discovery of UPnP devices Official 1935 TCP UDP Macromedia Flash Communications Server MX , the precursor to Adobe Flash Media Server before Macromedia 's acquisition by Adobe on December 3 , 2005 Official 1935 TCP UDP Real Time Messaging Protocol ( RTMP ) , primarily used in Adobe Flash Unofficial 1967 UDP Cisco IOS IP Service Level Agreements ( IP SLAs ) Control Protocol Unofficial 1970 TCP UDP Netop Remote Control Official 1972 TCP UDP InterSystems Caché Official 1984 TCP UDP Big Brother Official 1985 TCP UDP Cisco Hot Standby Router Protocol ( HSRP ) Official 1998 TCP UDP Cisco X. 25 over TCP ( XOT ) service Official 2000 TCP UDP Cisco Skinny Client Control Protocol ( SCCP ) Official ? ? Artemis : Spaceship Bridge Simulator Unofficial 2033 TCP UDP Civilization IV multiplayer Unofficial 2049 TCP SCTP UDP Network File System ( NFS ) Official 2056 TCP UDP Civilization IV multiplayer Unofficial 2080 TCP UDP Autodesk NLM ( FLEXlm ) Official 2082 TCP cPanel default Unofficial 2083 TCP UDP Secure RADIUS Service ( radsec ) Official 2083 TCP cPanel default SSL Unofficial 2086 TCP UDP GNUnet Official 2086 TCP WebHost Manager default Unofficial 2087 TCP WebHost Manager default SSL Unofficial 2095 TCP cPanel default web mail Official 2096 TCP cPanel default SSL web mail Unofficial 2100 TCP Warzone 2100 multiplayer Unofficial 2101 TCP Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol ( NTRIP ) Unofficial 2102 TCP UDP Zephyr Notification Service server Official 2103 TCP UDP Zephyr Notification Service serv - hm connection Official 2104 TCP UDP Zephyr Notification Service hostmanager Official 2123 TCP UDP GTP control messages ( GTP - C ) Official 2142 TCP UDP TDMoIP ( TDM over IP ) Official 2152 TCP UDP GTP user data messages ( GTP - U ) Official 2159 TCP UDP GDB remote debug port Official 2181 TCP UDP EForward - document transport system Official 2181 TCP Apache ZooKeeper default client port Unofficial 2195 TCP Apple Push Notification Service Unofficial 2196 TCP Apple Push Notification Service , feedback service Unofficial 2210 TCP UDP NOAAPORT Broadcast Network Official 2211 TCP UDP EMWIN Official 2221 TCP ESET anti-virus updates Unofficial 2222 TCP UDP EtherNet / IP implicit messaging for IO data Official 2222 ? ? DirectAdmin Access Unofficial 2222 -- 2226 TCP ESET Remote administrator Official 2261 TCP UDP CoMotion master Official 2262 TCP UDP CoMotion backup Official 2266 TCP UDP M - Files Official 2302 UDP ArmA multiplayer Unofficial UDP Halo : Combat Evolved multiplayer host Unofficial 2303 UDP ArmA multiplayer ( default port for game + 1 ) Unofficial UDP Halo : Combat Evolved multiplayer listener Unofficial 2305 UDP ArmA multiplayer ( default port for game + 3 ) Unofficial 2351 TCP AIM game LAN network port Unofficial 2368 TCP Ghost ( blogging platform ) Unofficial 2369 TCP Default for BMC Control - M / Server Configuration Agent Unofficial 2370 TCP Default for BMC Control - M / Server , to allow the Control - M / Enterprise Manager to connect to the Control - M / Server Unofficial 2375 TCP Reserved Docker REST API ( plain ) Official 2376 TCP Reserved Docker REST API ( SSL ) Official 2379 TCP Reserved CoreOS etcd client communication Official 2379 TCP KGS Go Server Unofficial 2380 TCP Reserved CoreOS etcd server communication Official 2399 TCP UDP FileMaker Data Access Layer ( ODBC / JDBC ) Official 2401 TCP UDP CVS version control system password - based server Official 2404 TCP UDP IEC 60870 - 5 - 104 , used to send electric power telecontrol messages between two systems via directly connected data circuits Official 2424 TCP OrientDB database listening for binary client connections Unofficial 2427 TCP UDP Media Gateway Control Protocol ( MGCP ) media gateway Official 2447 TCP UDP ovwdb -- OpenView Network Node Manager ( NNM ) daemon Official 2480 TCP OrientDB database listening for HTTP client connections Unofficial 2483 TCP UDP Oracle database listening for insecure client connections to the listener , replaces port 1521 Official 2484 TCP UDP Oracle database listening for SSL client connections to the listener Official 2535 TCP UDP Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol ( MADCAP ) . All standard messages are UDP datagrams . Official 2541 TCP UDP LonTalk / IP Official 2546 -- 2548 TCP UDP EVault data protection services Official 2593 TCP UDP Ultima Online servers Unofficial 2598 TCP Citrix Independent Computing Architecture ( ICA ) with Session Reliability ; port 1494 without session reliability Unofficial 2599 TCP UDP Ultima Online servers Unofficial 2638 TCP UDP SQL Anywhere database server Official 2710 TCP UDP XBT Tracker . UDP tracker extension is considered experimental . Unofficial 2727 TCP UDP Media Gateway Control Protocol ( MGCP ) media gateway controller ( call agent ) Official 2809 TCP UDP corbaloc : iiop URL , per the CORBA 3.0. 3 specification Official 2811 TCP UDP gsi ftp , per the GridFTP specification Official 2827 TCP I2P BOB Bridge Unofficial 2944 TCP UDP Megaco text H. 248 Official 2945 TCP UDP Megaco binary ( ASN. 1 ) H. 248 Official 2947 TCP UDP gpsd , GPS daemon Official 2948 TCP UDP WAP push Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS ) Official 2949 TCP UDP WAP push secure ( MMS ) Official 2967 TCP UDP Symantec System Center agent ( SSC - AGENT ) Official 3000 TCP Cloud9 IDE server Unofficial 3000 TCP Ruby on Rails development default Unofficial 3000 TCP Meteor development default Unofficial 3000 TCP UDP Resilio Sync , spun from BitTorrent Sync . Unofficial 3000 UDP Distributed Interactive Simulation ( DIS ) Unofficial 3004 TCP iSync Unofficial 3020 TCP UDP Common Internet File System ( CIFS ) . See also port 445 for Server Message Block ( SMB ) , a dialect of CIFS . Official 3050 TCP UDP gds - db ( Interbase / Firebird databases ) Official 3052 TCP UDP APC PowerChute Network Official 3074 TCP UDP Xbox LIVE and Games for Windows -- Live Official 3101 TCP BlackBerry Enterprise Server communication protocol Unofficial 3128 TCP ? Squid caching web proxy Unofficial 3225 TCP UDP Fibre Channel over IP ( FCIP ) Official 3233 TCP UDP WhiskerControl research control protocol Official 3260 TCP UDP iSCSI Official 3268 TCP UDP msft - gc , Microsoft Global Catalog ( LDAP service which contains data from Active Directory forests ) Official 3269 TCP UDP msft - gc - ssl , Microsoft Global Catalog over SSL ( similar to port 3268 , LDAP over SSL ) Official 3283 TCP UDP Net Assistant , a predecessor to Apple Remote Desktop Official 3283 TCP UDP Apple Remote Desktop 2.0 or later Unofficial 3290 UDP Virtual Air Traffic Simulation ( VATSIM ) network voice communication Unofficial 3305 TCP UDP Odette File Transfer Protocol ( OFTP ) Official 3306 TCP Assigned MySQL database system Official 3313 TCP Verisys file integrity monitoring software Unofficial 3316 TCP AzimuthVMS database port for the CCTV recording software AzimuthVMS Unofficial 3323 TCP UDP DECE GEODI Server Unofficial 3332 UDP Thundercloud DataPath Overlay Control Unofficial 3333 TCP Eggdrop , an IRC bot default port Unofficial 3333 TCP Network Caller ID server Unofficial 3333 TCP CruiseControl. rb Unofficial 3351 ? ? Pervasive PSQL Unofficial 3386 TCP UDP GTP ' 3GPP GSM / UMTS CDR logging protocol Official 3389 TCP UDP Microsoft Terminal Server ( RDP ) officially registered as Windows Based Terminal ( WBT ) Official 3396 TCP UDP Novell NDPS Printer Agent Official 3412 TCP UDP xmlBlaster Official 3455 TCP UDP Resource Reservation Protocol ( RSVP ) Official 3423 TCP Xware xTrm Communication Protocol Official 3424 TCP Xware xTrm Communication Protocol over SSL Official 3478 TCP UDP STUN , a protocol for NAT traversal Official 3478 TCP UDP TURN , a protocol for NAT traversal ( extension to STUN ) Official 3478 TCP UDP STUN Behavior Discovery . See also port 5349 . Official 3479 TCP UDP PlayStation Network Unofficial 3480 TCP UDP PlayStation Network Unofficial 3483 UDP Slim Devices discovery protocol Official 3483 TCP Slim Devices SlimProto protocol Official 3493 TCP UDP Network UPS Tools ( NUT ) Official 3516 TCP UDP Smartcard Port Official 3527 UDP Microsoft Message Queuing Official 3535 TCP SMTP alternate Unofficial 3544 UDP Teredo tunneling Official 3605 UDP ComCam IO Port Official 3606 TCP UDP Splitlock Server Official 3632 TCP Assigned Distcc , distributed compiler Official 3644 TCP Evidian , ssowatch Official 3645 TCP UDP Cyc Official 3659 TCP UDP Apple SASL , used by Mac OS X Server Password Server Official 3659 UDP Battlefield 4 Unofficial 3667 TCP UDP Information Exchange Official 3689 TCP Assigned Digital Audio Access Protocol ( DAAP ) , used by Apple 's iTunes and AirPlay Official 3690 TCP UDP Subversion ( SVN ) version control system Official 3702 TCP UDP Web Services Dynamic Discovery ( WS - Discovery ) , used by various components of Windows Vista and later Official 3724 TCP UDP Some Blizzard games Official 3724 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids Unofficial 3725 TCP UDP Netia NA - ER Port Official 3768 TCP UDP RBLcheckd server daemon Official 3784 UDP Bidirectional Forwarding Detection ( BFD ) for IPv4 and IPv6 ( Single Hop ) ( RFC 5881 ) Official 3785 UDP VoIP program used by Ventrilo Unofficial 3799 UDP RADIUS change of authorization Official 3804 TCP UDP Harman Professional HiQnet protocol Official 3825 TCP RedSeal Networks client / server connection Unofficial 3826 TCP UDP WarMUX game server Official 3826 TCP RedSeal Networks client / server connection Unofficial 3835 TCP RedSeal Networks client / server connection Unofficial 3830 TCP UDP System Management Agent , developed and used by Cerner to monitor and manage solutions Official 3856 TCP UDP ERP Server Application used by F10 Software Unofficial 3880 TCP UDP IGRS Official 3868 TCP SCTP Diameter base protocol ( RFC 3588 ) Official 3872 TCP Oracle Enterprise Manager Remote Agent Official 3900 TCP udt_os , IBM UniData UDT OS Official 3960 UDP Warframe online interaction Unofficial 3962 UDP Warframe online interaction Unofficial 3978 TCP UDP OpenTTD game ( masterserver and content service ) Unofficial 3979 TCP UDP OpenTTD game Unofficial 3999 TCP UDP Norman distributed scanning service Official 4000 TCP UDP Diablo II game Unofficial 4001 TCP Microsoft Ants game Unofficial 4001 TCP CoreOS etcd client communication Unofficial 4018 TCP UDP Protocol information and warnings Official 4035 TCP IBM Rational Developer for System z Remote System Explorer Daemon Unofficial 4045 TCP UDP Solaris lockd NFS lock daemon / manager Unofficial 4050 TCP Mud Master Chat protocol ( MMCP ) - Peer - to - peer communications between MUD clients . Unofficial 4069 UDP Minger Email Address Verification Protocol Official 4089 TCP UDP OpenCORE Remote Control Service Official 4090 TCP UDP Kerio Official 4093 TCP UDP PxPlus Client server interface ProvideX Official 4096 TCP UDP Ascom Timeplex Bridge Relay Element ( BRE ) Official 4105 TCP UDP Shofar ( ShofarNexus ) Official 4111 TCP Assigned Xgrid Official 4116 TCP UDP Smartcard - TLS Official 4117 TCP WatchGuard System Manager Unofficial 4125 TCP Microsoft Remote Web Workplace administration Unofficial 4172 TCP UDP Teradici PCoIP Official 4190 TCP ManageSieve Official 4198 TCP UDP Couch Potato Android app Unofficial 4201 TCP TinyMUD and various derivatives Unofficial 4222 TCP NATS server default port Unofficial 4226 TCP UDP Aleph One , a computer game Unofficial 4242 TCP Orthanc -- DICOM server Unofficial 4242 TCP Quassel distributed IRC client Unofficial 4243 TCP Docker implementations , redistributions , and setups default Unofficial 4243 TCP CrashPlan Unofficial 4244 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial 4303 TCP UDP Simple Railroad Command Protocol ( SRCP ) Official 4307 TCP TrueConf Client - TrueConf Server media data exchange Official 4321 TCP Referral Whois ( RWhois ) Protocol Official 4352 TCP PJLink , by JBMIA for controlling projectors via LAN connections Official 4444 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content : Content Server -- Intradoc Socket port . ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Unofficial 4444 ? ? Metasploit 's default listener port Unofficial 4444 TCP UDP Xvfb X server virtual frame buffer service Unofficial 4444 -- 4445 TCP I2P HTTP / S proxy Unofficial 4486 TCP UDP Integrated Client Message Service ( ICMS ) Official 4488 TCP Assigned Apple Wide Area Connectivity Service , used by Back to My Mac Official 4500 Assigned UDP IPSec NAT Traversal ( RFC 3947 , RFC 4306 ) Official 4502 -- 4534 TCP Microsoft Silverlight connectable ports under non-elevated trust Official 4505 -- 4506 TCP Salt master Unofficial 4534 UDP Armagetron Advanced server default Unofficial 4560 TCP default Log4j socketappender port Unofficial 4567 TCP Sinatra default server port in development mode ( HTTP ) Unofficial 4569 UDP Inter-Asterisk eXchange ( IAX2 ) Official 4604 TCP Identity Registration Protocol Official 4605 TCP Direct End to End Secure Chat Protocol Official 4610 -- 4640 TCP QualiSystems TestShell Suite Services Unofficial 4662 TCP UDP OrbitNet Message Service Official 4662 TCP Default for older versions of eMule Unofficial 4664 TCP Google Desktop Search Unofficial 4672 UDP Default for older versions of eMule Unofficial 4711 TCP eMule optional web interface Unofficial 4713 TCP PulseAudio sound server Unofficial 4728 TCP Computer Associates Desktop and Server Management ( DMP ) / Port Multiplexer Official 4730 TCP UDP Gearman 's job server Official 4739 TCP UDP IP Flow Information Export Official 4747 TCP Apprentice Unofficial 4750 TCP BladeLogic Agent Unofficial 4753 TCP UDP SIMON ( service and discovery ) Official 4789 UDP Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network ( VXLAN ) Official 4840 TCP UDP OPC UA TCP Protocol for OPC Unified Architecture from OPC Foundation Official 4843 TCP UDP OPC UA TCP Protocol over TLS / SSL for OPC Unified Architecture from OPC Foundation Official 4847 TCP UDP Web Fresh Communication , Quadrion Software & Odorless Entertainment Official 4848 TCP Java , Glassfish Application Server administration default Unofficial 4894 TCP UDP LysKOM Protocol A Official 4949 TCP Munin Resource Monitoring Tool Official 4950 TCP UDP Cylon Controls UC32 Communications Port Official 5000 TCP UPnP -- Windows network device interoperability Unofficial 5000 TCP UDP VTun , VPN Software Unofficial 5000 UDP FlightGear multiplayer Unofficial 5000 TCP Synology Inc . Management Console , File Station , Audio Station Unofficial 5000 TCP Flask Development Webserver Unofficial 5000 TCP Heroku console access Official 5000 TCP AT&T U-verse public , educational , and government access ( PEG ) streaming over HTTP Unofficial 5000 -- 5500 No Yes League of Legends , a multiplayer online battle arena video game Unofficial 5001 TCP Slingbox and Slingplayer Unofficial 5001 TCP UDP Iperf ( Tool for measuring TCP and UDP bandwidth performance ) Unofficial 5001 TCP Synology Inc . Secured Management Console , File Station , Audio Station Unofficial 5002 TCP ASSA ARX access control system Unofficial 5003 TCP Assigned FileMaker -- name binding and transport Official 5004 TCP DCCP UDP Real - time Transport Protocol media data ( RTP ) ( RFC 3551 , RFC 4571 ) Official 5005 TCP DCCP UDP Real - time Transport Protocol control protocol ( RTCP ) ( RFC 3551 , RFC 4571 ) Official 5010 TCP UDP Registered to : TelePath ( the IBM FlowMark workflow - management system messaging platform ) The TCP port is now used for : IBM WebSphere MQ Workflow Official 5011 TCP UDP TelePath ( the IBM FlowMark workflow - management system messaging platform ) Official 5031 TCP UDP AVM CAPI - over-TCP ( ISDN over Ethernet tunneling ) Unofficial 5037 TCP Android ADB server Unofficial 5048 TCP Texai Message Service Official 5050 TCP Yahoo ! Messenger Unofficial 5051 TCP ita - agent Symantec Intruder Alert Official 5060 TCP UDP Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) Official 5061 TCP Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) over TLS Official 5062 TCP UDP Localisation access Official 5064 Yes Yes EPICS Channel Access server Official 5065 Assigned Yes EPICS Channel Access repeater beacon Official 5070 Yes No Binary Floor Control Protocol ( BFCP ) Unofficial 5082 TCP UDP Qpur Communication Protocol Official 5083 TCP UDP Qpur File Protocol Official 5084 TCP UDP EPCglobal Low Level Reader Protocol ( LLRP ) Official 5085 TCP UDP EPCglobal Low Level Reader Protocol ( LLRP ) over TLS Official 5093 UDP SafeNet , Inc Sentinel LM , Sentinel RMS , License Manager , client - to - server Official 5099 TCP UDP SafeNet , Inc Sentinel LM , Sentinel RMS , License Manager , server - to - server Official 5104 TCP IBM Tivoli Framework NetCOOL / Impact HTTP Service Unofficial 5121 TCP Neverwinter Nights Unofficial 5124 TCP UDP TorgaNET ( Micronational Darknet ) Unofficial 5125 TCP UDP TorgaNET ( Micronational Intelligence Darknet ) Unofficial 5150 TCP UDP ATMP Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol Official 5151 TCP ESRI SDE Instance Official 5151 UDP ESRI SDE Remote Start Official 5154 TCP UDP BZFlag Official 5172 TCP PC over IP Endpoint Management Official 5190 TCP AOL Instant Messenger protocol Official 5198 UDP EchoLink VoIP Amateur Radio Software ( Voice ) Unofficial 5199 UDP EchoLink VoIP Amateur Radio Software ( Voice ) Unofficial 5200 TCP EchoLink VoIP Amateur Radio Software ( Information ) Unofficial 5201 TCP UDP Iperf3 ( Tool for measuring TCP and UDP bandwidth performance ) Unofficial 5222 TCP Reserved Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) client connection Official 5223 TCP Apple Push Notification Service Unofficial 5223 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) client connection over SSL Unofficial 5228 TCP HP Virtual Room Service Official 5228 TCP Google Play , Android Cloud to Device Messaging Service , Google Cloud Messaging Unofficial 5242 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial 5243 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial 5246 UDP Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points ( CAPWAP ) CAPWAP control Official 5247 UDP Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points ( CAPWAP ) CAPWAP data Official 5269 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) server - to - server connection Official 5280 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) Official 5281 TCP Undo License Manager Official 5281 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) Unofficial 5298 TCP UDP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) Official 5310 TCP UDP Outlaws ( 1997 video game ) . Both UDP and TCP are reserved , but only UDP is used Official 5349 Yes / No Yes / No STUN over TLS / DTLS , a protocol for NAT traversal Official 5349 Yes / No Yes / No TURN over TLS / DTLS , a protocol for NAT traversal Official 5349 TCP Reserved STUN Behavior Discovery over TLS . See also port 3478 . Official 5351 Reserved UDP NAT Port Mapping Protocol and Port Control Protocol -- client - requested configuration for connections through network address translators and firewalls Official 5353 Assigned UDP Multicast DNS ( mDNS ) Official 5355 TCP UDP Link - Local Multicast Name Resolution ( LLMNR ) , allows hosts to perform name resolution for hosts on the same local link ( only provided by Windows Vista and Server 2008 ) Official 5357 TCP UDP Web Services for Devices ( WSDAPI ) ( only provided by Windows Vista , Windows 7 and Server 2008 ) Unofficial 5358 TCP UDP WSDAPI Applications to Use a Secure Channel ( only provided by Windows Vista , Windows 7 and Server 2008 ) Unofficial 5394 UDP Kega Fusion , a Sega multi-console emulator Unofficial 5402 TCP UDP Multicast File Transfer Protocol ( MFTP ) Official 5405 TCP UDP NetSupport Manager Official 5412 TCP UDP IBM Rational Synergy ( Telelogic Synergy ) ( Continuus CM ) Message Router Official 5413 TCP UDP Wonderware SuiteLink service Official 5417 TCP UDP SNS Agent Official 5421 TCP UDP NetSupport Manager Official 5432 TCP Assigned PostgreSQL database system Official 5433 TCP Bouwsoft file / webserver Unofficial 5445 UDP Cisco Unified Video Advantage Unofficial 5480 TCP VMware VAMI ( Virtual Appliance Management Infrastructure ) -- used for initial setup of various administration settings on Virtual Appliances designed using the VAMI architecture . Unofficial 5481 TCP Schneider Electric 's ClearSCADA ( SCADA implementation for Windows ) -- used for client - to - server communication . Unofficial 5495 TCP IBM Cognos TM1 Admin server Unofficial 5498 TCP Hotline tracker server connection Unofficial 5499 UDP Hotline tracker server discovery Unofficial 5500 TCP Hotline control connection Unofficial 5500 TCP VNC Remote Frame Buffer RFB protocol -- for incoming listening viewer Unofficial 5501 TCP Hotline file transfer connection Unofficial 5517 TCP Setiqueue Proxy server client for SETI@Home project Unofficial 5550 TCP Hewlett - Packard Data Protector Unofficial 5554 TCP UDP Fastboot default wireless port Unofficial 5555 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content : Inbound Refinery -- Intradoc Socket port . ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 5555 TCP Freeciv versions up to 2.0 , Hewlett - Packard Data Protector , McAfee EndPoint Encryption Database Server , SAP , Default for Microsoft Dynamics CRM 4.0 , Softether VPN default port Unofficial 5556 TCP UDP Freeciv , Oracle WebLogic Server Node Manager Official 5568 TCP UDP Session Data Transport ( SDT ) , a part of Architecture for Control Networks ( ACN ) Official 5631 TCP pcANYWHEREdata , Symantec pcAnywhere ( version 7.52 and later ) data Official 5632 UDP pcANYWHEREstat , Symantec pcAnywhere ( version 7.52 and later ) status Official 5656 TCP IBM Lotus Sametime p2p file transfer Unofficial 5666 TCP NRPE ( Nagios ) Unofficial 5667 TCP NSCA ( Nagios ) Unofficial 5670 TCP FILEMQ ZeroMQ File Message Queuing Protocol Official 5670 UDP ZRE - DISC ZeroMQ Realtime Exchange Protocol ( Discovery ) Official 5672 TCP AMQP Official 5678 UDP Mikrotik RouterOS Neighbor Discovery Protocol ( MNDP ) Unofficial 5683 UDP Constrained Application Protocol ( CoAP ) Official 5701 TCP Hazelcast default communication port Unofficial 5722 TCP UDP Microsoft RPC , DFSR ( SYSVOL ) Replication Service Official 5718 TCP Microsoft DPM Data Channel ( with the agent coordinator ) Unofficial 5719 TCP Microsoft DPM Data Channel ( with the protection agent ) Unofficial 5723 TCP System Center Operations Manager Unofficial 5724 TCP Operations Manager Console Unofficial 5741 TCP UDP IDA Discover Port 1 Official 5742 TCP UDP IDA Discover Port 2 Official 5800 TCP VNC Remote Frame Buffer RFB protocol over HTTP Unofficial 5800 TCP ProjectWise Server Unofficial 5900 TCP UDP Remote Frame Buffer protocol ( RFB ) Official 5900 TCP Virtual Network Computing ( VNC ) Remote Frame Buffer RFB protocol Unofficial 5931 TCP UDP AMMYY admin Remote Control Official 5938 TCP UDP TeamViewer remote desktop protocol Unofficial 5984 TCP UDP CouchDB database server Official 5985 TCP Windows PowerShell Default psSession Port Official 5986 TCP Windows PowerShell Default psSession Port Official 5988 -- 5989 TCP CIM - XML ( DMTF Protocol ) Official 6000 - 6063 TCP UDP X11 -- used between an X client and server over the network Official 6005 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Server -- Socket used for communication between Control - M processes -- though often changed during installation Unofficial 6005 TCP Default for Camfrog chat & cam client Unofficial 6009 TCP JD Edwards EnterpriseOne ERP system JDENet messaging client listener Unofficial 6050 TCP Arcserve backup Unofficial 6051 TCP Arcserve backup Unofficial 6086 TCP Peer Distributed Transfer Protocol ( PDTP ) , FTP like file server in a P2P network Official 6100 TCP Vizrt System Unofficial 6100 TCP Ventrilo authentication for version 3 Unofficial 6101 TCP Backup Exec Agent Browser Unofficial 6110 TCP UDP softcm , HP Softbench CM Official 6111 TCP UDP spc , HP Softbench Sub-Process Control Official 6112 TCP UDP dtspcd , execute commands and launch applications remotely Official 6112 TCP UDP Blizzard 's Battle.net gaming service and some games , ArenaNet gaming service , Relic gaming service Unofficial 6112 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids Unofficial 6113 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids , Used by some Blizzard games Unofficial 6136 TCP ObjectDB database server Unofficial 6159 TCP ARINC 840 EFB Application Control Interface Official 6200 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Content Server ( With Native UI ) and Inbound Refinery Unofficial 6201 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Admin Unofficial 6225 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Content Server Web UI Unofficial 6227 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : JavaDB Unofficial 6240 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Capture Unofficial 6244 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Content Server -- Intradoc Socket port Unofficial 6255 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Inbound Refinery -- Intradoc Socket port Unofficial 6257 UDP WinMX ( see also 6699 ) Unofficial 6260 TCP UDP planet M.U.L.E. Unofficial 6262 TCP Sybase Advantage Database Server Unofficial 6343 UDP SFlow , sFlow traffic monitoring Official 6346 TCP UDP gnutella - svc , gnutella ( FrostWire , Limewire , Shareaza , etc . ) Official 6347 TCP UDP gnutella - rtr , Gnutella alternate Official 6350 TCP UDP App Discovery and Access Protocol Official 6379 TCP Redis key - value data store Official 6389 TCP EMC CLARiiON Unofficial 6432 TCP PgBouncer -- A connection pooler for PostgreSQL Official 6436 TCP Leap Motion Websocket Server TLS Unofficial 6437 TCP Leap Motion Websocket Server Unofficial 6444 TCP UDP Sun Grid Engine Qmaster Service Official 6445 TCP UDP Sun Grid Engine Execution Service Official 6502 TCP UDP Netop Remote Control Unofficial 6513 TCP NETCONF over TLS Official 6514 TCP Syslog over TLS Official 6515 TCP UDP Elipse RPC Protocol ( REC ) Official 6522 TCP Gobby ( and other libobby - based software ) Unofficial 6523 TCP Gobby 0.5 ( and other libinfinity - based software ) Unofficial 6543 TCP Pylons project # Pyramid Default Pylons Pyramid web service port Unofficial 6556 TCP Check MK Agent Unofficial 6566 TCP SANE ( Scanner Access Now Easy ) -- SANE network scanner daemon Official 6560 -- 6561 TCP Speech - Dispatcher daemon Unofficial 6571 Windows Live FolderShare client Unofficial 6600 TCP Microsoft Hyper - V Live Official 6600 TCP Music Player Daemon ( MPD ) Unofficial 6601 TCP Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway Official 6602 TCP Microsoft Windows WSS Communication Official 6619 TCP UDP odette - ftps , Odette File Transfer Protocol ( OFTP ) over TLS / SSL Official 6622 TCP UDP Multicast FTP Official 6653 TCP Assigned OpenFlow Official 6660 -- 6664 TCP Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Unofficial 6665 -- 6669 TCP Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Official 6679 TCP UDP Osorno Automation Protocol ( OSAUT ) Official 6679 TCP IRC SSL ( Secure Internet Relay Chat ) -- often used Unofficial 6690 TCP Synology Cloud station Unofficial 6697 TCP IRC SSL ( Secure Internet Relay Chat ) -- often used Official 6699 TCP WinMX ( see also 6257 ) Unofficial 6715 TCP AberMUD and derivatives default port Unofficial 6783 -- 6785 TCP Splashtop Remote server broadcast Unofficial 6789 TCP Campbell Scientific Loggernet Software Unofficial 6789 TCP Bucky 's Instant Messaging Program Unofficial 6869 TCP Derandom default server Unofficial 6881 -- 6887 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6888 TCP UDP MUSE Official 6888 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6889 -- 6890 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6891 -- 6900 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6891 -- 6900 TCP UDP Windows Live Messenger ( File transfer ) Unofficial 6901 TCP UDP Windows Live Messenger ( Voice ) Unofficial 6901 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6902 -- 6968 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6969 TCP UDP acmsoda Official 6969 TCP BitTorrent tracker Unofficial 6970 -- 6999 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial 6970 -- 9999 UDP QuickTime Streaming Server Unofficial 7000 TCP Default for Vuze 's built in HTTPS Bittorrent Tracker Unofficial 7000 TCP Avira Server Management Console Unofficial 7001 TCP Avira Server Management Console Unofficial 7001 TCP Default for BEA WebLogic Server 's HTTP server , though often changed during installation Unofficial 7002 TCP Default for BEA WebLogic Server 's HTTPS server , though often changed during installation Unofficial 7005 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Server and Control - M / Agent for Agent - to - Server , though often changed during installation Unofficial 7006 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Server and Control - M / Agent for Server - to - Agent , though often changed during installation Unofficial 7010 TCP Default for Cisco AON AMC ( AON Management Console ) Unofficial 7022 TCP Database mirroring endpoints Unofficial 7023 UDP Bryan Wilcutt T2 - NMCS Protocol for SatCom Modems Official 7025 TCP Zimbra LMTP ( mailbox ) -- local mail delivery Unofficial 7047 TCP Zimbra conversion server Unofficial 7070 Yes Maybe Real Time Streaming Protocol ( RTSP ) , used by QuickTime Streaming Server . TCP is used by default , UDP is used as an alternate . Unofficial 7133 TCP Enemy Territory : Quake Wars Unofficial 7144 TCP Peercast Unofficial 7145 TCP Peercast Unofficial 7171 TCP Tibia Unofficial 7262 TCP UDP CNAP ( Calypso Network Access Protocol ) Official 7272 TCP UDP WatchMe - WatchMe Monitoring Official 7306 TCP Zimbra mysql ( mailbox ) Unofficial 7307 TCP Zimbra mysql ( logger ) Unofficial 7312 UDP Sibelius License Server Unofficial 7396 TCP Web control interface for Folding@home v7. 3.6 and later Unofficial 7400 TCP UDP RTPS ( Real Time Publish Subscribe ) DDS Discovery Official 7401 TCP UDP RTPS ( Real Time Publish Subscribe ) DDS User - Traffic Official 7402 TCP UDP RTPS ( Real Time Publish Subscribe ) DDS Meta - Traffic Official 7471 TCP Stateless Transport Tunneling ( STT ) Unofficial 7473 TCP Rise : The Vieneo Province Official 7474 TCP Neo4J Server webadmin Official 7478 TCP Default port used by Open iT Server . Official 7542 TCP UDP Saratoga file transfer protocol Official 7547 TCP UDP CPE WAN Management Protocol ( CWMP ) Technical Report 069 Official 7575 UDP Populous : The Beginning server Unofficial 7624 TCP UDP Instrument Neutral Distributed Interface Official 7631 TCP ERLPhase Official 7634 TCP hddtemp -- Utility to monitor hard drive temperature Unofficial 7652 -- 7654 TCP I2P anonymizing overlay network Unofficial 7655 UDP I2P SAM Bridge Socket API Unofficial 7656 -- 7660 TCP I2P anonymizing overlay network Unofficial 7670 TCP BrettspielWelt BSW Boardgame Portal Unofficial 7687 TCP Bolt database connection Official 7707 -- 7708 UDP Killing Floor Unofficial 7717 UDP Killing Floor Unofficial 7777 TCP iChat server file transfer proxy Unofficial 7777 TCP Oracle Cluster File System 2 Unofficial 7777 TCP Windows backdoor program tini. exe default Unofficial 7777 TCP Just Cause 2 : Multiplayer Mod Server Unofficial 7777 TCP Terraria default server Unofficial 7777 UDP San Andreas Multiplayer ( SA - MP ) default port server Unofficial 7777 -- 7788 TCP UDP Unreal Tournament series default server Unofficial 7831 TCP Default used by Smartlaunch Internet Cafe Administration software Unofficial 7880 TCP UDP PowerSchool Gradebook Server Unofficial 7890 TCP Default that will be used by the iControl Internet Cafe Suite Administration software Unofficial 7915 TCP Default for YSFlight server Unofficial 7935 TCP Fixed port used for Adobe Flash Debug Player to communicate with a debugger ( Flash IDE , Flex Builder or fdb ) . Unofficial 7990 TCP Atlassian Bitbucket ( default port ) Unofficial 8000 TCP Commonly used for Internet radio streams such as SHOUTcast , Icecast and iTunes Radio Unofficial 8000 ? ? DynamoDB Local Unofficial 8000 ? ? Django Development Webserver Unofficial 8005 TCP Tomcat remote shutdown Unofficial 8006 TCP Quest AppAssure 5 API Unofficial 8007 TCP Quest AppAssure 5 Engine Unofficial 8008 TCP UDP Alternative port for HTTP . See also ports 80 and 8080 . Official 8008 TCP IBM HTTP Server administration default Unofficial 8008 TCP iCal , a calendar application by Apple Unofficial 8009 TCP Apache JServ Protocol ( ajp13 ) Unofficial 8042 ? ? Orthanc -- REST API over HTTP Unofficial 8069 TCP OpenERP 5.0 XML - RPC protocol Unofficial 8070 TCP OpenERP 5.0 NET - RPC protocol Unofficial 8074 TCP UDP Gadu - Gadu Official 8075 TCP Killing Floor web administration interface Unofficial 8080 TCP UDP Alternative port for HTTP . See also ports 80 and 8008 . Official 8080 TCP Apache Tomcat Unofficial 8080 TCP Atlassian JIRA applications Unofficial 8088 TCP Asterisk management access via HTTP Unofficial 8089 Yes No Splunk daemon management Unofficial 8089 TCP Fritz ! Box automatic TR - 069 configuration Unofficial 8090 ? ? Atlassian Confluence Unofficial 8090 TCP Coral Content Distribution Network ( legacy ; 80 and 8080 now supported ) Unofficial 8091 ? ? CouchBase web administration Unofficial 8092 ? ? CouchBase API Unofficial 8111 TCP JOSM Remote Control Unofficial 8112 TCP PAC Pacifica Coin Unofficial 8116 UDP Check Point Cluster Control Protocol Unofficial 8118 TCP Privoxy -- advertisement - filtering Web proxy Official 8123 TCP Polipo Web proxy Official 8139 TCP Puppet ( software ) Client agent Unofficial 8140 TCP Puppet ( software ) Master server Official 8172 TCP Microsoft Remote Administration for IIS Manager Unofficial 8184 TCP NCSA Brown Dog Data Access Proxy Unofficial 8194 TCP Bloomberg Application Official 8195 TCP Bloomberg Application Unofficial 8200 TCP GoToMyPC Unofficial 8200 TCP MiniDLNA media server Web Interface 8222 ? ? VMware VI Web Access via HTTP Unofficial 8243 TCP UDP HTTPS listener for Apache Synapse Official 8245 TCP Dynamic DNS for at least No - IP and DyDNS Unofficial 8280 TCP UDP HTTP listener for Apache Synapse Official 8281 TCP HTTP Listener for Gatecraft Plugin Unofficial 8291 TCP Winbox -- Default on a MikroTik RouterOS for a Windows application used to administer MikroTik RouterOS Unofficial 8303 UDP Teeworlds Server Unofficial 8332 TCP Bitcoin JSON - RPC server Unofficial 8333 TCP Bitcoin Unofficial 8333 ? ? VMware VI Web Access via HTTPS Unofficial 8337 TCP VisualSVN Distributed File System Service ( VDFS ) Unofficial 8384 TCP Syncthing web GUI Unofficial 8388 TCP Shadowsocks proxy server Unofficial 8443 TCP SW Soft Plesk Control Panel Unofficial 8443 TCP Apache Tomcat SSL Unofficial 8443 TCP Promise WebPAM SSL Unofficial 8443 TCP iCal over SSL Unofficial 8444 TCP Bitmessage Unofficial 8484 TCP MapleStory Login Server Unofficial 8500 TCP Adobe ColdFusion built - in web server Unofficial 8530 ? ? Windows Server Update Services over HTTP Unofficial 8531 ? ? Windows Server Update Services over HTTPS Unofficial 8580 ? ? Freegate , an Internet anonymizer and proxy tool Unofficial 8629 TCP Tibero database Unofficial 8642 TCP Lotus Notes Traveler auto synchronization for Windows Mobile and Nokia devices Unofficial 8691 TCP Ultra Fractal , a fractal generation and rendering software application -- distributed calculations over networked computers Unofficial 8767 UDP Voice channel of TeamSpeak 2 , a proprietary Voice over IP protocol targeted at gamers Unofficial 8834 ? ? Nessus , a vulnerability scanner -- remote XML - RPC web server Unofficial 8840 ? ? Opera Unite , an extensible framework for web applications Unofficial 8880 TCP Alternate port of CDDB ( Compact Disc Database ) protocol , used to look up audio CD ( compact disc ) information over the Internet . See also port 888 . Official 8880 ? ? IBM WebSphere Application Server SOAP connector Unofficial 8883 TCP UDP Secure MQTT ( MQTT over TLS ) Official 8887 ? ? HyperVM over HTTP Unofficial 8888 ? ? HyperVM over HTTPS Unofficial 8888 ? UDP Freenet web UI ( localhost only ) Unofficial 8888 ? ? Default for IPython / Jupyter notebook dashboards Unofficial 8888 ? ? MAMP web server Unofficial 8889 ? ? MAMP MySQL database server Unofficial 8983 ? ? Apache Solr Unofficial 8997 ? ? Alternate port for I2P Monotone Proxy Unofficial 8998 ? ? I2P Monotone Proxy Unofficial 8999 ? ? Alternate port for I2P Monotone Proxy Unofficial 9000 TCP SonarQube Web Server Unofficial 9000 TCP DBGp Unofficial 9000 TCP SqueezeCenter web server & streaming Unofficial 9000 UDP UDPCast Unofficial 9000 TCP Play ! Framework web server Unofficial 9000 TCP Hadoop NameNode default port Unofficial 9000 TCP PHP - FPM default port Unofficial 9000 TCP QBittorrent 's embedded torrent tracker default port Unofficial 9001 TCP UDP ETL Service Manager Official 9001 Microsoft SharePoint authoring environment Unofficial 9001 cisco - xremote router configuration Unofficial 9001 Tor network default Unofficial 9001 TCP DBGp Proxy Unofficial 9001 TCP HSQLDB default port Unofficial 9002 Newforma Server comms Unofficial 9006 De-Commissioned Port Official 9006 TCP Tomcat in standalone mode Unofficial 9030 TCP Tor often used Unofficial 9042 TCP Apache Cassandra native protocol clients Unofficial 9043 TCP WebSphere Application Server Administration Console secure Unofficial 9050 -- 9051 TCP Tor Unofficial 9060 TCP WebSphere Application Server Administration Console Unofficial 9080 TCP UDP glrpc , Groove Collaboration software GLRPC Official 9080 TCP WebSphere Application Server HTTP Transport ( port 1 ) default Unofficial 9080 TCP Remote Potato by FatAttitude , Windows Media Center addon Unofficial 9080 TCP ServerWMC , Windows Media Center addon Unofficial 9090 TCP Openfire Administration Console Unofficial 9090 TCP SqueezeCenter control ( CLI ) Unofficial 9090 TCP Cherokee Admin Panel Unofficial 9091 TCP Openfire Administration Console ( SSL Secured ) Unofficial 9091 TCP Transmission ( BitTorrent client ) Web Interface Unofficial 9092 TCP H2 ( DBMS ) Database Server Unofficial 9092 TCP Apache Kafka A Distributed Streaming Platform Unofficial 9100 TCP Assigned PDL Data Stream , used for printing to certain network printers Official 9101 TCP UDP Bacula Director Official 9102 TCP UDP Bacula File Daemon Official 9103 TCP UDP Bacula Storage Daemon Official 9119 TCP UDP MXit Instant Messenger Official 9150 TCP Tor Unofficial 9191 TCP Sierra Wireless Airlink Unofficial 9199 TCP Avtex LLC -- qStats Unofficial 9200 TCP Elasticsearch -- default Elasticsearch port Unofficial 9217 TCP iPass Platform Service Unofficial 9293 TCP Sony PlayStation RemotePlay Unofficial 9300 TCP IBM Cognos BI Unofficial 9303 UDP D - Link Shareport Share storage and MFP printers Unofficial 9306 TCP Sphinx Native API Official 9309 TCP UDP Sony PlayStation Vita Host Collaboration WiFi Data Transfer Unofficial 9312 TCP Sphinx SphinxQL Official 9332 TCP Litecoin JSON - RPC server Unofficial 9333 TCP Litecoin Unofficial 9339 TCP Clash of Clans , a mobile freemium strategy video game Unofficial 9389 TCP UDP adws , Microsoft AD DS Web Services , Powershell uses this port Official 9418 TCP UDP git , Git pack transfer service Official 9419 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- master control port Unofficial 9420 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- master command port Unofficial 9421 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- master client port Unofficial 9422 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- Chunkservers Unofficial 9425 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- CGI server Unofficial 9443 TCP VMware Websense Triton console ( HTTPS port used for accessing and administrating a vCenter Server via the Web Management Interface ) Unofficial 9443 TCP NCSA Brown Dog Data Tilling Service Unofficial 9535 TCP UDP mngsuite , LANDesk Management Suite Remote Control Official 9536 TCP UDP laes - bf , IP Fabrics Surveillance buffering function Official 9600 No Yes Factory Interface Network Service ( FINS ) , a network protocol used by Omron programmable logic controllers Unofficial 9675 TCP UDP Spiceworks Desktop , IT Helpdesk Software Unofficial 9676 TCP UDP Spiceworks Desktop , IT Helpdesk Software Unofficial 9695 Assigned UDP Content centric networking ( CCN , CCNx ) Official 9785 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial 9800 TCP UDP WebDAV Source Official 9800 WebCT e-learning portal Unofficial 9875 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids Unofficial 9898 TCP Tripwire -- File Integrity Monitoring Software Unofficial 9899 UDP SCTP tunneling ( port number used in SCTP packets encapsulated in UDP , RFC 6951 ) Official 9981 TCP TVHeadend HTTP server ( web interface ) Unofficial 9982 TCP TVHeadend HTSP server ( Streaming protocol ) Unofficial 9987 UDP TeamSpeak 3 server default ( voice ) port ( for the conflicting service see the IANA list ) Unofficial 9993 UDP ZeroTier Default port for ZeroTier Unofficial 9997 TCP Splunk port for communication between the forwarders and indexers Unofficial 9999 Urchin Web Analytics Unofficial 10000 TCP UDP Network Data Management Protocol Official 10000 BackupExec Unofficial 10000 Webmin , Web - based Unix / Linux system administration tool ( default port ) Unofficial 10000 -- 20000 No Yes Used on VoIP networks for receiving and transmitting voice telephony traffic which includes Google Voice via the OBiTalk ATA devices as well as on the MagicJack and Vonage ATA network devices . Unofficial 10001 UDP Ubiquiti UniFi access points broadcast to 255.255. 255.255 : 10001 ( UDP ) to locate the controller ( s ) Unofficial 10009 TCP UDP CrossFire , a multiplayer online First Person Shooter Unofficial 10010 TCP Open Object Rexx ( ooRexx ) rxapi daemon Official 10024 TCP Zimbra smtp ( mta ) -- to amavis from postfix Unofficial 10025 TCP Zimbra smtp ( mta ) -- back to postfix from amavis Unofficial 10042 TCP Mathoid server Unofficial 10050 TCP UDP Zabbix agent Official 10051 TCP UDP Zabbix trapper Official 10080 TCP Touhou fight games ( Immaterial and Missing Power , Scarlet Weather Rhapsody , Hisoutensoku , Hopeless Masquerade and Urban Legend in Limbo ) Unofficial 10110 TCP UDP NMEA 0183 Navigational Data . Transport of NMEA 0183 sentences over TCP or UDP Official 10172 TCP Intuit Quickbooks client Unofficial 10200 TCP FRISK Software International 's fpscand virus scanning daemon for Unix platforms Unofficial 10200 TCP FRISK Software International 's f - protd virus scanning daemon for Unix platforms Unofficial 10201 -- 10204 TCP FRISK Software International 's f - protd virus scanning daemon for Unix platforms Unofficial 10212 TCP GE Intelligent Platforms Proficy HMI / SCADA -- CIMPLICITY WebView Official 10308 ? ? Lock On : Modern Air Combat Unofficial 10480 ? ? SWAT 4 Dedicated Server Unofficial 10505 UDP BlueStacks ( android simulator ) broadcast Unofficial 10514 TCP UDP TLS - enabled Rsyslog ( default by convention ) Unofficial 10823 UDP Farming Simulator 2011 Unofficial 10891 TCP Jungle Disk ( this port is opened by the Jungle Disk Monitor service on the localhost ) Unofficial 10933 TCP Listen port used by the Octopus Deploy Tentacle deployment agent Official 11001 TCP UDP metasys ( Johnson Controls Metasys java AC control environment ) Official 11111 TCP RiCcI , Remote Configuration Interface ( Redhat Linux ) Unofficial 11112 TCP UDP ACR / NEMA Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine ( DICOM ) Official 11211 TCP UDP memcached Unofficial 11214 TCP UDP memcached incoming SSL proxy Unofficial 11215 TCP UDP memcached internal outgoing SSL proxy Unofficial 11235 Savage : Battle for Newerth Unofficial 11311 TCP UDP Robot Operating System master Unofficial 11371 TCP UDP OpenPGP HTTP key server Official 11753 TCP OpenRCT2 multiplayer Unofficial 12012 UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , Korea Server -- Status / Version Check Unofficial 12013 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , Korea Server Unofficial 12035 UDP Second Life , used for server UDP in - bound Unofficial 12043 TCP Second Life , used for LSL HTTPS in - bound Unofficial 12046 TCP Second Life , used for LSL HTTP in - bound Unofficial 12201 Yes Yes Graylog Extended Log Format ( GELF ) Unofficial 12222 UDP Light Weight Access Point Protocol ( LWAPP ) LWAPP data ( RFC 5412 ) Official 12223 UDP Light Weight Access Point Protocol ( LWAPP ) LWAPP control ( RFC 5412 ) Official 12345 TCP UDP Cube World Unofficial 12345 TCP Little Fighter 2 Unofficial 12345 NetBus remote administration tool ( often Trojan horse ) . Unofficial 12443 TCP IBM HMC web browser management access over HTTPS instead of default port 443 Unofficial 12489 TCP NSClient / NSClient++ / NC_Net ( Nagios ) Unofficial 12975 TCP LogMeIn Hamachi ( VPN tunnel software ; also port 32976 ) -- used to connect to Mediation Server ( bibi.hamachi.cc ) ; will attempt to use SSL ( TCP port 443 ) if both 12975 & 32976 fail to connect Unofficial 13000 -- 13050 UDP Second Life , used for server UDP in - bound Unofficial 13008 TCP UDP CrossFire , a multiplayer online First Person Shooter Unofficial 13075 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Enterprise Manager Corba communication , though often changed during installation Official 13720 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup -- bprd ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13721 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup -- bpdbm ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13724 TCP UDP Symantec Network Utility -- vnetd ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13782 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup -- bpcd ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13783 TCP UDP Symantec VOPIED protocol ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13785 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup Database -- nbdb ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 13786 TCP UDP Symantec nomdb ( formerly VERITAS ) Official 14550 UDP MAVLink Unofficial 14567 UDP Battlefield 1942 and mods Unofficial 15000 TCP psyBNC Unofficial 15000 TCP Wesnoth Unofficial 15000 TCP Kaspersky Network Agent Unofficial 15441 ? ? ZeroNet fileserver Unofficial 15567 UDP Battlefield Vietnam and mods Unofficial 15345 TCP UDP XPilot Contact Official 15672 Yes No RabbitMQ management plugin Unofficial 16000 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Imaging ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16000 TCP shroudBNC Unofficial 16080 TCP Mac OS X Server Web ( HTTP ) service with performance cache Unofficial 16200 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Content Server ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16225 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Content Server Web UI. Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16250 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Inbound Refinery ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16261 TCP UDP Project Zomboid multiplayer . Additional sequential ports used for each player connecting to server . Unofficial 16300 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Records Management ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Records Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16384 UDP CISCO Default RTP MIN Unofficial 16384 - 16387 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's iChat for audio and video Unofficial 16384 - 16387 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's FaceTime and Game Center Unofficial 16393 - 16402 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's FaceTime and Game Center Unofficial 16403 - 16472 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's Game Center Unofficial 16400 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Capture ( formerly known as Oracle Document Capture ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial 16482 CISCO Default RTP MAX Official 16567 UDP Battlefield 2 and mods Unofficial 17011 TCP Worms multiplayer Unofficial 17500 TCP UDP Dropbox LanSync Protocol ( db - lsp ) ; used to synchronize file catalogs between Dropbox clients on a local network . Official 18091 TCP UDP memcached Internal REST HTTPS for SSL Unofficial 18092 TCP UDP memcached Internal CAPI HTTPS for SSL Unofficial 18104 TCP RAD PDF Service Official 18200 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft Thailand Server status / version check Unofficial 18201 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft Thailand Server Unofficial 18206 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft Thailand Server FAM database Unofficial 18300 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft SEA Server status / version check Unofficial 18301 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft SEA Server Unofficial 18306 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft SEA Server FAM database Unofficial 18333 TCP Bitcoin testnet Unofficial 18400 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , KAIZEN Brazil Server status / version check Unofficial 18401 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , KAIZEN Brazil Server Unofficial 18505 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle R4p3 Server , Nexon Server status / version check Unofficial 18506 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , Nexon Server Unofficial 18605 TCP UDP X-BEAT status / version check Unofficial 18606 TCP UDP X-BEAT Unofficial 19000 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , G10 / alaplaya Server status / version check Unofficial 19000 UDP JACK sound server Unofficial 19001 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , G10 / alaplaya Server Unofficial 19132 UDP Minecraft : Pocket Edition multiplayer server Unofficial 19150 TCP UDP Gkrellm Server Unofficial 19226 TCP Panda Software AdminSecure Communication Agent Unofficial 19283 TCP UDP K2 -- KeyAuditor & KeyServer , Sassafras Software Inc . Software Asset Management tools Official 19294 TCP Google Talk Voice and Video connections Unofficial 19295 UDP Google Talk Voice and Video connections Unofficial 19302 UDP Google Talk Voice and Video connections Unofficial 19315 TCP UDP KeyShadow for K2 -- KeyAuditor & KeyServer , Sassafras Software Inc . Software Asset Management tools Official 19812 Yes No 4D database SQL Communication Official 19813 TCP UDP 4D database Client Server Communication Official 19814 TCP 4D database DB4D Communication Official 19999 Distributed Network Protocol -- Secure ( DNP -- Secure ) , a secure version of the protocol used in SCADA systems between communicating RTU 's and IED 's Official 20000 Distributed Network Protocol ( DNP ) , a protocol used in SCADA systems between communicating RTU 's and IED 's Official 20000 Usermin , Web - based Unix / Linux user administration tool ( default port ) Unofficial 20000 UDP Used on VoIP networks for receiving and transmitting voice telephony traffic which includes Google Voice via the OBiTalk ATA devices as well as on the MagicJack and Vonage ATA network devices . Unofficial 20560 TCP UDP Killing Floor Unofficial 20595 UDP 0 A.D. Empires Ascendant Unofficial 20808 UDP Ableton Link Unofficial 21025 TCP Starbound Server ( default ) , Starbound Unofficial 22000 TCP Syncthing ( default ) Unofficial 22136 TCP FLIR Systems Camera Resource Protocol Unofficial 22222 TCP Davis Instruments , WeatherLink IP Unofficial 23073 Soldat Dedicated Server Unofficial 23399 Skype default protocol Unofficial 23513 ? ? Duke Nukem 3D source ports Unofficial 24441 TCP UDP Pyzor spam detection network Unofficial 24444 NetBeans integrated development environment Unofficial 24465 TCP UDP Tonido Directory Server for Tonido which is a Personal Web App and P2P platform Official 24554 TCP UDP BINKP , Fidonet mail transfers over TCP / IP Official 24800 Synergy : keyboard / mouse sharing software Unofficial 24842 StepMania : Online : Dance Dance Revolution Simulator Unofficial 25565 TCP Minecraft multiplayer server Unofficial 25565 UDP Minecraft multiplayer server query Unofficial 25575 UDP Minecraft multiplayer server RCON Unofficial 25826 UDP collectd default port Unofficial 26000 TCP UDP id Software 's Quake server Official 26000 TCP EVE Online Unofficial 26000 UDP Xonotic , an open source arena shooter Unofficial 26900 -- 26901 TCP EVE Online Unofficial 27000 -- 27030 UDP Steam , client Unofficial 27000 -- 27006 UDP id Software 's QuakeWorld master server Unofficial 27000 TCP PowerBuilder SySAM license server Unofficial 27000 -- 27009 TCP UDP FlexNet Publisher 's License server ( from the range of default ports ) Official 27014 -- 27050 TCP Steam , file downloads Unofficial 27015 UDP GoldSrc and Source engine dedicated server port Unofficial 27015 UDP Unturned , multiplayer survival video game Unofficial 27016 Magicka server port Unofficial 27017 Yes No MongoDB daemon process ( mongod ) and routing service ( mongos ) Unofficial 27031 -- 27036 UDP Steam , In - Home Streaming ( LAN only ) Unofficial 27374 Sub7 default . Unofficial 27500 -- 27900 UDP id Software 's QuakeWorld Unofficial 27888 UDP Kaillera server Unofficial 27901 -- 27910 UDP id Software 's Quake II master server Unofficial 27950 UDP OpenArena outgoing Unofficial 27960 -- 27969 UDP Activision 's Enemy Territory and id Software 's Quake III Arena , Quake III and Quake Live and some ioquake3 derived games , such as Urban Terror ( OpenArena incoming ) Unofficial 28001 Starsiege : Tribes Unofficial 28015 UDP Rust ( video game ) Unofficial 28770 -- 28771 UDP AssaultCube Reloaded , a video game based upon a modification of AssaultCube Unofficial 28785 -- 28786 UDP Cube 2 : Sauerbraten Unofficial 28852 TCP UDP Killing Floor Unofficial 28910 TCP UDP Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Unofficial 28960 TCP UDP Call of Duty ; Call of Duty : United Offensive ; Call of Duty 2 ; Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare ; Call of Duty : World at War ( PC platform ) Unofficial 29000 ? ? Perfect World , an adventure and fantasy MMORPG Unofficial 29070 TCP UDP Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy by Ravensoft Unofficial 29900 -- 29901 TCP UDP Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Unofficial 29920 TCP UDP Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Unofficial 30564 TCP Multiplicity : keyboard / mouse / clipboard sharing software Unofficial 31337 TCP Back Orifice remote administration tool Unofficial 31416 ? ? BOINC RPC Unofficial 31438 TCP Rocket U2 Unofficial 31457 TCP TetriNET Official 32137 TCP UDP Immunet Protect ( UDP in version 2.0 , TCP since version 3.0 ) Unofficial 32400 TCP Plex Media Server Official 32764 TCP A backdoor found on certain Linksys , Netgear and other wireless DSL modems / combination routers Unofficial 32887 TCP Ace of Spades , a multiplayer FPS video game Unofficial 32976 TCP LogMeIn Hamachi , a VPN application ; also TCP port 12975 and SSL ( TCP 443 ) . Unofficial 33434 TCP UDP traceroute Official 33848 UDP Jenkins , a continuous integration ( CI ) tool Unofficial 34000 UDP Infestation : Survivor Stories ( formerly known as The War Z ) , a multiplayer zombie video game Unofficial 34197 No Yes Factorio , a multiplayer survival and factory - building game Unofficial 35357 TCP OpenStack Identity ( Keystone ) administration Official 37008 UDP TZSP intrusion detection Unofficial 40000 TCP UDP SafetyNET p -- a real - time Industrial Ethernet protocol Official 43110 TCP ZeroNet web UI default port Unofficial 43594 -- 43595 ? ? RuneScape Unofficial 44405 TCP Mu Online Connect Server Unofficial 44818 TCP UDP EtherNet / IP explicit messaging Official 47001 TCP Windows Remote Management Service ( WinRM ) Official 47808 TCP UDP BACnet Building Automation and Control Networks ( 47808 = BAC0 ) Official 49151 TCP UDP Reserved Official", "( hide ) Port TCP UDP Description IANA status", "1024 Reserved Reserved Reserved Official", "1027 Reserved Reserved Official", "1027 UDP Native IPv6 behind IPv4 - to - IPv4 NAT Customer Premises Equipment ( 6a44 ) Official", "1028 Deprecated Official", "1029 Microsoft DCOM services Official", "1058 TCP UDP nim , IBM AIX Network Installation Manager ( NIM ) Official", "1059 TCP UDP nimreg , IBM AIX Network Installation Manager ( NIM ) Official", "1080 TCP UDP SOCKS proxy Official", "1085 TCP UDP WebObjects Official", "1098 TCP UDP rmiactivation , Java remote method invocation ( RMI ) activation Official", "1099 TCP Assigned rmiregistry , Java remote method invocation ( RMI ) registry Official", "1109 Reserved -- IANA Official", "1109 TCP Kerberos Post Office Protocol ( KPOP ) Unofficial", "1119 TCP UDP Battle.net chat / game protocol , used by Blizzard 's games Official", "1167 TCP SCTP UDP Cisco IP SLA ( Service Assurance Agent ) Official", "TCP SCTP", "1194 TCP UDP OpenVPN Official", "1198 TCP UDP The cajo project Free dynamic transparent distributed computing in Java Official", "1214 TCP UDP Kazaa Official", "1220 TCP Assigned QuickTime Streaming Server administration Official", "1234 TCP UDP Infoseek search agent Official", "1234 UDP VLC media player default port for UDP / RTP stream Unofficial", "1241 TCP UDP Nessus Security Scanner Official", "1270 TCP UDP Microsoft System Center Operations Manager ( SCOM ) ( formerly Microsoft Operations Manager ( MOM ) ) agent Official", "1293 TCP UDP Internet Protocol Security ( IPSec ) Official", "1311 TCP UDP Windows RxMon. exe Official", "1311 TCP Dell OpenManage HTTPS Unofficial", "1314 ? ? Festival Speech Synthesis System server Unofficial", "1337 TCP neo4j - shell Unofficial", "1337 TCP WASTE Encrypted File Sharing Program Unofficial", "1341 TCP UDP Qubes ( Manufacturing Execution System ) Official", "1344 TCP UDP Internet Content Adaptation Protocol Official", "1352 TCP UDP IBM Lotus Notes / Domino ( RPC ) protocol Official", "1360 TCP UDP Mimer SQL Official", "1414 TCP UDP IBM WebSphere MQ ( formerly known as MQSeries ) Official", "1417 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 1 Port Official", "1418 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 2 Port Official", "1419 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 3 Port Official", "1420 TCP UDP Timbuktu Service 4 Port Official", "1431 TCP Reverse Gossip Transport Protocol ( RGTP ) , used to access a General - purpose Reverse - Ordered Gossip Gathering System ( GROGGS ) bulletin board , such as that implemented on the Cambridge University 's Phoenix system Official", "1433 TCP UDP Microsoft SQL Server database management system ( MSSQL ) server Official", "1434 TCP UDP Microsoft SQL Server database management system ( MSSQL ) monitor Official", "1492 TCP Sid Meier 's CivNet , a multiplayer remake of the original Sid Meier 's Civilization game Unofficial", "1494 TCP UDP Citrix Independent Computing Architecture ( ICA ) Unofficial", "1500 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager server Unofficial", "1501 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager client scheduler Unofficial", "1503 TCP UDP Windows Live Messenger ( Whiteboard and Application Sharing ) Unofficial", "1512 TCP UDP Microsoft 's Windows Internet Name Service ( WINS ) Official", "1513 TCP UDP Garena game client Unofficial", "1521 TCP UDP nCUBE License Manager Official", "1521 TCP Oracle database default listener , in future releases official port 2483 ( TCP / IP ) and 2484 ( TCP / IP with SSL ) Unofficial", "1524 TCP UDP ingreslock , ingres Official", "1527 TCP UDP Oracle Net Services , formerly known as SQL * Net Official", "1527 TCP Apache Derby Network Server Unofficial", "1533 TCP UDP IBM Sametime Virtual Places Chat Official", "1534 UDP Eclipse Target Communication Framework ( TCF ) agent discovery Unofficial", "1547 TCP UDP Laplink Official", "1550 TCP Gadu - Gadu ( direct client - to - client ) Unofficial", "1581 TCP UDP MIL STD 2045 - 47001 VMF Official", "1581 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager web client Unofficial", "1582 -- 1583 TCP IBM Tivoli Storage Manager server web interface Unofficial", "1583 ? ? Pervasive PSQL Unofficial", "1589 TCP UDP Cisco VLAN Query Protocol ( VQP ) Official", "1604 TCP UDP DarkComet remote administration tool ( RAT ) Unofficial", "1626 TCP iSketch Unofficial", "1627 TCP iSketch Unofficial", "1628 TCP UDP LonTalk normal Official", "1629 TCP UDP LonTalk urgent Official", "1645 UDP Early deployment of RADIUS before RFC standardization was done using UDP port number 1645 . Enabled for compatibility reasons by default on Cisco and Juniper Networks RADIUS servers . Official port is 1812 . TCP port 1645 must not be used . Unofficial", "1646 UDP Old radacct port , RADIUS accounting protocol . Enabled for compatibility reasons by default on Cisco and Juniper Networks RADIUS servers . Official port is 1813 . TCP port 1646 must not be used . Unofficial", "1666 TCP Perforce Unofficial", "1677 TCP UDP Novell GroupWise clients in client / server access mode Official", "1688 TCP Microsoft Key Management Service ( KMS ) for Windows Activation Unofficial", "1701 TCP UDP Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol ( L2F ) Official", "1701 Assigned UDP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) Official", "1707 TCP UDP Windward Studios games ( vdmplay ) Official", "1707 UDP L2TP / IPsec , for establish an initial connection Unofficial", "1716 UDP America 's Army , a massively multiplayer online game ( MMO ) Unofficial", "1719 TCP UDP H. 323 registration and alternate communication Official", "1720 TCP UDP H. 323 call signaling Official", "1723 TCP Assigned Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) Official", "1755 TCP UDP Microsoft Media Services ( MMS , ms - streaming ) Official", "1761 TCP UDP Novell ZENworks Unofficial", "1783 Decomissioned ( sic ) Port 04 / 14 / 00 , ms Official", "1801 TCP UDP Microsoft Message Queuing Official", "1812 TCP UDP RADIUS authentication protocol , radius Official", "1813 TCP UDP RADIUS accounting protocol , radius - acct Official", "1863 TCP UDP Microsoft Notification Protocol ( MSNP ) , used by the Microsoft Messenger service and a number of instant messaging Messenger clients Official", "1880 ? ? Node - RED Unofficial", "1883 TCP UDP MQTT ( formerly MQ Telemetry Transport ) Official", "1900 Assigned UDP Simple Service Discovery Protocol ( SSDP ) , discovery of UPnP devices Official", "1935 TCP UDP Macromedia Flash Communications Server MX , the precursor to Adobe Flash Media Server before Macromedia 's acquisition by Adobe on December 3 , 2005 Official", "1935 TCP UDP Real Time Messaging Protocol ( RTMP ) , primarily used in Adobe Flash Unofficial", "1967 UDP Cisco IOS IP Service Level Agreements ( IP SLAs ) Control Protocol Unofficial", "1970 TCP UDP Netop Remote Control Official", "1972 TCP UDP InterSystems Caché Official", "1984 TCP UDP Big Brother Official", "1985 TCP UDP Cisco Hot Standby Router Protocol ( HSRP ) Official", "1998 TCP UDP Cisco X. 25 over TCP ( XOT ) service Official", "2000 TCP UDP Cisco Skinny Client Control Protocol ( SCCP ) Official", "? ? Artemis : Spaceship Bridge Simulator Unofficial", "2033 TCP UDP Civilization IV multiplayer Unofficial", "2049 TCP SCTP UDP Network File System ( NFS ) Official", "TCP SCTP", "2056 TCP UDP Civilization IV multiplayer Unofficial", "2080 TCP UDP Autodesk NLM ( FLEXlm ) Official", "2082 TCP cPanel default Unofficial", "2083 TCP UDP Secure RADIUS Service ( radsec ) Official", "2083 TCP cPanel default SSL Unofficial", "2086 TCP UDP GNUnet Official", "2086 TCP WebHost Manager default Unofficial", "2087 TCP WebHost Manager default SSL Unofficial", "2095 TCP cPanel default web mail Official", "2096 TCP cPanel default SSL web mail Unofficial", "2100 TCP Warzone 2100 multiplayer Unofficial", "2101 TCP Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol ( NTRIP ) Unofficial", "2102 TCP UDP Zephyr Notification Service server Official", "2103 TCP UDP Zephyr Notification Service serv - hm connection Official", "2104 TCP UDP Zephyr Notification Service hostmanager Official", "2123 TCP UDP GTP control messages ( GTP - C ) Official", "2142 TCP UDP TDMoIP ( TDM over IP ) Official", "2152 TCP UDP GTP user data messages ( GTP - U ) Official", "2159 TCP UDP GDB remote debug port Official", "2181 TCP UDP EForward - document transport system Official", "2181 TCP Apache ZooKeeper default client port Unofficial", "2195 TCP Apple Push Notification Service Unofficial", "2196 TCP Apple Push Notification Service , feedback service Unofficial", "2210 TCP UDP NOAAPORT Broadcast Network Official", "2211 TCP UDP EMWIN Official", "2221 TCP ESET anti-virus updates Unofficial", "2222 TCP UDP EtherNet / IP implicit messaging for IO data Official", "2222 ? ? DirectAdmin Access Unofficial", "2222 -- 2226 TCP ESET Remote administrator Official", "2261 TCP UDP CoMotion master Official", "2262 TCP UDP CoMotion backup Official", "2266 TCP UDP M - Files Official", "2302 UDP ArmA multiplayer Unofficial", "UDP Halo : Combat Evolved multiplayer host Unofficial", "2303 UDP ArmA multiplayer ( default port for game + 1 ) Unofficial", "UDP Halo : Combat Evolved multiplayer listener Unofficial", "2305 UDP ArmA multiplayer ( default port for game + 3 ) Unofficial", "2351 TCP AIM game LAN network port Unofficial", "2368 TCP Ghost ( blogging platform ) Unofficial", "2369 TCP Default for BMC Control - M / Server Configuration Agent Unofficial", "2370 TCP Default for BMC Control - M / Server , to allow the Control - M / Enterprise Manager to connect to the Control - M / Server Unofficial", "2375 TCP Reserved Docker REST API ( plain ) Official", "2376 TCP Reserved Docker REST API ( SSL ) Official", "2379 TCP Reserved CoreOS etcd client communication Official", "2379 TCP KGS Go Server Unofficial", "2380 TCP Reserved CoreOS etcd server communication Official", "2399 TCP UDP FileMaker Data Access Layer ( ODBC / JDBC ) Official", "2401 TCP UDP CVS version control system password - based server Official", "2404 TCP UDP IEC 60870 - 5 - 104 , used to send electric power telecontrol messages between two systems via directly connected data circuits Official", "2424 TCP OrientDB database listening for binary client connections Unofficial", "2427 TCP UDP Media Gateway Control Protocol ( MGCP ) media gateway Official", "2447 TCP UDP ovwdb -- OpenView Network Node Manager ( NNM ) daemon Official", "2480 TCP OrientDB database listening for HTTP client connections Unofficial", "2483 TCP UDP Oracle database listening for insecure client connections to the listener , replaces port 1521 Official", "2484 TCP UDP Oracle database listening for SSL client connections to the listener Official", "2535 TCP UDP Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol ( MADCAP ) . All standard messages are UDP datagrams . Official", "2541 TCP UDP LonTalk / IP Official", "2546 -- 2548 TCP UDP EVault data protection services Official", "2593 TCP UDP Ultima Online servers Unofficial", "2598 TCP Citrix Independent Computing Architecture ( ICA ) with Session Reliability ; port 1494 without session reliability Unofficial", "2599 TCP UDP Ultima Online servers Unofficial", "2638 TCP UDP SQL Anywhere database server Official", "2710 TCP UDP XBT Tracker . UDP tracker extension is considered experimental . Unofficial", "2727 TCP UDP Media Gateway Control Protocol ( MGCP ) media gateway controller ( call agent ) Official", "2809 TCP UDP corbaloc : iiop URL , per the CORBA 3.0. 3 specification Official", "2811 TCP UDP gsi ftp , per the GridFTP specification Official", "2827 TCP I2P BOB Bridge Unofficial", "2944 TCP UDP Megaco text H. 248 Official", "2945 TCP UDP Megaco binary ( ASN. 1 ) H. 248 Official", "2947 TCP UDP gpsd , GPS daemon Official", "2948 TCP UDP WAP push Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS ) Official", "2949 TCP UDP WAP push secure ( MMS ) Official", "2967 TCP UDP Symantec System Center agent ( SSC - AGENT ) Official", "3000 TCP Cloud9 IDE server Unofficial", "3000 TCP Ruby on Rails development default Unofficial", "3000 TCP Meteor development default Unofficial", "3000 TCP UDP Resilio Sync , spun from BitTorrent Sync . Unofficial", "3000 UDP Distributed Interactive Simulation ( DIS ) Unofficial", "3004 TCP iSync Unofficial", "3020 TCP UDP Common Internet File System ( CIFS ) . See also port 445 for Server Message Block ( SMB ) , a dialect of CIFS . Official", "3050 TCP UDP gds - db ( Interbase / Firebird databases ) Official", "3052 TCP UDP APC PowerChute Network Official", "3074 TCP UDP Xbox LIVE and Games for Windows -- Live Official", "3101 TCP BlackBerry Enterprise Server communication protocol Unofficial", "3128 TCP ? Squid caching web proxy Unofficial", "3225 TCP UDP Fibre Channel over IP ( FCIP ) Official", "3233 TCP UDP WhiskerControl research control protocol Official", "3260 TCP UDP iSCSI Official", "3268 TCP UDP msft - gc , Microsoft Global Catalog ( LDAP service which contains data from Active Directory forests ) Official", "3269 TCP UDP msft - gc - ssl , Microsoft Global Catalog over SSL ( similar to port 3268 , LDAP over SSL ) Official", "3283 TCP UDP Net Assistant , a predecessor to Apple Remote Desktop Official", "3283 TCP UDP Apple Remote Desktop 2.0 or later Unofficial", "3290 UDP Virtual Air Traffic Simulation ( VATSIM ) network voice communication Unofficial", "3305 TCP UDP Odette File Transfer Protocol ( OFTP ) Official", "3306 TCP Assigned MySQL database system Official", "3313 TCP Verisys file integrity monitoring software Unofficial", "3316 TCP AzimuthVMS database port for the CCTV recording software AzimuthVMS Unofficial", "3323 TCP UDP DECE GEODI Server Unofficial", "3332 UDP Thundercloud DataPath Overlay Control Unofficial", "3333 TCP Eggdrop , an IRC bot default port Unofficial", "3333 TCP Network Caller ID server Unofficial", "3333 TCP CruiseControl. rb Unofficial", "3351 ? ? Pervasive PSQL Unofficial", "3386 TCP UDP GTP ' 3GPP GSM / UMTS CDR logging protocol Official", "3389 TCP UDP Microsoft Terminal Server ( RDP ) officially registered as Windows Based Terminal ( WBT ) Official", "3396 TCP UDP Novell NDPS Printer Agent Official", "3412 TCP UDP xmlBlaster Official", "3455 TCP UDP Resource Reservation Protocol ( RSVP ) Official", "3423 TCP Xware xTrm Communication Protocol Official", "3424 TCP Xware xTrm Communication Protocol over SSL Official", "3478 TCP UDP STUN , a protocol for NAT traversal Official", "3478 TCP UDP TURN , a protocol for NAT traversal ( extension to STUN ) Official", "3478 TCP UDP STUN Behavior Discovery . See also port 5349 . Official", "3479 TCP UDP PlayStation Network Unofficial", "3480 TCP UDP PlayStation Network Unofficial", "3483 UDP Slim Devices discovery protocol Official", "3483 TCP Slim Devices SlimProto protocol Official", "3493 TCP UDP Network UPS Tools ( NUT ) Official", "3516 TCP UDP Smartcard Port Official", "3527 UDP Microsoft Message Queuing Official", "3535 TCP SMTP alternate Unofficial", "3544 UDP Teredo tunneling Official", "3605 UDP ComCam IO Port Official", "3606 TCP UDP Splitlock Server Official", "3632 TCP Assigned Distcc , distributed compiler Official", "3644 TCP Evidian , ssowatch Official", "3645 TCP UDP Cyc Official", "3659 TCP UDP Apple SASL , used by Mac OS X Server Password Server Official", "3659 UDP Battlefield 4 Unofficial", "3667 TCP UDP Information Exchange Official", "3689 TCP Assigned Digital Audio Access Protocol ( DAAP ) , used by Apple 's iTunes and AirPlay Official", "3690 TCP UDP Subversion ( SVN ) version control system Official", "3702 TCP UDP Web Services Dynamic Discovery ( WS - Discovery ) , used by various components of Windows Vista and later Official", "3724 TCP UDP Some Blizzard games Official", "3724 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids Unofficial", "3725 TCP UDP Netia NA - ER Port Official", "3768 TCP UDP RBLcheckd server daemon Official", "3784 UDP Bidirectional Forwarding Detection ( BFD ) for IPv4 and IPv6 ( Single Hop ) ( RFC 5881 ) Official", "3785 UDP VoIP program used by Ventrilo Unofficial", "3799 UDP RADIUS change of authorization Official", "3804 TCP UDP Harman Professional HiQnet protocol Official", "3825 TCP RedSeal Networks client / server connection Unofficial", "3826 TCP UDP WarMUX game server Official", "3826 TCP RedSeal Networks client / server connection Unofficial", "3835 TCP RedSeal Networks client / server connection Unofficial", "3830 TCP UDP System Management Agent , developed and used by Cerner to monitor and manage solutions Official", "3856 TCP UDP ERP Server Application used by F10 Software Unofficial", "3880 TCP UDP IGRS Official", "3868 TCP SCTP Diameter base protocol ( RFC 3588 ) Official", "3872 TCP Oracle Enterprise Manager Remote Agent Official", "3900 TCP udt_os , IBM UniData UDT OS Official", "3960 UDP Warframe online interaction Unofficial", "3962 UDP Warframe online interaction Unofficial", "3978 TCP UDP OpenTTD game ( masterserver and content service ) Unofficial", "3979 TCP UDP OpenTTD game Unofficial", "3999 TCP UDP Norman distributed scanning service Official", "4000 TCP UDP Diablo II game Unofficial", "4001 TCP Microsoft Ants game Unofficial", "4001 TCP CoreOS etcd client communication Unofficial", "4018 TCP UDP Protocol information and warnings Official", "4035 TCP IBM Rational Developer for System z Remote System Explorer Daemon Unofficial", "4045 TCP UDP Solaris lockd NFS lock daemon / manager Unofficial", "4050 TCP Mud Master Chat protocol ( MMCP ) - Peer - to - peer communications between MUD clients . Unofficial", "4069 UDP Minger Email Address Verification Protocol Official", "4089 TCP UDP OpenCORE Remote Control Service Official", "4090 TCP UDP Kerio Official", "4093 TCP UDP PxPlus Client server interface ProvideX Official", "4096 TCP UDP Ascom Timeplex Bridge Relay Element ( BRE ) Official", "4105 TCP UDP Shofar ( ShofarNexus ) Official", "4111 TCP Assigned Xgrid Official", "4116 TCP UDP Smartcard - TLS Official", "4117 TCP WatchGuard System Manager Unofficial", "4125 TCP Microsoft Remote Web Workplace administration Unofficial", "4172 TCP UDP Teradici PCoIP Official", "4190 TCP ManageSieve Official", "4198 TCP UDP Couch Potato Android app Unofficial", "4201 TCP TinyMUD and various derivatives Unofficial", "4222 TCP NATS server default port Unofficial", "4226 TCP UDP Aleph One , a computer game Unofficial", "4242 TCP Orthanc -- DICOM server Unofficial", "4242 TCP Quassel distributed IRC client Unofficial", "4243 TCP Docker implementations , redistributions , and setups default Unofficial", "4243 TCP CrashPlan Unofficial", "4244 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial", "4303 TCP UDP Simple Railroad Command Protocol ( SRCP ) Official", "4307 TCP TrueConf Client - TrueConf Server media data exchange Official", "4321 TCP Referral Whois ( RWhois ) Protocol Official", "4352 TCP PJLink , by JBMIA for controlling projectors via LAN connections Official", "4444 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content : Content Server -- Intradoc Socket port . ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Unofficial", "4444 ? ? Metasploit 's default listener port Unofficial", "4444 TCP UDP Xvfb X server virtual frame buffer service Unofficial", "4444 -- 4445 TCP I2P HTTP / S proxy Unofficial", "4486 TCP UDP Integrated Client Message Service ( ICMS ) Official", "4488 TCP Assigned Apple Wide Area Connectivity Service , used by Back to My Mac Official", "4500 Assigned UDP IPSec NAT Traversal ( RFC 3947 , RFC 4306 ) Official", "4502 -- 4534 TCP Microsoft Silverlight connectable ports under non-elevated trust Official", "4505 -- 4506 TCP Salt master Unofficial", "4534 UDP Armagetron Advanced server default Unofficial", "4560 TCP default Log4j socketappender port Unofficial", "4567 TCP Sinatra default server port in development mode ( HTTP ) Unofficial", "4569 UDP Inter-Asterisk eXchange ( IAX2 ) Official", "4604 TCP Identity Registration Protocol Official", "4605 TCP Direct End to End Secure Chat Protocol Official", "4610 -- 4640 TCP QualiSystems TestShell Suite Services Unofficial", "4662 TCP UDP OrbitNet Message Service Official", "4662 TCP Default for older versions of eMule Unofficial", "4664 TCP Google Desktop Search Unofficial", "4672 UDP Default for older versions of eMule Unofficial", "4711 TCP eMule optional web interface Unofficial", "4713 TCP PulseAudio sound server Unofficial", "4728 TCP Computer Associates Desktop and Server Management ( DMP ) / Port Multiplexer Official", "4730 TCP UDP Gearman 's job server Official", "4739 TCP UDP IP Flow Information Export Official", "4747 TCP Apprentice Unofficial", "4750 TCP BladeLogic Agent Unofficial", "4753 TCP UDP SIMON ( service and discovery ) Official", "4789 UDP Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network ( VXLAN ) Official", "4840 TCP UDP OPC UA TCP Protocol for OPC Unified Architecture from OPC Foundation Official", "4843 TCP UDP OPC UA TCP Protocol over TLS / SSL for OPC Unified Architecture from OPC Foundation Official", "4847 TCP UDP Web Fresh Communication , Quadrion Software & Odorless Entertainment Official", "4848 TCP Java , Glassfish Application Server administration default Unofficial", "4894 TCP UDP LysKOM Protocol A Official", "4949 TCP Munin Resource Monitoring Tool Official", "4950 TCP UDP Cylon Controls UC32 Communications Port Official", "5000 TCP UPnP -- Windows network device interoperability Unofficial", "5000 TCP UDP VTun , VPN Software Unofficial", "5000 UDP FlightGear multiplayer Unofficial", "5000 TCP Synology Inc . Management Console , File Station , Audio Station Unofficial", "5000 TCP Flask Development Webserver Unofficial", "5000 TCP Heroku console access Official", "5000 TCP AT&T U-verse public , educational , and government access ( PEG ) streaming over HTTP Unofficial", "5000 -- 5500 No Yes League of Legends , a multiplayer online battle arena video game Unofficial", "5001 TCP Slingbox and Slingplayer Unofficial", "5001 TCP UDP Iperf ( Tool for measuring TCP and UDP bandwidth performance ) Unofficial", "5001 TCP Synology Inc . Secured Management Console , File Station , Audio Station Unofficial", "5002 TCP ASSA ARX access control system Unofficial", "5003 TCP Assigned FileMaker -- name binding and transport Official", "5004 TCP DCCP UDP Real - time Transport Protocol media data ( RTP ) ( RFC 3551 , RFC 4571 ) Official", "TCP DCCP", "5005 TCP DCCP UDP Real - time Transport Protocol control protocol ( RTCP ) ( RFC 3551 , RFC 4571 ) Official", "TCP DCCP", "5010 TCP UDP Registered to : TelePath ( the IBM FlowMark workflow - management system messaging platform ) The TCP port is now used for : IBM WebSphere MQ Workflow Official", "5011 TCP UDP TelePath ( the IBM FlowMark workflow - management system messaging platform ) Official", "5031 TCP UDP AVM CAPI - over-TCP ( ISDN over Ethernet tunneling ) Unofficial", "5037 TCP Android ADB server Unofficial", "5048 TCP Texai Message Service Official", "5050 TCP Yahoo ! Messenger Unofficial", "5051 TCP ita - agent Symantec Intruder Alert Official", "5060 TCP UDP Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) Official", "5061 TCP Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) over TLS Official", "5062 TCP UDP Localisation access Official", "5064 Yes Yes EPICS Channel Access server Official", "5065 Assigned Yes EPICS Channel Access repeater beacon Official", "5070 Yes No Binary Floor Control Protocol ( BFCP ) Unofficial", "5082 TCP UDP Qpur Communication Protocol Official", "5083 TCP UDP Qpur File Protocol Official", "5084 TCP UDP EPCglobal Low Level Reader Protocol ( LLRP ) Official", "5085 TCP UDP EPCglobal Low Level Reader Protocol ( LLRP ) over TLS Official", "5093 UDP SafeNet , Inc Sentinel LM , Sentinel RMS , License Manager , client - to - server Official", "5099 TCP UDP SafeNet , Inc Sentinel LM , Sentinel RMS , License Manager , server - to - server Official", "5104 TCP IBM Tivoli Framework NetCOOL / Impact HTTP Service Unofficial", "5121 TCP Neverwinter Nights Unofficial", "5124 TCP UDP TorgaNET ( Micronational Darknet ) Unofficial", "5125 TCP UDP TorgaNET ( Micronational Intelligence Darknet ) Unofficial", "5150 TCP UDP ATMP Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol Official", "5151 TCP ESRI SDE Instance Official", "5151 UDP ESRI SDE Remote Start Official", "5154 TCP UDP BZFlag Official", "5172 TCP PC over IP Endpoint Management Official", "5190 TCP AOL Instant Messenger protocol Official", "5198 UDP EchoLink VoIP Amateur Radio Software ( Voice ) Unofficial", "5199 UDP EchoLink VoIP Amateur Radio Software ( Voice ) Unofficial", "5200 TCP EchoLink VoIP Amateur Radio Software ( Information ) Unofficial", "5201 TCP UDP Iperf3 ( Tool for measuring TCP and UDP bandwidth performance ) Unofficial", "5222 TCP Reserved Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) client connection Official", "5223 TCP Apple Push Notification Service Unofficial", "5223 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) client connection over SSL Unofficial", "5228 TCP HP Virtual Room Service Official", "5228 TCP Google Play , Android Cloud to Device Messaging Service , Google Cloud Messaging Unofficial", "5242 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial", "5243 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial", "5246 UDP Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points ( CAPWAP ) CAPWAP control Official", "5247 UDP Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points ( CAPWAP ) CAPWAP data Official", "5269 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) server - to - server connection Official", "5280 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) Official", "5281 TCP Undo License Manager Official", "5281 TCP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) Unofficial", "5298 TCP UDP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) Official", "5310 TCP UDP Outlaws ( 1997 video game ) . Both UDP and TCP are reserved , but only UDP is used Official", "5349 Yes / No Yes / No STUN over TLS / DTLS , a protocol for NAT traversal Official", "5349 Yes / No Yes / No TURN over TLS / DTLS , a protocol for NAT traversal Official", "5349 TCP Reserved STUN Behavior Discovery over TLS . See also port 3478 . Official", "5351 Reserved UDP NAT Port Mapping Protocol and Port Control Protocol -- client - requested configuration for connections through network address translators and firewalls Official", "5353 Assigned UDP Multicast DNS ( mDNS ) Official", "5355 TCP UDP Link - Local Multicast Name Resolution ( LLMNR ) , allows hosts to perform name resolution for hosts on the same local link ( only provided by Windows Vista and Server 2008 ) Official", "5357 TCP UDP Web Services for Devices ( WSDAPI ) ( only provided by Windows Vista , Windows 7 and Server 2008 ) Unofficial", "5358 TCP UDP WSDAPI Applications to Use a Secure Channel ( only provided by Windows Vista , Windows 7 and Server 2008 ) Unofficial", "5394 UDP Kega Fusion , a Sega multi-console emulator Unofficial", "5402 TCP UDP Multicast File Transfer Protocol ( MFTP ) Official", "5405 TCP UDP NetSupport Manager Official", "5412 TCP UDP IBM Rational Synergy ( Telelogic Synergy ) ( Continuus CM ) Message Router Official", "5413 TCP UDP Wonderware SuiteLink service Official", "5417 TCP UDP SNS Agent Official", "5421 TCP UDP NetSupport Manager Official", "5432 TCP Assigned PostgreSQL database system Official", "5433 TCP Bouwsoft file / webserver Unofficial", "5445 UDP Cisco Unified Video Advantage Unofficial", "5480 TCP VMware VAMI ( Virtual Appliance Management Infrastructure ) -- used for initial setup of various administration settings on Virtual Appliances designed using the VAMI architecture . Unofficial", "5481 TCP Schneider Electric 's ClearSCADA ( SCADA implementation for Windows ) -- used for client - to - server communication . Unofficial", "5495 TCP IBM Cognos TM1 Admin server Unofficial", "5498 TCP Hotline tracker server connection Unofficial", "5499 UDP Hotline tracker server discovery Unofficial", "5500 TCP Hotline control connection Unofficial", "5500 TCP VNC Remote Frame Buffer RFB protocol -- for incoming listening viewer Unofficial", "5501 TCP Hotline file transfer connection Unofficial", "5517 TCP Setiqueue Proxy server client for SETI@Home project Unofficial", "5550 TCP Hewlett - Packard Data Protector Unofficial", "5554 TCP UDP Fastboot default wireless port Unofficial", "5555 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content : Inbound Refinery -- Intradoc Socket port . ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial", "5555 TCP Freeciv versions up to 2.0 , Hewlett - Packard Data Protector , McAfee EndPoint Encryption Database Server , SAP , Default for Microsoft Dynamics CRM 4.0 , Softether VPN default port Unofficial", "5556 TCP UDP Freeciv , Oracle WebLogic Server Node Manager Official", "5568 TCP UDP Session Data Transport ( SDT ) , a part of Architecture for Control Networks ( ACN ) Official", "5631 TCP pcANYWHEREdata , Symantec pcAnywhere ( version 7.52 and later ) data Official", "5632 UDP pcANYWHEREstat , Symantec pcAnywhere ( version 7.52 and later ) status Official", "5656 TCP IBM Lotus Sametime p2p file transfer Unofficial", "5666 TCP NRPE ( Nagios ) Unofficial", "5667 TCP NSCA ( Nagios ) Unofficial", "5670 TCP FILEMQ ZeroMQ File Message Queuing Protocol Official", "5670 UDP ZRE - DISC ZeroMQ Realtime Exchange Protocol ( Discovery ) Official", "5672 TCP AMQP Official", "5678 UDP Mikrotik RouterOS Neighbor Discovery Protocol ( MNDP ) Unofficial", "5683 UDP Constrained Application Protocol ( CoAP ) Official", "5701 TCP Hazelcast default communication port Unofficial", "5722 TCP UDP Microsoft RPC , DFSR ( SYSVOL ) Replication Service Official", "5718 TCP Microsoft DPM Data Channel ( with the agent coordinator ) Unofficial", "5719 TCP Microsoft DPM Data Channel ( with the protection agent ) Unofficial", "5723 TCP System Center Operations Manager Unofficial", "5724 TCP Operations Manager Console Unofficial", "5741 TCP UDP IDA Discover Port 1 Official", "5742 TCP UDP IDA Discover Port 2 Official", "5800 TCP VNC Remote Frame Buffer RFB protocol over HTTP Unofficial", "5800 TCP ProjectWise Server Unofficial", "5900 TCP UDP Remote Frame Buffer protocol ( RFB ) Official", "5900 TCP Virtual Network Computing ( VNC ) Remote Frame Buffer RFB protocol Unofficial", "5931 TCP UDP AMMYY admin Remote Control Official", "5938 TCP UDP TeamViewer remote desktop protocol Unofficial", "5984 TCP UDP CouchDB database server Official", "5985 TCP Windows PowerShell Default psSession Port Official", "5986 TCP Windows PowerShell Default psSession Port Official", "5988 -- 5989 TCP CIM - XML ( DMTF Protocol ) Official", "6000 - 6063 TCP UDP X11 -- used between an X client and server over the network Official", "6005 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Server -- Socket used for communication between Control - M processes -- though often changed during installation Unofficial", "6005 TCP Default for Camfrog chat & cam client Unofficial", "6009 TCP JD Edwards EnterpriseOne ERP system JDENet messaging client listener Unofficial", "6050 TCP Arcserve backup Unofficial", "6051 TCP Arcserve backup Unofficial", "6086 TCP Peer Distributed Transfer Protocol ( PDTP ) , FTP like file server in a P2P network Official", "6100 TCP Vizrt System Unofficial", "6100 TCP Ventrilo authentication for version 3 Unofficial", "6101 TCP Backup Exec Agent Browser Unofficial", "6110 TCP UDP softcm , HP Softbench CM Official", "6111 TCP UDP spc , HP Softbench Sub-Process Control Official", "6112 TCP UDP dtspcd , execute commands and launch applications remotely Official", "6112 TCP UDP Blizzard 's Battle.net gaming service and some games , ArenaNet gaming service , Relic gaming service Unofficial", "6112 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids Unofficial", "6113 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids , Used by some Blizzard games Unofficial", "6136 TCP ObjectDB database server Unofficial", "6159 TCP ARINC 840 EFB Application Control Interface Official", "6200 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Content Server ( With Native UI ) and Inbound Refinery Unofficial", "6201 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Admin Unofficial", "6225 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Content Server Web UI Unofficial", "6227 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : JavaDB Unofficial", "6240 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Capture Unofficial", "6244 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Content Server -- Intradoc Socket port Unofficial", "6255 TCP UDP Oracle WebCenter Content Portable : Inbound Refinery -- Intradoc Socket port Unofficial", "6257 UDP WinMX ( see also 6699 ) Unofficial", "6260 TCP UDP planet M.U.L.E. Unofficial", "6262 TCP Sybase Advantage Database Server Unofficial", "6343 UDP SFlow , sFlow traffic monitoring Official", "6346 TCP UDP gnutella - svc , gnutella ( FrostWire , Limewire , Shareaza , etc . ) Official", "6347 TCP UDP gnutella - rtr , Gnutella alternate Official", "6350 TCP UDP App Discovery and Access Protocol Official", "6379 TCP Redis key - value data store Official", "6389 TCP EMC CLARiiON Unofficial", "6432 TCP PgBouncer -- A connection pooler for PostgreSQL Official", "6436 TCP Leap Motion Websocket Server TLS Unofficial", "6437 TCP Leap Motion Websocket Server Unofficial", "6444 TCP UDP Sun Grid Engine Qmaster Service Official", "6445 TCP UDP Sun Grid Engine Execution Service Official", "6502 TCP UDP Netop Remote Control Unofficial", "6513 TCP NETCONF over TLS Official", "6514 TCP Syslog over TLS Official", "6515 TCP UDP Elipse RPC Protocol ( REC ) Official", "6522 TCP Gobby ( and other libobby - based software ) Unofficial", "6523 TCP Gobby 0.5 ( and other libinfinity - based software ) Unofficial", "6543 TCP Pylons project # Pyramid Default Pylons Pyramid web service port Unofficial", "6556 TCP Check MK Agent Unofficial", "6566 TCP SANE ( Scanner Access Now Easy ) -- SANE network scanner daemon Official", "6560 -- 6561 TCP Speech - Dispatcher daemon Unofficial", "6571 Windows Live FolderShare client Unofficial", "6600 TCP Microsoft Hyper - V Live Official", "6600 TCP Music Player Daemon ( MPD ) Unofficial", "6601 TCP Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway Official", "6602 TCP Microsoft Windows WSS Communication Official", "6619 TCP UDP odette - ftps , Odette File Transfer Protocol ( OFTP ) over TLS / SSL Official", "6622 TCP UDP Multicast FTP Official", "6653 TCP Assigned OpenFlow Official", "6660 -- 6664 TCP Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Unofficial", "6665 -- 6669 TCP Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) Official", "6679 TCP UDP Osorno Automation Protocol ( OSAUT ) Official", "6679 TCP IRC SSL ( Secure Internet Relay Chat ) -- often used Unofficial", "6690 TCP Synology Cloud station Unofficial", "6697 TCP IRC SSL ( Secure Internet Relay Chat ) -- often used Official", "6699 TCP WinMX ( see also 6257 ) Unofficial", "6715 TCP AberMUD and derivatives default port Unofficial", "6783 -- 6785 TCP Splashtop Remote server broadcast Unofficial", "6789 TCP Campbell Scientific Loggernet Software Unofficial", "6789 TCP Bucky 's Instant Messaging Program Unofficial", "6869 TCP Derandom default server Unofficial", "6881 -- 6887 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial", "6888 TCP UDP MUSE Official", "6888 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial", "6889 -- 6890 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial", "6891 -- 6900 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial", "6891 -- 6900 TCP UDP Windows Live Messenger ( File transfer ) Unofficial", "6901 TCP UDP Windows Live Messenger ( Voice ) Unofficial", "6901 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial", "6902 -- 6968 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial", "6969 TCP UDP acmsoda Official", "6969 TCP BitTorrent tracker Unofficial", "6970 -- 6999 TCP UDP BitTorrent part of full range of ports used most often Unofficial", "6970 -- 9999 UDP QuickTime Streaming Server Unofficial", "7000 TCP Default for Vuze 's built in HTTPS Bittorrent Tracker Unofficial", "7000 TCP Avira Server Management Console Unofficial", "7001 TCP Avira Server Management Console Unofficial", "7001 TCP Default for BEA WebLogic Server 's HTTP server , though often changed during installation Unofficial", "7002 TCP Default for BEA WebLogic Server 's HTTPS server , though often changed during installation Unofficial", "7005 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Server and Control - M / Agent for Agent - to - Server , though often changed during installation Unofficial", "7006 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Server and Control - M / Agent for Server - to - Agent , though often changed during installation Unofficial", "7010 TCP Default for Cisco AON AMC ( AON Management Console ) Unofficial", "7022 TCP Database mirroring endpoints Unofficial", "7023 UDP Bryan Wilcutt T2 - NMCS Protocol for SatCom Modems Official", "7025 TCP Zimbra LMTP ( mailbox ) -- local mail delivery Unofficial", "7047 TCP Zimbra conversion server Unofficial", "7070 Yes Maybe Real Time Streaming Protocol ( RTSP ) , used by QuickTime Streaming Server . TCP is used by default , UDP is used as an alternate . Unofficial", "7133 TCP Enemy Territory : Quake Wars Unofficial", "7144 TCP Peercast Unofficial", "7145 TCP Peercast Unofficial", "7171 TCP Tibia Unofficial", "7262 TCP UDP CNAP ( Calypso Network Access Protocol ) Official", "7272 TCP UDP WatchMe - WatchMe Monitoring Official", "7306 TCP Zimbra mysql ( mailbox ) Unofficial", "7307 TCP Zimbra mysql ( logger ) Unofficial", "7312 UDP Sibelius License Server Unofficial", "7396 TCP Web control interface for Folding@home v7. 3.6 and later Unofficial", "7400 TCP UDP RTPS ( Real Time Publish Subscribe ) DDS Discovery Official", "7401 TCP UDP RTPS ( Real Time Publish Subscribe ) DDS User - Traffic Official", "7402 TCP UDP RTPS ( Real Time Publish Subscribe ) DDS Meta - Traffic Official", "7471 TCP Stateless Transport Tunneling ( STT ) Unofficial", "7473 TCP Rise : The Vieneo Province Official", "7474 TCP Neo4J Server webadmin Official", "7478 TCP Default port used by Open iT Server . Official", "7542 TCP UDP Saratoga file transfer protocol Official", "7547 TCP UDP CPE WAN Management Protocol ( CWMP ) Technical Report 069 Official", "7575 UDP Populous : The Beginning server Unofficial", "7624 TCP UDP Instrument Neutral Distributed Interface Official", "7631 TCP ERLPhase Official", "7634 TCP hddtemp -- Utility to monitor hard drive temperature Unofficial", "7652 -- 7654 TCP I2P anonymizing overlay network Unofficial", "7655 UDP I2P SAM Bridge Socket API Unofficial", "7656 -- 7660 TCP I2P anonymizing overlay network Unofficial", "7670 TCP BrettspielWelt BSW Boardgame Portal Unofficial", "7687 TCP Bolt database connection Official", "7707 -- 7708 UDP Killing Floor Unofficial", "7717 UDP Killing Floor Unofficial", "7777 TCP iChat server file transfer proxy Unofficial", "7777 TCP Oracle Cluster File System 2 Unofficial", "7777 TCP Windows backdoor program tini. exe default Unofficial", "7777 TCP Just Cause 2 : Multiplayer Mod Server Unofficial", "7777 TCP Terraria default server Unofficial", "7777 UDP San Andreas Multiplayer ( SA - MP ) default port server Unofficial", "7777 -- 7788 TCP UDP Unreal Tournament series default server Unofficial", "7831 TCP Default used by Smartlaunch Internet Cafe Administration software Unofficial", "7880 TCP UDP PowerSchool Gradebook Server Unofficial", "7890 TCP Default that will be used by the iControl Internet Cafe Suite Administration software Unofficial", "7915 TCP Default for YSFlight server Unofficial", "7935 TCP Fixed port used for Adobe Flash Debug Player to communicate with a debugger ( Flash IDE , Flex Builder or fdb ) . Unofficial", "7990 TCP Atlassian Bitbucket ( default port ) Unofficial", "8000 TCP Commonly used for Internet radio streams such as SHOUTcast , Icecast and iTunes Radio Unofficial", "8000 ? ? DynamoDB Local Unofficial", "8000 ? ? Django Development Webserver Unofficial", "8005 TCP Tomcat remote shutdown Unofficial", "8006 TCP Quest AppAssure 5 API Unofficial", "8007 TCP Quest AppAssure 5 Engine Unofficial", "8008 TCP UDP Alternative port for HTTP . See also ports 80 and 8080 . Official", "8008 TCP IBM HTTP Server administration default Unofficial", "8008 TCP iCal , a calendar application by Apple Unofficial", "8009 TCP Apache JServ Protocol ( ajp13 ) Unofficial", "8042 ? ? Orthanc -- REST API over HTTP Unofficial", "8069 TCP OpenERP 5.0 XML - RPC protocol Unofficial", "8070 TCP OpenERP 5.0 NET - RPC protocol Unofficial", "8074 TCP UDP Gadu - Gadu Official", "8075 TCP Killing Floor web administration interface Unofficial", "8080 TCP UDP Alternative port for HTTP . See also ports 80 and 8008 . Official", "8080 TCP Apache Tomcat Unofficial", "8080 TCP Atlassian JIRA applications Unofficial", "8088 TCP Asterisk management access via HTTP Unofficial", "8089 Yes No Splunk daemon management Unofficial", "8089 TCP Fritz ! Box automatic TR - 069 configuration Unofficial", "8090 ? ? Atlassian Confluence Unofficial", "8090 TCP Coral Content Distribution Network ( legacy ; 80 and 8080 now supported ) Unofficial", "8091 ? ? CouchBase web administration Unofficial", "8092 ? ? CouchBase API Unofficial", "8111 TCP JOSM Remote Control Unofficial", "8112 TCP PAC Pacifica Coin Unofficial", "8116 UDP Check Point Cluster Control Protocol Unofficial", "8118 TCP Privoxy -- advertisement - filtering Web proxy Official", "8123 TCP Polipo Web proxy Official", "8139 TCP Puppet ( software ) Client agent Unofficial", "8140 TCP Puppet ( software ) Master server Official", "8172 TCP Microsoft Remote Administration for IIS Manager Unofficial", "8184 TCP NCSA Brown Dog Data Access Proxy Unofficial", "8194 TCP Bloomberg Application Official", "8195 TCP Bloomberg Application Unofficial", "8200 TCP GoToMyPC Unofficial", "8200 TCP MiniDLNA media server Web Interface", "8222 ? ? VMware VI Web Access via HTTP Unofficial", "8243 TCP UDP HTTPS listener for Apache Synapse Official", "8245 TCP Dynamic DNS for at least No - IP and DyDNS Unofficial", "8280 TCP UDP HTTP listener for Apache Synapse Official", "8281 TCP HTTP Listener for Gatecraft Plugin Unofficial", "8291 TCP Winbox -- Default on a MikroTik RouterOS for a Windows application used to administer MikroTik RouterOS Unofficial", "8303 UDP Teeworlds Server Unofficial", "8332 TCP Bitcoin JSON - RPC server Unofficial", "8333 TCP Bitcoin Unofficial", "8333 ? ? VMware VI Web Access via HTTPS Unofficial", "8337 TCP VisualSVN Distributed File System Service ( VDFS ) Unofficial", "8384 TCP Syncthing web GUI Unofficial", "8388 TCP Shadowsocks proxy server Unofficial", "8443 TCP SW Soft Plesk Control Panel Unofficial", "8443 TCP Apache Tomcat SSL Unofficial", "8443 TCP Promise WebPAM SSL Unofficial", "8443 TCP iCal over SSL Unofficial", "8444 TCP Bitmessage Unofficial", "8484 TCP MapleStory Login Server Unofficial", "8500 TCP Adobe ColdFusion built - in web server Unofficial", "8530 ? ? Windows Server Update Services over HTTP Unofficial", "8531 ? ? Windows Server Update Services over HTTPS Unofficial", "8580 ? ? Freegate , an Internet anonymizer and proxy tool Unofficial", "8629 TCP Tibero database Unofficial", "8642 TCP Lotus Notes Traveler auto synchronization for Windows Mobile and Nokia devices Unofficial", "8691 TCP Ultra Fractal , a fractal generation and rendering software application -- distributed calculations over networked computers Unofficial", "8767 UDP Voice channel of TeamSpeak 2 , a proprietary Voice over IP protocol targeted at gamers Unofficial", "8834 ? ? Nessus , a vulnerability scanner -- remote XML - RPC web server Unofficial", "8840 ? ? Opera Unite , an extensible framework for web applications Unofficial", "8880 TCP Alternate port of CDDB ( Compact Disc Database ) protocol , used to look up audio CD ( compact disc ) information over the Internet . See also port 888 . Official", "8880 ? ? IBM WebSphere Application Server SOAP connector Unofficial", "8883 TCP UDP Secure MQTT ( MQTT over TLS ) Official", "8887 ? ? HyperVM over HTTP Unofficial", "8888 ? ? HyperVM over HTTPS Unofficial", "8888 ? UDP Freenet web UI ( localhost only ) Unofficial", "8888 ? ? Default for IPython / Jupyter notebook dashboards Unofficial", "8888 ? ? MAMP web server Unofficial", "8889 ? ? MAMP MySQL database server Unofficial", "8983 ? ? Apache Solr Unofficial", "8997 ? ? Alternate port for I2P Monotone Proxy Unofficial", "8998 ? ? I2P Monotone Proxy Unofficial", "8999 ? ? Alternate port for I2P Monotone Proxy Unofficial", "9000 TCP SonarQube Web Server Unofficial", "9000 TCP DBGp Unofficial", "9000 TCP SqueezeCenter web server & streaming Unofficial", "9000 UDP UDPCast Unofficial", "9000 TCP Play ! Framework web server Unofficial", "9000 TCP Hadoop NameNode default port Unofficial", "9000 TCP PHP - FPM default port Unofficial", "9000 TCP QBittorrent 's embedded torrent tracker default port Unofficial", "9001 TCP UDP ETL Service Manager Official", "9001 Microsoft SharePoint authoring environment Unofficial", "9001 cisco - xremote router configuration Unofficial", "9001 Tor network default Unofficial", "9001 TCP DBGp Proxy Unofficial", "9001 TCP HSQLDB default port Unofficial", "9002 Newforma Server comms Unofficial", "9006 De-Commissioned Port Official", "9006 TCP Tomcat in standalone mode Unofficial", "9030 TCP Tor often used Unofficial", "9042 TCP Apache Cassandra native protocol clients Unofficial", "9043 TCP WebSphere Application Server Administration Console secure Unofficial", "9050 -- 9051 TCP Tor Unofficial", "9060 TCP WebSphere Application Server Administration Console Unofficial", "9080 TCP UDP glrpc , Groove Collaboration software GLRPC Official", "9080 TCP WebSphere Application Server HTTP Transport ( port 1 ) default Unofficial", "9080 TCP Remote Potato by FatAttitude , Windows Media Center addon Unofficial", "9080 TCP ServerWMC , Windows Media Center addon Unofficial", "9090 TCP Openfire Administration Console Unofficial", "9090 TCP SqueezeCenter control ( CLI ) Unofficial", "9090 TCP Cherokee Admin Panel Unofficial", "9091 TCP Openfire Administration Console ( SSL Secured ) Unofficial", "9091 TCP Transmission ( BitTorrent client ) Web Interface Unofficial", "9092 TCP H2 ( DBMS ) Database Server Unofficial", "9092 TCP Apache Kafka A Distributed Streaming Platform Unofficial", "9100 TCP Assigned PDL Data Stream , used for printing to certain network printers Official", "9101 TCP UDP Bacula Director Official", "9102 TCP UDP Bacula File Daemon Official", "9103 TCP UDP Bacula Storage Daemon Official", "9119 TCP UDP MXit Instant Messenger Official", "9150 TCP Tor Unofficial", "9191 TCP Sierra Wireless Airlink Unofficial", "9199 TCP Avtex LLC -- qStats Unofficial", "9200 TCP Elasticsearch -- default Elasticsearch port Unofficial", "9217 TCP iPass Platform Service Unofficial", "9293 TCP Sony PlayStation RemotePlay Unofficial", "9300 TCP IBM Cognos BI Unofficial", "9303 UDP D - Link Shareport Share storage and MFP printers Unofficial", "9306 TCP Sphinx Native API Official", "9309 TCP UDP Sony PlayStation Vita Host Collaboration WiFi Data Transfer Unofficial", "9312 TCP Sphinx SphinxQL Official", "9332 TCP Litecoin JSON - RPC server Unofficial", "9333 TCP Litecoin Unofficial", "9339 TCP Clash of Clans , a mobile freemium strategy video game Unofficial", "9389 TCP UDP adws , Microsoft AD DS Web Services , Powershell uses this port Official", "9418 TCP UDP git , Git pack transfer service Official", "9419 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- master control port Unofficial", "9420 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- master command port Unofficial", "9421 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- master client port Unofficial", "9422 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- Chunkservers Unofficial", "9425 TCP MooseFS distributed file system -- CGI server Unofficial", "9443 TCP VMware Websense Triton console ( HTTPS port used for accessing and administrating a vCenter Server via the Web Management Interface ) Unofficial", "9443 TCP NCSA Brown Dog Data Tilling Service Unofficial", "9535 TCP UDP mngsuite , LANDesk Management Suite Remote Control Official", "9536 TCP UDP laes - bf , IP Fabrics Surveillance buffering function Official", "9600 No Yes Factory Interface Network Service ( FINS ) , a network protocol used by Omron programmable logic controllers Unofficial", "9675 TCP UDP Spiceworks Desktop , IT Helpdesk Software Unofficial", "9676 TCP UDP Spiceworks Desktop , IT Helpdesk Software Unofficial", "9695 Assigned UDP Content centric networking ( CCN , CCNx ) Official", "9785 TCP UDP Viber Unofficial", "9800 TCP UDP WebDAV Source Official", "9800 WebCT e-learning portal Unofficial", "9875 TCP Club Penguin Disney online game for kids Unofficial", "9898 TCP Tripwire -- File Integrity Monitoring Software Unofficial", "9899 UDP SCTP tunneling ( port number used in SCTP packets encapsulated in UDP , RFC 6951 ) Official", "9981 TCP TVHeadend HTTP server ( web interface ) Unofficial", "9982 TCP TVHeadend HTSP server ( Streaming protocol ) Unofficial", "9987 UDP TeamSpeak 3 server default ( voice ) port ( for the conflicting service see the IANA list ) Unofficial", "9993 UDP ZeroTier Default port for ZeroTier Unofficial", "9997 TCP Splunk port for communication between the forwarders and indexers Unofficial", "9999 Urchin Web Analytics Unofficial", "10000 TCP UDP Network Data Management Protocol Official", "10000 BackupExec Unofficial", "10000 Webmin , Web - based Unix / Linux system administration tool ( default port ) Unofficial", "10000 -- 20000 No Yes Used on VoIP networks for receiving and transmitting voice telephony traffic which includes Google Voice via the OBiTalk ATA devices as well as on the MagicJack and Vonage ATA network devices . Unofficial", "10001 UDP Ubiquiti UniFi access points broadcast to 255.255. 255.255 : 10001 ( UDP ) to locate the controller ( s ) Unofficial", "10009 TCP UDP CrossFire , a multiplayer online First Person Shooter Unofficial", "10010 TCP Open Object Rexx ( ooRexx ) rxapi daemon Official", "10024 TCP Zimbra smtp ( mta ) -- to amavis from postfix Unofficial", "10025 TCP Zimbra smtp ( mta ) -- back to postfix from amavis Unofficial", "10042 TCP Mathoid server Unofficial", "10050 TCP UDP Zabbix agent Official", "10051 TCP UDP Zabbix trapper Official", "10080 TCP Touhou fight games ( Immaterial and Missing Power , Scarlet Weather Rhapsody , Hisoutensoku , Hopeless Masquerade and Urban Legend in Limbo ) Unofficial", "10110 TCP UDP NMEA 0183 Navigational Data . Transport of NMEA 0183 sentences over TCP or UDP Official", "10172 TCP Intuit Quickbooks client Unofficial", "10200 TCP FRISK Software International 's fpscand virus scanning daemon for Unix platforms Unofficial", "10200 TCP FRISK Software International 's f - protd virus scanning daemon for Unix platforms Unofficial", "10201 -- 10204 TCP FRISK Software International 's f - protd virus scanning daemon for Unix platforms Unofficial", "10212 TCP GE Intelligent Platforms Proficy HMI / SCADA -- CIMPLICITY WebView Official", "10308 ? ? Lock On : Modern Air Combat Unofficial", "10480 ? ? SWAT 4 Dedicated Server Unofficial", "10505 UDP BlueStacks ( android simulator ) broadcast Unofficial", "10514 TCP UDP TLS - enabled Rsyslog ( default by convention ) Unofficial", "10823 UDP Farming Simulator 2011 Unofficial", "10891 TCP Jungle Disk ( this port is opened by the Jungle Disk Monitor service on the localhost ) Unofficial", "10933 TCP Listen port used by the Octopus Deploy Tentacle deployment agent Official", "11001 TCP UDP metasys ( Johnson Controls Metasys java AC control environment ) Official", "11111 TCP RiCcI , Remote Configuration Interface ( Redhat Linux ) Unofficial", "11112 TCP UDP ACR / NEMA Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine ( DICOM ) Official", "11211 TCP UDP memcached Unofficial", "11214 TCP UDP memcached incoming SSL proxy Unofficial", "11215 TCP UDP memcached internal outgoing SSL proxy Unofficial", "11235 Savage : Battle for Newerth Unofficial", "11311 TCP UDP Robot Operating System master Unofficial", "11371 TCP UDP OpenPGP HTTP key server Official", "11753 TCP OpenRCT2 multiplayer Unofficial", "12012 UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , Korea Server -- Status / Version Check Unofficial", "12013 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , Korea Server Unofficial", "12035 UDP Second Life , used for server UDP in - bound Unofficial", "12043 TCP Second Life , used for LSL HTTPS in - bound Unofficial", "12046 TCP Second Life , used for LSL HTTP in - bound Unofficial", "12201 Yes Yes Graylog Extended Log Format ( GELF ) Unofficial", "12222 UDP Light Weight Access Point Protocol ( LWAPP ) LWAPP data ( RFC 5412 ) Official", "12223 UDP Light Weight Access Point Protocol ( LWAPP ) LWAPP control ( RFC 5412 ) Official", "12345 TCP UDP Cube World Unofficial", "12345 TCP Little Fighter 2 Unofficial", "12345 NetBus remote administration tool ( often Trojan horse ) . Unofficial", "12443 TCP IBM HMC web browser management access over HTTPS instead of default port 443 Unofficial", "12489 TCP NSClient / NSClient++ / NC_Net ( Nagios ) Unofficial", "12975 TCP LogMeIn Hamachi ( VPN tunnel software ; also port 32976 ) -- used to connect to Mediation Server ( bibi.hamachi.cc ) ; will attempt to use SSL ( TCP port 443 ) if both 12975 & 32976 fail to connect Unofficial", "13000 -- 13050 UDP Second Life , used for server UDP in - bound Unofficial", "13008 TCP UDP CrossFire , a multiplayer online First Person Shooter Unofficial", "13075 TCP Default for BMC Software Control - M / Enterprise Manager Corba communication , though often changed during installation Official", "13720 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup -- bprd ( formerly VERITAS ) Official", "13721 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup -- bpdbm ( formerly VERITAS ) Official", "13724 TCP UDP Symantec Network Utility -- vnetd ( formerly VERITAS ) Official", "13782 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup -- bpcd ( formerly VERITAS ) Official", "13783 TCP UDP Symantec VOPIED protocol ( formerly VERITAS ) Official", "13785 TCP UDP Symantec NetBackup Database -- nbdb ( formerly VERITAS ) Official", "13786 TCP UDP Symantec nomdb ( formerly VERITAS ) Official", "14550 UDP MAVLink Unofficial", "14567 UDP Battlefield 1942 and mods Unofficial", "15000 TCP psyBNC Unofficial", "15000 TCP Wesnoth Unofficial", "15000 TCP Kaspersky Network Agent Unofficial", "15441 ? ? ZeroNet fileserver Unofficial", "15567 UDP Battlefield Vietnam and mods Unofficial", "15345 TCP UDP XPilot Contact Official", "15672 Yes No RabbitMQ management plugin Unofficial", "16000 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Imaging ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial", "16000 TCP shroudBNC Unofficial", "16080 TCP Mac OS X Server Web ( HTTP ) service with performance cache Unofficial", "16200 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Content Server ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial", "16225 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Content Server Web UI. Port though often changed during installation Unofficial", "16250 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Inbound Refinery ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Content Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial", "16261 TCP UDP Project Zomboid multiplayer . Additional sequential ports used for each player connecting to server . Unofficial", "16300 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Records Management ( formerly known as Oracle Universal Records Management ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial", "16384 UDP CISCO Default RTP MIN Unofficial", "16384 - 16387 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's iChat for audio and video Unofficial", "16384 - 16387 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's FaceTime and Game Center Unofficial", "16393 - 16402 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's FaceTime and Game Center Unofficial", "16403 - 16472 UDP Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) , RTP Control Protocol ( RTCP ) , used by Apple 's Game Center Unofficial", "16400 TCP Oracle WebCenter Content : Capture ( formerly known as Oracle Document Capture ) . Port though often changed during installation Unofficial", "16482 CISCO Default RTP MAX Official", "16567 UDP Battlefield 2 and mods Unofficial", "17011 TCP Worms multiplayer Unofficial", "17500 TCP UDP Dropbox LanSync Protocol ( db - lsp ) ; used to synchronize file catalogs between Dropbox clients on a local network . Official", "18091 TCP UDP memcached Internal REST HTTPS for SSL Unofficial", "18092 TCP UDP memcached Internal CAPI HTTPS for SSL Unofficial", "18104 TCP RAD PDF Service Official", "18200 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft Thailand Server status / version check Unofficial", "18201 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft Thailand Server Unofficial", "18206 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft Thailand Server FAM database Unofficial", "18300 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft SEA Server status / version check Unofficial", "18301 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft SEA Server Unofficial", "18306 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , AsiaSoft SEA Server FAM database Unofficial", "18333 TCP Bitcoin testnet Unofficial", "18400 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , KAIZEN Brazil Server status / version check Unofficial", "18401 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , KAIZEN Brazil Server Unofficial", "18505 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle R4p3 Server , Nexon Server status / version check Unofficial", "18506 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , Nexon Server Unofficial", "18605 TCP UDP X-BEAT status / version check Unofficial", "18606 TCP UDP X-BEAT Unofficial", "19000 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , G10 / alaplaya Server status / version check Unofficial", "19000 UDP JACK sound server Unofficial", "19001 TCP UDP Audition Online Dance Battle , G10 / alaplaya Server Unofficial", "19132 UDP Minecraft : Pocket Edition multiplayer server Unofficial", "19150 TCP UDP Gkrellm Server Unofficial", "19226 TCP Panda Software AdminSecure Communication Agent Unofficial", "19283 TCP UDP K2 -- KeyAuditor & KeyServer , Sassafras Software Inc . Software Asset Management tools Official", "19294 TCP Google Talk Voice and Video connections Unofficial", "19295 UDP Google Talk Voice and Video connections Unofficial", "19302 UDP Google Talk Voice and Video connections Unofficial", "19315 TCP UDP KeyShadow for K2 -- KeyAuditor & KeyServer , Sassafras Software Inc . Software Asset Management tools Official", "19812 Yes No 4D database SQL Communication Official", "19813 TCP UDP 4D database Client Server Communication Official", "19814 TCP 4D database DB4D Communication Official", "19999 Distributed Network Protocol -- Secure ( DNP -- Secure ) , a secure version of the protocol used in SCADA systems between communicating RTU 's and IED 's Official", "20000 Distributed Network Protocol ( DNP ) , a protocol used in SCADA systems between communicating RTU 's and IED 's Official", "20000 Usermin , Web - based Unix / Linux user administration tool ( default port ) Unofficial", "20000 UDP Used on VoIP networks for receiving and transmitting voice telephony traffic which includes Google Voice via the OBiTalk ATA devices as well as on the MagicJack and Vonage ATA network devices . Unofficial", "20560 TCP UDP Killing Floor Unofficial", "20595 UDP 0 A.D. Empires Ascendant Unofficial", "20808 UDP Ableton Link Unofficial", "21025 TCP Starbound Server ( default ) , Starbound Unofficial", "22000 TCP Syncthing ( default ) Unofficial", "22136 TCP FLIR Systems Camera Resource Protocol Unofficial", "22222 TCP Davis Instruments , WeatherLink IP Unofficial", "23073 Soldat Dedicated Server Unofficial", "23399 Skype default protocol Unofficial", "23513 ? ? Duke Nukem 3D source ports Unofficial", "24441 TCP UDP Pyzor spam detection network Unofficial", "24444 NetBeans integrated development environment Unofficial", "24465 TCP UDP Tonido Directory Server for Tonido which is a Personal Web App and P2P platform Official", "24554 TCP UDP BINKP , Fidonet mail transfers over TCP / IP Official", "24800 Synergy : keyboard / mouse sharing software Unofficial", "24842 StepMania : Online : Dance Dance Revolution Simulator Unofficial", "25565 TCP Minecraft multiplayer server Unofficial", "25565 UDP Minecraft multiplayer server query Unofficial", "25575 UDP Minecraft multiplayer server RCON Unofficial", "25826 UDP collectd default port Unofficial", "26000 TCP UDP id Software 's Quake server Official", "26000 TCP EVE Online Unofficial", "26000 UDP Xonotic , an open source arena shooter Unofficial", "26900 -- 26901 TCP EVE Online Unofficial", "27000 -- 27030 UDP Steam , client Unofficial", "27000 -- 27006 UDP id Software 's QuakeWorld master server Unofficial", "27000 TCP PowerBuilder SySAM license server Unofficial", "27000 -- 27009 TCP UDP FlexNet Publisher 's License server ( from the range of default ports ) Official", "27014 -- 27050 TCP Steam , file downloads Unofficial", "27015 UDP GoldSrc and Source engine dedicated server port Unofficial", "27015 UDP Unturned , multiplayer survival video game Unofficial", "27016 Magicka server port Unofficial", "27017 Yes No MongoDB daemon process ( mongod ) and routing service ( mongos ) Unofficial", "27031 -- 27036 UDP Steam , In - Home Streaming ( LAN only ) Unofficial", "27374 Sub7 default . Unofficial", "27500 -- 27900 UDP id Software 's QuakeWorld Unofficial", "27888 UDP Kaillera server Unofficial", "27901 -- 27910 UDP id Software 's Quake II master server Unofficial", "27950 UDP OpenArena outgoing Unofficial", "27960 -- 27969 UDP Activision 's Enemy Territory and id Software 's Quake III Arena , Quake III and Quake Live and some ioquake3 derived games , such as Urban Terror ( OpenArena incoming ) Unofficial", "28001 Starsiege : Tribes Unofficial", "28015 UDP Rust ( video game ) Unofficial", "28770 -- 28771 UDP AssaultCube Reloaded , a video game based upon a modification of AssaultCube Unofficial", "28785 -- 28786 UDP Cube 2 : Sauerbraten Unofficial", "28852 TCP UDP Killing Floor Unofficial", "28910 TCP UDP Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Unofficial", "28960 TCP UDP Call of Duty ; Call of Duty : United Offensive ; Call of Duty 2 ; Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare ; Call of Duty : World at War ( PC platform ) Unofficial", "29000 ? ? Perfect World , an adventure and fantasy MMORPG Unofficial", "29070 TCP UDP Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy by Ravensoft Unofficial", "29900 -- 29901 TCP UDP Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Unofficial", "29920 TCP UDP Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Unofficial", "30564 TCP Multiplicity : keyboard / mouse / clipboard sharing software Unofficial", "31337 TCP Back Orifice remote administration tool Unofficial", "31416 ? ? BOINC RPC Unofficial", "31438 TCP Rocket U2 Unofficial", "31457 TCP TetriNET Official", "32137 TCP UDP Immunet Protect ( UDP in version 2.0 , TCP since version 3.0 ) Unofficial", "32400 TCP Plex Media Server Official", "32764 TCP A backdoor found on certain Linksys , Netgear and other wireless DSL modems / combination routers Unofficial", "32887 TCP Ace of Spades , a multiplayer FPS video game Unofficial", "32976 TCP LogMeIn Hamachi , a VPN application ; also TCP port 12975 and SSL ( TCP 443 ) . Unofficial", "33434 TCP UDP traceroute Official", "33848 UDP Jenkins , a continuous integration ( CI ) tool Unofficial", "34000 UDP Infestation : Survivor Stories ( formerly known as The War Z ) , a multiplayer zombie video game Unofficial", "34197 No Yes Factorio , a multiplayer survival and factory - building game Unofficial", "35357 TCP OpenStack Identity ( Keystone ) administration Official", "37008 UDP TZSP intrusion detection Unofficial", "40000 TCP UDP SafetyNET p -- a real - time Industrial Ethernet protocol Official", "43110 TCP ZeroNet web UI default port Unofficial", "43594 -- 43595 ? ? RuneScape Unofficial", "44405 TCP Mu Online Connect Server Unofficial", "44818 TCP UDP EtherNet / IP explicit messaging Official", "47001 TCP Windows Remote Management Service ( WinRM ) Official", "47808 TCP UDP BACnet Building Automation and Control Networks ( 47808 = BAC0 ) Official", "49151 TCP UDP Reserved Official", "The range 49152 -- 65535 ( 2 + 2 to 2 − 1 ) contains dynamic or private ports that can not be registered with IANA . This range is used for private or customized services , for temporary purposes , and for automatic allocation of ephemeral ports .", "Dynamic , private or ephemeral ports ( hide ) Port TCP UDP Description 49152 -- 65535 Yes No Certificate Management over CMS 60000 -- 61000 Port 22 Yes Range from which Mosh -- a remote - terminal application similar to SSH -- typically assigns ports for ongoing sessions between Mosh servers and Mosh clients .", "( hide ) Port TCP UDP Description", "49152 -- 65535 Yes No Certificate Management over CMS", "60000 -- 61000 Port 22 Yes Range from which Mosh -- a remote - terminal application similar to SSH -- typically assigns ports for ongoing sessions between Mosh servers and Mosh clients ." ]

[ [ "the \"discipline\" or \"instruction\" of wisdom" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Fear of God refers to fear or a specific sense of respect , awe , and submission to a deity . People subscribing to popular monotheistic religions might fear divine judgment , hell or God 's omnipotence .", "In the Bahá'í Faith , `` The heart must be sanctified from every form of selfishness and lust , for the weapons of the unitarians and the saints were and are the fear of God . ''", "According to Pope Francis , `` The fear of the Lord , the gift of the Holy Spirit , does n't mean being afraid of God , since we know that God is our Father that always loves and forgives us , ... ( It ) is no servile fear , but rather a joyful awareness of God 's grandeur and a grateful realization that only in him do our hearts find true peace . ''", "From a theological perspective `` fear of the Lord '' encompasses more than simple fear . Robert B. Strimple says , `` There is the convergence of awe , reverence , adoration , honor , worship , confidence , thankfulness , love , and , yes , fear . '' In the Magnificat ( Luke 1 : 50 ) Mary declaims , `` His mercy is from age to age to those who fear him . '' The Parable of the Unjust Judge ( Luke 18 : 1 - 8 ) finds Jesus describing the judge as one who `` ... neither feared God nor cared for man . '' Some translations of the Bible , such as the New International Version , sometimes replace the word `` fear '' with `` reverence '' .", "It can also mean fear of God 's judgment . The fear of God is felt because one understands the `` fearful expectation of judgement '' . Still , this is not a fear that leads one to despair , rather it must be coupled with trust , and most importantly , love . In Psalms 130 : 3 - 4 , it is said , `` If you , O Lord , kept a record of sins , O Lord , who could stand ? But with you there is forgiveness ; therefore you are feared . ''", "In the New Testament , this fear is described using the Greek word φόβος ( phobos , `` fear / horror '' ) , except in 1 Timothy 2 : 10 , where Paul describes γυναιξὶν ἐπαγγελλομέναις θεοσέβειαν ( gynaixin epangellomenais theosebeian ) , `` women professing the fear of God '' , using the word θεοσέβεια ( theosebeia ) .", "Roman Catholicism counts this fear as one of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit . In Proverbs 15 : 33 , the fear of the Lord is described as the `` discipline '' or `` instruction '' of wisdom . Writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia , Jacques Forget explains that this gift `` fills us with a sovereign respect for God , and makes us dread , above all things , to offend Him . '' In an April 2006 article published in Inside the Vatican magazine , contributing editor John Mallon writes that the `` fear '' in `` fear of the Lord '' is often misinterpreted as `` servile fear '' ( the fear of getting in trouble ) when it should be understood as `` filial fear '' ( the fear of offending someone whom one loves ) .", "According to Jerry Bridges , `` There was a time when committed Christians were known as God - fearing people . This was a badge of honor . ''", "Lutheran theologian Rudolf Otto coined the term numinous to express the type of fear one has for the Lord . Anglican C.S. Lewis references the term in many of his writings , but specifically describes it in his book The Problem of Pain and states that fear of the numinous is not a fear that one feels for a tiger , or even a ghost . Rather , the fear of the numinous , as C.S. Lewis describes it , is one filled with awe , in which you `` feel wonder and a certain shrinking '' or `` a sense of inadequacy to cope with such a visitant of or prostration before it '' . It is a fear that comes forth out of love for the Lord .", "Taqwa is an Islamic term for being conscious and cognizant of God , of truth , of the rational reality , `` piety , fear of God '' . It is often found in the Quran . Al - Muttaqin ( Arabic : لِّلْمُتَّقِينَ ‎ Al - Muttaqin ) refers to those who practice taqwa , or in the words of Ibn Abbas -- `` believers who avoid Shirk with Allah and who work in His obedience . ''", "The first mention of the fear of God in the Hebrew Bible is in Genesis 22 : 12 , where Abraham is commended for putting his trust in God . In Isaiah 11 : 1 - 3 , the prophet describes the shoot that shall sprout from the stump of Jesse , `` The spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him : a spirit of wisdom and of understanding , A spirit of counsel and of strength , a spirit of knowledge and of fear of the Lord , and his delight shall be the fear of the Lord . '' Proverbs 9 : 10 says that `` fear of the Lord '' is `` the beginning of wisdom '' .", "The Hebrew words יִרְאַ֣ת ( yir'aṯ ) and יִרְאַ֣ת ( p̄aḥaḏ ) are most commonly used to describe fear of God / El / Yahweh .", "Bahya ibn Paquda characterized two types of fear as a lower `` fear of punishment '' and a higher `` fear of ( divine awe ) glory . '' Abraham ibn Daud differentiated between `` fear of harm '' ( analogous to fear of a snake bite or a king 's punishment ) and `` fear of greatness , '' analogous to respect for an exalted person , who would do us no harm . Maimonides categorized the fear of God as a positive commandment , as the feeling of human insignificance deriving from contemplation of God 's `` great and wonderful actions and creations . ''", "Author Boyd C. Purcell and atheist Sam Harris have each compared doctrines promoting the fear of God to living under the Stockholm syndrome , where hostages feel a misplaced sense of connection and affection for the hostage taker ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "In project management , a change order is a component of the change management process whereby changes in the scope of work agreed to by the owner , contractor and architect or engineer are implemented .", "A change order is work that is added to or deleted from the original scope of work of a contract , however , depending on the magnitude of the change , it may or may not alter the original contract amount and / or completion date . A change order may force a new project to handle significant changes to the current project .", "Change orders are common to most projects , and very common with large projects . After the original scope ( or contract ) is formed , complete with the total price to be paid and the specific work to be completed , a client may decide that the original plans do not best represent his or her definition for the finished project . Accordingly , the client will suggest an alternate approach .", "Common causes for change orders to be created are :", "The project 's work was incorrectly estimated The customer or project team discovers obstacles or possible efficiencies that require them to deviate from the original plan The customer or project team are inefficient or incapable of completing their required deliverables within budget , and additional money , time , or resources must be added to the project During the course of the project , additional features or options are perceived and requested . If the contractor has to add work items to the original scope of work at a later time in order to achieve the customer 's demands , a fair price for the work items and fees must be added for the materials and labor . Extreme weather conditions cause delays or require additional work to complete construction .", "The project 's work was incorrectly estimated", "The customer or project team discovers obstacles or possible efficiencies that require them to deviate from the original plan", "The customer or project team are inefficient or incapable of completing their required deliverables within budget , and additional money , time , or resources must be added to the project", "During the course of the project , additional features or options are perceived and requested .", "If the contractor has to add work items to the original scope of work at a later time in order to achieve the customer 's demands , a fair price for the work items and fees must be added for the materials and labor .", "Extreme weather conditions cause delays or require additional work to complete construction .", "A project manager then typically generates a change order that describes the new work to be done ( or not done in some cases ) , and the price to be paid for this new work . Once this change order is submitted and approved it generally serves to alter the original contract such that the change order now becomes part of the contract ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Yellow River 黄河 ( Huáng Hé ) The Yellow River at the Hukou Falls . Country China States Qinghai , Sichuan , Gansu , Ningxia , Inner Mongolia , Shaanxi , Shanxi , Henan , Shandong Tributaries - left Fen River ( and many smaller rivers ) - right Tao River , Wei River ( and many smaller rivers ) Source Bayan Har Mountains - location Yushu Prefecture , Qinghai - elevation 4,800 m ( 15,748 ft ) - coordinates 34 ° 29 ′ 31 '' N 96 ° 20 ′ 25 '' E  /  34.49194 ° N 96.34028 ° E  / 34.49194 ; 96.34028 Mouth Bohai Sea - location Kenli County , Shandong - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 37 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 00 '' E  /  37.78000 ° N 119.25000 ° E  / 37.78000 ; 119.25000 Coordinates : 37 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 00 '' E  /  37.78000 ° N 119.25000 ° E  / 37.78000 ; 119.25000 Length 5,464 km ( 3,395 mi ) Basin 752,546 km ( 290,560 sq mi ) Discharge - average 2,571 m / s ( 90,794 cu ft / s ) - max 58,000 m / s ( 2,048,251 cu ft / s ) - min 1,030 m / s ( 36,374 cu ft / s ) Map of the Yellow River in China", "Yellow River", "黄河 ( Huáng Hé )", "The Yellow River at the Hukou Falls .", "Country China", "States Qinghai , Sichuan , Gansu , Ningxia , Inner Mongolia , Shaanxi , Shanxi , Henan , Shandong", "Tributaries", "- left Fen River ( and many smaller rivers )", "- right Tao River , Wei River ( and many smaller rivers )", "Source Bayan Har Mountains", "- location Yushu Prefecture , Qinghai", "- elevation 4,800 m ( 15,748 ft )", "- coordinates 34 ° 29 ′ 31 '' N 96 ° 20 ′ 25 '' E  /  34.49194 ° N 96.34028 ° E  / 34.49194 ; 96.34028", "Mouth Bohai Sea", "- location Kenli County , Shandong", "- elevation 0 m ( 0 ft )", "- coordinates 37 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 00 '' E  /  37.78000 ° N 119.25000 ° E  / 37.78000 ; 119.25000 Coordinates : 37 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 00 '' E  /  37.78000 ° N 119.25000 ° E  / 37.78000 ; 119.25000", "Length 5,464 km ( 3,395 mi )", "Basin 752,546 km ( 290,560 sq mi )", "Discharge", "- average 2,571 m / s ( 90,794 cu ft / s )", "- max 58,000 m / s ( 2,048,251 cu ft / s )", "- min 1,030 m / s ( 36,374 cu ft / s )", "Map of the Yellow River in China", "Yellow River `` Yellow River '' in Simplified ( top ) and Traditional ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Simplified Chinese 黄河 Traditional Chinese 黃河 Postal Hwang Ho ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Huáng Hé Wade -- Giles Huang Ho IPA ( xwǎŋ xɤ̌ ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Wån Ghu Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Wòhng hòh IPA ( wɔ̏ːŋ hɔ̏ː ) Jyutping Wong ho Southern Min Tâi - lô N̂g hô Middle Chinese Middle Chinese Hwang Ha Old Chinese Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * N - kwʕaŋ ( C.q ) ʕaj Tibetan name Tibetan རྨ ་ ཆུ ། ( show ) Transcriptions Wylie r Ma chu THL ma chu Mongolian name Mongolian Хатан гол Ȟatan Gol Шар мөрөн Šar Mörön", "Yellow River", "`` Yellow River '' in Simplified ( top ) and Traditional ( bottom ) Chinese characters", "Chinese name", "Simplified Chinese 黄河", "Traditional Chinese 黃河", "Postal Hwang Ho", "( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Huáng Hé Wade -- Giles Huang Ho IPA ( xwǎŋ xɤ̌ ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Wån Ghu Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Wòhng hòh IPA ( wɔ̏ːŋ hɔ̏ː ) Jyutping Wong ho Southern Min Tâi - lô N̂g hô Middle Chinese Middle Chinese Hwang Ha Old Chinese Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * N - kwʕaŋ ( C.q ) ʕaj", "( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Huáng Hé Wade -- Giles Huang Ho IPA ( xwǎŋ xɤ̌ ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Wån Ghu Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Wòhng hòh IPA ( wɔ̏ːŋ hɔ̏ː ) Jyutping Wong ho Southern Min Tâi - lô N̂g hô Middle Chinese Middle Chinese Hwang Ha Old Chinese Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * N - kwʕaŋ ( C.q ) ʕaj", "( show ) Transcriptions", "Standard Mandarin", "Hanyu Pinyin Huáng Hé", "Wade -- Giles Huang Ho", "IPA ( xwǎŋ xɤ̌ ) ( listen )", "Wu", "Romanization Wån Ghu", "Yue : Cantonese", "Yale Romanization Wòhng hòh", "IPA ( wɔ̏ːŋ hɔ̏ː )", "Jyutping Wong ho", "Southern Min", "Tâi - lô N̂g hô", "Middle Chinese", "Middle Chinese Hwang Ha", "Old Chinese", "Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * N - kwʕaŋ ( C.q ) ʕaj", "Tibetan name", "Tibetan རྨ ་ ཆུ །", "( show ) Transcriptions Wylie r Ma chu THL ma chu", "( show ) Transcriptions Wylie r Ma chu THL ma chu", "( show ) Transcriptions", "Wylie r Ma chu", "THL ma chu", "Mongolian name", "Mongolian Хатан гол Ȟatan Gol Шар мөрөн Šar Mörön", "The Yellow River or Huang He ( listen ) is the third longest river in Asia , after the Yangtze River and Yenisei River , and the sixth - longest river system in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 km ( 3,395 mi ) . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of western China , it flows through nine provinces , and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province . The Yellow River basin has an east -- west extent of about 1,900 kilometers ( 1,180 mi ) and a north -- south extent of about 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) . Its total drainage area is about 752,546 square kilometers ( 290,560 sq mi ) .", "Its basin was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization , and it was the most prosperous region in early Chinese history . However , because of frequent devastating floods and course changes produced by the continual elevation of the river bed , sometimes above the level of its surrounding farm fields , it also has the names China 's Sorrow and Scourge of the Han People .", "Early Chinese literature including the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu dating to the Warring States period ( 475 -- 221 BC ) refers to the Yellow River as simply 河 ( Old Chinese : * C. gʕaj , modern Chinese ( Pinyin ) Hé ) , a character that has come to mean `` river '' in modern usage . The first appearance of the name 黃河 ( Old Chinese : * N - kwʕaŋ C. gʕaj ; Middle Chinese : Huang Ha ) is in the Book of Han written during the Eastern Han dynasty about the Western Han dynasty . The adjective `` yellow '' describes the perennial color of the muddy water in the lower course of the river , which arises from soil ( loess ) being carried downstream .", "One of its older Mongolian names was the `` Black River '' , because the river runs clear before it enters the Loess Plateau , but the current name of the river among Inner Mongolians is Ȟatan Gol ( Хатан гол , `` Queen River '' ) . In Mongolia itself , it is simply called the Šar Mörön ( Шар мөрөн , `` Yellow River '' ) .", "In Qinghai , the river 's Tibetan name is `` River of the Peacock '' ( Tibetan : རྨ ་ ཆུ ། , Ma Chu ; Chinese : s 玛 曲 , t 瑪 曲 , p Mǎ Qū '", "The Yellow River is one of several rivers that are essential for China 's very existence . At the same time , however , it has been responsible for several deadly floods , including the only natural disasters in recorded history to have killed more than a million people . The deadliest was a 1332 -- 33 flood that killed 7 million people . Close behind is the 1887 flood , which killed anywhere from 900,000 to 2 million people , and a 1931 flood ( part of a massive number of floods that year ) that killed 1 -- 4 million people .", "The cause of the floods is the large amount of fine - grained loess carried by the river from the Loess Plateau , which is continuously deposited along the bottom of its channel . The sedimentation causes natural dams to slowly accumulate . These subaqueous dams were unpredictable and generally undetectable . Eventually , the enormous amount of water has to find a new way to the sea , forcing it to take the path of least resistance . When this happens , it bursts out across the flat North China Plain , sometimes taking a new channel and inundating any farmland , cities or towns in its path . The traditional Chinese response of building higher and higher levees along the banks sometimes also contributed to the severity of the floods : When flood water did break through the levees , it could no longer drain back into the river bed as it would after a normal flood as the river bed was sometimes now higher than the surrounding countryside . These changes could cause the river 's mouth to shift as much as 480 km ( 300 mi ) , sometimes reaching the ocean to the north of Shandong Peninsula and sometimes to the south .", "Another historical source of devastating floods is the collapse of upstream ice dams in Inner Mongolia with an accompanying sudden release of vast quantities of impounded water . There have been 11 such major floods in the past century , each causing tremendous loss of life and property . Nowadays , explosives dropped from aircraft are used to break the ice dams before they become dangerous .", "Before modern dams came to China , the Yellow River was extremely prone to flooding . In the 2,540 years from 595 BCE to 1946 CE , the Yellow River has been reckoned to have flooded 1,593 times , shifting its course 26 times noticeably and nine times severely . These floods include some of the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded . Before modern disaster management , when floods occurred , some of the population might initially die from drowning but then many more would suffer from the ensuing famine and spread of diseases .", "Historical documents from the Spring and Autumn period and Qin Dynasty indicate that the Yellow River at that time flowed considerably north of its present course . These accounts show that after the river passed Luoyang , it flowed along the border between Shanxi and Henan Provinces , then continued along the border between Hebei and Shandong before emptying into Bohai Bay near present - day Tianjin . Another outlet followed essentially the present course .", "The river left these paths in 602 BC and shifted completely south of the Shandong Peninsula . Sabotage of dikes , canals , and reservoirs and deliberate flooding of rival states became a standard military tactic during the Warring States period . As the Yellow River valley was the major entryway to the Guanzhong area and the state of Qin from the North China Plain , Qin heavily fortified the Hangu Pass ; it saw numerous battles and was also an important chokepoint protecting the Han capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang . Major flooding in AD 11 is credited with the downfall of the short - lived Xin dynasty , and another flood in AD 70 returned the river north of Shandong on essentially its present course .", "From around the beginning of the 3rd century , the importance of the Hangu Pass was reduced , with the major fortifications and military bases moved upriver to Tongguan . In AD 923 , the desperate Later Liang general Duan Ning again broke the dikes , flooding 1,000 square miles ( 2,600 km ) in a failed attempt to protect his realm 's capital from the Later Tang . A similar proposal from the Song engineer Li Chun concerning flooding the lower reaches of the river to protect the central plains from the Khitai was overruled in 1020 : the Treaty of Shanyuan between the two states had expressly forbidden the Song from establishing new moats or changing river courses .", "Breaches occurred regardless : one at Henglong in 1034 divided the course in three and repeatedly flooded the northern regions of Dezhou and Bozhou . The Song worked for five years futilely attempting to restore the previous course -- using over 35,000 employees , 100,000 conscripts , and 220,000 tons of wood and bamboo in a single year -- before abandoning the project in 1041 . The more sluggish river then occasioned a breach at Shanghu that sent the main outlet north towards Tianjin in 1048 and by 1194 blocked the mouth of the Huai River . The buildup of silt deposits was such that even after the Yellow River later shifted its course , the Huai could no longer flow along its historic course , but instead , its water pools into Hongze Lake and then runs southward toward the Yangtze River .", "A flood in 1344 returned the Yellow River south of Shandong . The Yuan dynasty was waning , and the emperor forced enormous teams to build new embankments for the river . The terrible conditions helped to fuel rebellions that led to the founding of the Ming dynasty . The course changed again in 1391 when the river flooded from Kaifeng to Fengyang in Anhui . It was finally stabilized by the eunuch Li Xing during the public works projects following the 1494 flood . The river flooded many times in the 16th century , including in 1526 , 1534 , 1558 , and 1587 . Each flood affected the river 's lower course .", "The 1642 flood was man - made , caused by the attempt of the Ming governor of Kaifeng to use the river to destroy the peasant rebels under Li Zicheng who had been besieging the city for the past six months . He directed his men to break the dikes in an attempt to flood the rebels , but destroyed his own city instead : the flood and the ensuing famine and plague are estimated to have killed 300,000 of the city 's previous population of 378,000 . The once - prosperous city was nearly abandoned until its rebuilding under the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing Dynasty .", "Between 1851 and 1855 , it returned to the north amid the floods that provoked the Nien and Taiping Rebellions . The 1887 flood has been estimated to have killed between 900,000 and 2 million people , and is the second - worst natural disaster in history ( excluding famines and epidemics ) . The Yellow River more or less adopted its present course during the 1897 flood .", "The 1931 flood killed an estimated 1,000,000 to 4,000,000 , and is the worst natural disaster recorded ( excluding famines and epidemics ) .", "On 9 June 1938 , during the Second Sino - Japanese War , Nationalist troops under Chiang Kai - shek broke the levees holding back the river near the village of Huayuankou in Henan , causing what has been called by Canadian historian , Diana Lary , a `` war - induced natural disaster '' . The goal of the operation was to stop the advancing Japanese troops by following a strategy of `` using water as a substitute for soldiers '' ( yishui daibing ) . The 1938 flood of an area covering 54,000 km ( 20,800 sq mi ) took some 500,000 to 900,000 Chinese lives , along with an unknown number of Japanese soldiers . The flood prevented the Japanese Army from taking Zhengzhou , on the southern bank of the Yellow River , but did not stop them from reaching their goal of capturing Wuhan , which was the temporary seat of the Chinese government and straddles the Yangtze River .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "According to the China Exploration and Research Society , the source of the Yellow River is at 34 ° 29 ' 31.1 '' N , 96 ° 20 ' 24.6 '' E in the Bayan Har Mountains near the eastern edge of the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture . The source tributuaries drain into Gyaring Lake and Ngoring Lake on the western edge of Golog Prefecture high in the Bayan Har Mountains of Qinghai . In the Zoige Basin along the boundary with Gansu , the Yellow River loops northwest and then northeast before turning south , creating the `` Ordos Loop '' , and then flows generally eastward across the North China Plain to the Gulf of Bohai , draining a basin of 752,443 square kilometers ( 290,520 sq mi ) which nourishes 140 million people with drinking water and irrigation .", "The Yellow River passes through seven present - day provinces and two autonomous regions , namely ( from west to east ) Qinghai , Gansu , Ningxia , Inner Mongolia , Shaanxi , Shanxi , Henan , and Shandong . Major cities along the present course of the Yellow River include ( from west to east ) Lanzhou , Yinchuan , Wuhai , Baotou , Luoyang , Zhengzhou , Kaifeng , and Jinan . The current mouth of the Yellow River is located at Kenli County , Shandong .", "The river is commonly divided into three stages . These are roughly the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau , the Ordos Loop , and the North China Plain . However , different scholars have different opinions on how the three stages are divided . This article adopts the division used by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The upper reaches of the Yellow River constitute a segment starting from its source in the Bayan Har Mountains and ending at Hekou Town ( Togtoh County ) , Inner Mongolia just before it turns sharply to the south . This segment has a total length of 3,472 kilometers ( 2,157 mi ) and total basin area of 386,000 square kilometers ( 149,000 sq mi ) , 51.4 % of the total basin area . Along this length , the elevation of the Yellow River drops 3,496 meters ( 11,470 ft ) , with an average grade of 0.10 % .", "The source section flows mainly through pastures , swamps , and knolls between the Bayan Har Mountains , and the Anemaqen ( Amne Machin ) Mountains in Qinghai . The river water is clear and flows steadily . Crystal clear lakes are characteristic of this section . The two main lakes along this section are Lake Zhaling ( 扎 陵 湖 ) and Lake Eling ( 鄂 陵 湖 ) , with capacities of 4.7 billion and 10.8 billion m3 ( 166 and 381 billion ft ) , respectively . At elevations over 4,290 m ( 14,070 ft ) ) above sea level they are the two largest plateau freshwater lakes nationwide . A significant amount of land in the Yellow River 's source area has been designated as the Sanjiangyuan ( `` ' Three Rivers ' Sources '' ) National Nature Reserve , to protect the source region of the Yellow River , the Yangtze , and the Mekong .", "Flowing east at the eastern edge of the Amne Machin Mountains , the Yellow River enters Maqu County in Gansu . Here , the river skirts through the high - altitude peat bog known as the Zoigê Wetlands and makes a sharp turn towards the northwest forming the border between Maqu and Zoigê County in Sichuan . Flowing now along the northern edge of Amne Machin , the river reenters Qinghai and gradually curves north towards the Longyang Gorge at Xinghai .", "The valley section stretches from Longyang Gorge in Qinghai to Qingtong Gorge in Gansu . Steep cliffs line both sides of the river . The water bed is narrow and the average drop is large , so the flow in this section is extremely turbulent and fast . There are 20 gorges in this section , the most famous of these being the Longyang , Jishi , Liujia , Bapan , and Qingtong gorges . The flow conditions in this section makes it the best location for hydroelectric plants . The Yellow River exits Qinghai for the second and final time in these gorges and enters Gansu for the second time just before Liujia Gorge . Downstream from the Yanguo Gorge , the provincial capital of Lanzhou is built upon the Yellow River 's banks . The Yellow River flows northeasterly out of Gansu and into Ningxia before the Qingtong Gorge .", "After emerging from the Qingtong Gorge , the river comes into a section of vast alluvial plains , the Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain . In this section , the regions along the river are mostly deserts and grasslands , with very few tributaries . The flow is slow . The Hetao Plain has a length of 900 km ( 560 mi ) and width of 30 to 50 km ( 19 to 31 mi ) . It is historically the most important irrigation plain along the Yellow River .", "The Ordos Loop formed by an enormous twist of the Yellow River , beginning at Zhongning County in Ningxia and ending with a drastic eastward turn at its confluence with the Wei at Tongguan in Shaanxi . However , the official division for the middle reaches of the river run from Hekou in Togtoh County , Inner Mongolia , to Zhengzhou , Henan . The middle reaches are 1,206 km ( 749 mi ) long , with a basin area of 344,000 square kilometers ( 133,000 sq mi ) , 45.7 % of the total , with a total elevation drop of 890 m ( 2,920 ft ) , an average drop of 0.074 % . There are 30 large tributaries along the middle reaches , and the water flow is increased by 43.5 % on this stage . The middle reaches contribute 92 % of the river 's silts .", "The middle stream of the Yellow River passes through the Loess Plateau , where substantial erosion takes place . The large amount of mud and sand discharged into the river makes the Yellow River the most sediment - laden river in the world . The highest recorded annual level of silts discharged into the Yellow River is 3.91 billion tons in 1933 . The highest silt concentration level was recorded in 1977 at 920 kg / m3 ( 57.4 lb / ft ) . These sediments later deposit in the slower lower reaches of the river , elevating the river bed and creating the famous `` river above ground '' . From Hekou to Yumenkou , the river passes through the longest series of continuous valleys on its main course , collectively called the Jinshan Valley . The abundant hydrodynamic resources stored in this section make it the second most suitable area to build hydroelectric power plants . The famous Hukou Waterfall is in the lower part of this valley on the border of Shanxi and Shaanxi .", "In the lower reaches , from Zhengzhou , Henan to its mouth , a distance of 786 km ( 488 mi ) , the river is confined to a levee - lined course as it flows to the northeast across the North China Plain before emptying into the Bohai Sea . The basin area in this stage is only 23,000 square kilometers ( 8,900 sq mi ) , a mere 3 % of the total , because few tributaries add to the flow in this stage ; nearly all rivers to the south drain into the Huai River , whereas those to the north drain into the Hai River . The total drop in elevation of the lower reaches is 93.6 m ( 307 ft ) , with an average grade of 0.012 % .", "The silts received from the middle reaches form sediments here , elevating the river bed . During 2,000 years of levee construction , excessive sediment deposits have raised the riverbed several meters above the surrounding ground .", "At Kaifeng , Henan , the Yellow River is 10 meters ( 33 ft ) above the ground level .", "Tributaries of the Yellow River listed from its source to its mouth include :", "White River Black River Huang Shui Datong River Daxia River Tao River Zuli River Qingshui River Dahei River Kuye River Wuding River Fen River Wei River ( the Wei River is the largest of these tributaries ) Luo River Qin River Dawen River Kuo River", "Huang Shui Datong River", "Datong River", "Wei River ( the Wei River is the largest of these tributaries )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The Yellow River is notable for the large amount of silt it carries -- 1.6 billion tons annually at the point where it descends from the Loess Plateau . If it is running to the sea with sufficient volume , 1.4 billion tons are carried to the sea annually . One estimate gives 34 kilograms of silt per cubic meter as opposed to 10 for the Colorado and 1 for the Nile .", "Its average discharge is said to be 2,110 cubic meters per second ( 32,000 for the Yangtze ) , with a maximum of 25,000 and minimum of 245 . However , since 1972 , it often runs dry before it reaches the sea . The low volume is due to increased agricultural irrigation , increased by a factor of five since 1950 . Water diverted from the river as of 1999 served 140 million people and irrigated 74,000 km2 ( 48,572 mi2 ) of land . The Yellow River delta totals 8,000 square kilometers ( 3,090 mi2 ) . However , with the decrease in silt reaching the sea , it has been reported to be shrinking slightly each year since 1996 through erosion .", "The highest volume occurs during the rainy season from July to October , when 60 % of the annual volume of the river flows . Maximum demand for irrigation is needed between March and June . In order to capture excess water for use when needed and for flood control and electricity generation , several dams have been built , but their expected life is limited due to the high silt load . A proposed South -- North Water Transfer Project involves several schemes to divert water from the Yangtze River : one in the western headwaters of the rivers where they are closest to one another , another from the upper reaches of the Han River , and a third using the route of the old Grand Canal .", "Due to its heavy load of silt the Yellow River is a depositing stream -- that is , it deposits part of its carried burden of soil in its bed in stretches where it is flowing slowly . These deposits elevate the riverbed which flows between natural levees in its lower reaches . Should a flood occur , the river may break out of the levees into the surrounding lower flood plain and take a new channel . Historically this has occurred about once every hundred years . In modern times , considerable effort has been made to strengthen levees and control floods .", "Below is the list of hydroelectric power stations built on the Yellow River , arranged according to the first year of operation ( in brackets ) :", "Sanmenxia Dam ( 1960 ; Sanmenxia , Henan ) Sanshenggong Dam ( 1966 ) Qingtong Gorge hydroelectric power station ( 1968 ; Qingtongxia , Ningxia ) Liujiaxia Dam ( Liujia Gorge ) ( 1974 ; Yongjing County , Gansu ) Lijiaxia Dam ( 1997 ) ( Jainca County , Qinghai ) Yanguoxia Dam ( Yanguo Gorge ) hydroelectric power station ( 1975 ; Yongjing County , Gansu ) Tianqiao Dam ( 1977 ) Bapanxia Dam ( Bapan Gorge ) ( 1980 ; Xigu District , Lanzhou , Gansu ) Longyangxia Dam ( 1992 ; Gonghe County , Qinghai ) Da Gorge hydroelectric power station ( 1998 ) Li Gorge hydroelectric power station ( 1999 ) Wanjiazhai Dam ( 1999 ; Pianguan County , Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia ) Xiaolangdi Dam ( 2001 ) ( Jiyuan , Henan ) Laxiwa Dam ( 2010 ) ( Guide County , Qinghai ) Yangqu Dam ( 2015 ) ( Xinghai County , Qinghai ) Maerdang Dam ( 2016 ) ( Maqên County , Qinghai )", "Sanmenxia Dam ( 1960 ; Sanmenxia , Henan )", "Sanshenggong Dam ( 1966 )", "Qingtong Gorge hydroelectric power station ( 1968 ; Qingtongxia , Ningxia )", "Liujiaxia Dam ( Liujia Gorge ) ( 1974 ; Yongjing County , Gansu )", "Lijiaxia Dam ( 1997 ) ( Jainca County , Qinghai )", "Yanguoxia Dam ( Yanguo Gorge ) hydroelectric power station ( 1975 ; Yongjing County , Gansu )", "Tianqiao Dam ( 1977 )", "Bapanxia Dam ( Bapan Gorge ) ( 1980 ; Xigu District , Lanzhou , Gansu )", "Longyangxia Dam ( 1992 ; Gonghe County , Qinghai )", "Da Gorge hydroelectric power station ( 1998 )", "Li Gorge hydroelectric power station ( 1999 )", "Wanjiazhai Dam ( 1999 ; Pianguan County , Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia )", "Xiaolangdi Dam ( 2001 ) ( Jiyuan , Henan )", "Laxiwa Dam ( 2010 ) ( Guide County , Qinghai )", "Yangqu Dam ( 2015 ) ( Xinghai County , Qinghai )", "Maerdang Dam ( 2016 ) ( Maqên County , Qinghai )", "As reported in 2000 , the 7 largest hydro power plants ( Longyangxia , Lijiaxia , Liujiaxia , Yanguoxia , Bapanxia , Daxia and Qinglongxia ) had the total installed capacity of 5,618 MW .", "The main bridges and ferries by the province names in the order of downstream to upstream are :", "Dongying Yellow River Bridge Shengli Yellow River Bridge ( Dongying ) Lijin Yellow River Bridge ( Dongying ) Binzhou Yellow River Road - Railway Bridge Binzhou Yellow River Highway Bridge Binzhou -- Laiwu Expressway Binzhou Yellow River Bridge ( Binzhou -- Zibo ) Huiqing Yellow River Bridge ( Binzhou -- Zibo ) Jiyang Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan ) G20 Qingdao -- Yinchuan Expressway Jinan Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan ) Jinan Yellow River Bridge Luokou Yellow River Railway Bridge ( Jinan ) Jinan Jianbang Yellow River Bridge Beijing -- Shanghai High - speed Railway Jinan Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan -- Dezhou ) Beijing -- Taipei Expressway Jinan Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan -- Dezhou ) Beijing -- Shanghai Railway Jinan Yellow River New Bridge ( Jinan -- Dezhou ) Pingyin Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan - Liaocheng )", "Dongying Yellow River Bridge", "Shengli Yellow River Bridge ( Dongying )", "Lijin Yellow River Bridge ( Dongying )", "Binzhou Yellow River Road - Railway Bridge", "Binzhou Yellow River Highway Bridge", "Binzhou -- Laiwu Expressway Binzhou Yellow River Bridge ( Binzhou -- Zibo )", "Huiqing Yellow River Bridge ( Binzhou -- Zibo )", "Jiyang Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan )", "G20 Qingdao -- Yinchuan Expressway Jinan Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan )", "Jinan Yellow River Bridge", "Luokou Yellow River Railway Bridge ( Jinan )", "Jinan Jianbang Yellow River Bridge", "Beijing -- Shanghai High - speed Railway Jinan Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan -- Dezhou )", "Beijing -- Taipei Expressway Jinan Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan -- Dezhou )", "Beijing -- Shanghai Railway Jinan Yellow River New Bridge ( Jinan -- Dezhou )", "Pingyin Yellow River Bridge ( Jinan - Liaocheng )", "Shandong -- Henan", "Beijing -- Kowloon Railway Sunkou Yellow River Bridge ( Jining -- Puyang ) Juancheng Yellow River Highway Bridge ( Heze -- Puyang ) Dongming Yellow River Highway Bridge ( Heze -- Puyang )", "Beijing -- Kowloon Railway Sunkou Yellow River Bridge ( Jining -- Puyang )", "Juancheng Yellow River Highway Bridge ( Heze -- Puyang )", "Dongming Yellow River Highway Bridge ( Heze -- Puyang )", "Kaifeng Yellow River Bridge ( Kaifeng ) Zhengzhou Yellow River Bridge ( Zhengzhou )", "Kaifeng Yellow River Bridge ( Kaifeng )", "Zhengzhou Yellow River Bridge ( Zhengzhou )", "Shanxi -- Henan", "Sanmen Yellow River Bridge ( Sanmenxia )", "Sanmen Yellow River Bridge ( Sanmenxia )", "Shaanxi -- Henan", "Hancheng Yumenkou Yellow River Bridge", "Hancheng Yumenkou Yellow River Bridge", "Yinchuan Yellow River Bridge ( Yinchuan )", "Yinchuan Yellow River Bridge ( Yinchuan )", "Baotou Yellow River Bridge ( Baotou )", "Baotou Yellow River Bridge ( Baotou )", "Lanzhou Yellow River Bridge Zhongshan Bridge ( Lanzhou )", "Lanzhou Yellow River Bridge", "Zhongshan Bridge ( Lanzhou )", "Dari Yellow River Bridge", "Dari Yellow River Bridge", "The Yellow River is generally less suitable for aquaculture than the rivers of central and southern China , such as the Yangtze or the Pearl River , but aquaculture is also practiced in some areas along the Yellow River . An important aquaculture area is the riverside plain in Xingyang City , upstream from Zhengzhou . Since the development of fish ponds started in Xingyang 's riverside Wangcun Town in 1986 , the pond systems in Wangcun have grown to the total size of 15,000 mu ( 10 km ) , making the town the largest aquaculture center in North China .", "A variety of the Chinese softshell turtle popular with China 's gourmets is called the Yellow River Turtle ( 黄河 鳖 ) . Nowadays most of the Yellow River Turtles eaten in China 's restaurants comes from turtle farms , which may or may not be near the Yellow River . In 2007 , construction started in Wangcun on a large farm for raising this turtle variety . With the capacity for raising 5 million turtles a year , the facility was expected to become Henan 's largest farm of this kind .", "On 25 November 2008 , Tania Branigan of The Guardian filed a report `` China 's Mother River : the Yellow River '' , claiming that severe pollution has made one - third of China 's Yellow River unusable even for agricultural or industrial use , due to factory discharges and sewage from fast - expanding cities . The Yellow River Conservancy Commission had surveyed more than 8,384 mi ( 13,493 km ) of the river in 2007 and said 33.8 % of the river system registered worse than `` level five '' according to the criteria used by the UN Environment Program . Level five is unfit for drinking , aquaculture , industrial use , or even agriculture . The report said waste and sewage discharged into the system last year totaled 4.29 b tons . Industry and manufacturing made up 70 % of the discharge into the river with households accounting for 23 % and just over 6 % coming from other sources .", "In ancient times , it was believed that the Yellow River flowed from Heaven as a continuation of the Milky Way . In a Chinese legend , Zhang Qian is said to have been commissioned to find the source of the Yellow River . After sailing up - river for many days , he saw a girl spinning and a cow herd . Upon asking the girl where he was , she presented him with her shuttle with instructions to show it to the astrologer Yen Chün - p'ing . When he returned , the astrologer recognized it as the shuttle of the Weaving Girl ( Vega ) , and , moreover , said that at the time Zhang received the shuttle , he had seen a wandering star interpose itself between the Weaving Girl and the cow herd ( Altair ) .", "The provinces of Hebei and Henan derive their names from the Yellow River . Their names mean , respectively , `` North of the River '' and `` South of the River '' .", "Mother river , China 's Sorrow , and cradle of Chinese civilization .", "Mother river , China 's Sorrow , and cradle of Chinese civilization .", "Traditionally , it is believed that the Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow River basin . The Chinese refer to the river as `` the Mother River '' and `` the cradle of the Chinese civilization '' . During the long history of China , the Yellow River has been considered a blessing as well as a curse and has been nicknamed both `` China 's Pride '' ( simplified Chinese : 中国 的 骄傲 ; traditional Chinese : 中 國 的 驕 傲 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó de Jiāo'ào ) and `` China 's Sorrow '' ( simplified Chinese : 中国 的 痛 ; traditional Chinese : 中 國 的 痛 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó de Tòng ) .", "When the Yellow River flows clear .", "When the Yellow River flows clear .", "Sometimes the Yellow River is poetically called the `` Muddy Flow '' ( simplified Chinese : 浊 流 ; traditional Chinese : 濁 流 ; pinyin : Zhuó Liú ) . The Chinese idiom `` when the Yellow River flows clear '' is used to refer to an event that will never happen and is similar to the English expression `` when pigs fly '' .", "`` The Yellow River running clear '' was reported as a good omen during the reign of the Yongle Emperor , along with the appearance of such auspicious legendary beasts as qilin ( an African giraffe brought to China by a Bengal embassy aboard Zheng He 's ships in 1414 ) and zouyu ( not positively identified ) and other strange natural phenomena ." ]

[ [ "Cleveland Browns", "Jacksonville Jaguars", "Detroit Lions", "Houston Texans" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This is a list of current National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts ( multiple consecutive seasons of not winning ) . Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system .", "As of the 2017 NFL season , every active NFL team has qualified for , and won a game in , the playoffs at least once . Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play .", "Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl , four ( 4 ) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself ( Bengals , Panthers , Jaguars , and the Texans ) . The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played . The seven ( 7 ) other clubs ( Cardinals , Lions , Oilers / Titans , Chargers , Browns , Bills , and Vikings ) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger ; in the case of the Vikings , however , the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title , leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl and to have never secured the highest championship available to them . The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals , at 69 seasons .", "Note that for continuity purposes , the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 seasons , Since returning 19 years ago they have only made playoffs once . While Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996 . The Ravens , as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension , but not their history .", "Updated through the end of the 2017 NFL season .", "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history", "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history", "Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last appearance in post-season Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 10 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 7 Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game 2017 Playoff Teams Buffalo Bills 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Carolina Panthers 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Los Angeles Rams 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Championship Game -- Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Championship Game -- Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII -- New England Patriots Super Bowl LII --", "0Team0 Last appearance in post-season Seasons", "Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 15", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 10", "New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 7", "Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 7", "Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs", "San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game", "Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs", "Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game", "Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs", "Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs", "Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game", "Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50", "Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs", "Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs", "New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs", "Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs", "Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs", "Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs", "Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs", "Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game", "2017 Playoff Teams", "Buffalo Bills 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs --", "Kansas City Chiefs 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs --", "Carolina Panthers 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs --", "Los Angeles Rams 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs --", "Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs --", "Pittsburgh Steelers 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs --", "New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs --", "Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs --", "Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Championship Game --", "Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Championship Game --", "Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII --", "New England Patriots Super Bowl LII --", "Updated through the 2017 NFL season . Sortable table , click on header arrows .", "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history", "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history", "0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history", "0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history", "0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history", "Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 27 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 26 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 22 5 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee 2017 Wild Card - Jacksonville Cleveland Browns 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 20 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 15 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 15 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 2004 Divisional - Atlanta 2017 Wild Card - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 7 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 6 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2017 Wild Card - Tennessee Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver 2017 Wild Card - New Orleans Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 - game win streak Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 AFC Championship - New England 2017 Divisional - Jacksonville Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta 2017 Playoff 0 Winners Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - New England Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Philadelphia New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Minnesota Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs 0 2017 AFC Championship - New England Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 0 2017 NFC Championship - Philadelphia New England Patriots 2017 AFC Championship * 0 Super Bowl LII - Philadelphia Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII * 0 0 3 - game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams", "Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams", "Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 27 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh", "Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 26 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle", "Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 22 5 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee 2017 Wild Card - Jacksonville", "Cleveland Browns 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 20 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh", "Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh", "Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 15 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 15 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants", "Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 2004 Divisional - Atlanta 2017 Wild Card - Atlanta", "Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay", "New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 7 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh", "Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay", "New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 6 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay", "Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver", "San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle", "Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England", "Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay", "Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England", "Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2017 Wild Card - Tennessee", "Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina", "Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver 2017 Wild Card - New Orleans", "Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 - game win streak", "Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - New England", "Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - Atlanta", "Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 AFC Championship - New England 2017 Divisional - Jacksonville", "Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta", "2017 Playoff 0 Winners", "Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - New England", "Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Philadelphia", "New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Minnesota", "Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs 0 2017 AFC Championship - New England", "Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 0 2017 NFC Championship - Philadelphia", "New England Patriots 2017 AFC Championship * 0 Super Bowl LII - Philadelphia", "Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII * 0 0 3 - game win streak", "Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams", "( * ) : Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round . Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning team is 0 - 1 in playoffs .", "This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game .", "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history", "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history", "0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history", "Drought Reference Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result 29 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo 26 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit 26 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington 25 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 25 Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver 24 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City 24 Kansas City Chiefs 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 22 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay 16 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never y -- 16 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee 15 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland 10 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England 8 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 7 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco 5 Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs. New England Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay -. 75 Z2017 Conference Finalists 2030 z 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Lost vs. New England 0 Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles 2017 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 0 New England Patriots 2017 AFC Won vs. Jacksonville", "Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result", "29 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo", "26 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit", "26 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington", "25 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo", "25 Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver", "24 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City", "24 Kansas City Chiefs 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo", "22 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay", "16 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never y --", "16 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia", "15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia", "15 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee", "15 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland", "10 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England", "8 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota", "7 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh", "7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay", "6 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco", "5 Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England", "San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle", "Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England", "Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay", "Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England", "Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina", "Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona", "Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs. New England", "Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta", "Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay", "-. 75 Z2017 Conference Finalists 2030 z", "0 Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Lost vs. New England", "0 Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Lost vs. Philadelphia", "0 Philadelphia Eagles 2017 NFC Won vs. Minnesota", "0 New England Patriots 2017 AFC Won vs. Jacksonville", "The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the NFC Championship game as the St. Louis Rams . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the AFC Championship game as the San Diego Chargers . The Texans first played in the 2002 season . The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 years ago , the Browns have never played in an AFC Championship Game .", "The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the NFC Championship game as the St. Louis Rams .", "The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the AFC Championship game as the San Diego Chargers .", "The Texans first played in the 2002 season .", "The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 years ago , the Browns have never played in an AFC Championship Game .", "Last appearance in Super Bowl or NFL Championship Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result 60 Detroit Lions 7003195700000000000 ♠ 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland 49 New York Jets 7003196800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts 48 Kansas City Chiefs 7003196900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota 45 Cleveland Browns 7003196910000000000 ♠ 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota 41 Minnesota Vikings 7003197700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland 33 Miami Dolphins 7003198400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco 29 Cincinnati Bengals 7003198800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs. San Francisco 26 Washington Redskins 7003199100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo 24 Buffalo Bills 7003199300000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas 23 Jacksonville Jaguars 7000100000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) z -- 23 Los Angeles Chargers 7003199400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco 22 Dallas Cowboys 7003199500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh 18 Tennessee Titans 7003199900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams 16 Houston Texans 7000200000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) z -- 16 Los Angeles Rams 7003200100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7003200200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland 15 Oakland Raiders 7003200210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay 11 Chicago Bears 7003200600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis 9 Arizona Cardinals 7003200800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh 8 New Orleans Saints 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis 8 Indianapolis Colts 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans 7 Green Bay Packers 7003201000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Won vs. Pittsburgh 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 7003201010000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 7003201100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England 5 Baltimore Ravens 7003201200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco 5 San Francisco 49ers 7003201210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks 7003201420000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England Carolina Panthers 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver Denver Broncos 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina Atlanta Falcons 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England . 75 ZSuper Bowl LII teams 2016 2016 zz 0 New England Patriots 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Won vs. New England", "Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result", "60 Detroit Lions 7003195700000000000 ♠ 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland", "49 New York Jets 7003196800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts", "48 Kansas City Chiefs 7003196900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota", "45 Cleveland Browns 7003196910000000000 ♠ 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota", "41 Minnesota Vikings 7003197700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland", "33 Miami Dolphins 7003198400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco", "29 Cincinnati Bengals 7003198800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs. San Francisco", "26 Washington Redskins 7003199100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo", "24 Buffalo Bills 7003199300000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas", "23 Jacksonville Jaguars 7000100000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) z --", "23 Los Angeles Chargers 7003199400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco", "22 Dallas Cowboys 7003199500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh", "18 Tennessee Titans 7003199900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams", "16 Houston Texans 7000200000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) z --", "16 Los Angeles Rams 7003200100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England", "15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7003200200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland", "15 Oakland Raiders 7003200210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay", "11 Chicago Bears 7003200600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis", "9 Arizona Cardinals 7003200800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh", "8 New Orleans Saints 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis", "8 Indianapolis Colts 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans", "7 Green Bay Packers 7003201000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Won vs. Pittsburgh", "7 Pittsburgh Steelers 7003201010000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay", "6 New York Giants 7003201100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England", "5 Baltimore Ravens 7003201200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco", "5 San Francisco 49ers 7003201210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens", "Seattle Seahawks 7003201420000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England", "Carolina Panthers 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver", "Denver Broncos 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina", "Atlanta Falcons 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England", ". 75 ZSuper Bowl LII teams 2016 2016 zz", "0 New England Patriots 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Lost vs. Philadelphia", "0 Philadelphia Eagles 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Won vs. New England", "The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 seasons ago , Cleveland has never appeared in a Super Bowl or NFL championship game . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the Super Bowl as the San Diego Chargers . The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the Super Bowl as the St. Louis Rams .", "The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 seasons ago , Cleveland has never appeared in a Super Bowl or NFL championship game .", "The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the Super Bowl as the San Diego Chargers .", "The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the Super Bowl as the St. Louis Rams .", "This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship .", "Drought References Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons 52 Arizona Cardinals Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 70 52 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 60 52 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 56 52 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 54 52 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 52 49 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 50 52 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 48 52 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) -- 50 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) -- 49 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 48 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 44 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973 34 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII 32 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985 26 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 23 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 22 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 18 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 16 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) -- 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 11 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006 9 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008 8 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 7 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV 6 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 5 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013 Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016 . 75 ZDefending champion 2015 z 0 Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII 2017", "Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons", "52 Arizona Cardinals Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 70", "52 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 60", "52 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 56", "52 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 54", "52 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 52", "49 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 50", "52 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 48", "52 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) --", "50 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) --", "49 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968", "48 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969", "44 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973", "34 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII", "32 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985", "26 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991", "23 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) --", "23 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) --", "23 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994", "22 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995", "18 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999", "16 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) --", "15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002", "11 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006", "9 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008", "8 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009", "7 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV", "6 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011", "5 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012", "Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013", "Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015", "New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016", ". 75 ZDefending champion 2015 z", "0 Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII 2017", "Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 . Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 . AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list . Browns suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning to the league , they have never appeared in or won a Super Bowl . Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) . Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII . Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV .", "Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 .", "Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 .", "AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list .", "Browns suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning to the league , they have never appeared in or won a Super Bowl .", "Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) .", "Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII .", "Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV .", "Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons AFC South XLI -- Colts 11 NFC South XLIV -- Saints 8 NFC North XLV -- Packers 7 AFC North XLVII -- Ravens 5 NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks AFC West 50 -- Broncos AFC East LI -- Patriots NFC East LII -- Eagles 0", "Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons", "AFC South XLI -- Colts 11", "NFC South XLIV -- Saints 8", "NFC North XLV -- Packers 7", "AFC North XLVII -- Ravens 5", "NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks", "AFC West 50 -- Broncos", "AFC East LI -- Patriots", "NFC East LII -- Eagles 0", "Listed according to seasons waited . Current NFL cities / regions only .", "Last city to leave list : Philadelphia , 2017 season City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes Detroit 52 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- present ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game . Last NFL Championship won in 1957 . Buffalo 52 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Last AFL Championship won in 1965 ( pre-merger ) . Atlanta 52 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . Minneapolis -- St. Paul 52 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . NFL Championship won in 1969 was last title before formal AFL -- NFL merger later in 1970 . Cincinnati 50 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . Cleveland 49 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- 1995 , 1999 -- present ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games . Last NFL Championship won in 1964 ( pre-merger ) . Houston 47 None 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 16 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- present ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games . The Oilers franchise in Houston won the AFL Championship in 1960 and 1961 ( pre-merger ) . Phoenix 30 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII . Jacksonville 23 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- present ) Played in the 1996 , 1999 and 2017 AFC Championship Games . Charlotte 23 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . Nashville 21 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV .", "City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes", "Detroit 52 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- present ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game . Last NFL Championship won in 1957 .", "Buffalo 52 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Last AFL Championship won in 1965 ( pre-merger ) .", "Atlanta 52 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI .", "Minneapolis -- St. Paul 52 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . NFL Championship won in 1969 was last title before formal AFL -- NFL merger later in 1970 .", "Cincinnati 50 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII .", "Cleveland 49 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- 1995 , 1999 -- present ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games . Last NFL Championship won in 1964 ( pre-merger ) .", "Houston 47 None 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 16 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- present ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games . The Oilers franchise in Houston won the AFL Championship in 1960 and 1961 ( pre-merger ) .", "Phoenix 30 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII .", "Jacksonville 23 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- present ) Played in the 1996 , 1999 and 2017 AFC Championship Games .", "Charlotte 23 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 .", "Nashville 21 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV .", "Listed according to seasons waited . Updated through the 2017 season .", "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history", "0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history", "Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 25 * * Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 24 Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 22 Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 15 New York Jets AFC East 2002 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 10 Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 9 Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 9 Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 8 Chicago Bears NFC North 7 New York Giants NFC East 2011 6 Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 5 San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 5 Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014 Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015 Denver Broncos AFC West 2015 Washington Redskins NFC East 2015 Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015 Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015 Houston Texans AFC South 2016 Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016 Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016 Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016 Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016 2017 Division Champions New England Patriots AFC East 2017 -- Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2017 -- Jacksonville Jaguars AFC South 2017 -- Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2017 -- Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2017 -- Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2017 -- New Orleans Saints NFC South 2017 -- Los Angeles Rams NFC West 2017 --", "Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons", "Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 25 * *", "Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 24", "Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 22", "Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 15", "New York Jets AFC East 2002 15", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 10", "Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 9", "Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 9", "Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 8", "Chicago Bears NFC North 7", "New York Giants NFC East 2011 6", "Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 5", "San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 5", "Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014", "Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015", "Denver Broncos AFC West 2015", "Washington Redskins NFC East 2015", "Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015", "Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015", "Houston Texans AFC South 2016", "Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016", "Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016", "Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016", "Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016", "2017 Division Champions", "New England Patriots AFC East 2017 --", "Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2017 --", "Jacksonville Jaguars AFC South 2017 --", "Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2017 --", "Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2017 --", "Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2017 --", "New Orleans Saints NFC South 2017 --", "Los Angeles Rams NFC West 2017 --", "* * Does not include the three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) during which the franchise suspended operations .", "Counted from the first Super Bowl season , 1966 , to present . Updated through the Super Bowl LII .", "Last team to leave this list - 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Team Wild Card appearances Divisional Round appearances Conference Final appearances Super Bowl appearances Fewest wins short of Super Bowl Title Minnesota Vikings 12 21 9 1 win short : 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 7 10 5 1 win short : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Cincinnati Bengals 8 6 1 win short : 1982 , 1988 Atlanta Falcons 7 10 1 win short : 1998 , 2016 Carolina Panthers 7 1 win short : 2003 , 2015 Los Angeles Chargers 6 10 1 win short : 1994 Tennessee Titans 13 13 1 win short : 1999 Arizona Cardinals 6 1 win short : 2008 Cleveland Browns 8 6 2 wins short : 1968 , 1969 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 5 2 wins short : 1996 , 1999 , 2017 Detroit Lions 8 2 wins short : 1991 Houston Texans 3 wins short : 2011 , 2012 , 2016", "Team Wild Card appearances Divisional Round appearances Conference Final appearances Super Bowl appearances Fewest wins short of Super Bowl Title", "Minnesota Vikings 12 21 9 1 win short : 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976", "Buffalo Bills 7 10 5 1 win short : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993", "Cincinnati Bengals 8 6 1 win short : 1982 , 1988", "Atlanta Falcons 7 10 1 win short : 1998 , 2016", "Carolina Panthers 7 1 win short : 2003 , 2015", "Los Angeles Chargers 6 10 1 win short : 1994", "Tennessee Titans 13 13 1 win short : 1999", "Arizona Cardinals 6 1 win short : 2008", "Cleveland Browns 8 6 2 wins short : 1968 , 1969 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989", "Jacksonville Jaguars 6 5 2 wins short : 1996 , 1999 , 2017", "Detroit Lions 8 2 wins short : 1991", "Houston Texans 3 wins short : 2011 , 2012 , 2016", "Updated through the 2017 season . Sort by clicking on desired column heading . When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together , Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together , Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together , Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together , Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together .", "Updated through the 2017 season .", "Sort by clicking on desired column heading .", "When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together ,", "Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together ,", "Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together ,", "Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together ,", "Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together .", "0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak", "0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak", "Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 )", "Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 )", "List of Droughts Seasons Team Drought Duration Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought Last Place Seasons 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Arizona Cardinals A ! Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Orleans Saints A ! New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Detroit Lions A ! Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals B ! Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals C ! St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 -- 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 ^ Cleveland Browns A ! Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2017 13 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2017 2015 tie , 2016 , 2017 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Bears A ! Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Diego Chargers A ! San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Detroit Lions B ! Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 -- 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 New England Patriots A ! Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Atlanta Falcons A ! Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Los Angeles Rams A ! St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Los Angeles Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 -- 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions C ! Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions D ! Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Philadelphia Eagles C ! Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2017 7 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 , 2017 2014 2014 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 San Diego Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Los Angeles Rams C ! Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Arizona Cardinals E ! Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Jacksonville Jaguars A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New York Jets B ! New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 -- 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans A ! Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Atlanta Falcons B ! Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Diego Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans B ! Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Los Angeles Rams D ! Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cleveland Browns B ! Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Seattle Seahawks B ! Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Detroit Lions E ! Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Orleans Saints B ! New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ Chicago Bears B ! Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2017 2014 -- 2017 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ New York Jets C ! New York Jets 2011 -- 2017 2014 , 2016 -- 2017 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears C ! Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Arizona Cardinals E ! St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tennessee Titans C ! Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Buffalo Bills C ! Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia Eagles D ! Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 New York Jets D ! New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears D ! Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carolina Panthers A ! Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chicago Bears E ! Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Indianapolis Colts C ! Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cleveland Browns C ! Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Buffalo Bills D ! Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals C ! Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Tennessee Titans D ! Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins D ! Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jacksonville Jaguars B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Orleans Saints C ! New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 -- Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought", "Seasons Team Drought Duration Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought", "Last Place Seasons", "7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961", "7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Arizona Cardinals A ! Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie", "7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie", "7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Orleans Saints A ! New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980", "7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967", "7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie", "7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie", "7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 --", "7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Detroit Lions A ! Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948", "7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals B ! Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945", "7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958", "7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals C ! St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 --", "7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 ^ Cleveland Browns A ! Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2017 13 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2017 2015 tie , 2016 , 2017", "7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie", "7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940", "7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie", "7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986", "7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002", "7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Bears A ! Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie", "7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Diego Chargers A ! San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie", "7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006", "7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Detroit Lions B ! Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 --", "7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963", "7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 New England Patriots A ! Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970", "7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Atlanta Falcons A ! Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie", "7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Los Angeles Rams A ! St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie", "7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Los Angeles Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962", "7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 --", "7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions C ! Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie", "7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions D ! Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008", "7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Philadelphia Eagles C ! Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956", "7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 --", "7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie", "7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2017 7 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 , 2017 2014 2014 tie", "7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 --", "7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982", "7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 San Diego Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 --", "7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Los Angeles Rams C ! Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 --", "7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Arizona Cardinals E ! Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie", "7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005", "7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Jacksonville Jaguars A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New York Jets B ! New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 --", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans A ! Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Atlanta Falcons B ! Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Diego Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans B ! Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Los Angeles Rams D ! Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- --", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 --", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cleveland Browns B ! Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 --", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Seattle Seahawks B ! Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 --", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Detroit Lions E ! Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 --", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Orleans Saints B ! New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 --", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 --", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ Chicago Bears B ! Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2017 2014 -- 2017 --", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ New York Jets C ! New York Jets 2011 -- 2017 2014 , 2016 -- 2017 --", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears C ! Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- --", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Arizona Cardinals E ! St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 --", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tennessee Titans C ! Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Buffalo Bills C ! Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia Eagles D ! Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 --", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 New York Jets D ! New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 --", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- --", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears D ! Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 --", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carolina Panthers A ! Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chicago Bears E ! Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Indianapolis Colts C ! Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cleveland Browns C ! Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Buffalo Bills D ! Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals C ! Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Tennessee Titans D ! Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins D ! Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jacksonville Jaguars B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Orleans Saints C ! New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 --", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 --", "Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought", "Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought", "In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt . The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II .", "In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt .", "The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II .", "This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams . Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought .", "Updated through the 2017 season .", "0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought", "0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought", "Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 years 1947 Championship 4.1 ! 4 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round - 1 ! 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2004 Divisional 4.2 ! 4 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years 2001 Wild Card 3.1 ! 3 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1995 Div ! 1995 Wild Card 5.3 ! 5 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2017 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 3 -- 10 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans Jaguars TBD Carolina Panthers 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Div ! 2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1994 AF ! 1994 Wild Card 3.2 ! 3 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 years 1990 Div ! 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years Div ! 1996 Wild Card 6.2 ! 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5.1 ! 5 1977 ! Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991.2 ! 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1997 Conference Championship 2.2 ! 2 1997.2 ! Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2.3 ! 2 2001.1 ! 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2.4 ! 2 2003.1 ! 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 2007 Divisional 2.5 ! 2 2007.2 ! 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2.6 ! 2 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012.1 ! 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 years 1971 Divisional 5.2 ! 5 1971.1 ! 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1995 Divisional 5.3 ! 5 1995.3 ! 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 2.6 ! 2 1996.2 ! 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1999 Divisional 2.7 ! 2 1999.2 ! 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993.2 ! 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 1994 AFC Championship 4.8 ! 4 1994.2 ! Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 years 1951 Championship 5.5 ! 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 4.5 ! 4 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 2000 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6.3 ! 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1963 Divisional 4.6 ! 4 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 4.7 ! 4 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1938 Championship 6.4 ! 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 2.8 ! 2 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1982 2nd Round 2.9 ! 2 1982.1 ! 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1986 Wild Card 2.91 ! 2 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 World ! 1998 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1998 Divisional 2.92 ! 2 1998.1 ! 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Div ! 2002 Wild Card 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Wild Card 2.93 ! 2 2004.1 ! 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders ^ 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1970 Divisional 2.94 ! 2 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 2.95 ! 2 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1990 Divisional 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 years 2002 AFC Championship 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5.4 ! 5 1980.1 ! Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years 1989 Wild Card 3.3 ! 3 1989.1 ! 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2010 AFC Championship 2010.1 ! Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 3.4 ! 3 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1984 Su ! 1984 Wild Card 6.5 ! 6 1984.2 ! 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1979 Divisional 3.5 ! 3 1979.2 ! 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1999 Divisional 3.6 ! 3 1999.3 ! 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 3.7 ! 3 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Chief ! Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1988 Wild Card 3.8 ! 3 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1991 Div ! 1991 Wild Card 3.9 ! 3 1991.1 ! 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 2003 Wild Card 3.91 ! 3 2003.3 ! 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens 2017 Wild Card Washington Redskins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years 1972 NFC Championship 4.9 ! 4 1972.2 ! Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 2005 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win", "Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win", "Arizona Cardinals 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 years 1947 Championship 4.1 ! 4 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round - 1 ! 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card", "Atlanta Falcons 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2004 Divisional 4.2 ! 4 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional", "Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years 2001 Wild Card 3.1 ! 3 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card", "Buffalo Bills ^ 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1995 Div ! 1995 Wild Card 5.3 ! 5 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2017 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 3 -- 10 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans Jaguars TBD", "Carolina Panthers 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Div ! 2014 Wild Card", "Chicago Bears 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1994 AF ! 1994 Wild Card 3.2 ! 3 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional", "Cincinnati Bengals ^ 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 years 1990 Div ! 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD", "Cleveland Browns 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional", "Dallas Cowboys 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years Div ! 1996 Wild Card 6.2 ! 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card", "Denver Broncos 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5.1 ! 5 1977 ! Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional", "Detroit Lions ^ 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991.2 ! 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD", "Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1997 Conference Championship 2.2 ! 2 1997.2 ! Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card", "7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2.3 ! 2 2001.1 ! 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card", "7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2.4 ! 2 2003.1 ! 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional", "7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 2007 Divisional 2.5 ! 2 2007.2 ! 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card", "7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2.6 ! 2 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional", "Houston Texans 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012.1 ! 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card", "Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 years 1971 Divisional 5.2 ! 5 1971.1 ! 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1995 Divisional 5.3 ! 5 1995.3 ! 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card", "Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 2.6 ! 2 1996.2 ! 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1999 Divisional 2.7 ! 2 1999.2 ! 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card", "Kansas City Chiefs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993.2 ! 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card", "Los Angeles Chargers 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 1994 AFC Championship 4.8 ! 4 1994.2 ! Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card", "Los Angeles Rams 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 years 1951 Championship 5.5 ! 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional", "Miami Dolphins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 4.5 ! 4 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round", "7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 2000 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD", "Minnesota Vikings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6.3 ! 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card", "New England Patriots 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1963 Divisional 4.6 ! 4 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card", "New Orleans Saints 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 4.7 ! 4 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card", "New York Giants 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1938 Championship 6.4 ! 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship", "New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 2.8 ! 2 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round", "7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1982 2nd Round 2.9 ! 2 1982.1 ! 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card", "7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1986 Wild Card 2.91 ! 2 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 World ! 1998 Divisional", "7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1998 Divisional 2.92 ! 2 1998.1 ! 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Div ! 2002 Wild Card", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Wild Card 2.93 ! 2 2004.1 ! 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card", "Oakland Raiders ^ 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1970 Divisional 2.94 ! 2 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional", "7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 2.95 ! 2 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional", "7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1990 Divisional 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card", "7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 years 2002 AFC Championship 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD", "Philadelphia Eagles 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5.4 ! 5 1980.1 ! Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card", "Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years 1989 Wild Card 3.3 ! 3 1989.1 ! 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional", "7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2010 AFC Championship 2010.1 ! Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card", "San Francisco 49ers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 3.4 ! 3 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional", "Seattle Seahawks 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1984 Su ! 1984 Wild Card 6.5 ! 6 1984.2 ! 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1979 Divisional 3.5 ! 3 1979.2 ! 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card", "7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1999 Divisional 3.6 ! 3 1999.3 ! 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional", "Tennessee Titans 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 3.7 ! 3 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Chief ! Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card", "7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1988 Wild Card 3.8 ! 3 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card", "7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1991 Div ! 1991 Wild Card 3.9 ! 3 1991.1 ! 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card", "7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 2003 Wild Card 3.91 ! 3 2003.3 ! 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens 2017 Wild Card", "Washington Redskins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years 1972 NFC Championship 4.9 ! 4 1972.2 ! Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round", "7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 2005 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD", "Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win", "Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs ( played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings ) were the only postseason matchups in this era ( the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list ) .", "Updated through the 2017 season .", "0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak", "0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak", "No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 2009 -- 2016 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2017 ^ 27 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2017 ^ 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2017 ^ 20 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2017 ^ 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons", "No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 2009 -- 2016 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2017 ^ 27 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2017 ^ 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2017 ^ 20 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2017 ^ 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons", "No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 2009 -- 2016 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons", "Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons", "Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25", "Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25", "Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24", "New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20", "Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17", "Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17", "New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17", "Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 17", "Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16", "Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15", "Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15", "Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14", "Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14", "Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13", "Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13", "Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13", "San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12", "New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12", "Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12", "Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 12", "New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11", "Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10", "Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9", "Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9", "Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9", "Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 2009 -- 2016 8", "Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7", "Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7", "Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6", "Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6", "Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999", "Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons", "No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2017 ^ 27 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2017 ^ 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2017 ^ 20 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2017 ^ 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons", "Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons", "Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50", "Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39", "Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33", "New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33", "Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28", "Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2017 ^ 27", "Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23", "Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22", "New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22", "Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2017 ^ 22", "New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21", "Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21", "San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20", "Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20", "Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20", "Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2017 ^ 20", "Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18", "Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17", "Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2017 ^ 17", "Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16", "Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16", "Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16", "Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15", "New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13", "Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12", "Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12", "Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9", "Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9", "Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8", "Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8", "Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6", "Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch proposed a model of working memory in 1974 , in an attempt to present a more accurate model of primary memory ( often referred to as short - term memory ) . Working memory splits primary memory into multiple components , rather than considering it to be a single , unified construct .", "Baddeley & Hitch proposed their three part working memory model as an alternative to the short - term store in Atkinson & Shiffrin 's ' multi-store ' memory model ( 1968 ) . This model is later expanded upon by Baddeley and other co-workers to add a fourth component , and has become the dominant view in the field of working memory . However , alternative models are developing ( see working memory ) providing a different perspective on the working memory system .", "The original model of Baddeley & Hitch was composed of three main components ; the central executive which acts as supervisory system and controls the flow of information from and to its slave systems : the phonological loop and the visuo - spatial sketchpad . The phonological loop stores verbal content , whereas the visuo - spatial sketchpad caters to visuo - spatial data . Both the slave systems only function as short - term storage centers . In 2000 Baddeley added a third slave system to his model , the episodic buffer .", "Baddeley & Hitch 's argument for the distinction of two domain - specific slave systems in the older model was derived from experimental findings with dual - task paradigms . Performance of two simultaneous tasks requiring the use of two separate perceptual domains ( i.e. a visual and a verbal task ) is nearly as efficient as performance of the tasks individually . In contrast , when a person tries to carry out two tasks simultaneously that use the same perceptual domain , performance is less efficient than when performing the tasks individually .", "A fourth component of Baddeley 's model was added 25 years later to compliment the central executive system . The third ' slave system ' was designated as episodic buffer . It is considered a limited capacity system which provides temporary storage of information capable by conjoining information from the subsidiary systems , and long - term memory , into a single episodic representation .", "The central executive is a flexible system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes . It directs focus and targets information , making working memory and long term memory work together . It can be thought of as a supervisory system that controls cognitive processes making sure short term store is actively working and intervenes when they go astray and prevents distractions .", "It has the following functions :", "updating , code incoming information and replacing old information binding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes coordination of the slave systems shifting between tasks or retrieval strategies inhibition , suppressing dominant or automatic responses selective attention", "updating , code incoming information and replacing old information", "binding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes", "coordination of the slave systems", "shifting between tasks or retrieval strategies", "inhibition , suppressing dominant or automatic responses", "The central executive has two main systems : the visuo - spatial sketchpad , for visual information , and the phonological loop , for verbal information .", "Using the dual - task paradigm , Baddeley and Erses have found , for instance , that patients with Alzheimer 's dementia are impaired when performing multiple tasks simultaneously , even when the difficulty of the individual tasks is adapted to their abilities . Two tasks include a memory tasks and a tracking task . Individual actions are completed well , but as the Alzheimer 's becomes more prominent in a patient , performing two or more actions becomes more and more difficult . This research has shown the deteriorating of the central executive in individuals with Alzheimer 's .", "Recent research on executive functions suggests that the ' central ' executive is not as central as conceived in the Baddeley & Hitch model . Rather , there seem to be separate executive functions that can vary largely independently between individuals and can be selectively impaired or spared by brain damage .", "The phonological loop ( or `` articulatory loop '' ) as a whole deals with sound or phonological information . It consists of two parts : a short - term phonological store with auditory memory traces that are subject to rapid decay and an articulatory rehearsal component ( sometimes called the articulatory loop ) that can revive the memory traces .", "Any auditory verbal information is assumed to enter automatically into the phonological store . Visually presented language can be transformed into phonological code by silent articulation and thereby be encoded into the phonological store . This transformation is facilitated by the articulatory control process . The phonological store acts as an `` inner ear '' , remembering speech sounds in their temporal order , whilst the articulatory process acts as an `` inner voice '' and repeats the series of words ( or other speech elements ) on a loop to prevent them from decaying . The phonological loop may play a key role in the acquisition of vocabulary , particularly in the early childhood years . It may also be vital for learning a second language .", "Five main findings provide evidence for the phonological loop :", "The effect of phonological similarity : Lists of words that sound similar are more difficult to remember than words that sound different . Semantic similarity ( similarity of meaning ) has comparatively little effect , supporting the assumption that verbal information is coded largely phonologically in working memory . The effect of articulatory suppression : Memory for verbal material is impaired when people are asked to say something irrelevant aloud . This is assumed to block the articulatory rehearsal process , leading memory traces in the phonological loop to decay . Transfer of information between codes : With visually presented items , adults usually name and sub-vocally rehearse them , so the information is transferred from a visual to an account", "The effect of phonological similarity : Lists of words that sound similar are more difficult to remember than words that sound different . Semantic similarity ( similarity of meaning ) has comparatively little effect , supporting the assumption that verbal information is coded largely phonologically in working memory .", "The effect of articulatory suppression : Memory for verbal material is impaired when people are asked to say something irrelevant aloud . This is assumed to block the articulatory rehearsal process , leading memory traces in the phonological loop to decay .", "Transfer of information between codes : With visually presented items , adults usually name and sub-vocally rehearse them , so the information is transferred from a visual to an account", "Neuropsychological evidence : A defective phonological store explains the behavior of patients with a specific deficit in phonological short - term memory . Aphasic patients with developmental verbal dyspraxia are unable to set up the speech motor codes necessary for articulation , caused by a deficiency of the articulatory rehearsal process . On the other hand , patients with dysarthria , whose speech problems are secondary , show a normal capacity for rehearsal . This suggests that it is the subvocal rehearsing that is crucial .", "Neuropsychological evidence : A defective phonological store explains the behavior of patients with a specific deficit in phonological short - term memory . Aphasic patients with developmental verbal dyspraxia are unable to set up the speech motor codes necessary for articulation , caused by a deficiency of the articulatory rehearsal process .", "On the other hand , patients with dysarthria , whose speech problems are secondary , show a normal capacity for rehearsal . This suggests that it is the subvocal rehearsing that is crucial .", "An accumulation of literature across decades has lent strong support to the theory of phonological STS . In a 1971 study , Stephen Madigan demonstrated that a larger recency effect is seen during forward serial recall when people are presented a list auditorally as opposed to visually . ( A smaller effect is seen in backwards serial recall . ) In his study , auditory presentation led to greater recall of the most recently studied items . Catherine Penney expanded on this discovery to observe that modality effects can also be found in the case of free recall tasks . In 1965 , Dallett had discovered that this observed modality effect is greatly reduced by the addition of a `` suffix '' item to the presented list ; this suffix is a distractor item that is not to be recalled . Robert Greene utilized this observation in 1987 to discover that this suffix effect has a larger impact on lists learned auditorally as opposed to visually . The culmination of all of these findings results in strong support of the theory that there is a short - term store that phonologically stores recently learned items . In addition , Bloom and Watkins found that the suffix effect is greatly diminished when the suffix is not interpreted as linguistic sound , which agrees with the phonological short term store theory as it would be largely unaffected by non-linguistic distractors .", "Alan Baddeley 's theory of working memory has yet another aspect to which memory can be stored short term . The visuo - spatial sketchpad is this store that holds visual information for manipulation . The visuo - spatial sketchpad is thought to be its own storage of working memory in that it does not interfere with the short term processes of the phonological loop . In research , it has been found that the visuo - spatial sketchpad can work simultaneously with the phonological loop to process both auditory and visual stimuli without either of the processes affecting the efficacy of the other . Baddeley re-defined the theory of short - term memory as a working memory to explain this phenomenon . In the original theory of short - term memory , it is understood that a person only has one store of immediate information processing which could only hold a total of 7 items plus or minus two items to be stored in a very short period of time , sometimes a matter of seconds . The digit - span test is a perfect example of a measurement for classically defined short - term memory . Essentially , if one is not able to encode the 7 plus or minus two items within a few minutes by finding an existing association for the information to be transferred into long - term memory , then the information is lost and never encoded .", "However , visuo - spatial short - term memory can retain visual and / or spatial information over brief periods of time . When this memory is in use , individuals are able to momentarily create and revisit a mental image that can be manipulated in complex or difficult tasks of spatial orientation. There are some who have disparities in the areas of the brain that allow for this to happen from different types of brain damage . There can also be a misunderstanding here in the differences between transient memories such as the visual sensory memory . A transient memory is merely a fleeting type of sensory memory . Therefore , as the visual sensory memory is a type of sensory memory , there is a store for the information , but the store last for only a second or so . A common effect of the visual sensory memory is that individuals may remember seeing things that were n't really there or not remembering particular things that were in their line of sight . The memory is only momentary , and if it is n't attended to within a matter of seconds , it is gone .", "There are two different pathways in the brain that control different functions of what is known inclusively as the visuo - spatial sketchpad . The sketchpad consists of the spatial short - term memory and the object memory . The spatial short - term memory is how one is able to learn and thus remember `` where '' they are in comparative representation to other objects . The object memory of the visuo - spatial sketchpad is essential in learning and remembering `` what '' an object is . It should be noted that the differences between these two differing visual abilities is due in large part because of different pathways of each of the abilities in the brain . The visual pathway in the brain that detects spatial representation of a person to and within their environment is the dorsal stream . The visual pathway that determines objects shapes , sizes , colors and other definitive characteristics is called the ventral stream . Each of these two streams runs independent of one another so that the visual system may process one without the other ( like in brain damage for instance ) or both simultaneously . The two streams do not depend on one another , so if one is functioning manipulatively , the other can still send its information through .", "Logie has proposed that the visuo - spatial sketchpad can be further subdivided into two components :", "The visual cache , which stores information about form and color . The inner scribe , which deals with spatial and movement information . It also rehearses information in the visual cache and transfers information to the central executive .", "The visual cache , which stores information about form and color .", "The inner scribe , which deals with spatial and movement information . It also rehearses information in the visual cache and transfers information to the central executive .", "Three main findings provide evidence for the distinction between visual and spatial parts of the visuospatial sketchpad :", "There is less interference between visual and spatial tasks than between two visual tasks or two spatial tasks . Brain damage can influence one of the components without influencing the other . Results from brain - imaging show that working memory tasks with visual objects activate mostly areas in the left hemisphere , whereas tasks with spatial information activate more areas in the right hemisphere .", "There is less interference between visual and spatial tasks than between two visual tasks or two spatial tasks .", "Brain damage can influence one of the components without influencing the other .", "Results from brain - imaging show that working memory tasks with visual objects activate mostly areas in the left hemisphere , whereas tasks with spatial information activate more areas in the right hemisphere .", "In 2000 Baddeley added a fourth component to the model , the episodic buffer . This component is a limited capacity passive system , dedicated to linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual , spatial , and verbal information with time sequencing ( or episodic chronological ordering ) , such as the memory of a story or a movie scene . The episodic buffer is also assumed to have links to long - term memory and semantic meaning .", "`` It acts as a buffer store , not only between the components of Working Memory , but also linking Working Memory to perception and Long - Term Memory '' . Baddeley assumes that `` retrieval from the buffer occurred through conscious awareness '' . The episodic buffer allows individuals to use integrated units of information they already have to imagine new concepts . Since this is likely `` an attention - demanding process ... the buffer would depend heavily on the Central Executive '' .", "The main motivation for introducing this component was the observation that some ( in particular , highly intelligent ) patients with amnesia , who presumably have no ability to encode new information in long - term memory , nevertheless have good short - term recall of stories , recalling much more information than could be held in the phonological loop . `` The episodic buffer appears ... capable of storing bound features and making them available to conscious awareness but not itself responsible for the process of binding '' .", "It is assumed that `` conscious access to the phonological loop or sketchpad may operate via the buffer '' . This is based on the assumption that both the visuo - spatial sketchpad and phonological loop act as minor buffers , combining information within their sensory area . The episodic buffer may also interact with smell and taste .", "There is much evidence for a brief memory buffer , as distinct from the long term store . The phonological loop seems to be connected to activation in the left hemisphere , more specifically the temporal lobe . The visuo - spatial sketchpad activates different areas depending on task difficulty ; less intense tasks seem to activate in the occipital lobe , whereas more complex tasks appear in the parietal lobe . The central executive is still a mystery , although it would seem to be more or less located in the frontal lobes of the brain . The episodic buffer seems to be in both hemispheres ( bilateral ) with activations in both the frontal and temporal lobes , and even the left portion of the hippocampus . In terms of genetics , the gene ROBO1 has been associated with phonological buffer integrity or length .", "The strength of Baddeley 's model is its ability to integrate a large number of findings from work on short - term and working memory . Additionally , the mechanisms of the slave systems , especially the phonological loop , has inspired a wealth of research in experimental psychology , neuropsychology , and cognitive neuroscience .", "However , criticisms have been raised , for instance of the phonological - loop component , because some details of the findings are not easily explained by the original Baddeley & Hitch model .", "The episodic buffer is seen as a helpful addition to the model of working memory , but it has not been investigated extensively and its functions remain unclear ." ]

[ [ "Dane William DeHaan" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Dane DeHaan DeHaan at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2016 Dane William DeHaan ( 1986 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Allentown , Pennsylvania , U.S. Alma mater University of North Carolina School of the Arts Occupation Actor , model Years active 2008 -- present Spouse ( s ) Anna Wood ( m . 2012 ) Children", "Dane DeHaan", "DeHaan at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2016", "Dane William DeHaan ( 1986 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Allentown , Pennsylvania , U.S.", "Alma mater University of North Carolina School of the Arts", "Occupation Actor , model", "Years active 2008 -- present", "Spouse ( s ) Anna Wood ( m . 2012 )", "Children", "Dane William DeHaan ( / dəˈhɑːn / də - HAHN ; born February 6 , 1986 ) is an American actor . His roles include Jesse on the HBO series In Treatment , Andrew Detmer in Chronicle ( 2012 ) , Jason Kancam in Derek Cianfrance 's The Place Beyond the Pines ( 2012 ) , Lucien Carr in Kill Your Darlings ( 2013 ) , Harry Osborn in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) , James Dean in Anton Corbijn 's Life ( 2015 ) , Lockhart in Gore Verbinski 's A Cure for Wellness ( 2016 ) and the title character in Luc Besson 's Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) . He has also appeared in several advertisements for Prada .", "DeHaan was born in Allentown , Pennsylvania . His father , Jeff , is a computer programmer , and his mother , Cynthia Boscia , is an executive at Metlife . He has an older sister , Meghann , and had what the New York Times Magazine has described as a `` very normal , super-supportive childhood '' . He attended Emmaus High School in Emmaus , Pennsylvania , for three years and appeared in community theater . He switched to the University of North Carolina School of the Arts for his senior year of high school , where he was `` around artists for the first time . '' He continued at UNCSA for undergraduate studies , graduating in 2008 .", "DeHaan got his start on stage as understudy for Haley Joel Osment in the short - lived Broadway revival of American Buffalo . In 2008 , he made his television debut , guest - appearing on an episode of Law & Order Special Victims Unit , and his 2010 feature film debut in John Sayles ' Amigo . He played Jesse in the third season of In Treatment and played Timbo in the fourth season of True Blood .", "In 2012 , DeHaan starred in the camcorder drama film Chronicle , and as Cricket in Lawless . In 2013 , he played Lucien Carr , a contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac , in Kill Your Darlings , alongside Daniel Radcliffe . It was a role for which he has received critical acclaim . He was the cover star of Hero ( magazine ) issue 10 , shot by Hedi Slimane and published in October 2013 . In 2014 , Annie Leibovitz photographed DeHaan for a Prada clothing `` men 's spring advertising campaign '' . Also that year , he played Harry Osborn , in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 and Zach Orfman in Life After Beth .", "In 2015 , DeHaan starred as James Dean in the drama Life , opposite Robert Pattinson as photographer Dennis Stock . In September 2015 Dehaan was the cover star of Another Man issue 20 , shot by Willy Vanderperre . DeHaan then played Roman in the 2016 independent drama film Two Lovers and a Bear .", "In 2017 , DeHaan starred in Luc Besson 's science fiction film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets , with Cara Delevingne , based on the French comics series Valérian and Laureline . He also has the lead role in the 17th - century romance Tulip Fever , which is scheduled for August 2017 .", "DeHaan played a fictional version of himself in the music video for Imagine Dragons ' song `` I Bet My Life '' .", "DeHaan married actress Anna Wood in a private ceremony on June 30 , 2012 . The two have been together since 2006 and both appeared in Chronicle . They live in Williamsburg , Brooklyn . They have a daughter , Bowie Rose DeHaan , born on April 2 , 2017 .", "Feature films Year Title Role Notes Amigo Gil At Risk Cal Tradd The Front Cal Tradd 2012 Chronicle Andrew Detmer Jack & Diane Chris Lawless Cricket Pate Place Beyond the Pines , The The Place Beyond the Pines Jason Kancam Lincoln Second White Soldier 2013 Kill Your Darlings Lucien Carr Devil 's Knot Chris Morgan Metallica : Through the Never Trip 2014 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Green Goblin / Harry Osborn Life After Beth Zach Orfman 2015 Knight of Cups Paul Life James Dean 2016 Two Lovers and a Bear Roman Ballerina Victor Voice Role 2017 A Cure for Wellness Lockhart Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets Valérian Tulip Fever Jan Van Loos", "Year Title Role Notes", "Amigo Gil", "At Risk Cal Tradd", "The Front Cal Tradd", "2012 Chronicle Andrew Detmer", "Jack & Diane Chris", "Lawless Cricket Pate", "Place Beyond the Pines , The The Place Beyond the Pines Jason Kancam", "Lincoln Second White Soldier", "2013 Kill Your Darlings Lucien Carr", "Devil 's Knot Chris Morgan", "Metallica : Through the Never Trip", "2014 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Green Goblin / Harry Osborn", "Life After Beth Zach Orfman", "2015 Knight of Cups Paul", "Life James Dean", "2016 Two Lovers and a Bear Roman", "Ballerina Victor Voice Role", "2017 A Cure for Wellness Lockhart", "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets Valérian", "Tulip Fever Jan Van Loos", "Television shows Year Title Role Notes 2008 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Vincent Beckwith Episode : `` Lunacy '' In Treatment Jesse D'Amato 7 episodes 2011 True Blood Timbo 3 episodes", "Year Title Role Notes", "2008 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Vincent Beckwith Episode : `` Lunacy ''", "In Treatment Jesse D'Amato 7 episodes", "2011 True Blood Timbo 3 episodes", "Music videos Year Title Artist 2013 Metallica : Through the Never Metallica 2014 I Bet My Life Imagine Dragons", "Year Title Artist", "2013 Metallica : Through the Never Metallica", "2014 I Bet My Life Imagine Dragons", "Year Organisation Award Work Result 2013 Hamptons International Film Festival Breakthrough Performer Kill Your Darlings Won Gotham Awards Breakthrough Award Nominated 2014 BAFTA Awards EE Rising Star Award Nominated", "Year Organisation Award Work Result", "2013 Hamptons International Film Festival Breakthrough Performer Kill Your Darlings Won", "Gotham Awards Breakthrough Award Nominated", "2014 BAFTA Awards EE Rising Star Award Nominated", "Year Organisation Award Work Result Obie Award Obie Award for Performance The Aliens Won", "Year Organisation Award Work Result", "Obie Award Obie Award for Performance The Aliens Won" ]

[ [ "marble" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types , in a process called metamorphism , which means `` change in form '' . The original rock ( protolith ) is subjected to heat ( temperatures greater than 150 to 200 ° C ) and pressure ( 150 megapascals ( 1,500 bar ) ) , causing profound physical or chemical change . The protolith may be a sedimentary , igneous , or existing metamorphic rock .", "Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth 's crust and form 12 % of the Earth 's land surface . They are classified by texture and by chemical and mineral assemblage ( metamorphic facies ) . They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth 's surface , subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above it . They can form from tectonic processes such as continental collisions , which cause horizontal pressure , friction and distortion . They are also formed when rock is heated by the intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth 's interior . The study of metamorphic rocks ( now exposed at the Earth 's surface following erosion and uplift ) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth 's crust . Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss , slate , marble , schist , and quartzite .", "Metamorphic minerals are those that form only at the high temperatures and pressures associated with the process of metamorphism . These minerals , known as index minerals , include sillimanite , kyanite , staurolite , andalusite , and some garnet .", "Other minerals , such as olivines , pyroxenes , amphiboles , micas , feldspars , and quartz , may be found in metamorphic rocks , but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism . These minerals formed during the crystallization of igneous rocks . They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process . However , all minerals are stable only within certain limits , and the presence of some minerals in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which they formed .", "The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called recrystallization . For instance , the small calcite crystals in the sedimentary rock limestone and chalk change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock marble ; in metamorphosed sandstone , recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite , also known as metaquartzite , in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked . Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization . High temperatures allow the atoms and ions in solid crystals to migrate , thus reorganizing the crystals , while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact .", "The layering within metamorphic rocks is called foliation ( derived from the Latin word folia , meaning `` leaves '' ) , and it occurs when a rock is being shortened along one axis during recrystallization . This causes the platy or elongated crystals of minerals , such as mica and chlorite , to become rotated such that their long axes are perpendicular to the orientation of shortening . This results in a banded , or foliated rock , with the bands showing the colors of the minerals that formed them .", "Textures are separated into foliated and non-foliated categories . Foliated rock is a product of differential stress that deforms the rock in one plane , sometimes creating a plane of cleavage . For example , slate is a foliated metamorphic rock , originating from shale . Non-foliated rock does not have planar patterns of strain .", "Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides , or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits , will not be foliated . Where a rock has been subject to differential stress , the type of foliation that develops depends on the metamorphic grade . For instance , starting with a mudstone , the following sequence develops with increasing temperature : slate is a very fine - grained , foliated metamorphic rock , characteristic of very low grade metamorphism , while phyllite is fine - grained and found in areas of low grade metamorphism , schist is medium to coarse - grained and found in areas of medium grade metamorphism , and gneiss coarse to very coarse - grained , found in areas of high - grade metamorphism . Marble is generally not foliated , which allows its use as a material for sculpture and architecture .", "Another important mechanism of metamorphism is that of chemical reactions that occur between minerals without them melting . In the process atoms are exchanged between the minerals , and thus new minerals are formed . Many complex high - temperature reactions may take place , and each mineral assemblage produced provides us with a clue as to the temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism .", "Metasomatism is the drastic change in the bulk chemical composition of a rock that often occurs during the processes of metamorphism . It is due to the introduction of chemicals from other surrounding rocks . Water may transport these chemicals rapidly over great distances . Because of the role played by water , metamorphic rocks generally contain many elements absent from the original rock , and lack some that originally were present . Still , the introduction of new chemicals is not necessary for recrystallization to occur .", "Contact metamorphism is the name given to the changes that take place when magma is injected into the surrounding solid rock ( country rock ) . The changes that occur are greatest wherever the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at this boundary and decrease with distance from it . Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a contact metamorphism aureole . Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from the contact area to unmetamorphosed ( unchanged ) country rock some distance away . The formation of important ore minerals may occur by the process of metasomatism at or near the contact zone .", "When a rock is contact altered by an igneous intrusion it very frequently becomes more indurated , and more coarsely crystalline . Many altered rocks of this type were formerly called hornstones , and the term hornfels is often used by geologists to signify those fine grained , compact , non-foliated products of contact metamorphism . A shale may become a dark argillaceous hornfels , full of tiny plates of brownish biotite ; a marl or impure limestone may change to a grey , yellow or greenish lime - silicate - hornfels or siliceous marble , tough and splintery , with abundant augite , garnet , wollastonite and other minerals in which calcite is an important component . A diabase or andesite may become a diabase hornfels or andesite hornfels with development of new hornblende and biotite and a partial recrystallization of the original feldspar . Chert or flint may become a finely crystalline quartz rock ; sandstones lose their clastic structure and are converted into a mosaic of small close - fitting grains of quartz in a metamorphic rock called quartzite .", "If the rock was originally banded or foliated ( as , for example , a laminated sandstone or a foliated calc - schist ) this character may not be obliterated , and a banded hornfels is the product ; fossils even may have their shapes preserved , though entirely recrystallized , and in many contact - altered lavas the vesicles are still visible , though their contents have usually entered into new combinations to form minerals that were not originally present . The minute structures , however , disappear , often completely , if the thermal alteration is very profound . Thus small grains of quartz in a shale are lost or blend with the surrounding particles of clay , and the fine ground - mass of lavas is entirely reconstructed .", "By recrystallization in this manner peculiar rocks of very distinct types are often produced . Thus shales may pass into cordierite rocks , or may show large crystals of andalusite ( and chiastolite ) , staurolite , garnet , kyanite and sillimanite , all derived from the aluminous content of the original shale . A considerable amount of mica ( both muscovite and biotite ) is often simultaneously formed , and the resulting product has a close resemblance to many kinds of schist . Limestones , if pure , are often turned into coarsely crystalline marbles ; but if there was an admixture of clay or sand in the original rock such minerals as garnet , epidote , idocrase , wollastonite , will be present . Sandstones when greatly heated may change into coarse quartzites composed of large clear grains of quartz . These more intense stages of alteration are not so commonly seen in igneous rocks , because their minerals , being formed at high temperatures , are not so easily transformed or recrystallized .", "In a few cases rocks are fused and in the dark glassy product minute crystals of spinel , sillimanite and cordierite may separate out . Shales are occasionally thus altered by basalt dikes , and feldspathic sandstones may be completely vitrified . Similar changes may be induced in shales by the burning of coal seams or even by an ordinary furnace .", "There is also a tendency for metasomatism between the igneous magma and sedimentary country rock , whereby the chemicals in each are exchanged or introduced into the other . Granites may absorb fragments of shale or pieces of basalt . In that case , hybrid rocks called skarn arise , which do n't have the characteristics of normal igneous or sedimentary rocks . Sometimes an invading granite magma permeates the rocks around , filling their joints and planes of bedding , etc. , with threads of quartz and feldspar . This is very exceptional but instances of it are known and it may take place on a large scale .", "Regional metamorphism , also known as dynamic metamorphism , is the name given to changes in great masses of rock over a wide area . Rocks can be metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth 's surface , subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above . Much of the lower continental crust is metamorphic , except for recent igneous intrusions . Horizontal tectonic movements such as the collision of continents create orogenic belts , and cause high temperatures , pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts . If the metamorphosed rocks are later uplifted and exposed by erosion , they may occur in long belts or other large areas at the surface . The process of metamorphism may have destroyed the original features that could have revealed the rock 's previous history . Recrystallization of the rock will destroy the textures and fossils present in sedimentary rocks . Metasomatism will change the original composition .", "Regional metamorphism tends to make the rock more indurated and at the same time to give it a foliated , shistose or gneissic texture , consisting of a planar arrangement of the minerals , so that platy or prismatic minerals like mica and hornblende have their longest axes arranged parallel to one another . For that reason many of these rocks split readily in one direction along mica - bearing zones ( schists ) . In gneisses , minerals also tend to be segregated into bands ; thus there are seams of quartz and of mica in a mica schist , very thin , but consisting essentially of one mineral . Along the mineral layers composed of soft or fissile minerals the rocks will split most readily , and the freshly split specimens will appear to be faced or coated with this mineral ; for example , a piece of mica schist looked at facewise might be supposed to consist entirely of shining scales of mica . On the edge of the specimens , however , the white folia of granular quartz will be visible . In gneisses these alternating folia are sometimes thicker and less regular than in schists , but most importantly less micaceous ; they may be lenticular , dying out rapidly . Gneisses also , as a rule , contain more feldspar than schists do , and are tougher and less fissile . Contortion or crumbling of the foliation is by no means uncommon ; splitting faces are undulose or puckered . Schistosity and gneissic banding ( the two main types of foliation ) are formed by directed pressure at elevated temperature , and to interstitial movement , or internal flow arranging the mineral particles while they are crystallizing in that directed pressure field .", "Rocks that were originally sedimentary and rocks that were undoubtedly igneous may be metamorphosed into schists and gneisses . If originally of similar composition they may be very difficult to distinguish from one another if the metamorphism has been great . A quartz - porphyry , for example , and a fine feldspathic sandstone , may both be metamorphosed into a grey or pink mica - schist .", "The five basic metamorphic textures with typical rock types are slaty ( includes slate and phyllite ; the foliation is called `` slaty cleavage '' ) , schistose ( includes schist ; the foliation is called `` schistosity '' ) , gneissose ( gneiss ; the foliation is called `` gneissosity '' ) , granoblastic ( includes granulite , some marbles and quartzite ) , and hornfelsic ( includes hornfels and skarn ) ." ]

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[ "This article is part of a series about Lionel Messi Argentine professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo Films Messi ( 2014 ) Messi ( 2017 )", "This article is part of a series about Lionel Messi", "This article is part of a series about Lionel Messi", "This article is part of a series about Lionel Messi", "Argentine professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo Films Messi ( 2014 ) Messi ( 2017 )", "Argentine professional footballer", "International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo", "Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo", "Messi ( 2014 ) Messi ( 2017 )", "Messi ( 2014 )", "Messi ( 2017 )", "", "", "This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Namesakes Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Galaxy CR7 Museu CR7 Films Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo", "This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo", "This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo", "This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo", "Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Namesakes Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Galaxy CR7 Museu CR7 Films Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo", "Portuguese professional footballer", "International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi", "Comparisons to Lionel Messi", "Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Galaxy CR7 Museu CR7", "Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol", "Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport", "Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo", "Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet", "", "", "The Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry is an association football rivalry between fans of Argentine forward Lionel Messi and Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo and supposedly between the athletes themselves . Having won a combined ten Ballon d'Or / FIFA Ballon d'Or awards ( 5 each ) , both are widely regarded as the two best players of their generation and among the best of all time in the magazine . Both players have regularly broken the 50 goal barrier in a single season , and have scored over 600 goals each in their careers for club and country . They are also the only two players to score seven UEFA Champions League hat - tricks . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to establish who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to past global sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Björn Borg -- John McEnroe rivalry in tennis and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry in Formula One motor racing .", "In a 2015 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry by saying : `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi has denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . In response to claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented : `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating : `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing '' .", "Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes described as someone of temperamental character , while Messi is portrayed with reserved character . When asked which he preferred , then currently banned FIFA president Sepp Blatter commented that Messi will `` always get a lot of votes because he plays well and scores goals '' before saying that Ronaldo `` is like a commander on the field of play . This is the other side of football and it 's good to have commanders on the field . They do n't have the same attitude and that gives life to football . One has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other but that does n't matter . I ca n't say who is the best . I like both of them , but I prefer Messi '' .", "At club level , with Messi and Ronaldo representing rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's most popular regular - season club game , El Clásico , which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014 . Off the field , they are the face of two rival sportswear manufacturers , Messi of Adidas and Ronaldo of Nike , which are also the respective kit suppliers of their national teams and the opposite for their clubs . The two highest paid players in football , Ronaldo and Messi are among the world 's best paid sports ' stars : in combined income from salaries , bonuses and off - field earnings in 2016 , Ronaldo was first earning $88 million and Messi was second with $81.4 million . They have the two biggest social media followings in the world among sportspeople with a combined 200 million Facebook fans .", "-- Messi addresses his perceived rivalry with Cristiano Ronaldo", "Born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario , Santa Fe Province , Messi has spent his entire professional career at Spanish club Barcelona . His prodigious talents were spotted at an early age ; he was discovered by Barcelona scout Josep Maria Minguella at the age of 13 , and promptly moved to Spain where he progressed through Barcelona 's youth academy La Masia , before making his senior debut on 16 October 2004 . At the age of 10 , Messi was diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency and upon joining Barcelona , the club paid for his treatment . Throughout the early years of his career , Messi had to endure the pressure of the tag New Maradona , comparisons furthered by scoring goals comparable to those Diego Maradona scored against England in the 1986 FIFA World Cup ; on 19 April 2007 , he scored a mazy dribble against Getafe which bore remarkable resemblance to that of Maradona 's , before scoring his own version of the Hand of God on 9 June against rivals Espanyol . Maradona himself said of the comparison `` I have seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentinian football and his name is Messi '' .", "Messi is the all - time top goalscorer in La Liga , has scored co-record seven UEFA Champions League hat - tricks , and holds a single Champions League game scoring record with five goals . On 17 April 2016 , Messi scored his 500th professional career goal .", "While representing Argentina under - 20 at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , he scored a total of six goals , including two goals in the final to help Argentina win the tournament , and was awarded the Golden Ball and the Golden Boot as the tournament 's best player and top scorer respectively . He made his senior debut two months later , coming on as a substitute , but was sent off for violent conduct minutes later . He has scored five goals in World Cups , with his first coming in 2006 , while the other four were scored in 2014 as Argentina reached the final for the first time in 24 years , before losing to Germany . Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . During the 2007 Copa América , Messi scored in the quarter - finals and semi-finals to help Argentina reach the final . He was named the best young player of the tournament . In the 2015 Copa América semi-final , he assisted three goals to help Argentina reach another Copa América final , only to be defeated on penalties . Messi was reportedly offered the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament , but refused to accept it . In the Copa América Centenario the following season , he scored five goals and provided four assists , to become the all - time leading assists provider in Copa América history , and led Argentina to their third consecutive final in a major tournament , but missed his penalty in the resulting shoot - out , leading to a second consecutive defeat to Chile in the Copa América Final . Messi won an Olympic gold medal when he represented Argentina 's Olympic team in the 2008 Olympic games , as Argentina successfully defended the title they won four years previously in 2004 .", "-- Cristiano Ronaldo talks about Messi in an interview with Fox Sports Argentina", "Born on 5 February 1985 in Funchal , Madeira , Ronaldo began his professional career with Sporting CP , making his senior debut on 7 October 2002 , and in 2003 caught the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson , who signed him for £ 12.2 million ( € 15 million ) . Ronaldo 's talents were noted early on , with United legend George Best saying `` There have been a few players described as ' the new George Best ' over the years , but this is the first time it 's been a compliment to me '' .", "Ronaldo spent six years at Manchester United , helping them win three consecutive Premier League titles between 2006 and 2009 , an FA Cup in 2004 , and reach two UEFA Champions League finals in 2008 and 2009 , scoring United 's goal in the former . He departed United having scored 118 goals in 292 appearances , before he became the world 's most expensive player when he moved to Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . During the 2007 -- 08 Premier League season , he scored a record 31 goals in a 38 - game season , including his first senior hat - trick in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United .", "After the end of his eight season at Real Madrid , Ronaldo had already amassed a total of 406 goals , making him the top scorer in the club 's history . Former Real manager José Mourinho referred to him as a `` goalscoring machine . '' He holds the record for most goals in a single Champions League season , after scoring a total of 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 . This tally included one from a penalty kick in the final as the club won La Decima , where he became the first player to score for two different teams in Champions League finals . He is also alongside Messi the only player to score seven Champions League hat - tricks as well as the only player to score a Champions League hat - trick in consecutive matches . In December 2014 , Ronaldo became the fastest player to score 200 goals in La Liga when , in his 178th La Liga game , he scored a hat - trick against Celta Vigo ; his 23rd hat - trick was also a La Liga record .", "Cristiano Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer for the Portugal national football team . As of 10 September 2017 , he has scored 78 goals in 145 appearances since his debut in 20 August 2003 . He has scored goals in three consecutive World Cups , having scored against Iran in 2006 , North Korea in 2010 , and Ghana in 2014 . Ronaldo has also scored a total of nine goals in the UEFA European Championship , making him the all - time joint top scorer of the competition along with Michel Platini . Including qualifying games , Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer with 29 goals , following his 23rd goal , against Armenia in 2014 . At Euro 2016 , Cristiano Ronaldo helped Portugal to win their first major tournament by scoring three goals and providing another three . Although he missed the majority of the final through injury , he was still awarded the Silver Boot as one of the second - highest goalscorers of the tournament . He has been voted into the UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament 3 times , in 2004 , 2012 and 2016 .", "In 2007 , Ronaldo and Messi finished as runners - up to A.C. Milan 's Kaká in both the Ballon d'Or , an award rewarded to the player voted as the best in the world by an international panel of sports journalists , and the FIFA World Player of the Year , an award voted for by coaches and captains of international teams . In an interview that year , Messi was quoted as saying `` Cristiano Ronaldo is an extraordinary player and it would be brilliant to be in the same team as him '' .", "They first played in a game together when United were drawn to play Barcelona in the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , and were immediately pitted as major rivals . Ronaldo missed a penalty in the first leg , but United eventually advanced to the final via a Paul Scholes goal . At the end of the year , Ronaldo was awarded the Ballon d'Or and vowed that he would win the award again .", "The 2009 UEFA Champions League Final was contested between Man Utd and Barcelona on 27 May 2009 at Stadio Olimpico in Rome , Italy . The match , described as a `` dream clash '' , was again hyped as the latest battle between the two , this time to settle who was the best player in the world ; Ronaldo claimed he was the better of the two , while Messi 's club - mate Xavi sided with him . United manager Alex Ferguson was more diplomatic , praising both players as being amongst the world 's elite talents . Messi , playing in a central role he was unaccustomed to so he would avoid a direct battle with United left - back Patrice Evra , scored Barcelona 's second in a 2 -- 0 victory with a header in the 70th minute . Meanwhile , Ronaldo was subdued for much of the game despite some early chances to score , and his frustration eventually showed when he was booked for a rash tackle on Carles Puyol .", "On 11 June 2009 , Manchester United accepted an offer of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) for Ronaldo to be transferred to Barcelona 's El Clásico rivals Real Madrid . The transfer was confirmed on 1 July . At the end of the year , Messi was awarded the Ballon d'Or by a record margin of 240 points .", "In the first league meeting of the two players , on 29 November 2009 , it was Messi 's Barcelona who came out on top , winning 1 -- 0 with a goal from Zlatan Ibrahimović . In the second El Clásico of the season , Messi scored his 40th goal of the season in a 2 -- 0 win . Messi was said to have made a fool out of Ronaldo by the Spanish press , which claimed that Ronaldo 's `` reign in the football world has ended '' .", "On 20 November 2010 , the pair both scored hat - tricks on the same day for the first time ; Ronaldo hit three goals against Athletic Bilbao in a 5 -- 1 win , while Messi scored three as Barcelona thrashed Almería 8 -- 0 . The achievement was said to have proven why they are widely considered `` the world 's best players '' . In January 2011 , Messi won the inaugural combined version of the FIFA Ballon d'Or .", "The two players faced each other whilst representing their international sides for the first time on 9 February 2011 , as Argentina played Portugal in a friendly in Geneva , Switzerland , their first meeting for 40 years . Both players were on the scoresheet , with Ronaldo scoring an equaliser before Messi scored an 89th - minute penalty to win the game 2 -- 1 .", "The two came face - to - face in four pulsating games in the season finale , and the fixtures were hyped as the definitive games as to which of the two was the better player . In the first game of the series on 16 April 2011 , Messi scored a 51st - minute penalty to give Barcelona the lead until the 82nd minute , when Ronaldo scored a penalty of his own to give Real Madrid a share of the points . In the second game , the 2011 Copa del Rey Final , Ronaldo scored the only goal of the game in extra time to give Real Madrid a 1 -- 0 win , and the club 's first trophy under manager José Mourinho . The third game was the first leg of the Champions League semi-final . The match was ugly and ill - tempered , with Madrid 's Pepe and Barcelona 's José Manuel Pinto both sent off , before Messi provided two moments of magic , including one described as `` one of the best goals in Champions League history '' , to give Barcelona a two - goal lead in the tie . Following the game , Messi was praised as both the current best in the world and amongst the greatest players of all time . Of the seven goals scored in the four games , Messi scored three and Ronaldo scored two .", "On 24 September 2011 , both players scored a hat - trick on the same day for the second time ; Ronaldo scored three in a 6 -- 2 win against Rayo Vallecano , and Messi scored three in a 5 -- 0 win over Atlético Madrid .", "In January , Messi won his third consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or , becoming only the fourth player to win the award three times after Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten . Having been drawn against each other in the Copa Del Rey quarter - finals later in the month , Ronaldo scored a goal in each game , but Barcelona advanced 4 -- 3 on aggregate .", "On 7 March 2012 , Messi became the first player in the Champions League era to score five goals in a single game as Barcelona beat Bayer Leverkusen 10 -- 2 on aggregate . Following the achievement , Messi was hailed as the best in the world by his manager Pep Guardiola , and club mate Xavi . while journalists and pundits debated whether he was the greatest player of all time . Later in the month , he became Barcelona 's all - time leading goalscorer when he scored a hat - trick against Granada , overtaking César Rodríguez Álvarez 's record of 232 goals .", "On 21 April 2012 , Ronaldo scored the winning goal in El Clásico as Real Madrid won 2 -- 1 and closed in on the league championship .", "In the first El Clásico of the season on 7 October 2012 , both players scored twice in a 2 -- 2 at the Camp Nou , the sixth straight match between the two clubs that Ronaldo had scored in . Ronaldo scored in the 23rd minute to put Madrid 1 -- 0 in front , then Messi scored two either side of half - time to put Barcelona in the lead , but for only five minutes before Ronaldo scored a 66th - minute equaliser . Messi finished the calendar year of 2012 with an all - time record of 91 goals for both club and country , overtaking Gerd Müller 's record of 85 goals .", "In January , Messi won his record fourth consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or . At the end of the month , the players scored hat - tricks on the same day for the third time ; Ronaldo scored three against Getafe as Real Madrid won 4 -- 0 before Messi went one better by scoring four goals against Osasuna as Barcelona won 5 -- 1 . It was Ronaldo 's 20th hat - trick and Messi 's 200th career league goal . In the Copa Del Rey semi-final second leg , Ronaldo scored two goals to help Real Madrid advance to the final in a 3 -- 1 victory . The goals meant he had scored in six consecutive El Clásico 's at the Nou Camp .", "On 6 September 2013 , Ronaldo scored his first hat - trick whilst representing Portugal , helping them come from 2 -- 1 down against Northern Ireland to win 4 -- 2 . Later in the month , the players scored hat - tricks on the same Champions League matchday for the first time ; Ronaldo scored three against Galatasaray as Real Madrid won 6 -- 1 , while a day later Messi scored a hat - trick against Ajax as Barcelona won 4 -- 0 . This latest accomplishment was said to `` defy the accepted wisdom that football is a team game '' .", "On November 19 , 2013 , Ronaldo scored all four of Portugal 's goals in the two - legged play - off against Sweden which ensured Portugal 's place at 2014 FIFA World Cup . His hat - trick in the second - leg made him tied for Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer after equalling Pauleta 's record tally of 47 international goals . The next day , it was announced the voting period for the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or had been extended , much to the chagrin of Barcelona president Sandro Rosell . At the beginning of 2014 , Ronaldo ended Messi 's reign as the best player in world when he was awarded the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or . With both players captaining their respective country and therefore receiving the opportunity to vote , neither player voted for the other to decide who would receive the award or for the player who finished third , Franck Ribéry , with Ronaldo instead choosing to vote for Radamel Falcao , Gareth Bale and Mesut Özil , and Messi voting for clubmates Andrés Iniesta , Xavi and Neymar .", "In the second El Clásico of the season on 23 March 2014 , Messi became the all - time top scorer in the fixture after he scored a hat - trick , including two penalty kicks , as Barcelona defeated Real Madrid 4 -- 3 , while Ronaldo also scored a goal from the penalty spot which initially put Real Madrid 3 -- 2 in front ; it was a match described as `` astonishing '' , `` thrilling '' and `` the best Clasico in recent years '' .", "At the start of the season , the race to beat Raúl 's Champions League goal scoring record of 71 goals dominated the headlines , with Messi beating Ronaldo to equal the record when he scored against Ajax on 5 November , and beating the record on 25 November with three goals against APOEL in a 4 -- 0 victory . Following this milestone goal , Barcelona manager Luis Enrique claimed Messi was the `` greatest player of all time '' . Ronaldo equalled Raúl 's tally on 26 November when he scored the only goal of the game against Basel .", "For the second time in the season , the two players faced each other , this time in the shirts of their respective nations at Old Trafford , and was their last meeting before the announcement of the 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or . The British press called the match an `` international version of the Premier League 's 39th game '' , which claimed that it `` offers unique opportunity for a new seam of support to become embroiled in the Ronaldo v Messi arguments '' . Portugal defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 , although neither Ronaldo nor Messi appeared on the score sheet .", "On 3 November , in a 4 -- 0 victory over Granada , Ronaldo made league history when he scored his 17th league goal of the season in just 10 games ; the record was previously held by Isidro Lángara , who scored 16 goals in the first ten games of the 1935 -- 36 season for Real Oviedo . On 22 November , Messi equalled , and then went past , Telmo Zarra 's goalscoring record of 251 when he scored a hat - trick against Sevilla . Luis Enrique praised him following the achievement , saying that he is `` one - of - a-kind and we 'll never see anyone like him ever again and we are privileged to have him and be able to watch him '' . On 6 December , Ronaldo overtook Zarra 's record of 22 La Liga hat - tricks , which he jointly held with Alfredo Di Stéfano , when he scored three against Celta Vigo . The goals meant he became the quickest player to reach 200 La Liga goals , accomplishing the feat in just 178 games , surpassing Zarra 's record of 219 games to reach the milestone . The following day , Messi responded by scoring his third hat - trick in his four games , his 21st La Liga hat - trick in total . The continuous record breaking was said be down to the pairs ' `` spellbinding skill , relentless application , athletic charisma '' , while journalist Sid Lowe said that this latest accomplishment `` probably does n't count as a story any more '' .", "On 12 January 2015 , Ronaldo won his second consecutive Ballon d'Or , garnering 37.66 % of the votes , ahead of Messi with 15.76 % . Both players again refused to vote for each other ; Ronaldo voted for Real Madrid teammates Sergio Ramos , Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema , while Messi voted for teammates from both club and country , picking Ángel Di María , Andrés Iniesta and Javier Mascherano . Both players were praised for their accomplishments throughout 2014 , with neither player clearly being the world 's best a `` tribute simply to the status of both men '' , while Ronaldo was declared a `` truly worthy recipient '' , having scored 61 goals to Messi 's 58 , and it was declared that the time had come to finally give Ronaldo the respect he deserves within the confines of the rivalry .", "On 5 April , Ronaldo scored five times in one game for the first time in his career , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 defeat of Granada in La Liga . He followed this up on 8 April with a goal against Rayo Vallecano in a 2 -- 0 victory ; his 300th Real Madrid goal . 10 days later , he became the second player in the history of football to score 50 or more goals in a season on five occasions , when he scored the third goal in a 3 -- 1 victory against Málaga , while earlier in the day , Messi scored his 400th Barcelona goal in a 2 -- 0 win against Valencia .", "The 2015 -- 16 season started with Ronaldo scoring five goals against Espanyol to overtake Raúl 's La Liga tally for Real Madrid , before scoring twice against Malmö in the Champions League to equal Raúl 's overall total of 323 goals , the first of which was his 500th career goal . Raúl described Ronaldo as `` incredible '' . Ronaldo surpassed Raúl 's overall goalscoring record on 17 October 2015 , scoring the second goal in a 3 -- 0 La Liga win for Real Madrid at home against Levante to take his overall tally to 324 goals .", "On 8 December 2015 , Ronaldo set a Champions League record of 11 goals in the group stage after scoring four goals against Malmö . His four - goal haul equalled a club record in the competition , jointly held by Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , and Hugo Sánchez .", "On 17 February 2016 , Messi scored his 300th La Liga goal in a 1 -- 3 away win against Sporting Gijon . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta Vigo on 5 March , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . Ronaldo scored a hat - trick against Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season and the fifth overall .", "Messi finished the 2015 -- 16 season by setting up both goals in Barcelona 's 2 -- 0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final , at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , on 22 May 2016 , as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season . In total , Messi scored 41 goals and provided 23 assists , as Barcelona 's attacking trio of Messi , Suárez and Neymar ( MSN ) managed a Spanish record of 131 goals throughout the season , breaking the record they had set the previous season .", "Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions .", "Throughout the existence of the rivalry , the pair have dominated awards ceremonies and broken a multitude of goalscoring records for both club and country , feats which have been described as `` incredible '' , `` ridiculous '' , and `` remarkable '' . The rivalry itself has been described as one about records and reputation of the players , rather than one based in loathing .", "Awards ceremonies to crown the world 's best player were held annually since 1956 , when the inaugural Ballon d'Or awarding took place . The Ballon d'Or was presented to the player who had been voted to have performed the best over the previous year , and was established by French journalist Gabriel Hanot . Originally , votes could only be awarded to European players before a 1995 rule change . In the voting for the 2004 Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received his first votes , finishing in joint 12th with Milan Baroš on 11 points . In 2005 he received three points , and in 2006 received five points , the same year Messi earned his first votes , finishing with three points .", "The FIFA World Player of the Year was established in 1991 . In the voting for the 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year , Ronaldo received his first votes , finishing 13th with 45 points . In 2005 he received 13 points , and in 2006 received 69 points . Messi received his first votes in 2007 . Both players dominated the voting of both awards from 2007 until the 2010 merging , winning their first trophies in 2008 and 2009 , respectively , and continued to reign in the combined FIFA Ballon d'Or .", "After six years the prizes are separated again ; returning to award the Ballon d'Or independently to FIFA .", "Ballon d'Or ( edit ) See also : Ballon d'Or Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Points 444 277 255 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 446 281 179 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) From 2010 until 2015 , the Ballon d'Or of France Football and the FIFA World Player of the Year of FIFA were merged and awarded as the FIFA Ballon d'Or . From 2016 , the Ballon d'Or returned to the auspices of France Football . Points 473 233 170 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Points 745 316 198 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain ) Points 946 670 361 FIFA World Player of the Year ( edit ) See also : FIFA World Player of the Year Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Points 1047 504 426 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 935 678 203 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Points 1073 352 196 The Best FIFA Men ′ s Player ( edit ) See also : The Best FIFA Football Awards Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Percentage 34.54 % 26.42 % 7.53 % 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain ) Percentage 43.16 % 19.25 % 6.97 %", "Ballon d'Or ( edit ) See also : Ballon d'Or Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Points 444 277 255 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 446 281 179 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) From 2010 until 2015 , the Ballon d'Or of France Football and the FIFA World Player of the Year of FIFA were merged and awarded as the FIFA Ballon d'Or . From 2016 , the Ballon d'Or returned to the auspices of France Football . Points 473 233 170 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Points 745 316 198 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain ) Points 946 670 361 FIFA World Player of the Year ( edit ) See also : FIFA World Player of the Year Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Points 1047 504 426 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 935 678 203 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Points 1073 352 196 The Best FIFA Men ′ s Player ( edit ) See also : The Best FIFA Football Awards Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Percentage 34.54 % 26.42 % 7.53 % 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain ) Percentage 43.16 % 19.25 % 6.97 %", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Points 444 277 255 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 446 281 179 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) From 2010 until 2015 , the Ballon d'Or of France Football and the FIFA World Player of the Year of FIFA were merged and awarded as the FIFA Ballon d'Or . From 2016 , the Ballon d'Or returned to the auspices of France Football . Points 473 233 170 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Points 745 316 198 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain ) Points 946 670 361", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd", "2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona )", "Points 444 277 255", "2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool )", "Points 446 281 179", "2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona )", "From 2010 until 2015 , the Ballon d'Or of France Football and the FIFA World Player of the Year of FIFA were merged and awarded as the FIFA Ballon d'Or . From 2016 , the Ballon d'Or returned to the auspices of France Football .", "Points 473 233 170", "2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid )", "Points 745 316 198", "2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain )", "Points 946 670 361", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Points 1047 504 426 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 935 678 203 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Points 1073 352 196", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd", "2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United )", "Points 1047 504 426", "2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool )", "Points 935 678 203", "2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona )", "Points 1073 352 196", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Percentage 34.54 % 26.42 % 7.53 % 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain ) Percentage 43.16 % 19.25 % 6.97 %", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd", "2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid )", "Percentage 34.54 % 26.42 % 7.53 %", "2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain )", "Percentage 43.16 % 19.25 % 6.97 %", "World Soccer Award for the best player in the world ( edit ) Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) 2011 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) 2012 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Franck Ribéry ( Bayern Munich ) 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Manuel Neuer ( Bayern Munich ) 2015 Lionel Messi ( 5 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Neymar ( Barcelona ) 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain ) Globe Soccer Awards ( edit ) See also : Globe Soccer Awards Year Winner 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) 2015 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) ( Real Madrid ) 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) ( Real Madrid )", "World Soccer Award for the best player in the world ( edit ) Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) 2011 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) 2012 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Franck Ribéry ( Bayern Munich ) 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Manuel Neuer ( Bayern Munich ) 2015 Lionel Messi ( 5 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Neymar ( Barcelona ) 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain ) Globe Soccer Awards ( edit ) See also : Globe Soccer Awards Year Winner 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) 2015 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) ( Real Madrid ) 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) ( Real Madrid )", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) 2011 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) 2012 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Franck Ribéry ( Bayern Munich ) 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Manuel Neuer ( Bayern Munich ) 2015 Lionel Messi ( 5 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Neymar ( Barcelona ) 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain )", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd", "2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United )", "2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool )", "2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona )", "Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona )", "2011 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Xavi ( Barcelona )", "2012 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona )", "2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Franck Ribéry ( Bayern Munich )", "2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Manuel Neuer ( Bayern Munich )", "2015 Lionel Messi ( 5 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Neymar ( Barcelona )", "2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid )", "2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Paris Saint - Germain )", "Year Winner 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) 2015 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) ( Real Madrid ) 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) ( Real Madrid )", "Year Winner", "2011 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid )", "2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid )", "2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid )", "2015 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona )", "2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) ( Real Madrid )", "2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) ( Real Madrid )", "In 2010 , it was announced that the two awards would be merged into one main award applicable for players worldwide , with an expanded panel of voters .", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Percentage 22.65 % 17.36 % 16.48 % 2011 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Percentage 47.88 % 21.60 % 9.23 % 2012 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Percentage 41.17 % 23.68 % 10.91 % 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Franck Ribéry ( Bayern Munich ) Percentage 27.99 % 24.72 % 23.36 % 2018 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Manuel Neuer ( Bayern Munich ) Percentage 37.66 % 15.76 % 15.72 % 2015 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Neymar ( Barcelona ) Percentage 41.33 % 27.76 % 7.86 %", "Year 1st 2nd 3rd", "Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona )", "Percentage 22.65 % 17.36 % 16.48 %", "2011 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Xavi ( Barcelona )", "Percentage 47.88 % 21.60 % 9.23 %", "2012 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona )", "Percentage 41.17 % 23.68 % 10.91 %", "2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Franck Ribéry ( Bayern Munich )", "Percentage 27.99 % 24.72 % 23.36 %", "2018 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Manuel Neuer ( Bayern Munich )", "Percentage 37.66 % 15.76 % 15.72 %", "2015 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Neymar ( Barcelona )", "Percentage 41.33 % 27.76 % 7.86 %", "The Laureus World Sports Awards is an annual award ceremony honouring remarkable individuals from the world of sports along with the greatest sporting achievements throughout the year . With five subchampionships each one , Messi and Ronaldo are the only footballers to be nominated on multiple occasions . Messi was also part of the Barcelona side which won the Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year in 2012 , and were runners - up in 2006 , 2007 , 2010 and 2016 . When playing for Manchester United , Ronaldo was part of the team which finished runners - up in 2009 , and in 2015 and 2017 was part of the Real Madrid team which also finished as runners - up .", "Year Winner Runners - up 2009 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Michael Phelps ( Swimming ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Valentino Rossi ( Motorcycling ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Kenenisa Bekele ( Athletics ) Alberto Contador ( Cycling ) Roger Federer ( Tennis ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Valentino Rossi ( Motorcycling ) 2011 Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Kobe Bryant ( Basketball ) Andrés Iniesta ( Football ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Manny Pacquiao ( Boxing ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) 2012 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Cadel Evans ( Cycling ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Dirk Nowitzki ( Basketball ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) 2013 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Michael Phelps ( Swimming ) Bradley Wiggins ( Cycling ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) 2014 Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) LeBron James ( Basketball ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) 2015 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Renaud Lavillenie ( Athletics ) Rory McIlroy ( Golf ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Marc Márquez ( Motorcycling ) 2016 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Stephen Curry ( Basketball ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Jordan Spieth ( Golf ) 2017 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) Andy Murray ( Tennis ) Stephen Curry ( Basketball ) LeBron James ( Basketball ) 2018 Roger Federer ( Tennis ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) Chris Froome ( Cycling ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football )", "Year Winner Runners - up", "2009 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Michael Phelps ( Swimming ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Valentino Rossi ( Motorcycling )", "Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Kenenisa Bekele ( Athletics ) Alberto Contador ( Cycling ) Roger Federer ( Tennis ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Valentino Rossi ( Motorcycling )", "2011 Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Kobe Bryant ( Basketball ) Andrés Iniesta ( Football ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Manny Pacquiao ( Boxing ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One )", "2012 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Cadel Evans ( Cycling ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Dirk Nowitzki ( Basketball ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One )", "2013 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Michael Phelps ( Swimming ) Bradley Wiggins ( Cycling ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One )", "2014 Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) LeBron James ( Basketball ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football )", "2015 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Renaud Lavillenie ( Athletics ) Rory McIlroy ( Golf ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Marc Márquez ( Motorcycling )", "2016 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Stephen Curry ( Basketball ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Jordan Spieth ( Golf )", "2017 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) Andy Murray ( Tennis ) Stephen Curry ( Basketball ) LeBron James ( Basketball )", "2018 Roger Federer ( Tennis ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) Chris Froome ( Cycling ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football )", "The European Golden Shoe is awarded to the top goalscorer in Europe . It is awarded based on a weighted points system that allows players in tougher leagues to win even if they score fewer goals than a player in a weaker league . Goals scored in the top five leagues according to the UEFA coefficients rankings are multiplied by a factor of two , and goals scored in the leagues ranked six to 21 are multiplied by 1.5 .", "Since the points system was established in 1996 , Ronaldo and Messi are two of only four players , along with Mário Jardel and Luis Suárez , to score 80 or more points , while Messi is the only player to score 100 points . He was also the first player to win the award three times . Messi received his fourth Golden Boot in 2016 -- 17 season . Ronaldo was the first player to win the award four times . By virtue of being the top scorer in Europe , each also received the Premier League Golden Boot and the Pichichi Trophy in the respective seasons .", "Season Player Club Goals Points 2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 2008 -- 09 Diego Forlán Atlético Madrid 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi Barcelona 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 2010 -- 11 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 2012 -- 13 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Luis Suárez Liverpool 2014 -- 15 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 2015 -- 16 Luis Suárez Barcelona 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 2016 -- 17 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 2017 -- 18 Lionel Messi ( 5 ) Barcelona 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68", "Season Player Club Goals Points", "2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62", "2008 -- 09 Diego Forlán Atlético Madrid 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64", "2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi Barcelona 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68", "2010 -- 11 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80", "2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100", "2012 -- 13 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92", "2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62", "Luis Suárez Liverpool", "2014 -- 15 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96", "2015 -- 16 Luis Suárez Barcelona 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80", "2016 -- 17 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74", "2017 -- 18 Lionel Messi ( 5 ) Barcelona 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68", "In every edition of the FIFA Club World Cup , three players are awarded as Golden , Silver and Bronze ball winners . Messi is the only player to have won two Golden Balls , receiving them in the successful campaigns of 2009 and 2011 , and got the Silver Ball in 2015 . Ronaldo received the Silver Ball in his championships in 2008 , 2014 and 2017 , and got his first Golden Ball in 2016 .", "Edition Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 2008 Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Damián Manso ( LDU Quito ) 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Juan Sebastián Verón ( Estudiantes de La Plata ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) 2011 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Santos ) 2014 Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Ivan Vicelich ( Auckland City ) 2015 Luis Suárez ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Gaku Shibasaki ( Kashima Antlers ) 2017 Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jonathan Urretaviscaya ( Pachuca )", "Edition Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball", "2008 Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Damián Manso ( LDU Quito )", "2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Juan Sebastián Verón ( Estudiantes de La Plata ) Xavi ( Barcelona )", "2011 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Santos )", "2014 Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Ivan Vicelich ( Auckland City )", "2015 Luis Suárez ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona )", "2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Gaku Shibasaki ( Kashima Antlers )", "2017 Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jonathan Urretaviscaya ( Pachuca )", "Cristiano Ronaldo is the UEFA Champions league all - time top goalscorer while Messi is second . The two had broken each other 's record over the course of 2015 , after Messi surpassed the previous record holder , Raúl , in November 2014 . Ronaldo opened a gap in the 2015 -- 16 season when he became the first player to score double figures in the group stage of the Champions League , setting the record at 11 goals . They are the first two players to score 100 goals in UEFA Champions League history .", "As of 26 May 2018", "As of 26 May 2018", "Player Club Goals Games Goals per game Years Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United Real Madrid 120 153 0.78 2003 -- present Lionel Messi Barcelona 100 125 0.80 2005 -- present Raúl Real Madrid Schalke 04 71 142 0.50 1995 -- 2011 Ruud van Nistelrooy PSV Eindhoven Manchester United Real Madrid 56 73 0.77 1998 -- 2009 Karim Benzema Lyon Real Madrid 56 104 0.54 2006 -- present", "Player Club Goals Games Goals per game Years", "Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United Real Madrid 120 153 0.78 2003 -- present", "Lionel Messi Barcelona 100 125 0.80 2005 -- present", "Raúl Real Madrid Schalke 04 71 142 0.50 1995 -- 2011", "Ruud van Nistelrooy PSV Eindhoven Manchester United Real Madrid 56 73 0.77 1998 -- 2009", "Karim Benzema Lyon Real Madrid 56 104 0.54 2006 -- present", "Season Player Club Goals 2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 8 2008 -- 09 Lionel Messi Barcelona 9 2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 8 2010 -- 11 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 12 2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 14 2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 12 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 17 2014 -- 15 Neymar Barcelona 10 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid Lionel Messi ( 5 ) Barcelona 2015 -- 16 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) Real Madrid 16 2016 -- 17 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 6 ) Real Madrid 12 2017 -- 18 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 7 ) Real Madrid 15", "Season Player Club Goals", "2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 8", "2008 -- 09 Lionel Messi Barcelona 9", "2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 8", "2010 -- 11 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 12", "2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 14", "2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 12", "2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 17", "2014 -- 15 Neymar Barcelona 10", "Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid", "Lionel Messi ( 5 ) Barcelona", "2015 -- 16 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) Real Madrid 16", "2016 -- 17 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 6 ) Real Madrid 12", "2017 -- 18 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 7 ) Real Madrid 15", "As of 26 May 2018", "As of 26 May 2018", "Bold indicates ongoing season and active player in the season .", "Rank Player Season Goals Cristiano Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 17 Cristiano Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 16 Cristiano Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 15 José Altafini 1962 -- 63 14 Lionel Messi 2011 -- 12 6 Ferenc Puskás 1959 -- 60 12 Gerd Müller 1972 -- 73 Ruud van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 Lionel Messi 2010 -- 11 Mario Gómez 2011 -- 12 Cristiano Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo 2016 -- 17", "Rank Player Season Goals", "Cristiano Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 17", "Cristiano Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 16", "Cristiano Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 15", "José Altafini 1962 -- 63 14", "Lionel Messi 2011 -- 12", "6 Ferenc Puskás 1959 -- 60 12", "Gerd Müller 1972 -- 73", "Ruud van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03", "Lionel Messi 2010 -- 11", "Mario Gómez 2011 -- 12", "Cristiano Ronaldo 2012 -- 13", "Cristiano Ronaldo 2016 -- 17", "As of 6 May 2018", "As of 6 May 2018", "Player Club Goals Years Lionel Messi Barcelona 383 2004 -- present Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 311 2009 -- present Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 251 1940 -- 1955 Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid , Real Madrid , Rayo Vallecano 234 1981 -- 1994 5 Raúl Real Madrid 228 1994 -- 2010", "Player Club Goals Years", "Lionel Messi Barcelona 383 2004 -- present", "Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 311 2009 -- present", "Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 251 1940 -- 1955", "Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid , Real Madrid , Rayo Vallecano 234 1981 -- 1994", "5 Raúl Real Madrid 228 1994 -- 2010", "Player Club Hat - tricks Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 34 Lionel Messi Barcelona 30 Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 23 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 22 5 Edmundo Suárez Valencia , Alcoyano 19", "Player Club Hat - tricks", "Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 34", "Lionel Messi Barcelona 30", "Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 23", "Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 22", "5 Edmundo Suárez Valencia , Alcoyano 19", "Key", "Season Player Club Goals Games Ratio 2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 31 34 0.91 2008 -- 09 Forlán , Diego Diego Forlán ( 2 ) Atlético Madrid 33 32 1.03 2009 -- 10 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 35 0.97 2010 -- 11 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 40 34 1.18 2011 -- 12 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 50 37 1.35 2012 -- 13 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 46 32 1.44 2013 -- 14 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03 2014 -- 15 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid 48 35 1.37 2015 -- 16 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Barcelona 40 35 1.11 2016 -- 17 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 37 34 1.09 2017 -- 18 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 5 ) Barcelona 34 36 0.94", "Season Player Club Goals Games Ratio", "2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 31 34 0.91", "2008 -- 09 Forlán , Diego Diego Forlán ( 2 ) Atlético Madrid 33 32 1.03", "2009 -- 10 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 35 0.97", "2010 -- 11 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 40 34 1.18", "2011 -- 12 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 50 37 1.35", "2012 -- 13 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 46 32 1.44", "2013 -- 14 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03", "2014 -- 15 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid 48 35 1.37", "2015 -- 16 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Barcelona 40 35 1.11", "2016 -- 17 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 37 34 1.09", "2017 -- 18 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 5 ) Barcelona 34 36 0.94", "As of matches played 21 May 2017", "As of matches played 21 May 2017", "Bold player name denotes current season .", "( hide ) Rank Nat Name Season Club Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi 2011 -- 12 Barcelona 50 37 1.351 Cristiano Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid 48 35 1.371 Lionel Messi 2012 -- 13 Barcelona 46 32 1.438 Cristiano Ronaldo 2011 -- 12 Real Madrid 38 1.211 5 Lionel Messi 2014 -- 15 Barcelona 43 38 1.132 6 Cristiano Ronaldo 2010 -- 11 Real Madrid 40 34 1.176 Luis Suárez 2015 -- 16 Barcelona 35 1.143 8 Telmo Zarra 1950 -- 51 Athletic Bilbao 38 30 1.267 Hugo Sánchez 1989 -- 90 Real Madrid 35 1.086 10 Lionel Messi 2016 -- 17 Barcelona 37 34 1.088", "( hide ) Rank Nat Name Season Club Goals Apps Ratio", "Lionel Messi 2011 -- 12 Barcelona 50 37 1.351", "Cristiano Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid 48 35 1.371", "Lionel Messi 2012 -- 13 Barcelona 46 32 1.438", "Cristiano Ronaldo 2011 -- 12 Real Madrid 38 1.211", "5 Lionel Messi 2014 -- 15 Barcelona 43 38 1.132", "6 Cristiano Ronaldo 2010 -- 11 Real Madrid 40 34 1.176", "Luis Suárez 2015 -- 16 Barcelona 35 1.143", "8 Telmo Zarra 1950 -- 51 Athletic Bilbao 38 30 1.267", "Hugo Sánchez 1989 -- 90 Real Madrid 35 1.086", "10 Lionel Messi 2016 -- 17 Barcelona 37 34 1.088", "Club statistics As of 29 April 2018", "As of 29 April 2018", "Lionel Messi Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2004 -- 05 7 0 0 0 0 9 2005 -- 06 17 6 6 0 0 25 8 2006 -- 07 26 14 6 0 37 17 2007 -- 08 28 10 0 9 6 0 0 40 16 2008 -- 09 31 23 8 6 12 9 0 0 51 38 2009 -- 10 35 34 11 8 5 53 48 2010 -- 11 33 31 7 7 13 12 55 53 2011 -- 12 37 50 7 11 14 5 6 60 73 2012 -- 13 32 46 5 11 8 50 69 2013 -- 14 31 28 6 5 7 8 0 46 41 2014 -- 15 38 43 6 5 13 10 0 0 57 58 2015 -- 16 33 26 5 5 7 6 48 41 2016 -- 17 34 37 7 5 9 11 52 54 2017 -- 18 33 29 5 8 6 43 35 Total 410 374 67 47 123 100 26 21 626 558 Cristiano Ronaldo Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2002 -- 03 25 0 0 0 31 5 2003 -- 04 29 6 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 33 5 9 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 33 9 6 8 0 0 47 12 2006 -- 07 34 17 8 11 0 0 53 23 2007 -- 08 34 31 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 33 18 6 12 53 26 2009 -- 10 29 26 0 0 6 7 0 0 35 33 2010 -- 11 34 41 8 7 12 6 0 0 54 53 2011 -- 12 38 46 5 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 34 34 7 7 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 30 31 6 11 17 0 0 47 51 2014 -- 15 35 48 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 36 35 0 0 12 16 0 0 48 51 2016 -- 17 29 25 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 23 22 0 0 8 12 35 37 Total 509 394 71 41 154 118 18 13 752 566", "Lionel Messi Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2004 -- 05 7 0 0 0 0 9 2005 -- 06 17 6 6 0 0 25 8 2006 -- 07 26 14 6 0 37 17 2007 -- 08 28 10 0 9 6 0 0 40 16 2008 -- 09 31 23 8 6 12 9 0 0 51 38 2009 -- 10 35 34 11 8 5 53 48 2010 -- 11 33 31 7 7 13 12 55 53 2011 -- 12 37 50 7 11 14 5 6 60 73 2012 -- 13 32 46 5 11 8 50 69 2013 -- 14 31 28 6 5 7 8 0 46 41 2014 -- 15 38 43 6 5 13 10 0 0 57 58 2015 -- 16 33 26 5 5 7 6 48 41 2016 -- 17 34 37 7 5 9 11 52 54 2017 -- 18 33 29 5 8 6 43 35 Total 410 374 67 47 123 100 26 21 626 558 Cristiano Ronaldo Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2002 -- 03 25 0 0 0 31 5 2003 -- 04 29 6 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 33 5 9 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 33 9 6 8 0 0 47 12 2006 -- 07 34 17 8 11 0 0 53 23 2007 -- 08 34 31 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 33 18 6 12 53 26 2009 -- 10 29 26 0 0 6 7 0 0 35 33 2010 -- 11 34 41 8 7 12 6 0 0 54 53 2011 -- 12 38 46 5 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 34 34 7 7 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 30 31 6 11 17 0 0 47 51 2014 -- 15 35 48 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 36 35 0 0 12 16 0 0 48 51 2016 -- 17 29 25 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 23 22 0 0 8 12 35 37 Total 509 394 71 41 154 118 18 13 752 566", "Lionel Messi Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2004 -- 05 7 0 0 0 0 9 2005 -- 06 17 6 6 0 0 25 8 2006 -- 07 26 14 6 0 37 17 2007 -- 08 28 10 0 9 6 0 0 40 16 2008 -- 09 31 23 8 6 12 9 0 0 51 38 2009 -- 10 35 34 11 8 5 53 48 2010 -- 11 33 31 7 7 13 12 55 53 2011 -- 12 37 50 7 11 14 5 6 60 73 2012 -- 13 32 46 5 11 8 50 69 2013 -- 14 31 28 6 5 7 8 0 46 41 2014 -- 15 38 43 6 5 13 10 0 0 57 58 2015 -- 16 33 26 5 5 7 6 48 41 2016 -- 17 34 37 7 5 9 11 52 54 2017 -- 18 33 29 5 8 6 43 35 Total 410 374 67 47 123 100 26 21 626 558", "Lionel Messi", "Season League Cup Europe Other Total", "Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals", "2004 -- 05 7 0 0 0 0 9", "2005 -- 06 17 6 6 0 0 25 8", "2006 -- 07 26 14 6 0 37 17", "2007 -- 08 28 10 0 9 6 0 0 40 16", "2008 -- 09 31 23 8 6 12 9 0 0 51 38", "2009 -- 10 35 34 11 8 5 53 48", "2010 -- 11 33 31 7 7 13 12 55 53", "2011 -- 12 37 50 7 11 14 5 6 60 73", "2012 -- 13 32 46 5 11 8 50 69", "2013 -- 14 31 28 6 5 7 8 0 46 41", "2014 -- 15 38 43 6 5 13 10 0 0 57 58", "2015 -- 16 33 26 5 5 7 6 48 41", "2016 -- 17 34 37 7 5 9 11 52 54", "2017 -- 18 33 29 5 8 6 43 35", "Total 410 374 67 47 123 100 26 21 626 558", "Cristiano Ronaldo Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2002 -- 03 25 0 0 0 31 5 2003 -- 04 29 6 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 33 5 9 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 33 9 6 8 0 0 47 12 2006 -- 07 34 17 8 11 0 0 53 23 2007 -- 08 34 31 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 33 18 6 12 53 26 2009 -- 10 29 26 0 0 6 7 0 0 35 33 2010 -- 11 34 41 8 7 12 6 0 0 54 53 2011 -- 12 38 46 5 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 34 34 7 7 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 30 31 6 11 17 0 0 47 51 2014 -- 15 35 48 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 36 35 0 0 12 16 0 0 48 51 2016 -- 17 29 25 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 23 22 0 0 8 12 35 37 Total 509 394 71 41 154 118 18 13 752 566", "Cristiano Ronaldo", "Season League Cup Europe Other Total", "Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals", "2002 -- 03 25 0 0 0 31 5", "2003 -- 04 29 6 5 0 0 0 40 6", "2004 -- 05 33 5 9 8 0 0 0 50 9", "2005 -- 06 33 9 6 8 0 0 47 12", "2006 -- 07 34 17 8 11 0 0 53 23", "2007 -- 08 34 31 11 8 0 49 42", "2008 -- 09 33 18 6 12 53 26", "2009 -- 10 29 26 0 0 6 7 0 0 35 33", "2010 -- 11 34 41 8 7 12 6 0 0 54 53", "2011 -- 12 38 46 5 10 10 55 60", "2012 -- 13 34 34 7 7 12 12 55 55", "2013 -- 14 30 31 6 11 17 0 0 47 51", "2014 -- 15 35 48 12 10 5 54 61", "2015 -- 16 36 35 0 0 12 16 0 0 48 51", "2016 -- 17 29 25 13 12 46 42", "2017 -- 18 23 22 0 0 8 12 35 37", "Total 509 394 71 41 154 118 18 13 752 566", "International statistics As of 27 March 2018", "As of 27 March 2018", "Lionel Messi Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2005 -- 06 0 10 2006 -- 07 6 0 0 10 2007 -- 08 0 0 6 10 2008 -- 09 0 0 8 9 2009 -- 10 5 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 0 7 11 2011 -- 12 0 0 5 7 9 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 8 5 12 9 2013 -- 14 7 11 7 2014 -- 15 6 0 0 10 2015 -- 16 5 5 10 9 2016 -- 17 0 0 0 5 2017 -- 18 0 0 5 0 0 5 Total 36 13 44 21 42 27 123 61 Cristiano Ronaldo Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2003 -- 04 6 0 0 7 0 13 2004 -- 05 0 0 8 7 0 10 7 2005 -- 06 6 0 5 15 2006 -- 07 0 0 6 5 0 8 5 2007 -- 08 7 0 12 2008 -- 09 0 0 0 7 2009 -- 10 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 5 2011 -- 12 5 5 5 14 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 6 9 2013 -- 14 7 10 11 2014 -- 15 0 0 5 0 6 5 2015 -- 16 7 0 13 6 2016 -- 17 5 11 10 14 2017 -- 18 0 0 6 6 Total 38 14 65 50 46 17 149 81", "Lionel Messi Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2005 -- 06 0 10 2006 -- 07 6 0 0 10 2007 -- 08 0 0 6 10 2008 -- 09 0 0 8 9 2009 -- 10 5 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 0 7 11 2011 -- 12 0 0 5 7 9 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 8 5 12 9 2013 -- 14 7 11 7 2014 -- 15 6 0 0 10 2015 -- 16 5 5 10 9 2016 -- 17 0 0 0 5 2017 -- 18 0 0 5 0 0 5 Total 36 13 44 21 42 27 123 61 Cristiano Ronaldo Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2003 -- 04 6 0 0 7 0 13 2004 -- 05 0 0 8 7 0 10 7 2005 -- 06 6 0 5 15 2006 -- 07 0 0 6 5 0 8 5 2007 -- 08 7 0 12 2008 -- 09 0 0 0 7 2009 -- 10 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 5 2011 -- 12 5 5 5 14 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 6 9 2013 -- 14 7 10 11 2014 -- 15 0 0 5 0 6 5 2015 -- 16 7 0 13 6 2016 -- 17 5 11 10 14 2017 -- 18 0 0 6 6 Total 38 14 65 50 46 17 149 81", "Lionel Messi Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2005 -- 06 0 10 2006 -- 07 6 0 0 10 2007 -- 08 0 0 6 10 2008 -- 09 0 0 8 9 2009 -- 10 5 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 0 7 11 2011 -- 12 0 0 5 7 9 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 8 5 12 9 2013 -- 14 7 11 7 2014 -- 15 6 0 0 10 2015 -- 16 5 5 10 9 2016 -- 17 0 0 0 5 2017 -- 18 0 0 5 0 0 5 Total 36 13 44 21 42 27 123 61", "Lionel Messi", "Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total", "Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals", "2005 -- 06 0 10", "2006 -- 07 6 0 0 10", "2007 -- 08 0 0 6 10", "2008 -- 09 0 0 8 9", "2009 -- 10 5 0 0 11", "2010 -- 11 0 0 0 7 11", "2011 -- 12 0 0 5 7 9 9", "2012 -- 13 0 0 8 5 12 9", "2013 -- 14 7 11 7", "2014 -- 15 6 0 0 10", "2015 -- 16 5 5 10 9", "2016 -- 17 0 0 0 5", "2017 -- 18 0 0 5 0 0 5", "Total 36 13 44 21 42 27 123 61", "Cristiano Ronaldo Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2003 -- 04 6 0 0 7 0 13 2004 -- 05 0 0 8 7 0 10 7 2005 -- 06 6 0 5 15 2006 -- 07 0 0 6 5 0 8 5 2007 -- 08 7 0 12 2008 -- 09 0 0 0 7 2009 -- 10 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 5 2011 -- 12 5 5 5 14 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 6 9 2013 -- 14 7 10 11 2014 -- 15 0 0 5 0 6 5 2015 -- 16 7 0 13 6 2016 -- 17 5 11 10 14 2017 -- 18 0 0 6 6 Total 38 14 65 50 46 17 149 81", "Cristiano Ronaldo", "Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total", "Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals", "2003 -- 04 6 0 0 7 0 13", "2004 -- 05 0 0 8 7 0 10 7", "2005 -- 06 6 0 5 15", "2006 -- 07 0 0 6 5 0 8 5", "2007 -- 08 7 0 12", "2008 -- 09 0 0 0 7", "2009 -- 10 0 0 11", "2010 -- 11 0 0 5", "2011 -- 12 5 5 5 14 9", "2012 -- 13 0 0 6 9", "2013 -- 14 7 10 11", "2014 -- 15 0 0 5 0 6 5", "2015 -- 16 7 0 13 6", "2016 -- 17 5 11 10 14", "2017 -- 18 0 0 6 6", "Total 38 14 65 50 46 17 149 81", "Note * : The selection can not include results from lower categories and tournaments not organized by FIFA , UEFA and national league competitions .", "Team ( s ) Nationals Subtotal Continental World Subtotal Total League Cup Supercup League cup C1 C2 C3 C4 ESP Barcelona -- 22 -- -- 10 32 ARG Argentina * -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 9 6 7 -- 22 0 0 10 32", "Team ( s ) Nationals Subtotal Continental World Subtotal Total", "League Cup Supercup League cup C1 C2 C3 C4", "ESP Barcelona -- 22 -- -- 10 32", "ARG Argentina * -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "Total 9 6 7 -- 22 0 0 10 32", "Team ( s ) Nationals Subtotal Continental World Subtotal Total League Cup Supercup League cup C1 C2 C3 C4 POR Sporting CP -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 ENG Manchester United 8 -- -- -- 10 SPA Real Madrid -- 6 -- -- 10 16 POR Portugal * -- -- -- -- 0 -- -- -- -- Total 5 5 15 6 0 0 13 28", "Team ( s ) Nationals Subtotal Continental World Subtotal Total", "League Cup Supercup League cup C1 C2 C3 C4", "POR Sporting CP -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0", "ENG Manchester United 8 -- -- -- 10", "SPA Real Madrid -- 6 -- -- 10 16", "POR Portugal * -- -- -- -- 0 -- -- -- --", "Total 5 5 15 6 0 0 13 28", "Award Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo Subtotal Best player of the world FIFA World Player of the Year 2009 2008 29 Ballon d'Or 2009 2008 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 2013 , 2014 The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 , 2017 World Soccer Award for the best player in the world 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Globe Soccer Awards 2015 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Best player in Europe of the year Forward of the Year of UEFA 2008 -- 09 2007 -- 08 , 2016 -- 17 10 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year / UEFA Best Player in Europe Award / UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Best player in the World Cup Golden Ball Brazil 2014 Best Player of the Club World Cup Golden Ball of the Club World Cup 2009 , 2011 2016 14 Silver Ball of the Club World Cup 2015 2008 , 2014 , 2017 Golden Boot of the Club World Cup 2011 2016 , 2017 Most Valuable Player of the Final Match Trophy 2009 , 2011 2016 , 2017 Best player in the league Best game builder in the world according to the IFFHS 2015 , 2016 19 Best Player of the Spanish League 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 2013 -- 14 Best Forward of the Spanish League 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 2013 -- 14 Premier League Player of the Season 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Top scorer Golden Shoe 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 32 Top scorer in the world according to the IFFHS 2011 , 2012 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 World 's best First Division scorer according to the IFFHS 2012 , 2013 , 2017 2014 , 2015 Champions League scorer 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 League scorer Pichichi Trophy 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 8 Premier League Golden Boot 2007 -- 08 Continental Cup scorer UEFA European Championship 2012 Best goal of the season FIFA Puskás Award 2009 -- 10 Team of the Year FIFPro World XI 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 43 UEFA Team of the Year 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Total 75 82 157", "Award Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo Subtotal", "Best player of the world", "FIFA World Player of the Year 2009 2008 29", "Ballon d'Or 2009 2008 , 2016 , 2017", "FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 2013 , 2014", "The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 , 2017", "World Soccer Award for the best player in the world 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017", "Globe Soccer Awards 2015 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017", "Best player in Europe of the year", "Forward of the Year of UEFA 2008 -- 09 2007 -- 08 , 2016 -- 17 10", "UEFA Club Footballer of the Year / UEFA Best Player in Europe Award / UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17", "Best player in the World Cup", "Golden Ball Brazil 2014", "Best Player of the Club World Cup", "Golden Ball of the Club World Cup 2009 , 2011 2016 14", "Silver Ball of the Club World Cup 2015 2008 , 2014 , 2017", "Golden Boot of the Club World Cup 2011 2016 , 2017", "Most Valuable Player of the Final Match Trophy 2009 , 2011 2016 , 2017", "Best player in the league", "Best game builder in the world according to the IFFHS 2015 , 2016 19", "Best Player of the Spanish League 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 2013 -- 14", "Best Forward of the Spanish League 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 2013 -- 14", "Premier League Player of the Season 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08", "Top scorer", "Golden Shoe 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 32", "Top scorer in the world according to the IFFHS 2011 , 2012 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017", "World 's best First Division scorer according to the IFFHS 2012 , 2013 , 2017 2014 , 2015", "Champions League scorer 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18", "League scorer", "Pichichi Trophy 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 8", "Premier League Golden Boot 2007 -- 08", "Continental Cup scorer", "UEFA European Championship 2012", "Best goal of the season", "FIFA Puskás Award 2009 -- 10", "Team of the Year", "FIFPro World XI 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 43", "UEFA Team of the Year 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017", "Total 75 82 157", "In recent years , it has been said that the rivalry between Real Madrid and Barcelona has been `` encapsulated '' by the individual rivalry between Ronaldo and Messi , with neither player ever participating in a goalless El Clásico .", "Legend Final Semi-finals", "Legend", "Final", "Semi-finals", "No . Date Competition Home team Away team Score Goals scored by the duo 000000002008 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2008 Champions League Barcelona Manchester United 0 -- 0 000000002008 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2008 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 1 -- 0 000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 70 ' ) 000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2009 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 5 000000002010 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2010 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 33 ' ) 6 000000002010 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2010 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 0 7 000000002011 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2011 Friendly Argentina Portugal 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 53 ' ) , Messi ( 83 ' ( pen . ) ) 8 000000002011 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 Messi ( 51 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 81 ' ( pen . ) ) 9 000000002011 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2011 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Ronaldo ( 103 ' ) 10 000000002011 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2011 Champions League Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 76 ' , 87 ' ) 11 000000002011 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2011 Champions League Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 12 000000002011 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2011 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 Messi ( 45 ' ) 13 000000002011 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2011 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 20 ' ) , Messi ( 53 ' , 88 ' ) 14 000000002011 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 3 15 000000002012 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2012 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 11 ' ) 16 000000002012 - 01 - 25 - 0000 25 January 2012 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 68 ' ) 17 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 73 ' ) 18 000000002012 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2012 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 55 ' ) , Messi ( 70 ' ( pen . ) ) 19 000000002012 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 2012 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 19 ' ) , Messi ( 45 ' ) 20 000000002012 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 23 ' , 66 ' ) , Messi ( 31 ' , 61 ' ) 21 000000002013 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2013 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 22 000000002013 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2013 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Ronaldo ( 12 ' , 57 ' ) 23 000000002013 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2013 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 Messi ( 18 ' ) 24 000000002013 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2013 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 25 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 4 Messi ( 42 ' , 65 ' ( pen . ) , 84 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 55 ' ( pen . ) ) 26 000000002014 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 35 ' ( pen . ) ) 27 000000002014 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 2014 Friendly Argentina Portugal 0 -- 1 28 000000002015 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2015 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 31 ' ) 29 000000002015 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2015 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 4 30 000000002016 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 85 ' ) 31 3 December 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 32 23 April 2017 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 3 Messi ( 33 ' , 90 + 2 ' ) 33 13 August 2017 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Messi ( 77 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 80 ' ) 34 23 December 2017 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 3 Messi ( 64 ' ( pen . ) ) 35 000000002018 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2018 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 14 ' ) , Messi ( 52 ' )", "No . Date Competition Home team Away team Score Goals scored by the duo", "000000002008 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2008 Champions League Barcelona Manchester United 0 -- 0", "000000002008 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2008 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 1 -- 0", "000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 70 ' )", "000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2009 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0", "5 000000002010 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2010 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 33 ' )", "6 000000002010 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2010 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 0", "7 000000002011 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2011 Friendly Argentina Portugal 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 53 ' ) , Messi ( 83 ' ( pen . ) )", "8 000000002011 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 Messi ( 51 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 81 ' ( pen . ) )", "9 000000002011 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2011 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Ronaldo ( 103 ' )", "10 000000002011 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2011 Champions League Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 76 ' , 87 ' )", "11 000000002011 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2011 Champions League Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1", "12 000000002011 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2011 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 Messi ( 45 ' )", "13 000000002011 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2011 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 20 ' ) , Messi ( 53 ' , 88 ' )", "14 000000002011 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 3", "15 000000002012 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2012 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 11 ' )", "16 000000002012 - 01 - 25 - 0000 25 January 2012 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 68 ' )", "17 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 73 ' )", "18 000000002012 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2012 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 55 ' ) , Messi ( 70 ' ( pen . ) )", "19 000000002012 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 2012 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 19 ' ) , Messi ( 45 ' )", "20 000000002012 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 23 ' , 66 ' ) , Messi ( 31 ' , 61 ' )", "21 000000002013 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2013 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1", "22 000000002013 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2013 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Ronaldo ( 12 ' , 57 ' )", "23 000000002013 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2013 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 Messi ( 18 ' )", "24 000000002013 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2013 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1", "25 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 4 Messi ( 42 ' , 65 ' ( pen . ) , 84 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 55 ' ( pen . ) )", "26 000000002014 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 35 ' ( pen . ) )", "27 000000002014 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 2014 Friendly Argentina Portugal 0 -- 1", "28 000000002015 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2015 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 31 ' )", "29 000000002015 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2015 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 4", "30 000000002016 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 85 ' )", "31 3 December 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1", "32 23 April 2017 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 3 Messi ( 33 ' , 90 + 2 ' )", "33 13 August 2017 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Messi ( 77 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 80 ' )", "34 23 December 2017 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 3 Messi ( 64 ' ( pen . ) )", "35 000000002018 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2018 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 14 ' ) , Messi ( 52 ' )", "Competition Games played Messi wins Draws Ronaldo wins Messi goals Ronaldo goals La Liga 18 10 12 9 Champions League 5 0 Copa del Rey 5 0 5 Supercopa de España 5 6 Friendly 0 Total official matches 35 16 9 10 22 19", "Competition Games played Messi wins Draws Ronaldo wins Messi goals Ronaldo goals", "La Liga 18 10 12 9", "Champions League 5 0", "Copa del Rey 5 0 5", "Supercopa de España 5 6", "Friendly 0", "Total official matches 35 16 9 10 22 19", "Last updated 6 May 2018", "A hat - trick occurs in association football when a player scores three goals in a single game . Ronaldo holds the record of most La Liga hat - tricks with 33 . Messi & Ronaldo both share the record for most UEFA Champions League hat - tricks with seven .", "Legend Five goals in a match Four goals in a match", "Legend", "Five goals in a match", "Four goals in a match", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002007 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2007 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 000000002009 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2009 Copa del Rey Atlético Madrid 1 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2010 La Liga Tenerife 0 -- 5 Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López Tenerife , Spain 000000002010 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2010 La Liga Valencia 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 5 000000002010 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2010 La Liga Zaragoza 2 -- 4 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 6 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2010 UEFA Champions League Arsenal 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 7 000000002010 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2010 2010 Supercopa de España Sevilla 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 8 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Almería 0 -- 8 Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos Almería , Spain 9 000000002011 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2011 Copa del Rey Real Betis 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 10 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2011 La Liga Osasuna 8 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 12 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 13 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2011 La Liga Mallorca 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 14 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2011 UEFA Champions League Viktoria Plzeň 0 -- 4 Doosan Arena Plzeň , Czech Republic 15 000000002012 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2012 La Liga Málaga 1 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 16 000000002012 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2012 La Liga Valencia 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 17 000000002012 - 02 - 29 - 0000 29 February 2012 International friendly Switzerland 1 -- 3 Stade de Suisse Bern , Switzerland 18 000000002012 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 2012 UEFA Champions League Bayer Leverkusen 7 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 19 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2012 La Liga Granada 5 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 20 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2012 La Liga Málaga 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 21 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 La Liga Espanyol 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 22 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 International friendly Brazil 4 -- 3 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , United States 23 000000002012 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 5 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 24 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Osasuna 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 25 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 International friendly Guatemala 0 -- 4 Estadio Mateo Flores Guatemala City , Guatemala 26 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2013 La Liga Valencia 2 -- 3 Mestalla Valencia , Spain 27 000000002013 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Ajax 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 28 000000002014 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2014 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 29 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 4 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2014 La Liga Sevilla 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 31 000000002014 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2014 UEFA Champions League APOEL 0 -- 4 GSP Stadium Nicosia , Cyprus 32 000000002014 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2014 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 33 000000002015 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2015 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 4 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 34 000000002015 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2015 La Liga Levante 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 35 000000002015 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2015 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 36 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 La Liga Granada 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002016 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2016 Copa del Rey Valencia 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 38 000000002016 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2016 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 1 -- 5 Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2016 Copa América Centenario Panama 5 -- 0 Soldier Field Chicago , United States 40 000000002016 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2016 UEFA Champions League Celtic 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 41 000000002016 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 2016 UEFA Champions League Manchester City 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 42 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2017 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 43 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 La Liga Eibar 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 44 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Ecuador 1 -- 3 Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa Quito , Ecuador 45 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 La Liga Leganés 3 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 46 000000002018 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2018 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 4 Estadio Riazor A Coruña , Spain 47 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 2018 International friendly Haiti 4 -- 0 La Bombonera Buenos Aires , Argentina Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 Premier League Newcastle United 6 -- 0 Old Trafford Manchester , England 000000002010 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2010 La Liga Mallorca 1 -- 4 Iberostar Stadium Palma , Spain 000000002010 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2010 La Liga Racing Santander 6 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 5 000000002010 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2010 Copa del Rey Levante 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 6 000000002011 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2011 La Liga Villarreal 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 7 000000002011 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2011 La Liga Málaga 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 8 000000002011 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 9 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2011 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 10 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 La Liga Zaragoza 0 -- 6 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 12 000000002011 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2011 La Liga Málaga 0 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 13 000000002011 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2011 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 14 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 15 000000002012 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2012 La Liga Levante 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 16 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 La Liga Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 17 000000002012 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 18 000000002012 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2012 UEFA Champions League Ajax 1 -- 4 Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam , Netherlands 19 000000002013 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2013 Copa del Rey Celta Vigo 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 20 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 21 000000002013 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2013 La Liga Sevilla 4 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 22 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Northern Ireland 2 -- 4 Windsor Park Belfast , Northern Ireland 23 000000002013 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Galatasaray 1 -- 6 Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul , Turkey 24 000000002013 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2013 La Liga Sevilla 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 25 000000002013 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2013 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 26 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Sweden 2 -- 3 Friends Arena Stockholm , Sweden 27 000000002014 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2014 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 8 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 28 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2014 La Liga Elche 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 29 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2014 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2014 La Liga Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 31 000000002015 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2015 La Liga Granada 9 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 32 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 3 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 33 000000002015 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2015 La Liga Espanyol 1 -- 4 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 34 000000002015 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2015 La Liga Getafe 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 35 000000002015 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2015 UEFA European Championship qualification Armenia 2 -- 3 Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium Yerevan , Armenia 36 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 La Liga Espanyol 0 -- 6 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002015 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2015 UEFA Champions League Shakhtar Donetsk 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 38 000000002015 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2015 UEFA Champions League Malmö 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2016 La Liga Espanyol 6 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 40 000000002016 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2016 La Liga Celta Vigo 7 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 41 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2016 UEFA Champions League VfL Wolfsburg 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 42 000000002016 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2016 FIFA World Cup qualification Andorra 6 -- 0 Estádio Municipal de Aveiro Aveiro , Portugal 43 000000002016 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2016 La Liga Alavés 1 -- 4 Mendizorrotza Stadium Vitoria - Gasteiz , Spain 44 000000002016 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2016 La Liga Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 45 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 46 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2017 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 47 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2017 UEFA Champions League Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 48 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Faroe Islands 5 -- 1 Estádio do Bessa Porto , Portugal 49 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 2018 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 50 000000002018 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2018 La Liga Girona 6 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002007 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2007 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 000000002009 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2009 Copa del Rey Atlético Madrid 1 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2010 La Liga Tenerife 0 -- 5 Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López Tenerife , Spain 000000002010 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2010 La Liga Valencia 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 5 000000002010 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2010 La Liga Zaragoza 2 -- 4 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 6 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2010 UEFA Champions League Arsenal 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 7 000000002010 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2010 2010 Supercopa de España Sevilla 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 8 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Almería 0 -- 8 Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos Almería , Spain 9 000000002011 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2011 Copa del Rey Real Betis 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 10 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2011 La Liga Osasuna 8 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 12 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 13 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2011 La Liga Mallorca 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 14 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2011 UEFA Champions League Viktoria Plzeň 0 -- 4 Doosan Arena Plzeň , Czech Republic 15 000000002012 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2012 La Liga Málaga 1 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 16 000000002012 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2012 La Liga Valencia 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 17 000000002012 - 02 - 29 - 0000 29 February 2012 International friendly Switzerland 1 -- 3 Stade de Suisse Bern , Switzerland 18 000000002012 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 2012 UEFA Champions League Bayer Leverkusen 7 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 19 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2012 La Liga Granada 5 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 20 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2012 La Liga Málaga 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 21 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 La Liga Espanyol 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 22 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 International friendly Brazil 4 -- 3 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , United States 23 000000002012 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 5 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 24 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Osasuna 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 25 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 International friendly Guatemala 0 -- 4 Estadio Mateo Flores Guatemala City , Guatemala 26 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2013 La Liga Valencia 2 -- 3 Mestalla Valencia , Spain 27 000000002013 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Ajax 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 28 000000002014 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2014 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 29 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 4 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2014 La Liga Sevilla 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 31 000000002014 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2014 UEFA Champions League APOEL 0 -- 4 GSP Stadium Nicosia , Cyprus 32 000000002014 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2014 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 33 000000002015 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2015 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 4 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 34 000000002015 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2015 La Liga Levante 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 35 000000002015 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2015 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 36 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 La Liga Granada 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002016 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2016 Copa del Rey Valencia 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 38 000000002016 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2016 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 1 -- 5 Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2016 Copa América Centenario Panama 5 -- 0 Soldier Field Chicago , United States 40 000000002016 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2016 UEFA Champions League Celtic 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 41 000000002016 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 2016 UEFA Champions League Manchester City 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 42 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2017 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 43 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 La Liga Eibar 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 44 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Ecuador 1 -- 3 Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa Quito , Ecuador 45 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 La Liga Leganés 3 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 46 000000002018 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2018 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 4 Estadio Riazor A Coruña , Spain 47 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 2018 International friendly Haiti 4 -- 0 La Bombonera Buenos Aires , Argentina Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 Premier League Newcastle United 6 -- 0 Old Trafford Manchester , England 000000002010 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2010 La Liga Mallorca 1 -- 4 Iberostar Stadium Palma , Spain 000000002010 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2010 La Liga Racing Santander 6 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 5 000000002010 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2010 Copa del Rey Levante 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 6 000000002011 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2011 La Liga Villarreal 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 7 000000002011 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2011 La Liga Málaga 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 8 000000002011 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 9 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2011 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 10 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 La Liga Zaragoza 0 -- 6 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 12 000000002011 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2011 La Liga Málaga 0 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 13 000000002011 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2011 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 14 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 15 000000002012 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2012 La Liga Levante 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 16 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 La Liga Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 17 000000002012 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 18 000000002012 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2012 UEFA Champions League Ajax 1 -- 4 Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam , Netherlands 19 000000002013 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2013 Copa del Rey Celta Vigo 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 20 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 21 000000002013 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2013 La Liga Sevilla 4 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 22 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Northern Ireland 2 -- 4 Windsor Park Belfast , Northern Ireland 23 000000002013 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Galatasaray 1 -- 6 Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul , Turkey 24 000000002013 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2013 La Liga Sevilla 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 25 000000002013 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2013 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 26 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Sweden 2 -- 3 Friends Arena Stockholm , Sweden 27 000000002014 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2014 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 8 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 28 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2014 La Liga Elche 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 29 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2014 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2014 La Liga Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 31 000000002015 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2015 La Liga Granada 9 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 32 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 3 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 33 000000002015 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2015 La Liga Espanyol 1 -- 4 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 34 000000002015 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2015 La Liga Getafe 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 35 000000002015 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2015 UEFA European Championship qualification Armenia 2 -- 3 Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium Yerevan , Armenia 36 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 La Liga Espanyol 0 -- 6 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002015 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2015 UEFA Champions League Shakhtar Donetsk 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 38 000000002015 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2015 UEFA Champions League Malmö 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2016 La Liga Espanyol 6 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 40 000000002016 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2016 La Liga Celta Vigo 7 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 41 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2016 UEFA Champions League VfL Wolfsburg 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 42 000000002016 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2016 FIFA World Cup qualification Andorra 6 -- 0 Estádio Municipal de Aveiro Aveiro , Portugal 43 000000002016 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2016 La Liga Alavés 1 -- 4 Mendizorrotza Stadium Vitoria - Gasteiz , Spain 44 000000002016 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2016 La Liga Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 45 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 46 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2017 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 47 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2017 UEFA Champions League Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 48 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Faroe Islands 5 -- 1 Estádio do Bessa Porto , Portugal 49 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 2018 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 50 000000002018 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2018 La Liga Girona 6 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002007 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2007 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 000000002009 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2009 Copa del Rey Atlético Madrid 1 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2010 La Liga Tenerife 0 -- 5 Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López Tenerife , Spain 000000002010 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2010 La Liga Valencia 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 5 000000002010 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2010 La Liga Zaragoza 2 -- 4 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 6 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2010 UEFA Champions League Arsenal 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 7 000000002010 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2010 2010 Supercopa de España Sevilla 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 8 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Almería 0 -- 8 Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos Almería , Spain 9 000000002011 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2011 Copa del Rey Real Betis 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 10 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2011 La Liga Osasuna 8 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 12 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 13 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2011 La Liga Mallorca 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 14 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2011 UEFA Champions League Viktoria Plzeň 0 -- 4 Doosan Arena Plzeň , Czech Republic 15 000000002012 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2012 La Liga Málaga 1 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 16 000000002012 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2012 La Liga Valencia 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 17 000000002012 - 02 - 29 - 0000 29 February 2012 International friendly Switzerland 1 -- 3 Stade de Suisse Bern , Switzerland 18 000000002012 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 2012 UEFA Champions League Bayer Leverkusen 7 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 19 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2012 La Liga Granada 5 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 20 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2012 La Liga Málaga 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 21 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 La Liga Espanyol 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 22 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 International friendly Brazil 4 -- 3 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , United States 23 000000002012 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 5 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 24 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Osasuna 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 25 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 International friendly Guatemala 0 -- 4 Estadio Mateo Flores Guatemala City , Guatemala 26 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2013 La Liga Valencia 2 -- 3 Mestalla Valencia , Spain 27 000000002013 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Ajax 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 28 000000002014 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2014 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 29 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 4 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2014 La Liga Sevilla 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 31 000000002014 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2014 UEFA Champions League APOEL 0 -- 4 GSP Stadium Nicosia , Cyprus 32 000000002014 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2014 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 33 000000002015 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2015 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 4 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 34 000000002015 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2015 La Liga Levante 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 35 000000002015 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2015 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 36 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 La Liga Granada 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002016 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2016 Copa del Rey Valencia 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 38 000000002016 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2016 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 1 -- 5 Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2016 Copa América Centenario Panama 5 -- 0 Soldier Field Chicago , United States 40 000000002016 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2016 UEFA Champions League Celtic 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 41 000000002016 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 2016 UEFA Champions League Manchester City 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 42 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2017 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 43 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 La Liga Eibar 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 44 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Ecuador 1 -- 3 Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa Quito , Ecuador 45 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 La Liga Leganés 3 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 46 000000002018 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2018 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 4 Estadio Riazor A Coruña , Spain 47 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 2018 International friendly Haiti 4 -- 0 La Bombonera Buenos Aires , Argentina", "Lionel Messi", "No . Date Opponent Score Venue", "000000002007 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2007 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "000000002009 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2009 Copa del Rey Atlético Madrid 1 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain", "000000002010 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2010 La Liga Tenerife 0 -- 5 Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López Tenerife , Spain", "000000002010 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2010 La Liga Valencia 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "5 000000002010 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2010 La Liga Zaragoza 2 -- 4 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain", "6 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2010 UEFA Champions League Arsenal 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "7 000000002010 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2010 2010 Supercopa de España Sevilla 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "8 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Almería 0 -- 8 Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos Almería , Spain", "9 000000002011 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2011 Copa del Rey Real Betis 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "10 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "11 000000002011 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2011 La Liga Osasuna 8 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "12 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "13 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2011 La Liga Mallorca 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "14 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2011 UEFA Champions League Viktoria Plzeň 0 -- 4 Doosan Arena Plzeň , Czech Republic", "15 000000002012 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2012 La Liga Málaga 1 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain", "16 000000002012 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2012 La Liga Valencia 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "17 000000002012 - 02 - 29 - 0000 29 February 2012 International friendly Switzerland 1 -- 3 Stade de Suisse Bern , Switzerland", "18 000000002012 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 2012 UEFA Champions League Bayer Leverkusen 7 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "19 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2012 La Liga Granada 5 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "20 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2012 La Liga Málaga 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "21 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 La Liga Espanyol 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "22 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 International friendly Brazil 4 -- 3 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , United States", "23 000000002012 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 5 Riazor A Coruña , Spain", "24 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Osasuna 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "25 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 International friendly Guatemala 0 -- 4 Estadio Mateo Flores Guatemala City , Guatemala", "26 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2013 La Liga Valencia 2 -- 3 Mestalla Valencia , Spain", "27 000000002013 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Ajax 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "28 000000002014 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2014 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "29 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 4 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "30 000000002014 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2014 La Liga Sevilla 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "31 000000002014 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2014 UEFA Champions League APOEL 0 -- 4 GSP Stadium Nicosia , Cyprus", "32 000000002014 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2014 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "33 000000002015 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2015 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 4 Riazor A Coruña , Spain", "34 000000002015 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2015 La Liga Levante 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "35 000000002015 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2015 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "36 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 La Liga Granada 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "37 000000002016 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2016 Copa del Rey Valencia 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "38 000000002016 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2016 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 1 -- 5 Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas Madrid , Spain", "39 000000002016 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2016 Copa América Centenario Panama 5 -- 0 Soldier Field Chicago , United States", "40 000000002016 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2016 UEFA Champions League Celtic 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "41 000000002016 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 2016 UEFA Champions League Manchester City 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "42 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2017 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "43 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 La Liga Eibar 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "44 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Ecuador 1 -- 3 Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa Quito , Ecuador", "45 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 La Liga Leganés 3 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain", "46 000000002018 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2018 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 4 Estadio Riazor A Coruña , Spain", "47 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 2018 International friendly Haiti 4 -- 0 La Bombonera Buenos Aires , Argentina", "Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 Premier League Newcastle United 6 -- 0 Old Trafford Manchester , England 000000002010 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2010 La Liga Mallorca 1 -- 4 Iberostar Stadium Palma , Spain 000000002010 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2010 La Liga Racing Santander 6 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 5 000000002010 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2010 Copa del Rey Levante 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 6 000000002011 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2011 La Liga Villarreal 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 7 000000002011 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2011 La Liga Málaga 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 8 000000002011 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 9 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2011 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 10 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 La Liga Zaragoza 0 -- 6 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 12 000000002011 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2011 La Liga Málaga 0 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 13 000000002011 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2011 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 14 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 15 000000002012 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2012 La Liga Levante 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 16 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 La Liga Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 17 000000002012 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 18 000000002012 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2012 UEFA Champions League Ajax 1 -- 4 Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam , Netherlands 19 000000002013 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2013 Copa del Rey Celta Vigo 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 20 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 21 000000002013 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2013 La Liga Sevilla 4 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 22 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Northern Ireland 2 -- 4 Windsor Park Belfast , Northern Ireland 23 000000002013 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Galatasaray 1 -- 6 Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul , Turkey 24 000000002013 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2013 La Liga Sevilla 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 25 000000002013 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2013 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 26 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Sweden 2 -- 3 Friends Arena Stockholm , Sweden 27 000000002014 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2014 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 8 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 28 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2014 La Liga Elche 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 29 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2014 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2014 La Liga Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 31 000000002015 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2015 La Liga Granada 9 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 32 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 3 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 33 000000002015 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2015 La Liga Espanyol 1 -- 4 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 34 000000002015 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2015 La Liga Getafe 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 35 000000002015 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2015 UEFA European Championship qualification Armenia 2 -- 3 Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium Yerevan , Armenia 36 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 La Liga Espanyol 0 -- 6 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002015 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2015 UEFA Champions League Shakhtar Donetsk 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 38 000000002015 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2015 UEFA Champions League Malmö 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2016 La Liga Espanyol 6 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 40 000000002016 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2016 La Liga Celta Vigo 7 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 41 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2016 UEFA Champions League VfL Wolfsburg 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 42 000000002016 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2016 FIFA World Cup qualification Andorra 6 -- 0 Estádio Municipal de Aveiro Aveiro , Portugal 43 000000002016 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2016 La Liga Alavés 1 -- 4 Mendizorrotza Stadium Vitoria - Gasteiz , Spain 44 000000002016 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2016 La Liga Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 45 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 46 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2017 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 47 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2017 UEFA Champions League Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 48 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Faroe Islands 5 -- 1 Estádio do Bessa Porto , Portugal 49 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 2018 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 50 000000002018 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2018 La Liga Girona 6 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "Cristiano Ronaldo", "No . Date Opponent Score Venue", "000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 Premier League Newcastle United 6 -- 0 Old Trafford Manchester , England", "000000002010 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2010 La Liga Mallorca 1 -- 4 Iberostar Stadium Palma , Spain", "000000002010 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2010 La Liga Racing Santander 6 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "5 000000002010 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2010 Copa del Rey Levante 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "6 000000002011 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2011 La Liga Villarreal 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "7 000000002011 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2011 La Liga Málaga 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "8 000000002011 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain", "9 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2011 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "10 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 La Liga Zaragoza 0 -- 6 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain", "11 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "12 000000002011 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2011 La Liga Málaga 0 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain", "13 000000002011 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2011 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "14 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain", "15 000000002012 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2012 La Liga Levante 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "16 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 La Liga Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain", "17 000000002012 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "18 000000002012 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2012 UEFA Champions League Ajax 1 -- 4 Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam , Netherlands", "19 000000002013 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2013 Copa del Rey Celta Vigo 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "20 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "21 000000002013 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2013 La Liga Sevilla 4 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "22 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Northern Ireland 2 -- 4 Windsor Park Belfast , Northern Ireland", "23 000000002013 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Galatasaray 1 -- 6 Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul , Turkey", "24 000000002013 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2013 La Liga Sevilla 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "25 000000002013 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2013 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "26 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Sweden 2 -- 3 Friends Arena Stockholm , Sweden", "27 000000002014 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2014 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 8 Riazor A Coruña , Spain", "28 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2014 La Liga Elche 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "29 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2014 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "30 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2014 La Liga Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "31 000000002015 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2015 La Liga Granada 9 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "32 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 3 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain", "33 000000002015 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2015 La Liga Espanyol 1 -- 4 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain", "34 000000002015 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2015 La Liga Getafe 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "35 000000002015 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2015 UEFA European Championship qualification Armenia 2 -- 3 Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium Yerevan , Armenia", "36 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 La Liga Espanyol 0 -- 6 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain", "37 000000002015 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2015 UEFA Champions League Shakhtar Donetsk 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "38 000000002015 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2015 UEFA Champions League Malmö 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "39 000000002016 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2016 La Liga Espanyol 6 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "40 000000002016 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2016 La Liga Celta Vigo 7 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "41 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2016 UEFA Champions League VfL Wolfsburg 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "42 000000002016 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2016 FIFA World Cup qualification Andorra 6 -- 0 Estádio Municipal de Aveiro Aveiro , Portugal", "43 000000002016 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2016 La Liga Alavés 1 -- 4 Mendizorrotza Stadium Vitoria - Gasteiz , Spain", "44 000000002016 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2016 La Liga Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain", "45 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan", "46 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2017 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "47 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2017 UEFA Champions League Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "48 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Faroe Islands 5 -- 1 Estádio do Bessa Porto , Portugal", "49 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 2018 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "50 000000002018 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2018 La Liga Girona 6 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Serbia and Montenegro 6 -- 0 Veltins - Arena Gelsenkirchen , Germany 000000002014 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Iran 1 -- 0 Mineirão Belo Horizonte , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Nigeria 3 -- 2 Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre , Brazil 5 Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Iran 2 -- 0 Waldstadion Frankfurt , Germany 000000002010 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup North Korea 7 -- 0 Cape Town Stadium Cape Town , South Africa 000000002014 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Ghana 2 -- 1 Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha Brasília , Brazil", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Serbia and Montenegro 6 -- 0 Veltins - Arena Gelsenkirchen , Germany 000000002014 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Iran 1 -- 0 Mineirão Belo Horizonte , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Nigeria 3 -- 2 Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre , Brazil 5 Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Iran 2 -- 0 Waldstadion Frankfurt , Germany 000000002010 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup North Korea 7 -- 0 Cape Town Stadium Cape Town , South Africa 000000002014 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Ghana 2 -- 1 Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha Brasília , Brazil", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Serbia and Montenegro 6 -- 0 Veltins - Arena Gelsenkirchen , Germany 000000002014 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Iran 1 -- 0 Mineirão Belo Horizonte , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Nigeria 3 -- 2 Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre , Brazil 5", "Lionel Messi", "No . Date Opponent Score Venue", "000000002006 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Serbia and Montenegro 6 -- 0 Veltins - Arena Gelsenkirchen , Germany", "000000002014 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil", "000000002014 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Iran 1 -- 0 Mineirão Belo Horizonte , Brazil", "000000002014 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Nigeria 3 -- 2 Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre , Brazil", "5", "Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Iran 2 -- 0 Waldstadion Frankfurt , Germany 000000002010 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup North Korea 7 -- 0 Cape Town Stadium Cape Town , South Africa 000000002014 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Ghana 2 -- 1 Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha Brasília , Brazil", "Cristiano Ronaldo", "No . Date Opponent Score Venue", "000000002006 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Iran 2 -- 0 Waldstadion Frankfurt , Germany", "000000002010 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup North Korea 7 -- 0 Cape Town Stadium Cape Town , South Africa", "000000002014 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Ghana 2 -- 1 Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha Brasília , Brazil", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 2009 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 2 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 000000002011 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2011 2011 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 3 -- 1 Wembley Stadium London , England Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2008 2008 UEFA Champions League Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 000000002014 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2014 2014 UEFA Champions League Final Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Estádio da Luz Lisbon , Portugal 000000002017 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2017 2017 UEFA Champions League Final Juventus 4 -- 1 Millennium Stadium Cardiff , Wales", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 2009 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 2 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 000000002011 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2011 2011 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 3 -- 1 Wembley Stadium London , England Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2008 2008 UEFA Champions League Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 000000002014 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2014 2014 UEFA Champions League Final Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Estádio da Luz Lisbon , Portugal 000000002017 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2017 2017 UEFA Champions League Final Juventus 4 -- 1 Millennium Stadium Cardiff , Wales", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 2009 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 2 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 000000002011 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2011 2011 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 3 -- 1 Wembley Stadium London , England", "Lionel Messi", "No . Date Opponent Score Venue", "000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 2009 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 2 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy", "000000002011 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2011 2011 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 3 -- 1 Wembley Stadium London , England", "Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2008 2008 UEFA Champions League Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 000000002014 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2014 2014 UEFA Champions League Final Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Estádio da Luz Lisbon , Portugal 000000002017 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2017 2017 UEFA Champions League Final Juventus 4 -- 1 Millennium Stadium Cardiff , Wales", "Cristiano Ronaldo", "No . Date Opponent Score Venue", "000000002008 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2008 2008 UEFA Champions League Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia", "000000002014 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2014 2014 UEFA Champions League Final Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Estádio da Luz Lisbon , Portugal", "000000002017 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2017 2017 UEFA Champions League Final Juventus 4 -- 1 Millennium Stadium Cardiff , Wales", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Atlante 3 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Estudiantes 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002011 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2011 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Santos 4 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 2015 FIFA Club World Cup River Plate 3 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2008 2008 FIFA Club World Cup Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup América 2 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 6 000000002017 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Al - Jazira 2 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 7 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Grêmio 1 -- 0 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Atlante 3 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Estudiantes 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002011 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2011 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Santos 4 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 2015 FIFA Club World Cup River Plate 3 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2008 2008 FIFA Club World Cup Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup América 2 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 6 000000002017 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Al - Jazira 2 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 7 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Grêmio 1 -- 0 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates", "Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Atlante 3 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Estudiantes 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002011 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2011 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Santos 4 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 2015 FIFA Club World Cup River Plate 3 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan", "Lionel Messi", "No . Date Opponent Score Venue", "000000002009 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Atlante 3 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates", "000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Estudiantes 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates", "000000002011 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2011 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Santos 4 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan", "5 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 2015 FIFA Club World Cup River Plate 3 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan", "Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2008 2008 FIFA Club World Cup Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup América 2 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 6 000000002017 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Al - Jazira 2 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 7 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Grêmio 1 -- 0 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates", "Cristiano Ronaldo", "No . Date Opponent Score Venue", "000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2008 2008 FIFA Club World Cup Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan", "000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup América 2 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan", "000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan", "5", "6 000000002017 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Al - Jazira 2 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates", "7 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Grêmio 1 -- 0 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates" ]

[ [ "Matt & Aliona" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Strictly Come Dancing ( Series 8 ) Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 26 Release Original network BBC One Original release 11 September ( 2010 - 09 - 11 ) ( Launch Show ) 2 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 02 ) -- 18 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 18 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Kara Tointon Professional winner Artem Chigvintsev Season chronology ← Previous Series 7 Next → Series 9", "Strictly Come Dancing ( Series 8 )", "Country of origin United Kingdom", "No. of episodes 26", "Release", "Original network BBC One", "Original release 11 September ( 2010 - 09 - 11 ) ( Launch Show ) 2 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 02 ) -- 18 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 18 )", "Additional information", "Celebrity winner Kara Tointon", "Professional winner Artem Chigvintsev", "Season chronology", "← Previous Series 7 Next → Series 9", "Strictly Come Dancing returned for its eighth series on BBC One with a red carpet launch show on 11 September 2010 , and the competitive live shows began on 1 October . The series concluded on 18 December when Kara Tointon and Artem Chigvintsev won the competition . According to BARB data , this series was the consistently highest rated of the show to date , peaking at 14.28 million viewers . Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli , Craig Revel Horwood and Alesha Dixon returned as judges .", "There are 14 couples in this series and three new male professionals , Artem Chigvintsev , Robin Windsor and Jared Murillo . For series 8 the set has been totally revamped to try to attract more viewers to the programme , the backstage room where scores were given has been replaced by a tower above the dancefloor so the couples can watch as their team mates perform ( much like the so - called ' celebriquarium ' on the American version Dancing With The Stars ) . In week 8 of the competition the live show was transmitted from the Blackpool Tower Ballroom .", "Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returned to present the main show on BBC One . For the results show , Daly is joined by Strictly Come Dancing : It Takes Two presenter Claudia Winkleman .", "The celebrities did not know their professional partners until they were introduced to each other at the launch show . At the age of 61 , Pamela Stephenson became ( by far ) the oldest contestant to ever make it to the finale .", "Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Goldie Musician , actor & DJ Kristina Rihanoff Eliminated 1st on 10 October 2010 Paul Daniels Magician Ola Jordan Eliminated 2nd on 17 October 2010 Peter Shilton Former England footballer Erin Boag Eliminated 3rd on 24 October 2010 Tina O'Brien Coronation Street actress Jared Murillo Eliminated 4th on 31 October 2010 Jimi Mistry Film actor Flavia Cacace Eliminated 5th on 7 November 2010 Michelle Williams Former Destiny 's Child singer Brendan Cole Ian Waite ( Week 4 ) Eliminated 6th on 14 November 2010 Felicity Kendal Stage & screen actress Vincent Simone Eliminated 7th on 21 November 2010 Patsy Kensit Film & television actress Robin Windsor Eliminated 8th on 28 November 2010 Ann Widdecombe Former Conservative Party politician Anton du Beke Eliminated 9th on 5 December 2010 Gavin Henson Wales rugby player Katya Virshilas Eliminated 10th on 12 December 2010 Scott Maslen EastEnders actor Natalie Lowe Eliminated 11th on 12 December 2010 Pamela Stephenson Comedian & psychologist James Jordan Third Place on 18 December 2010 Matt Baker Television presenter Aliona Vilani Second Place on 18 December 2010 Kara Tointon Former EastEnders actress Artem Chigvintsev Winners on 18 December 2010", "Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status", "Goldie Musician , actor & DJ Kristina Rihanoff Eliminated 1st on 10 October 2010", "Paul Daniels Magician Ola Jordan Eliminated 2nd on 17 October 2010", "Peter Shilton Former England footballer Erin Boag Eliminated 3rd on 24 October 2010", "Tina O'Brien Coronation Street actress Jared Murillo Eliminated 4th on 31 October 2010", "Jimi Mistry Film actor Flavia Cacace Eliminated 5th on 7 November 2010", "Michelle Williams Former Destiny 's Child singer Brendan Cole Ian Waite ( Week 4 ) Eliminated 6th on 14 November 2010", "Felicity Kendal Stage & screen actress Vincent Simone Eliminated 7th on 21 November 2010", "Patsy Kensit Film & television actress Robin Windsor Eliminated 8th on 28 November 2010", "Ann Widdecombe Former Conservative Party politician Anton du Beke Eliminated 9th on 5 December 2010", "Gavin Henson Wales rugby player Katya Virshilas Eliminated 10th on 12 December 2010", "Scott Maslen EastEnders actor Natalie Lowe Eliminated 11th on 12 December 2010", "Pamela Stephenson Comedian & psychologist James Jordan Third Place on 18 December 2010", "Matt Baker Television presenter Aliona Vilani Second Place on 18 December 2010", "Kara Tointon Former EastEnders actress Artem Chigvintsev Winners on 18 December 2010", "Couple Place 1 + 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kara & Artem 30 32 62 31 32 37 36 38 35 34 38 39 + 5 + 39 = 83 39 + 36 + 38 + 37 = 150 Matt & Aliona 31 31 62 31 35 34 35 35 38 33 35 28 + 4 + 38 = 70 38 + 34 + 35 + 37 = 144 Pamela & James 31 32 63 35 34 27 33 32 37 38 40 35 + 3 + 40 = 78 40 + 37 = 77 Scott & Natalie 29 32 61 34 35 39 28 39 32 31 35 33 + 2 + 35 = 70 Gavin & Katya 5 28 19 47 22 23 26 29 33 27 22 33 27 + 1 + 31 = 59 Ann & Anton 6 17 12 29 18 21 16 17 20 13 14 14 Patsy & Robin 7 22 28 50 24 28 31 29 32 28 30 Felicity & Vincent 8 23 25 48 29 29 26 29 26 30 Michelle & Brendan 9 24 26 50 24 27 29 30 24 Jimi & Flavia 10 26 30 56 25 27 30 32 Tina & Jared 11 24 26 50 -- 29 28 Peter & Erin 12 21 17 38 26 17 Paul & Ola 13 16 21 37 16 Goldie & Kristina 14 20 26 46", "Couple Place 1 + 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12", "Kara & Artem 30 32 62 31 32 37 36 38 35 34 38 39 + 5 + 39 = 83 39 + 36 + 38 + 37 = 150", "Matt & Aliona 31 31 62 31 35 34 35 35 38 33 35 28 + 4 + 38 = 70 38 + 34 + 35 + 37 = 144", "Pamela & James 31 32 63 35 34 27 33 32 37 38 40 35 + 3 + 40 = 78 40 + 37 = 77", "Scott & Natalie 29 32 61 34 35 39 28 39 32 31 35 33 + 2 + 35 = 70", "Gavin & Katya 5 28 19 47 22 23 26 29 33 27 22 33 27 + 1 + 31 = 59", "Ann & Anton 6 17 12 29 18 21 16 17 20 13 14 14", "Patsy & Robin 7 22 28 50 24 28 31 29 32 28 30", "Felicity & Vincent 8 23 25 48 29 29 26 29 26 30", "Michelle & Brendan 9 24 26 50 24 27 29 30 24", "Jimi & Flavia 10 26 30 56 25 27 30 32", "Tina & Jared 11 24 26 50 -- 29 28", "Peter & Erin 12 21 17 38 26 17", "Paul & Ola 13 16 21 37 16", "Goldie & Kristina 14 20 26 46", "indicates the couple eliminated that week indicates the couple that was in the bottom two that week but not eliminated indicates the couple withdrew from the competition that week indicates the winning couple indicates the runner - up couple indicates the third - place couple Red text the couple ( s ) with the lowest score for that week Green text the couple ( s ) with the highest score for that week `` -- '' indicates the couple ( s ) did not dance that week", "indicates the couple eliminated that week", "indicates the couple that was in the bottom two that week but not eliminated", "indicates the couple withdrew from the competition that week", "indicates the winning couple", "indicates the runner - up couple", "indicates the third - place couple", "Red text the couple ( s ) with the lowest score for that week", "Green text the couple ( s ) with the highest score for that week", "`` -- '' indicates the couple ( s ) did not dance that week", "This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 40 points scale ( the scores for the swing - a-thon are not included ) .", "Rank by average Place Couple Total Number of dances Average Kara & Artem 571 16 35.7 Pamela & James 491 14 35.1 Matt & Aliona 548 16 34.3 Scott & Natalie 402 12 33.5 5 10 Jimi & Flavia 179 6 29.9 6 7 Patsy & Robin 252 9 28.0 7 8 Felicity & Vincent 217 8 27.1 8 5 Gavin & Katya 320 12 26.7 9 11 Tina & Jared 107 26.6 10 9 Michelle & Brendan 184 7 26.4 11 14 Goldie & Kristina 46 23.0 12 12 Peter & Erin 81 20.3 13 13 Paul & Ola 53 17.5 14 6 Ann & Anton 162 10 16.2", "Rank by average Place Couple Total Number of dances Average", "Kara & Artem 571 16 35.7", "Pamela & James 491 14 35.1", "Matt & Aliona 548 16 34.3", "Scott & Natalie 402 12 33.5", "5 10 Jimi & Flavia 179 6 29.9", "6 7 Patsy & Robin 252 9 28.0", "7 8 Felicity & Vincent 217 8 27.1", "8 5 Gavin & Katya 320 12 26.7", "9 11 Tina & Jared 107 26.6", "10 9 Michelle & Brendan 184 7 26.4", "11 14 Goldie & Kristina 46 23.0", "12 12 Peter & Erin 81 20.3", "13 13 Paul & Ola 53 17.5", "14 6 Ann & Anton 162 10 16.2", "The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' marks are as follows :", "Dance Celebrity Highest score Celebrity Lowest score American Smooth Pamela Stephenson Kara Tointon 37 Ann Widdecombe 14 Argentine Tango Kara Tointon 38 Tina O'Brien 28 Cha Cha Cha Pamela Stephenson 32 Paul Daniels 16 Charleston Pamela Stephenson 38 Peter Shilton Ann Widdecombe 17 Foxtrot Pamela Stephenson Gavin Henson 33 Ann Widdecombe 20 Jive Scott Maslen 39 Gavin Henson 22 Paso Doble Kara Tointon 37 Ann Widdecombe 16 Quickstep Pamela Stephenson 40 Ann Widdecombe 18 Rumba Kara Tointon 39 Ann Widdecombe 14 Salsa Kara Tointon 36 Ann Widdecombe 12 Samba Matt Baker 38 Ann Widdecombe 13 Showdance Pamela Stephenson 37 Matt Baker 34 Swing - a-thon Kara Tointon 5 Gavin Henson Tango Kara Tointon Matt Baker 38 Ann Widdecombe 21 Viennese Waltz Pamela Stephenson 40 Felicity Kendal 26 Waltz Kara Tointon 38 Ann Widdecombe 17", "Dance Celebrity Highest score Celebrity Lowest score", "American Smooth Pamela Stephenson Kara Tointon 37 Ann Widdecombe 14", "Argentine Tango Kara Tointon 38 Tina O'Brien 28", "Cha Cha Cha Pamela Stephenson 32 Paul Daniels 16", "Charleston Pamela Stephenson 38 Peter Shilton Ann Widdecombe 17", "Foxtrot Pamela Stephenson Gavin Henson 33 Ann Widdecombe 20", "Jive Scott Maslen 39 Gavin Henson 22", "Paso Doble Kara Tointon 37 Ann Widdecombe 16", "Quickstep Pamela Stephenson 40 Ann Widdecombe 18", "Rumba Kara Tointon 39 Ann Widdecombe 14", "Salsa Kara Tointon 36 Ann Widdecombe 12", "Samba Matt Baker 38 Ann Widdecombe 13", "Showdance Pamela Stephenson 37 Matt Baker 34", "Swing - a-thon Kara Tointon 5 Gavin Henson", "Tango Kara Tointon Matt Baker 38 Ann Widdecombe 21", "Viennese Waltz Pamela Stephenson 40 Felicity Kendal 26", "Waltz Kara Tointon 38 Ann Widdecombe 17", "Patsy Kensit , Michelle Williams , Jimi Mistry and Goldie are the only celebrities not to land on this list .", "Couples Highest Scoring Dances Lowest Scoring Dances Kara & Artem Viennese Waltz Rumba ( x2 ) ( 39 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 30 ) Matt & Aliona Samba ( x2 ) Tango ( 38 ) Salsa ( 28 ) Pamela & James Viennese Waltz ( x2 ) Quickstep ( 40 ) Jive ( 27 ) Scott & Natalie Viennese Waltz Jive ( 39 ) Rumba ( 28 ) Gavin & Katya Quickstep Foxtrot ( 33 ) Salsa ( 19 ) Ann & Anton Tango ( 21 ) Salsa ( 12 ) Patsy & Robin Viennese Waltz ( 32 ) Waltz ( 22 ) Felicity & Vincent American Smooth ( 30 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 23 ) Michelle & Brendan Waltz ( 30 ) Cha - Cha - Cha Rumba Paso Doble ( 24 ) Jimi & Flavia Quickstep ( 32 ) Rumba ( 25 ) Tina & Jared Charleston ( 29 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 24 ) Peter & Erin Quickstep ( 26 ) Salsa Charleston ( 17 ) Paul & Ola Foxtrot ( 21 ) Cha - Cha - Cha Rumba ( 16 ) Goldie & Kristina Foxtrot ( 26 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 20 )", "Couples Highest Scoring Dances Lowest Scoring Dances", "Kara & Artem Viennese Waltz Rumba ( x2 ) ( 39 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 30 )", "Matt & Aliona Samba ( x2 ) Tango ( 38 ) Salsa ( 28 )", "Pamela & James Viennese Waltz ( x2 ) Quickstep ( 40 ) Jive ( 27 )", "Scott & Natalie Viennese Waltz Jive ( 39 ) Rumba ( 28 )", "Gavin & Katya Quickstep Foxtrot ( 33 ) Salsa ( 19 )", "Ann & Anton Tango ( 21 ) Salsa ( 12 )", "Patsy & Robin Viennese Waltz ( 32 ) Waltz ( 22 )", "Felicity & Vincent American Smooth ( 30 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 23 )", "Michelle & Brendan Waltz ( 30 ) Cha - Cha - Cha Rumba Paso Doble ( 24 )", "Jimi & Flavia Quickstep ( 32 ) Rumba ( 25 )", "Tina & Jared Charleston ( 29 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 24 )", "Peter & Erin Quickstep ( 26 ) Salsa Charleston ( 17 )", "Paul & Ola Foxtrot ( 21 ) Cha - Cha - Cha Rumba ( 16 )", "Goldie & Kristina Foxtrot ( 26 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 20 )", "Unless indicated otherwise , individual judges scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Craig Revel Horwood , Len Goodman , Alesha Dixon , Bruno Tonioli .", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Felicity & Vincent 23 ( 4 , 5 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Sunny '' -- Bobby Hebb Scott & Natalie 29 ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Waltz `` I Never Loved A Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' -- Aretha Franklin Goldie & Kristina 20 ( 3 , 6 , 6 , 5 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Tik Tok '' -- Ke $ ha Patsy & Robin 22 ( 4 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Waltz `` When I Need You '' -- Leo Sayer Matt & Aliona 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' -- Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell Pamela & James 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Waltz `` If I Ai n't Got You '' -- Alicia Keys Paul & Ola 16 ( 2 , 5 , 5 , 4 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Could It Be Magic '' -- Take That", "Couple Score Dance Music", "Felicity & Vincent 23 ( 4 , 5 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Sunny '' -- Bobby Hebb", "Scott & Natalie 29 ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Waltz `` I Never Loved A Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' -- Aretha Franklin", "Goldie & Kristina 20 ( 3 , 6 , 6 , 5 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Tik Tok '' -- Ke $ ha", "Patsy & Robin 22 ( 4 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Waltz `` When I Need You '' -- Leo Sayer", "Matt & Aliona 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' -- Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell", "Pamela & James 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Waltz `` If I Ai n't Got You '' -- Alicia Keys", "Paul & Ola 16 ( 2 , 5 , 5 , 4 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Could It Be Magic '' -- Take That", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Jimi & Flavia 26 ( 6 , 7 , 6 , 7 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Do n't Upset the Rhythm ( Go Baby Go ) '' -- Noisettes Peter & Erin 21 ( 4 , 6 , 6 , 5 ) Waltz `` Take It to the Limit '' -- Eagles Michelle & Brendan 24 ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Stone Cold Sober '' -- Paloma Faith Gavin & Katya 28 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Waltz `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Debby Boone Tina & Jared 24 ( 5 , 7 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` California Gurls '' - Katy Perry ( ft . Snoop Dogg ) Ann & Anton 17 ( 2 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Waltz `` My Cherie '' - Al Martino Kara & Artem 30 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 7 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` I Like It '' -- Enrique Iglesias ( ft . Pitbull )", "Couple Score Dance Music", "Jimi & Flavia 26 ( 6 , 7 , 6 , 7 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Do n't Upset the Rhythm ( Go Baby Go ) '' -- Noisettes", "Peter & Erin 21 ( 4 , 6 , 6 , 5 ) Waltz `` Take It to the Limit '' -- Eagles", "Michelle & Brendan 24 ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Stone Cold Sober '' -- Paloma Faith", "Gavin & Katya 28 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Waltz `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Debby Boone", "Tina & Jared 24 ( 5 , 7 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` California Gurls '' - Katy Perry ( ft . Snoop Dogg )", "Ann & Anton 17 ( 2 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Waltz `` My Cherie '' - Al Martino", "Kara & Artem 30 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 7 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` I Like It '' -- Enrique Iglesias ( ft . Pitbull )", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Matt & Aliona 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` She Said '' -- Plan B Safe Peter & Erin 17 ( 3 , 5 , 5 , 4 ) Salsa `` Mambo No. 5 '' -- Perez Prado Bottom two Tina & Jared 26 ( 6 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' -- Frankie Laine Safe Patsy & Robin 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` Canned Heat '' -- Jamiroquai Safe Paul & Ola 21 ( 4 , 6 , 6 , 5 ) Foxtrot `` Lady Luck '' -- Brian Setzer Safe Scott & Natalie 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' -- Deniece Williams Safe Michelle & Brendan 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` It Had to Be You '' -- Harry Connick Jr . Safe Goldie & Kristina 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` This Business of Love '' -- Domino Eliminated Pamela & James 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Dr. Beat '' -- Gloria Estefan Safe Felicity & Vincent 25 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Somethin ' Stupid '' -- Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra Safe Ann & Anton 12 ( 1 , 4 , 4 , 3 ) Salsa `` Mambo Italiano '' -- Dean Martin Safe Kara & Artem 32 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` From Russia with Love '' -- Matt Monro Safe Gavin & Katya 19 ( 3 , 6 , 5 , 5 ) Salsa `` Do n't Stop the Music '' -- Rihanna Safe Jimi & Flavia 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Fever '' -- Peggy Lee Safe", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Matt & Aliona 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` She Said '' -- Plan B Safe", "Peter & Erin 17 ( 3 , 5 , 5 , 4 ) Salsa `` Mambo No. 5 '' -- Perez Prado Bottom two", "Tina & Jared 26 ( 6 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' -- Frankie Laine Safe", "Patsy & Robin 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` Canned Heat '' -- Jamiroquai Safe", "Paul & Ola 21 ( 4 , 6 , 6 , 5 ) Foxtrot `` Lady Luck '' -- Brian Setzer Safe", "Scott & Natalie 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' -- Deniece Williams Safe", "Michelle & Brendan 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` It Had to Be You '' -- Harry Connick Jr . Safe", "Goldie & Kristina 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` This Business of Love '' -- Domino Eliminated", "Pamela & James 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Dr. Beat '' -- Gloria Estefan Safe", "Felicity & Vincent 25 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Somethin ' Stupid '' -- Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra Safe", "Ann & Anton 12 ( 1 , 4 , 4 , 3 ) Salsa `` Mambo Italiano '' -- Dean Martin Safe", "Kara & Artem 32 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` From Russia with Love '' -- Matt Monro Safe", "Gavin & Katya 19 ( 3 , 6 , 5 , 5 ) Salsa `` Do n't Stop the Music '' -- Rihanna Safe", "Jimi & Flavia 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Fever '' -- Peggy Lee Safe", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Kara & Artem 31 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' -- Jet Safe Felicity & Vincent 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` True Colors '' -- Cyndi Lauper Safe Patsy & Robin 24 ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Quickstep `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' -- KT Tunstall Safe Paul & Ola 16 ( 2 , 5 , 5 , 4 ) Rumba `` Take a Bow '' -- Rihanna Eliminated Matt & Aliona 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Dreaming of You '' -- The Coral Safe Gavin & Katya 22 ( 3 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Rumba `` Always on My Mind '' -- Elvis Presley Safe Scott & Natalie 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` I Wan'na Be Like You ( The Monkey Song ) '' -- Louis Prima Safe Michelle & Brendan 24 ( 4 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` Wicked Game '' -- Chris Isaak Bottom two Peter & Erin 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Quickstep `` Lullaby of Broadway '' -- Tony Bennett Safe Jimi & Flavia 25 ( 6 , 7 , 6 , 6 ) Rumba `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' -- Bill Withers Safe Ann & Anton 18 ( 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Quickstep `` Puttin ' On The Ritz '' -- Fred Astaire Safe Pamela & James 35 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Rumba `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- Adele Safe", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Kara & Artem 31 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' -- Jet Safe", "Felicity & Vincent 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` True Colors '' -- Cyndi Lauper Safe", "Patsy & Robin 24 ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Quickstep `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' -- KT Tunstall Safe", "Paul & Ola 16 ( 2 , 5 , 5 , 4 ) Rumba `` Take a Bow '' -- Rihanna Eliminated", "Matt & Aliona 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Dreaming of You '' -- The Coral Safe", "Gavin & Katya 22 ( 3 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Rumba `` Always on My Mind '' -- Elvis Presley Safe", "Scott & Natalie 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` I Wan'na Be Like You ( The Monkey Song ) '' -- Louis Prima Safe", "Michelle & Brendan 24 ( 4 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` Wicked Game '' -- Chris Isaak Bottom two", "Peter & Erin 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Quickstep `` Lullaby of Broadway '' -- Tony Bennett Safe", "Jimi & Flavia 25 ( 6 , 7 , 6 , 6 ) Rumba `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' -- Bill Withers Safe", "Ann & Anton 18 ( 3 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Quickstep `` Puttin ' On The Ritz '' -- Fred Astaire Safe", "Pamela & James 35 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Rumba `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- Adele Safe", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Jimi & Flavia 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Charleston `` Do Your Thing '' -- Basement Jaxx Safe Scott & Natalie 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Allegretto '' -- Bond Safe Tina & Jared 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Charleston `` You Give a Little Love '' -- from Bugsy Malone Safe Felicity & Vincent 29 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 8 ) Tango `` Czardas '' -- Monti Safe Patsy & Robin 28 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Charleston `` Hot Honey Rag '' -- from Chicago Safe Gavin & Katya 23 ( 5 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe Peter & Erin 17 ( 2 , 5 , 6 , 4 ) Charleston `` Cabaret '' -- Liza Minnelli Eliminated Pamela & James 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Love Is the Drug '' -- Roxy Music Safe Matt & Aliona 35 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 8 ) Charleston `` 42nd Street '' -- from 42nd Street Safe Michelle & Ian * 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Tango `` Killer '' -- Adamski & Seal Bottom two Kara & Artem 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Charleston `` Put a Lid On It '' -- Squirrel Nut Zippers Safe Ann & Anton 21 ( 3 , 7 , 6 , 5 ) Tango `` La Cumparsita '' -- Gerardo Matos Rodríguez Safe", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Jimi & Flavia 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Charleston `` Do Your Thing '' -- Basement Jaxx Safe", "Scott & Natalie 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Allegretto '' -- Bond Safe", "Tina & Jared 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Charleston `` You Give a Little Love '' -- from Bugsy Malone Safe", "Felicity & Vincent 29 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 8 ) Tango `` Czardas '' -- Monti Safe", "Patsy & Robin 28 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Charleston `` Hot Honey Rag '' -- from Chicago Safe", "Gavin & Katya 23 ( 5 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe", "Peter & Erin 17 ( 2 , 5 , 6 , 4 ) Charleston `` Cabaret '' -- Liza Minnelli Eliminated", "Pamela & James 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Love Is the Drug '' -- Roxy Music Safe", "Matt & Aliona 35 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 8 ) Charleston `` 42nd Street '' -- from 42nd Street Safe", "Michelle & Ian * 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Tango `` Killer '' -- Adamski & Seal Bottom two", "Kara & Artem 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Charleston `` Put a Lid On It '' -- Squirrel Nut Zippers Safe", "Ann & Anton 21 ( 3 , 7 , 6 , 5 ) Tango `` La Cumparsita '' -- Gerardo Matos Rodríguez Safe", "* Ian Waite standing in for Brendan Cole who was away attending his father 's funeral .", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Pamela & James 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jive `` Devil Gate Drive '' -- Suzi Quatro Safe Tina & Jared 28 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Argentine Tango `` Beautiful Monster '' -- Ne - Yo Eliminated Kara & Artem 37 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` The Phantom of the Opera '' -- from The Phantom of the Opera Safe Patsy & Robin 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` Monster Mash '' -- Bobby `` Boris '' Pickett Safe Felicity & Vincent 26 ( 6 , 7 , 6 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Waltz Number 2 '' -- Shostakovich Bottom two Jimi & Flavia 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Paso Doble `` Thriller '' -- Michael Jackson Safe Michelle & Brendan 29 ( 7 , 6 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` The Time Warp '' -- from The Rocky Horror Show Safe Gavin & Katya 26 ( 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Paso Doble `` Uprising '' -- Muse Safe Scott & Natalie 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` I Put a Spell on You '' -- Screamin ' Jay Hawkins Safe Ann & Anton 16 ( 2 , 5 , 5 , 4 ) Paso Doble `` Wild Thing '' -- The Troggs Safe Matt & Aliona 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Argentine Tango `` Bat Out of Hell '' -- Meat Loaf Safe", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Pamela & James 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jive `` Devil Gate Drive '' -- Suzi Quatro Safe", "Tina & Jared 28 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Argentine Tango `` Beautiful Monster '' -- Ne - Yo Eliminated", "Kara & Artem 37 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` The Phantom of the Opera '' -- from The Phantom of the Opera Safe", "Patsy & Robin 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` Monster Mash '' -- Bobby `` Boris '' Pickett Safe", "Felicity & Vincent 26 ( 6 , 7 , 6 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Waltz Number 2 '' -- Shostakovich Bottom two", "Jimi & Flavia 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Paso Doble `` Thriller '' -- Michael Jackson Safe", "Michelle & Brendan 29 ( 7 , 6 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` The Time Warp '' -- from The Rocky Horror Show Safe", "Gavin & Katya 26 ( 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Paso Doble `` Uprising '' -- Muse Safe", "Scott & Natalie 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` I Put a Spell on You '' -- Screamin ' Jay Hawkins Safe", "Ann & Anton 16 ( 2 , 5 , 5 , 4 ) Paso Doble `` Wild Thing '' -- The Troggs Safe", "Matt & Aliona 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Argentine Tango `` Bat Out of Hell '' -- Meat Loaf Safe", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Kara & Artem 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Salsa `` Conga '' -- Gloria Estefan Safe Pamela & James 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Let There Be Love '' -- Nat King Cole Safe Felicity & Vincent 29 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 8 ) Paso Doble `` Habanera '' -- Georges Bizet Safe Jimi & Flavia 32 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Mr Pinstripe Suit '' -- Big Bad Voodoo Daddy Eliminated Matt & Aliona 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' -- Nick Cave & Kylie Minogue Safe Ann & Anton 17 ( 2 , 6 , 5 , 4 ) Charleston `` Let 's Do It , Let 's Fall in Love '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Safe Michelle & Brendan 30 ( 6 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Waltz `` Right Here Waiting '' -- Richard Marx Bottom two Patsy & Robin 29 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` All the Lovers '' -- Kylie Minogue Safe Scott & Natalie 28 ( 4 , 9 , 7 , 8 ) Rumba `` Wishing on a Star '' -- Rose Royce Safe Gavin & Katya 29 ( 5 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Do n't Cha '' -- Pussycat Dolls Safe", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Kara & Artem 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Salsa `` Conga '' -- Gloria Estefan Safe", "Pamela & James 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Let There Be Love '' -- Nat King Cole Safe", "Felicity & Vincent 29 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 8 ) Paso Doble `` Habanera '' -- Georges Bizet Safe", "Jimi & Flavia 32 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Mr Pinstripe Suit '' -- Big Bad Voodoo Daddy Eliminated", "Matt & Aliona 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' -- Nick Cave & Kylie Minogue Safe", "Ann & Anton 17 ( 2 , 6 , 5 , 4 ) Charleston `` Let 's Do It , Let 's Fall in Love '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Safe", "Michelle & Brendan 30 ( 6 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Waltz `` Right Here Waiting '' -- Richard Marx Bottom two", "Patsy & Robin 29 ( 6 , 8 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` All the Lovers '' -- Kylie Minogue Safe", "Scott & Natalie 28 ( 4 , 9 , 7 , 8 ) Rumba `` Wishing on a Star '' -- Rose Royce Safe", "Gavin & Katya 29 ( 5 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Do n't Cha '' -- Pussycat Dolls Safe", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Pamela & James 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' -- The Flying Lizards Safe Michelle & Brendan 24 ( 4 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Paso Doble `` American Woman '' -- The Guess Who Eliminated Patsy & Robin 32 ( 7 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' -- Dionne Warwick Safe Gavin & Katya 33 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` I Want You to Want Me '' -- Cheap Trick Safe Ann & Anton 20 ( 3 , 6 , 6 , 5 ) Foxtrot `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' -- Frank Sinatra Safe Kara & Artem 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine Tango `` Los Vino '' -- Otros Aires Safe Felicity & Vincent 26 ( 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' -- Lionel Richie Bottom two Matt & Aliona 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Rumba `` Too Lost in You '' -- Sugababes Safe Scott & Natalie 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Hit the Road Jack '' -- Ray Charles Safe", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Pamela & James 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' -- The Flying Lizards Safe", "Michelle & Brendan 24 ( 4 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Paso Doble `` American Woman '' -- The Guess Who Eliminated", "Patsy & Robin 32 ( 7 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' -- Dionne Warwick Safe", "Gavin & Katya 33 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` I Want You to Want Me '' -- Cheap Trick Safe", "Ann & Anton 20 ( 3 , 6 , 6 , 5 ) Foxtrot `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' -- Frank Sinatra Safe", "Kara & Artem 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine Tango `` Los Vino '' -- Otros Aires Safe", "Felicity & Vincent 26 ( 5 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' -- Lionel Richie Bottom two", "Matt & Aliona 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Rumba `` Too Lost in You '' -- Sugababes Safe", "Scott & Natalie 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Hit the Road Jack '' -- Ray Charles Safe", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Patsy & Robin 28 ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Samba `` Copacabana '' -- Barry Manilow Bottom two Kara & Artem 35 ( 9 , 6 , 10 , 10 ) American Smooth `` Cry Me a River '' -- Michael Bublé Safe Matt & Aliona 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Samba `` Young Hearts Run Free '' -- Candi Staton Safe Felicity & Vincent 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) American Smooth `` Me and My Shadow '' -- Frank Sinatra & Sammy Davis Jr Eliminated Gavin & Katya 27 ( 4 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) American Smooth `` She 's a Lady '' -- Tom Jones Safe Scott & Natalie 32 ( 6 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' -- Jackie Wilson Safe Pamela & James 37 ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) American Smooth `` Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps '' -- Doris Day Safe Ann & Anton 13 ( 1 , 5 , 4 , 3 ) Samba `` Heaven Must Be Missing an Angel '' -- Tavares Safe", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Patsy & Robin 28 ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Samba `` Copacabana '' -- Barry Manilow Bottom two", "Kara & Artem 35 ( 9 , 6 , 10 , 10 ) American Smooth `` Cry Me a River '' -- Michael Bublé Safe", "Matt & Aliona 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Samba `` Young Hearts Run Free '' -- Candi Staton Safe", "Felicity & Vincent 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) American Smooth `` Me and My Shadow '' -- Frank Sinatra & Sammy Davis Jr Eliminated", "Gavin & Katya 27 ( 4 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) American Smooth `` She 's a Lady '' -- Tom Jones Safe", "Scott & Natalie 32 ( 6 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' -- Jackie Wilson Safe", "Pamela & James 37 ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) American Smooth `` Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps '' -- Doris Day Safe", "Ann & Anton 13 ( 1 , 5 , 4 , 3 ) Samba `` Heaven Must Be Missing an Angel '' -- Tavares Safe", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Kara & Artem 34 ( 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Runaround Sue '' -- Dion Safe Ann & Anton 14 ( 1 , 5 , 5 , 3 ) Rumba `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- Celine Dion Safe Patsy & Robin 30 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 7 ) Argentine Tango `` They '' -- Jem Eliminated Scott & Natalie 31 ( 6 , 7 , 9 , 9 ) American Smooth `` Fly Me to the Moon '' -- Frank Sinatra Safe Gavin & Katya 22 ( 3 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Jive `` Hey Ya ! '' -- Outkast Bottom two Matt & Aliona 33 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 9 ) American Smooth `` Empire State of Mind ( Part II ) Broken Down '' -- Alicia Keys Safe Pamela & James 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Charleston `` Let 's Misbehave '' -- Cole Porter Safe", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Kara & Artem 34 ( 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Runaround Sue '' -- Dion Safe", "Ann & Anton 14 ( 1 , 5 , 5 , 3 ) Rumba `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- Celine Dion Safe", "Patsy & Robin 30 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 7 ) Argentine Tango `` They '' -- Jem Eliminated", "Scott & Natalie 31 ( 6 , 7 , 9 , 9 ) American Smooth `` Fly Me to the Moon '' -- Frank Sinatra Safe", "Gavin & Katya 22 ( 3 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Jive `` Hey Ya ! '' -- Outkast Bottom two", "Matt & Aliona 33 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 9 ) American Smooth `` Empire State of Mind ( Part II ) Broken Down '' -- Alicia Keys Safe", "Pamela & James 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Charleston `` Let 's Misbehave '' -- Cole Porter Safe", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Scott & Natalie 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` James Bond Theme '' -- from Dr. No Bottom two Ann & Anton 14 ( 2 , 5 , 4 , 3 ) American Smooth `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- from Hello , Dolly ! Eliminated Matt & Aliona 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- from Austin Powers Safe Pamela & James 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unchained Melody '' -- from Ghost Safe Gavin & Katya 33 ( 7 , 9 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Minnie the Moocher '' -- from The Blues Brothers Safe Kara & Artem 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Tango `` El Tango de Roxanne '' -- from Moulin Rouge ! Safe", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Scott & Natalie 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` James Bond Theme '' -- from Dr. No Bottom two", "Ann & Anton 14 ( 2 , 5 , 4 , 3 ) American Smooth `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- from Hello , Dolly ! Eliminated", "Matt & Aliona 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- from Austin Powers Safe", "Pamela & James 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unchained Melody '' -- from Ghost Safe", "Gavin & Katya 33 ( 7 , 9 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Minnie the Moocher '' -- from The Blues Brothers Safe", "Kara & Artem 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Tango `` El Tango de Roxanne '' -- from Moulin Rouge ! Safe", "Night 1", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Pamela & James 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` Bad Romance '' -- Lady Gaga Kara & Artem 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Stop ! '' -- Sam Brown Gavin & Katya 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Bamboleo '' -- Gipsy Kings Scott & Natalie 33 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 9 ) Argentine Tango `` Época '' -- Gotan Project Matt & Aliona 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` Spinning Around '' -- Kylie Minogue Gavin & Katya Scott & Natalie Pamela & James Matt & Aliona Kara & Artem 5 Swing - a-Thon `` In the Mood '' -- Glenn Miller", "Couple Score Dance Music", "Pamela & James 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` Bad Romance '' -- Lady Gaga", "Kara & Artem 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Stop ! '' -- Sam Brown", "Gavin & Katya 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Bamboleo '' -- Gipsy Kings", "Scott & Natalie 33 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 9 ) Argentine Tango `` Época '' -- Gotan Project", "Matt & Aliona 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` Spinning Around '' -- Kylie Minogue", "Gavin & Katya Scott & Natalie Pamela & James Matt & Aliona Kara & Artem 5 Swing - a-Thon `` In the Mood '' -- Glenn Miller", "Night 2", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Scott & Natalie 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Charleston `` Anything Goes '' -- Cole Porter Eliminated Kara & Artem 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Samba Pa Ti '' -- Carlos Santana Safe Matt & Aliona 38 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 9 ) Tango `` Hung Up '' -- Madonna Safe Pamela & James 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' - Fred Astaire Safe Gavin & Katya 31 ( 6 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` You Know Me '' -- Robbie Williams Eliminated", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Scott & Natalie 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Charleston `` Anything Goes '' -- Cole Porter Eliminated", "Kara & Artem 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Samba Pa Ti '' -- Carlos Santana Safe", "Matt & Aliona 38 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 9 ) Tango `` Hung Up '' -- Madonna Safe", "Pamela & James 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' - Fred Astaire Safe", "Gavin & Katya 31 ( 6 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` You Know Me '' -- Robbie Williams Eliminated", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Matt & Aliona 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Samba `` Young Hearts Run Free '' -- Candi Staton Safe 34 ( 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Showdance `` I Like The Way ( You Move ) '' -- BodyRockers Kara & Artem 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Samba Pa Ti '' -- Carlos Santana Safe 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Showdance `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' -- Queen Pamela & James 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers Third place 37 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 10 ) Showdance `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- from Dirty Dancing", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Matt & Aliona 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Samba `` Young Hearts Run Free '' -- Candi Staton Safe", "34 ( 7 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Showdance `` I Like The Way ( You Move ) '' -- BodyRockers", "Kara & Artem 39 ( 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Samba Pa Ti '' -- Carlos Santana Safe", "36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Showdance `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' -- Queen", "Pamela & James 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers Third place", "37 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 10 ) Showdance `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- from Dirty Dancing", "Running order", "Couple Score Dance Music Result Matt & Aliona 35 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' -- The Animals Runners - up 37 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' -- Nick Cave & Kylie Minogue Kara & Artem 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Waltz `` If You Do n't Know Me By Now '' -- Simply Red Winners 37 ( 10 , 7 , 10 , 10 ) American Smooth `` Cry Me a River '' -- Michael Bublé", "Couple Score Dance Music Result", "Matt & Aliona 35 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' -- The Animals Runners - up", "37 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' -- Nick Cave & Kylie Minogue", "Kara & Artem 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Waltz `` If You Do n't Know Me By Now '' -- Simply Red Winners", "37 ( 10 , 7 , 10 , 10 ) American Smooth `` Cry Me a River '' -- Michael Bublé", "Couple 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kara & Artem Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Quickstep Charleston Paso Doble Salsa Argentine Tango American Smooth Jive Tango Viennese Waltz Swing Rumba Rumba Showdance Waltz American Smooth Matt & Aliona Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Quickstep Charleston Argentine Tango Viennese Waltz Rumba Samba American Smooth Jive Salsa Swing Tango Samba Showdance Paso Doble Viennese Waltz Pamela & James Waltz Salsa Rumba Tango Jive Foxtrot Cha - Cha - Cha American Smooth Charleston Viennese Waltz Paso Doble Swing Quickstep Viennese Waltz Showdance Scott & Natalie Waltz Salsa Quickstep Tango Viennese Waltz Rumba Jive Samba American Smooth Paso Doble Argentine Tango Swing Charleston Gavin & Katya Waltz Salsa Rumba Tango Paso Doble Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep American Smooth Jive Foxtrot Samba Swing Viennese Waltz Ann & Anton Waltz Salsa Quickstep Tango Paso Doble Charleston Foxtrot Samba Rumba American Smooth Patsy & Robin Waltz Salsa Quickstep Charleston Jive Cha - Cha - Cha Viennese Waltz Samba Argentine Tango Felicity & Vincent Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba Tango Viennese Waltz Paso Doble Salsa American Smooth Michelle & Brendan Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba Tango Jive Waltz Paso Doble Jimi & Flavia Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba Charleston Paso Doble Quickstep Tina & Jared Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba Charleston Argentine Tango Peter & Erin Waltz Salsa Quickstep Charleston Paul & Ola Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba Goldie & Kristina Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot", "Couple 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12", "Kara & Artem Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Quickstep Charleston Paso Doble Salsa Argentine Tango American Smooth Jive Tango Viennese Waltz Swing Rumba Rumba Showdance Waltz American Smooth", "Matt & Aliona Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Quickstep Charleston Argentine Tango Viennese Waltz Rumba Samba American Smooth Jive Salsa Swing Tango Samba Showdance Paso Doble Viennese Waltz", "Pamela & James Waltz Salsa Rumba Tango Jive Foxtrot Cha - Cha - Cha American Smooth Charleston Viennese Waltz Paso Doble Swing Quickstep Viennese Waltz Showdance", "Scott & Natalie Waltz Salsa Quickstep Tango Viennese Waltz Rumba Jive Samba American Smooth Paso Doble Argentine Tango Swing Charleston", "Gavin & Katya Waltz Salsa Rumba Tango Paso Doble Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep American Smooth Jive Foxtrot Samba Swing Viennese Waltz", "Ann & Anton Waltz Salsa Quickstep Tango Paso Doble Charleston Foxtrot Samba Rumba American Smooth", "Patsy & Robin Waltz Salsa Quickstep Charleston Jive Cha - Cha - Cha Viennese Waltz Samba Argentine Tango", "Felicity & Vincent Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba Tango Viennese Waltz Paso Doble Salsa American Smooth", "Michelle & Brendan Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba Tango Jive Waltz Paso Doble", "Jimi & Flavia Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba Charleston Paso Doble Quickstep", "Tina & Jared Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba Charleston Argentine Tango", "Peter & Erin Waltz Salsa Quickstep Charleston", "Paul & Ola Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot Rumba", "Goldie & Kristina Cha - Cha - Cha Foxtrot", "Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Not performed due to illness", "Highest scoring dance", "Lowest scoring dance", "Not performed due to illness", "Week 1 : Waltz or Cha - Cha - Cha Week 2 : Foxtrot or Salsa Week 3 : Quickstep or Rumba Week 4 : Tango or Charleston Week 5 - Halloween : Viennese Waltz , Jive , Paso Doble or Argentine Tango Weeks 6 & 7 : One unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 5 Week 8 - Blackpool : American Smooth or Samba Week 9 : One unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8 Week 10 - Movie Night : One unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8 Week 11 - Semi-Final ( Night 1 ) : First unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8 & Swing Marathon Week 11 - Semi-Final ( Night 2 ) : Second unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8 Week 12 ( Show 1 ) : Highest scoring dance of the series & Showdance Week 12 ( Show 2 ) : One unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8 & couple 's favourite dance of the series", "Week 1 : Waltz or Cha - Cha - Cha", "Week 2 : Foxtrot or Salsa", "Week 3 : Quickstep or Rumba", "Week 4 : Tango or Charleston", "Week 5 - Halloween : Viennese Waltz , Jive , Paso Doble or Argentine Tango", "Weeks 6 & 7 : One unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 5", "Week 8 - Blackpool : American Smooth or Samba", "Week 9 : One unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8", "Week 10 - Movie Night : One unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8", "Week 11 - Semi-Final ( Night 1 ) : First unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8 & Swing Marathon", "Week 11 - Semi-Final ( Night 2 ) : Second unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8", "Week 12 ( Show 1 ) : Highest scoring dance of the series & Showdance", "Week 12 ( Show 2 ) : One unlearned dance from weeks 1 -- 8 & couple 's favourite dance of the series", "Weekly ratings for each show on BBC One . All numbers are in millions and provided by BARB", "Episode Date Official rating ( millions ) Share Weekly rank for BBC1 Weekly rank for all UK TV Launch show 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 7.46 ? ? 6 ? ? Live show 1 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 9.60 38.2 % 6 Live show 2 000000002017 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 October 9.68 41.6 % 8 Live Show 3 000000002017 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 9.84 42.1 % 7 Results 1 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 9.59 36.0 % 8 Live show 4 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 10.13 41.2 % 5 Results 2 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 9.71 35.1 % 6 Live show 5 000000002017 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 10.56 42.3 % Results 3 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 10.33 36.9 % 5 Live show 6 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 11.28 43.8 % Results 4 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 10.53 38.8 % Live show 7 000000002017 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 11.12 44.0 % Results 5 000000002017 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 10.65 36.6 % Live show 8 000000002017 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 11.74 44.2 % Results 6 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 11.07 36.3 % 7 Live show 9 000000002017 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 12.28 45.3 % Results 7 000000002017 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 11.69 39.2 % Live Show 10 000000002017 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 12.43 43.3 % Results 8 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 11.94 40.5 % Live Show 11 000000002017 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 13.03 45.0 % Results 9 000000002017 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 12.04 40.1 % 5 Live Show 12 000000002017 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 9.60 33.4 % 5 14 Live Show 13 000000002017 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 11.57 43.1 % 11 Results 10 000000002017 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 12.04 41.1 % 10 Live Show 14 ( Final ) 000000002017 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 13.72 45.8 % Results 11 ( Final ) 14.28 47.6 % Series average 11.22 42.6 % N / A N / A", "Episode Date Official rating ( millions ) Share Weekly rank for BBC1 Weekly rank for all UK TV", "Launch show 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 7.46 ? ? 6 ? ?", "Live show 1 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 9.60 38.2 % 6", "Live show 2 000000002017 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 October 9.68 41.6 % 8", "Live Show 3 000000002017 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 9.84 42.1 % 7", "Results 1 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 9.59 36.0 % 8", "Live show 4 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 10.13 41.2 % 5", "Results 2 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 9.71 35.1 % 6", "Live show 5 000000002017 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 10.56 42.3 %", "Results 3 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 10.33 36.9 % 5", "Live show 6 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 11.28 43.8 %", "Results 4 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 10.53 38.8 %", "Live show 7 000000002017 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 11.12 44.0 %", "Results 5 000000002017 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 10.65 36.6 %", "Live show 8 000000002017 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 11.74 44.2 %", "Results 6 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 11.07 36.3 % 7", "Live show 9 000000002017 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 12.28 45.3 %", "Results 7 000000002017 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 11.69 39.2 %", "Live Show 10 000000002017 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 12.43 43.3 %", "Results 8 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 11.94 40.5 %", "Live Show 11 000000002017 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 13.03 45.0 %", "Results 9 000000002017 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 12.04 40.1 % 5", "Live Show 12 000000002017 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 9.60 33.4 % 5 14", "Live Show 13 000000002017 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 11.57 43.1 % 11", "Results 10 000000002017 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 12.04 41.1 % 10", "Live Show 14 ( Final ) 000000002017 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 13.72 45.8 %", "Results 11 ( Final ) 14.28 47.6 %", "Series average 11.22 42.6 % N / A N / A", "Each year the professional dancers perform professional routines and dance to the special guest . With three new male professional dancers some of the professional pairings have changed again . The following professional partners will dance with each other for the professional routines :", "Anton du Beke & Erin Boag Brendan Cole & Natalie Lowe James Jordan & Ola Jordan Vincent Simone & Flavia Cacace Artem Chigvintsev & Katya Virshilas Jared Murillo & Aliona Vilani Robin Windsor & Kristina Rihanoff", "Anton du Beke & Erin Boag", "Brendan Cole & Natalie Lowe", "James Jordan & Ola Jordan", "Vincent Simone & Flavia Cacace", "Artem Chigvintsev & Katya Virshilas", "Jared Murillo & Aliona Vilani", "Robin Windsor & Kristina Rihanoff", "Darren Bennett & Crystal Main Ian Waite & Aneta Piotrowska Shem Jacobs & Tanya Perera", "Darren Bennett & Crystal Main", "Ian Waite & Aneta Piotrowska", "Shem Jacobs & Tanya Perera", "The dances that the Dance Troupe have performed :", "Launch Show : Quickstep and Jive to `` Ballroom Blitz '' by Sweet . Week 2 : Quickstep to `` Hey , Soul Sister '' by Train . Week 5 : Viennese Waltz to `` Never Tear Us Apart '' by INXS . Week 6 : Rock ' n ' Roll to `` Rock ' n ' Roll Is Here to Stay '' by Danny and the Juniors , `` Roll Over Beethoven '' by Chuck Berry , `` Shake , Rattle And Roll '' by Bill Haley . Week 7 : Paso Doble to `` Radio '' by Alesha Dixon ( in front of live artist ) . Week 10 : ABBA Medley to `` Mamma Mia '' , `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' , `` Take a Chance on Me '' . Week 11 : Paso Doble to `` Fire With Fire '' by Scissor Sisters .", "Launch Show : Quickstep and Jive to `` Ballroom Blitz '' by Sweet .", "Week 2 : Quickstep to `` Hey , Soul Sister '' by Train .", "Week 5 : Viennese Waltz to `` Never Tear Us Apart '' by INXS .", "Week 6 : Rock ' n ' Roll to `` Rock ' n ' Roll Is Here to Stay '' by Danny and the Juniors , `` Roll Over Beethoven '' by Chuck Berry , `` Shake , Rattle And Roll '' by Bill Haley .", "Week 7 : Paso Doble to `` Radio '' by Alesha Dixon ( in front of live artist ) .", "Week 10 : ABBA Medley to `` Mamma Mia '' , `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' , `` Take a Chance on Me '' .", "Week 11 : Paso Doble to `` Fire With Fire '' by Scissor Sisters .", "Each week various celebrities perform on the results show , often accompanied by some of the professional couples .", "Week 1 : Robbie Williams & Gary Barlow -- `` Shame '' Week 2 : Robbie Williams -- `` Rock DJ '' Week 3 : Peter Andre -- `` Defender '' Week 4 : Neil Diamond -- `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' Week 5 : Alice Cooper -- `` Poison '' ( Halloween special ) Week 6 : Bryan Ferry -- `` You Can Dance '' Week 7 : Annie Lennox -- `` Universal Child '' & Alesha Dixon -- `` Radio '' Week 8 : Duffy -- `` Well , Well , Well '' Week 9 : James Blunt -- `` So Far Gone '' Week 10 : Manic Street Preachers -- `` Some Kind of Nothingness '' Week 11 : Take That -- `` The Flood '' & `` Back for Good '' Week 12 : Paloma Faith -- `` Upside Down ''", "Week 1 : Robbie Williams & Gary Barlow -- `` Shame ''", "Week 2 : Robbie Williams -- `` Rock DJ ''", "Week 3 : Peter Andre -- `` Defender ''", "Week 4 : Neil Diamond -- `` Midnight Train to Georgia ''", "Week 5 : Alice Cooper -- `` Poison '' ( Halloween special )", "Week 6 : Bryan Ferry -- `` You Can Dance ''", "Week 7 : Annie Lennox -- `` Universal Child '' & Alesha Dixon -- `` Radio ''", "Week 8 : Duffy -- `` Well , Well , Well ''", "Week 9 : James Blunt -- `` So Far Gone ''", "Week 10 : Manic Street Preachers -- `` Some Kind of Nothingness ''", "Week 11 : Take That -- `` The Flood '' & `` Back for Good ''", "Week 12 : Paloma Faith -- `` Upside Down ''" ]

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[ "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The in Sound from Way Out ! Studio album by Perrey and Kingsley Released 1966 Recorded 1965 - 1966 Genre Electronic music Length 28 : 51 Label Vanguard Perrey and Kingsley chronology The In Sound from Way Out ! ( 1966 ) Kaleidoscopic Vibrations : Electronic Pop Music from Way Out ( 1967 ) Kaleidoscopic Vibrations : Electronic Pop Music from Way Out 1967", "The in Sound from Way Out !", "Studio album by Perrey and Kingsley", "Released 1966", "Recorded 1965 - 1966", "Genre Electronic music", "Length 28 : 51", "Label Vanguard", "Perrey and Kingsley chronology", "The In Sound from Way Out ! ( 1966 ) Kaleidoscopic Vibrations : Electronic Pop Music from Way Out ( 1967 ) Kaleidoscopic Vibrations : Electronic Pop Music from Way Out 1967", "The In Sound from Way Out ! ( 1966 ) Kaleidoscopic Vibrations : Electronic Pop Music from Way Out ( 1967 ) Kaleidoscopic Vibrations : Electronic Pop Music from Way Out 1967", "The In Sound from Way Out ! ( 1966 ) Kaleidoscopic Vibrations : Electronic Pop Music from Way Out ( 1967 ) Kaleidoscopic Vibrations : Electronic Pop Music from Way Out 1967", "The in Sound from Way Out ! was the first collaboration between electronic musicians Perrey and Kingsley ( Jean - Jacques Perrey and Gershon Kingsley ) , and an early mainstream electronic music album . It was released in 1966 on Vanguard Records , an independent label in Santa Monica , California .", "Perrey and Kingsley came together during Kingsley 's stint as a staff arranger at Vanguard . At that time , Perrey was experimenting with tape loops , which he had been introduced to by the French avant - garde musician Pierre Schaeffer . Each loop was a laboriously hand - spliced assemblage of filtered sounds , pitch - manipulated sounds and sometimes even animal calls . The end result of their first collaborative effort in 1966 combined Perrey 's tape loops , and his inventive melodies with Kingsley 's complementary arrangements and instrumentation and their album was filled with tunes that sounded like an animated cartoon gone berserk . The result , titled The In Sound from Way Out ! , was released on Vanguard that same year . Since this was decades before the advent of widespread digital technology , each tune took weeks of painstaking editing and splicing to produce .", "The twelve rather whimsical tracks bore names such as `` Unidentified Flying Object '' and `` The Little Man from Mars '' in an attempt to make electronic music more accessible . The offbeat titles and happy , upbeat melodies added a genuine sense of humor to the popular tunes . In fact , `` Unidentified Flying Object '' and another of the album 's cuts , `` Electronic Can - Can '' , became theme music for `` Wonderama , '' a Metromedia Television children 's program of the early 1970s . Though most of the melodies were original , two borrowed from the classics . `` Swan 's Splashdown '' was based on Pyotr Tchaikovsky 's `` Swan Lake '' , while `` Countdown at 6 '' borrowed from Amilcare Ponchielli 's `` Dance of the Hours '' , much as Allan Sherman did in 1963 with his hit recording , `` Hello Muddah , Hello Fadduh '' . The last few bars of this track were also used on an animated Sesame Street segment several years later . The final cut on the album , `` Visa to the Stars '' is co-credited to `` Andy Badale '' , who would go on to fame as Angelo Badalamenti , arranger of the music in many of David Lynch 's movies . In contrast to the rest of the album , `` Visa to the Stars '' is a more serious gesture and lacks the unusual sound effects of the other eleven cuts . It is highly reminiscent of the style of Joe Meek and his hit `` Telstar '' by The Tornados . Perrey 's Ondioline carries the melody throughout .", "In 1996 , the title and cover art were referenced in the Beastie Boys release of the same name , while Smash Mouth ( who did not ask for permission ) borrowed the opening riff from `` Swan 's Splashdown '' for their 1997 hit `` Walkin ' on the Sun '' .", "All songs by Perrey - Kingsley unless noted .", "`` The Unidentified Flying Object '' -- 1 : 57 `` The Little Man from Mars '' -- 2 : 25 `` Cosmic Ballad '' -- 3 : 24 `` Swan 's Splashdown '' -- 2 : 16 `` Countdown at 6 '' -- 2 : 48 `` Barnyard in Orbit '' ( Jean - Jacques Perrey , Harry Breuer , Sam Fiedel ) - 2 : 22 `` Spooks in Space '' -- 2 : 02 `` Girl from Venus '' -- 2 : 21 `` Electronic Can - Can '' -- 1 : 59 `` Jungle Blues from Jupiter '' -- 2 : 55 `` Computer in Love '' -- 2 : 08 `` Visa to the Stars '' ( Andy Badale , Jean - Jacques Perrey ) -- 2 : 15", "`` The Unidentified Flying Object '' -- 1 : 57", "`` The Little Man from Mars '' -- 2 : 25", "`` Cosmic Ballad '' -- 3 : 24", "`` Swan 's Splashdown '' -- 2 : 16", "`` Countdown at 6 '' -- 2 : 48", "`` Barnyard in Orbit '' ( Jean - Jacques Perrey , Harry Breuer , Sam Fiedel ) - 2 : 22", "`` Spooks in Space '' -- 2 : 02", "`` Girl from Venus '' -- 2 : 21", "`` Electronic Can - Can '' -- 1 : 59", "`` Jungle Blues from Jupiter '' -- 2 : 55", "`` Computer in Love '' -- 2 : 08", "`` Visa to the Stars '' ( Andy Badale , Jean - Jacques Perrey ) -- 2 : 15" ]

[ [ "Tosontsengel, Mongolia" ] ]

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[ "Atmospheric pressure , sometimes also called barometric pressure , is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth ( or that of another planet ) . In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point . As elevation increases , there is less overlying atmospheric mass , so that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation . Pressure measures force per unit area , with SI units of Pascals ( 1 pascal = 1 newton per square metre , 1 N / m ) . On average , a column of air with a cross-sectional area of 1 square centimetre ( cm ) , measured from mean ( average ) sea level to the top of Earth 's atmosphere , has a mass of about 1.03 kilogram and exerts a force or `` weight '' of about 10.1 newtons or 2.37 lb , resulting in a pressure at sea level of about 10.1 N / cm or 101 kN / m ( 101 kilopascals , kPa ) . A column of air with a cross-sectional area of 1 in ( 6.45 cm ) would have a mass of about 6.65 kg and a weight of about 65.4 N or 14.7 lb , resulting in a pressure of 10.1 N / cm or 14.7 lb / in .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Atmospheric pressure is caused by the gravitational attraction of the planet on the atmospheric gases above the surface , and is a function of the mass of the planet , the radius of the surface , and the amount of gas and its vertical distribution in the atmosphere . It is modified by the planetary rotation and local effects such as wind velocity , density variations due to temperature and variations in composition .", "The standard atmosphere ( symbol : atm ) is a unit of pressure defined as 101 325 Pa ( 1.013 25 bar ) , equivalent to 760 mmHg ( torr ) , 29.92 inches Hg and 14.696 psi .", "The mean sea - level pressure ( MSLP ) is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level . This is the atmospheric pressure normally given in weather reports on radio , television , and newspapers or on the Internet . When barometers in the home are set to match the local weather reports , they measure pressure adjusted to sea level , not the actual local atmospheric pressure .", "The altimeter setting in aviation is an atmospheric pressure adjustment .", "Average sea - level pressure is 1013.25 mbar ( 101.325 kPa ; 29.921 inHg ; 760.00 mmHg ) . In aviation , weather reports ( METAR ) , QNH is transmitted around the world in millibars or hectopascals ( 1 hectopascal = 1 millibar ) , except in the United States , Canada , and Colombia where it is reported in inches ( to two decimal places ) of mercury . The United States and Canada also report sea - level pressure SLP , which is adjusted to sea level by a different method , in the remarks section , not in the internationally transmitted part of the code , in hectopascals or millibars . However , in Canada 's public weather reports , sea level pressure is instead reported in kilopascals .", "In the US weather code remarks , three digits are all that are transmitted ; decimal points and the one or two most significant digits are omitted : 1013.2 mbar ( 101.32 kPa ) is transmitted as 132 ; 1000.0 mbar ( 100.00 kPa ) is transmitted as 000 ; 998.7 mbar is transmitted as 987 ; etc . The highest sea - level pressure on Earth occurs in Siberia , where the Siberian High often attains a sea - level pressure above 1050 mbar ( 105 kPa ; 31 inHg ) , with record highs close to 1085 mbar ( 108.5 kPa ; 32.0 inHg ) . The lowest measurable sea - level pressure is found at the centers of tropical cyclones and tornadoes , with a record low of 870 mbar ( 87 kPa ; 26 inHg ) ( see Atmospheric pressure records ) .", "Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth 's surface to the top of the mesosphere . Although the pressure changes with the weather , NASA has averaged the conditions for all parts of the earth year - round . As altitude increases , atmospheric pressure decreases . One can calculate the atmospheric pressure at a given altitude . Temperature and humidity also affect the atmospheric pressure , and it is necessary to know these to compute an accurate figure . The graph at right was developed for a temperature of 15 ° C and a relative humidity of 0 % .", "At low altitudes above sea level , the pressure decreases by about 1.2 kPa for every 100 metres . For higher altitudes within the troposphere , the following equation ( the barometric formula ) relates atmospheric pressure p to altitude h", "p = p 0 ⋅ ( 1 − L ⋅ h T 0 ) g ⋅ M R 0 ⋅ L ≈ p 0 ⋅ ( 1 − g ⋅ h c p ⋅ T 0 ) c p ⋅ M R 0 ≈ p 0 ⋅ exp ⁡ ( − g ⋅ h ⋅ M T 0 ⋅ R 0 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) p& = p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( L \\ cdot h ) ( T_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( \\ frac ( g \\ cdot M ) ( R_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot L ) ) \\ \\ & \\ approx p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( g \\ cdot h ) ( c_ ( \\ text ( p ) ) \\ cdot T_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( \\ frac ( c_ ( \\ text ( p ) ) \\ cdot M ) ( R_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ approx p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot \\ exp \\ left ( - ( \\ frac ( g \\ cdot h \\ cdot M ) ( T_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot R_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ right ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "p = p 0 ⋅ ( 1 − L ⋅ h T 0 ) g ⋅ M R 0 ⋅ L ≈ p 0 ⋅ ( 1 − g ⋅ h c p ⋅ T 0 ) c p ⋅ M R 0 ≈ p 0 ⋅ exp ⁡ ( − g ⋅ h ⋅ M T 0 ⋅ R 0 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) p& = p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( L \\ cdot h ) ( T_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( \\ frac ( g \\ cdot M ) ( R_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot L ) ) \\ \\ & \\ approx p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( g \\ cdot h ) ( c_ ( \\ text ( p ) ) \\ cdot T_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( \\ frac ( c_ ( \\ text ( p ) ) \\ cdot M ) ( R_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ approx p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot \\ exp \\ left ( - ( \\ frac ( g \\ cdot h \\ cdot M ) ( T_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot R_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ right ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "where the constant parameters are as described below :", "Parameter Description Value p Sea level standard atmospheric pressure 101325 Pa Temperature lapse rate , = g / c for dry air 0.0065 K / m Constant - pressure specific heat ~ 1007 J / ( kg K ) Sea level standard temperature 288.15 K g Earth - surface gravitational acceleration 9.80665 m / s Molar mass of dry air 0.0289644 kg / mol Universal gas constant 8.31447 J / ( mol K )", "Parameter Description Value", "p Sea level standard atmospheric pressure 101325 Pa", "Temperature lapse rate , = g / c for dry air 0.0065 K / m", "Constant - pressure specific heat ~ 1007 J / ( kg K )", "Sea level standard temperature 288.15 K", "g Earth - surface gravitational acceleration 9.80665 m / s", "Molar mass of dry air 0.0289644 kg / mol", "Universal gas constant 8.31447 J / ( mol K )", "Atmospheric pressure varies widely on Earth , and these changes are important in studying weather and climate . See pressure system for the effects of air pressure variations on weather .", "Atmospheric pressure shows a diurnal or semidiurnal ( twice - daily ) cycle caused by global atmospheric tides . This effect is strongest in tropical zones , with an amplitude of a few millibars , and almost zero in polar areas . These variations have two superimposed cycles , a circadian ( 24 h ) cycle and semi-circadian ( 12 h ) cycle .", "The highest adjusted - to - sea level barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth ( above 750 meters ) was 1084.8 hPa ( 32.03 inHg ) measured in Tosontsengel , Mongolia on 19 December 2001 . The highest adjusted - to - sea level barometric pressure ever recorded ( below 750 meters ) was at Agata in Evenk Autonomous Okrug , Russia ( 66 ° 53 ' N , 93 ° 28 ' E , elevation : 261 m , 856 ft ) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.8 hPa ( 32.005 inHg ) . The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions ( assuming a standard lapse rate ) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations .", "The Dead Sea , the lowest place on Earth at 430 metres ( 1,410 ft ) below sea level , has a correspondingly high typical atmospheric pressure of 1065 hPa .", "The lowest non-tornadic atmospheric pressure ever measured was 870 hPa ( 0.858 atm ; 25.69 inHg ) , set on 12 October 1979 , during Typhoon Tip in the western Pacific Ocean . The measurement was based on an instrumental observation made from a reconnaissance aircraft .", "One atmosphere ( 101.325 kPa or 14.7 psi ) is also the pressure caused by the weight of a column of fresh water of approximately 10.3 m ( 33.8 ft ) . Thus , a diver 10.3 m underwater experiences a pressure of about 2 atmospheres ( 1 atm of air plus 1 atm of water ) . Conversely , 10.3 m is the maximum height to which water can be raised using suction under standard atmospheric conditions .", "Low pressures such as natural gas lines are sometimes specified in inches of water , typically written as w.c. ( water column ) gauge or w.g. ( inches water gauge ) . A typical gas - using residential appliance in the US is rated for a maximum of 14 w.g. , which is approximately 1048.37 hPa . Similar metric units with a wide variety of names and notation based on millimetres , centimetres or metres are now less commonly used .", "Pure water boils at 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) at earth 's standard atmospheric pressure . The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure around the water . Because of this , the boiling point of water is lower at lower pressure and higher at higher pressure . Cooking at high elevations , therefore , requires adjustments to recipes or pressure cooking . A rough approximation of elevation can be obtained by measuring the temperature at which water boils ; in the mid-19th century , this method was used by explorers .", "An important application of the knowledge that atmospheric pressure varies directly with altitude was in determining the height of hills and mountains thanks to the availability of reliable pressure measurement devices . While in 1774 , Maskelyne was confirming Newton 's theory of gravitation at and on Schiehallion in Scotland ( using plumb bob deviation to show the effect of `` gravity '' ) and accurately measure elevation , William Roy using barometric pressure was able to confirm his height determinations , the agreement being to within one meter ( 3.28 feet ) . This method became and continues to be useful for survey work and map making . This early `` application of science '' gave people insight into how science could easily be put to practical use ." ]

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[ "Financial markets Public market Exchange Securities Bond market Bond valuation Corporate bond Fixed income Government bond High - yield debt Municipal bond Securitization Stock market Common stock Preferred stock Registered share Stock Stock certificate Stock exchange Other markets Derivatives ( Credit derivative Futures exchange Hybrid security ) Foreign exchange ( Currency Exchange rate ) Commodity Money Real estate Reinsurance Over-the - counter ( off - exchange ) Forwards Options Spot market Swaps Trading Participants Regulation Clearing Related areas Banks and banking Finance corporate personal public", "Financial markets", "Public market Exchange Securities", "Public market Exchange Securities", "Bond market", "Bond valuation Corporate bond Fixed income Government bond High - yield debt Municipal bond Securitization", "Bond valuation Corporate bond Fixed income Government bond High - yield debt Municipal bond Securitization", "High - yield debt", "Stock market", "Common stock Preferred stock Registered share Stock Stock certificate Stock exchange", "Common stock Preferred stock Registered share Stock Stock certificate Stock exchange", "Other markets", "Derivatives ( Credit derivative Futures exchange Hybrid security ) Foreign exchange ( Currency Exchange rate ) Commodity Money Real estate Reinsurance", "( Credit derivative Futures exchange Hybrid security )", "( Credit derivative", "Hybrid security )", "( Currency Exchange rate )", "Exchange rate )", "Commodity Money Real estate Reinsurance", "Over-the - counter ( off - exchange )", "Forwards Options Spot market Swaps", "Forwards Options", "Spot market Swaps", "Trading", "Participants Regulation Clearing", "Participants Regulation Clearing", "Related areas", "Banks and banking Finance corporate personal public", "Banks and banking Finance corporate personal public", "Banks and banking", "Finance corporate personal public", "corporate personal public", "", "", "A stock exchange , securities exchange or bourse , is a facility where stock brokers and traders can buy and sell securities , such as shares of stock and bonds and other financial instruments . Stock exchanges may also provide for facilities the issue and redemption of such securities and instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends . Securities traded on a stock exchange include stock issued by listed companies , unit trusts , derivatives , pooled investment products and bonds . Stock exchanges often function as `` continuous auction '' markets with buyers and sellers consummating transactions at a central location such as the floor of the exchange . Many stock exchanges today use electronic trading , in place of the traditional floor trading .", "To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange , the security must be listed there . Usually , there is a central location at least for record keeping , but trade is increasingly less linked to a physical place , as modern markets use electronic networks , which give them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions . Trade on an exchange is restricted to brokers who are members of the exchange . In recent years , various other trading venues , such as electronic communication networks , alternative trading systems and `` dark pools '' have taken much of the trading activity away from traditional stock exchanges .", "Initial public offerings of stocks and bonds to investors is done in the primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market . A stock exchange is often the most important component of a stock market . Supply and demand in stock markets are driven by various factors that , as in all free markets , affect the price of stocks ( see stock valuation ) .", "There is usually no obligation for stock to be issued through the stock exchange itself , nor must stock be subsequently traded on an exchange . Such trading may be off exchange or over-the - counter . This is the usual way that derivatives and bonds are traded . Increasingly , stock exchanges are part of a global securities market . Stock exchanges also serve an economic function in providing liquidity to shareholders in providing an efficient means of disposing of shares .", "The idea of debt dates back to the ancient world , as evidenced for example by ancient Mesopotamian city clay tablets recording interest - bearing loans . There is little consensus among scholars as to when corporate stock was first traded . Some see the key event as the Dutch East India Company 's founding in 1602 , while others point to earlier developments . Economist Ulrike Malmendier of the University of California at Berkeley argues that a share market existed as far back as ancient Rome . One of Europe 's oldest stock exchanges is the Frankfurt Stock Exchange ( Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse ) established in 1585 in Frankfurt am Main .", "In the Roman Republic , which existed for centuries before the Empire was founded , there were societates publicanorum , organizations of contractors or leaseholders who performed temple - building and other services for the government . One such service was the feeding of geese on the Capitoline Hill as a reward to the birds after their honking warned of a Gallic invasion in 390 B.C. Participants in such organizations had partes or shares , a concept mentioned various times by the statesman and orator Cicero . In one speech , Cicero mentions `` shares that had a very high price at the time . '' Such evidence , in Malmendier 's view , suggests the instruments were tradable , with fluctuating values based on an organization 's success . The societas declined into obscurity in the time of the emperors , as most of their services were taken over by direct agents of the state .", "Tradable bonds as a commonly used type of security were a more recent innovation , spearheaded by the Italian city - states of the late medieval and early Renaissance periods .", "`` The stock market -- the daytime adventure serial of the well - to - do -- would not be the stock market if it did not have its ups and downs . ( ... ) And it has many other distinctive characteristics . Apart from the economic advantages and disadvantages of stock exchanges -- the advantage that they provide a free flow of capital to finance industrial expansion , for instance , and the disadvantage that they provide an all too convenient way for the unlucky , the imprudent , and the gullible to lose their money -- their development has created a whole pattern of social behavior , complete with customs , language , and predictable responses to given events . What is truly extraordinary is the speed with which this pattern emerged full blown following the establishment , in 1611 , of the world 's first important stock exchange -- a roofless courtyard in Amsterdam -- and the degree to which it persists ( with variations , it is true ) on the New York Stock Exchange in the nineteen - sixties . Present - day stock trading in the United States -- a bewilderingly vast enterprise , involving millions of miles of private telegraph wires , computers that can read and copy the Manhattan Telephone Directory in three minutes , and over twenty million stockholder participants -- would seem to be a far cry from a handful of seventeenth - century Dutchmen haggling in the rain . But the field marks are much the same . The first stock exchange was , inadvertently , a laboratory in which new human reactions were revealed . By the same token , the New York Stock Exchange is also a sociological test tube , forever contributing to the human species ' self - understanding . The behaviour of the pioneering Dutch stock traders is ably documented in a book entitled `` Confusion of Confusions , '' written by a plunger on the Amsterdam market named Joseph de la Vega ; originally published in 1688 , ( ... ) '' -- John Brooks , in `` Business Adventures '' ( 1968 )", "`` The stock market -- the daytime adventure serial of the well - to - do -- would not be the stock market if it did not have its ups and downs . ( ... ) And it has many other distinctive characteristics . Apart from the economic advantages and disadvantages of stock exchanges -- the advantage that they provide a free flow of capital to finance industrial expansion , for instance , and the disadvantage that they provide an all too convenient way for the unlucky , the imprudent , and the gullible to lose their money -- their development has created a whole pattern of social behavior , complete with customs , language , and predictable responses to given events . What is truly extraordinary is the speed with which this pattern emerged full blown following the establishment , in 1611 , of the world 's first important stock exchange -- a roofless courtyard in Amsterdam -- and the degree to which it persists ( with variations , it is true ) on the New York Stock Exchange in the nineteen - sixties . Present - day stock trading in the United States -- a bewilderingly vast enterprise , involving millions of miles of private telegraph wires , computers that can read and copy the Manhattan Telephone Directory in three minutes , and over twenty million stockholder participants -- would seem to be a far cry from a handful of seventeenth - century Dutchmen haggling in the rain . But the field marks are much the same . The first stock exchange was , inadvertently , a laboratory in which new human reactions were revealed . By the same token , the New York Stock Exchange is also a sociological test tube , forever contributing to the human species ' self - understanding . The behaviour of the pioneering Dutch stock traders is ably documented in a book entitled `` Confusion of Confusions , '' written by a plunger on the Amsterdam market named Joseph de la Vega ; originally published in 1688 , ( ... ) ''", "-- John Brooks , in `` Business Adventures '' ( 1968 )", "While the Italian city - states produced the first transferable government bonds , they did not develop the other ingredient necessary to produce a fully - fledged capital market : the stock market in its modern sense . In the early 1600s the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) became the first company in history to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public . As Edward Stringham ( 2015 ) notes , `` companies with transferable shares date back to classical Rome , but these were usually not enduring endeavors and no considerable secondary market existed ( Neal , 1997 , p. 61 ) . '' The VOC , formed to build up the spice trade , operated as a colonial ruler in what is now Indonesia and beyond , a purview that included conducting military operations against the wishes of the exploited natives and of competing colonial powers . Control of the company was held tightly by its directors , with ordinary shareholders not having much influence on management or even access to the company 's accounting statements .", "However , shareholders were rewarded well for their investment . The company paid an average dividend of over 16 percent per year from 1602 to 1650 . Financial innovation in Amsterdam took many forms . In 1609 investors led by one Isaac Le Maire formed history 's first bear syndicate , but their coordinated trading had only a modest impact in driving down share prices , which tended to remain robust throughout the 17th century . By the 1620s the company was expanding its securities issuance with the first use of corporate bonds .", "Joseph de la Vega , also known as Joseph Penso de la Vega and by other variations of his name , was an Amsterdam trader from a Spanish Jewish family and a prolific writer as well as a successful businessman in 17th - century Amsterdam . His 1688 book Confusion of Confusions explained the workings of the city 's stock market . It was the earliest book about stock trading and inner workings of a stock market , taking the form of a dialogue between a merchant , a shareholder and a philosopher , the book described a market that was sophisticated but also prone to excesses , and de la Vega offered advice to his readers on such topics as the unpredictability of market shifts and the importance of patience in investment .", "In England , King William III sought to modernize the kingdom 's finances to pay for its wars , and thus the first government bonds were issued in 1693 and the Bank of England was set up the following year . Soon thereafter , English joint - stock companies began going public .", "London 's first stockbrokers , however , were barred from the old commercial center known as the Royal Exchange , reportedly because of their rude manners . Instead , the new trade was conducted from coffee houses along Exchange Alley . By 1698 a broker named John Castaing , operating out of Jonathan 's Coffee House , was posting regular lists of stock and commodity prices . Those lists mark the beginning of the London Stock Exchange .", "One of history 's greatest financial bubbles occurred in the next few decades . At the center of it were the South Sea Company , set up in 1711 to conduct English trade with South America , and the Mississippi Company , focused on commerce with France 's Louisiana colony and touted by transplanted Scottish financier John Law , who was acting in effect as France 's central banker . Investors snapped up shares in both , and whatever else was available . In 1720 , at the height of the mania , there was even an offering of `` a company for carrying out an undertaking of great advantage , but nobody to know what it is '' .", "By the end of that same year , share prices had started collapsing , as it became clear that expectations of imminent wealth from the Americas were overblown . In London , Parliament passed the Bubble Act , which stated that only royally chartered companies could issue public shares . In Paris , Law was stripped of office and fled the country . Stock trading was more limited and subdued in subsequent decades . Yet the market survived , and by the 1790s shares were being traded in the young United States .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Stock exchanges have multiple roles in the economy . This may include the following :", "A stock exchange provides companies with the facility to raise capital for expansion through selling shares to the investing public .", "Besides the borrowing capacity provided to an individual or firm by the banking system , in the form of credit or a loan , there are four common forms of capital raising used by companies and entrepreneurs . Most of these available options might be achieved , directly or indirectly , through a stock exchange .", "Capital intensive companies , particularly high tech companies , always need to raise high volumes of capital in their early stages . For this reason , the public market provided by the stock exchanges has been one of the most important funding sources for many capital intensive startups . After the 1990s and early - 2000s hi - tech listed companies ' boom and bust in the world 's major stock exchanges , it has been much more demanding for the high - tech entrepreneur to take his / her company public , unless either the company already has products in the market and is generating sales and earnings , or the company has completed advanced promising clinical trials , earned potentially profitable patents or conducted market research which demonstrated very positive outcomes . This is quite different from the situation of the 1990s to early - 2000s period , when a number of companies ( particularly Internet boom and biotechnology companies ) went public in the most prominent stock exchanges around the world , in the total absence of sales , earnings and any well - documented promising outcome . Anyway , every year a number of companies , including unknown highly speculative and financially unpredictable hi - tech startups , are listed for the first time in all the major stock exchanges -- there are even specialized entry markets for these kind of companies or stock indexes tracking their performance ( examples include the Alternext , CAC Small , SDAX , TecDAX , or most of the third market good companies ) .", "A number of companies have also raised significant amounts of capital through R&D limited partnerships . Tax law changes that were enacted in 1987 in the United States changed the tax deductibility of investments in R&D limited partnerships . In order for a partnership to be of interest to investors today , the cash on cash return must be high enough to entice investors .", "A third usual source of capital for startup companies has been venture capital . This source remains largely available today , but the maximum statistical amount that the venture company firms in aggregate will invest in any one company is not limitless ( it was approximately $15 million in 2001 for a biotechnology company ) .", "A fourth alternative source of cash for a private company is a corporate partner , usually an established multinational company , which provides capital for the smaller company in return for marketing rights , patent rights , or equity . Corporate partnerships have been used successfully in a large number of cases .", "When people draw their savings and invest in shares ( through an IPO or the issuance of new company shares of an already listed company ) , it usually leads to rational allocation of resources because funds , which could have been consumed , or kept in idle deposits with banks , are mobilized and redirected to help companies ' management boards finance their organizations . This may promote business activity with benefits for several economic sectors such as agriculture , commerce and industry , resulting in stronger economic growth and higher productivity levels of firms .", "Companies view acquisitions as an opportunity to expand product lines , increase distribution channels , hedge against volatility , increase their market share , or acquire other necessary business assets . A takeover bid or a merger agreement through the stock market is one of the simplest and most common ways for a company to grow by acquisition or fusion .", "Both casual and professional stock investors , as large as institutional investors or as small as an ordinary middle - class family , through dividends and stock price increases that may result in capital gains , share in the wealth of profitable businesses . Unprofitable and troubled businesses may result in capital losses for shareholders .", "By having a wide and varied scope of owners , companies generally tend to improve management standards and efficiency to satisfy the demands of these shareholders and the more stringent rules for public corporations imposed by public stock exchanges and the government . Consequently , it is alleged that public companies ( companies that are owned by shareholders who are members of the general public and trade shares on public exchanges ) tend to have better management records than privately held companies ( those companies where shares are not publicly traded , often owned by the company founders , their families and heirs , or otherwise by a small group of investors ) .", "Despite this claim , some well - documented cases are known where it is alleged that there has been considerable slippage in corporate governance on the part of some public companies . The dot - com bubble in the late 1990s , and the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007 -- 08 , are classical examples of corporate mismanagement . Companies like Pets.com ( 2000 ) , Enron ( 2001 ) , One.Tel ( 2001 ) , Sunbeam ( 2001 ) , Webvan ( 2001 ) , Adelphia ( 2002 ) , MCI WorldCom ( 2002 ) , Parmalat ( 2003 ) , American International Group ( 2008 ) , Bear Stearns ( 2008 ) , Lehman Brothers ( 2008 ) , General Motors ( 2009 ) and Satyam Computer Services ( 2009 ) were among the most widely scrutinized by the media .", "To assist in corporate governance many banks and companies worldwide utilize securities identification numbers ( USIN ) to identify , uniquely , their stocks , bonds and other securities . Adding an ISIN code helps to distinctly identify securities and the ISIN system is used worldwide by funds , companies , and governments .", "However , when poor financial , ethical or managerial records are known by the stock investors , the stock and the company tend to lose value . In the stock exchanges , shareholders of underperforming firms are often penalized by significant share price decline , and they tend as well to dismiss incompetent management teams .", "As opposed to other businesses that require huge capital outlay , investing in shares is open to both the large and small stock investors because a person buys the number of shares they can afford . Therefore , the Stock Exchange provides the opportunity for small investors to own shares of the same companies as large investors .", "Governments at various levels may decide to borrow money to finance infrastructure projects such as sewage and water treatment works or housing estates by selling another category of securities known as bonds . These bonds can be raised through the stock exchange whereby members of the public buy them , thus loaning money to the government . The issuance of such bonds can obviate , in the short term , direct taxation of citizens to finance development -- though by securing such bonds with the full faith and credit of the government instead of with collateral , the government must eventually tax citizens or otherwise raise additional funds to make any regular coupon payments and refund the principal when the bonds mature .", "At the stock exchange , share prices rise and fall depending , largely , on economic forces . Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when companies and the economy in general show signs of stability and growth . An economic recession , depression , or financial crisis could eventually lead to a stock market crash . Therefore , the movement of share prices and in general of the stock indexes can be an indicator of the general trend in the economy .", "Each stock exchange imposes its own listing requirements upon companies that want to be listed on that exchange . Such conditions may include minimum number of shares outstanding , minimum market capitalization , and minimum annual income .", "The listing requirements imposed by some stock exchanges include :", "New York Stock Exchange : the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) requires a company to have issued at least a million shares of stock worth $100 million and must have earned more than $10 million over the last three years . NASDAQ Stock Exchange : NASDAQ requires a company to have issued at least 1.25 million shares of stock worth at least $70 million and must have earned more than $11 million over the last three years . London Stock Exchange : the main market of the London Stock Exchange requires a minimum market capitalization ( £ 700,000 ) , three years of audited financial statements , minimum public float ( 25 % ) and sufficient working capital for at least 12 months from the date of listing . Bombay Stock Exchange : Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) requires a minimum market capitalization of ₹ 250 million ( US $3.6 million ) and minimum public float equivalent to ₹ 100 million ( US $1.5 million ) .", "New York Stock Exchange : the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) requires a company to have issued at least a million shares of stock worth $100 million and must have earned more than $10 million over the last three years .", "NASDAQ Stock Exchange : NASDAQ requires a company to have issued at least 1.25 million shares of stock worth at least $70 million and must have earned more than $11 million over the last three years .", "London Stock Exchange : the main market of the London Stock Exchange requires a minimum market capitalization ( £ 700,000 ) , three years of audited financial statements , minimum public float ( 25 % ) and sufficient working capital for at least 12 months from the date of listing .", "Bombay Stock Exchange : Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) requires a minimum market capitalization of ₹ 250 million ( US $3.6 million ) and minimum public float equivalent to ₹ 100 million ( US $1.5 million ) .", "Stock exchanges originated as mutual organizations , owned by its member stock brokers . There has been a recent trend for stock exchanges to demutualize , where the members sell their shares in an initial public offering . In this way the mutual organization becomes a corporation , with shares that are listed on a stock exchange . Examples are Australian Securities Exchange ( 1998 ) , Euronext ( merged with New York Stock Exchange ) , NASDAQ ( 2002 ) , Bursa Malaysia ( 2004 ) , the New York Stock Exchange ( 2005 ) , Bolsas y Mercados Españoles , and the São Paulo Stock Exchange ( 2007 ) . The Shenzhen and Shanghai stock exchanges can be characterized as quasi-state institutions insofar as they were created by government bodies in China and their leading personnel are directly appointed by the China Securities Regulatory Commission . Another example is Tashkent republican stock exchange ( Uzbekistan ) established in 1994 , three years after the collapse of the Soviet Union , mainly state - owned but has a form of a public corporation ( joint stock company ) . According to an Uzbek government decision ( March 2012 ) 25 percent minus one share of Tashkent stock exchange was expected to be sold to Korea Exchange ( KRX ) in 2014 .", "In the 19th century , exchanges were opened to trade forward contracts on commodities . Exchange traded forward contracts are called futures contracts . These commodity exchanges later started offering future contracts on other products , such as interest rates and shares , as well as options contracts . They are now generally known as futures exchanges ." ]

[ [ "\"Half of my life\"", "\"I've found my love\"", "\"Every minute, half of my love\"" ] ]

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[ "`` Daydreaming '' Single by Radiohead from the album A Moon Shaped Pool Released 6 May 2016 Format Download Genre Ambient electronic orchestral Length 6 : 24 Label XL Songwriter ( s ) Radiohead Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich Radiohead Radiohead singles chronology `` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 ) `` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Daydreaming '' on YouTube", "`` Daydreaming ''", "Single by Radiohead", "from the album A Moon Shaped Pool", "Released 6 May 2016", "Format Download", "Genre Ambient electronic orchestral", "Ambient electronic orchestral", "Length 6 : 24", "Label XL", "Songwriter ( s ) Radiohead", "Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich Radiohead", "Nigel Godrich Radiohead", "Radiohead singles chronology", "`` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 )", "`` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 )", "`` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 )", "`` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 )", "`` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 )", "`` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 )", "Music video", "`` Daydreaming '' on YouTube", "`` Daydreaming '' is a song by the English rock band Radiohead , produced by Radiohead 's longtime producer Nigel Godrich . It is a piano ballad with strings arranged by Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood .", "Radiohead released `` Daydreaming '' as a download on 6 May 2016 as the second single from their ninth studio album A Moon Shaped Pool , accompanied by a music video directed by Paul Thomas Anderson .", "`` Daydreaming '' was written by singer Thom Yorke ; the rest of the band created the final arrangement . For the song 's introduction , the band slowed the tape , creating a pitch - warping effect . The strings , recorded at RAK Studios in London , were arranged by guitarist Jonny Greenwood and performed by the London Contemporary Orchestra , conducted by Hugh Brunt . The orchestra had previously worked with Greenwood on his score for the 2012 film The Master . Cellist Oliver Coates said : `` Nigel , Jonny and Thom all have this awesome relationship , and were so animated during the recording . I remember we were laying down the cello part at the end of ' Daydreaming ' and Thom said , ' That 's it -- that is the sound of the record . ' '' Greenwood had the cellists tune their cellos unusually low for the song , creating a `` growling '' sound .", "`` Daydreaming '' is a ballad with a `` simple , sad '' piano motif , `` spooky '' backmasked vocals , and ambient , electronic and orchestral elements . The song ends with reversed , warped , and slowed vocals ; when reversed , Yorke seems to be singing `` Half of my life '' , `` I 've found my love '' , or `` Every minute , half of my love '' . Several critics felt the lyrics were coloured by Radiohead singer Thom Yorke 's separation from his partner of 23 years Rachel Owen . Pitchfork noted that this period was `` about as long as Radiohead have been releasing music '' and saw the song as a `` reckoning with those years , and , in one way or another , an elegy to them . ''", "The `` Daydreaming '' music video was directed by Paul Thomas Anderson , for whom Greenwood has composed several film scores . In the video , Yorke walks through a series of doors and passageways leading to various disconnected locations , including a hotel , a hospital , a laundry , and a convenience store . He eventually climbs a snowy hill , enters a cave , and mouths the song 's closing words as he lies down next to a fire .", "`` Daydreaming '' was released as a download on 6 May 2016 on Radiohead 's site and on streaming and digital media services . Anderson and the band sent 35 mm prints of the `` Daydreaming '' music video to select theatres inviting them to screen it . On 16 July 2016 , Radiohead announced a fan competition to create a music video vignette for an alternative version of the song with additional strings .", "Pitchfork ranked `` Daydreaming '' the 24th best song of 2016 , behind another Moon Shaped Pool track , `` True Love Waits '' , at 9th .", "Download No . Title Length 1 . `` Daydreaming '' 6 : 24", "Download", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` Daydreaming '' 6 : 24", "Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 73 France ( SNEP ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 84 Italy ( FIMI ) 88 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 74 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 12", "Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 73", "France ( SNEP ) 28", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 84", "Italy ( FIMI ) 88", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 74", "US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 12" ]

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[ "Colorado River The Colorado River at Horseshoe Bend , Arizona , a few miles below Glen Canyon Dam Countries United States , Mexico States Colorado , Utah , Arizona , Nevada , California , Baja California , Sonora Tributaries - left Fraser River , Blue River , Eagle River , Roaring Fork River , Gunnison River , Dolores River , San Juan River , Little Colorado River , Bill Williams River , Gila River - right Green River , Dirty Devil River , Escalante River , Kanab River , Virgin River , Hardy River Cities Glenwood Springs , CO , Grand Junction , CO , Moab , UT , Page , AZ , Bullhead City , AZ , Lake Havasu City , AZ , Yuma , AZ , San Luis Rio Colorado , SON Source La Poudre Pass - location Rocky Mountains , Colorado , United States - elevation 10,184 ft ( 3,104 m ) - coordinates 40 ° 28 ′ 20 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 34 '' W  /  40.47222 ° N 105.82611 ° W  / 40.47222 ; - 105.82611 Mouth Gulf of California - location Colorado River Delta , Baja California -- Sonora , Mexico - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 31 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 114 ° 57 ′ 03 '' W  /  31.90000 ° N 114.95083 ° W  / 31.90000 ; - 114.95083 Coordinates : 31 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 114 ° 57 ′ 03 '' W  /  31.90000 ° N 114.95083 ° W  / 31.90000 ; - 114.95083 Length 1,450 mi ( 2,334 km ) Basin 246,000 sq mi ( 637,137 km ) Discharge for mouth ( average virgin flow ) , max and min at Topock , AZ , 300 mi ( 480 km ) from the mouth - average 22,500 cu ft / s ( 637 m / s ) - max 384,000 cu ft / s ( 10,900 m / s ) - min 422 cu ft / s ( 12 m / s ) Map of the Colorado River basin Wikimedia Commons : Colorado River", "Colorado River", "The Colorado River at Horseshoe Bend , Arizona , a few miles below Glen Canyon Dam", "Countries United States , Mexico", "States Colorado , Utah , Arizona , Nevada , California , Baja California , Sonora", "Tributaries", "- left Fraser River , Blue River , Eagle River , Roaring Fork River , Gunnison River , Dolores River , San Juan River , Little Colorado River , Bill Williams River , Gila River", "- right Green River , Dirty Devil River , Escalante River , Kanab River , Virgin River , Hardy River", "Cities Glenwood Springs , CO , Grand Junction , CO , Moab , UT , Page , AZ , Bullhead City , AZ , Lake Havasu City , AZ , Yuma , AZ , San Luis Rio Colorado , SON", "Source La Poudre Pass", "- location Rocky Mountains , Colorado , United States", "- elevation 10,184 ft ( 3,104 m )", "- coordinates 40 ° 28 ′ 20 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 34 '' W  /  40.47222 ° N 105.82611 ° W  / 40.47222 ; - 105.82611", "Mouth Gulf of California", "- location Colorado River Delta , Baja California -- Sonora , Mexico", "- elevation 0 ft ( 0 m )", "- coordinates 31 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 114 ° 57 ′ 03 '' W  /  31.90000 ° N 114.95083 ° W  / 31.90000 ; - 114.95083 Coordinates : 31 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 114 ° 57 ′ 03 '' W  /  31.90000 ° N 114.95083 ° W  / 31.90000 ; - 114.95083", "Length 1,450 mi ( 2,334 km )", "Basin 246,000 sq mi ( 637,137 km )", "Discharge for mouth ( average virgin flow ) , max and min at Topock , AZ , 300 mi ( 480 km ) from the mouth", "- average 22,500 cu ft / s ( 637 m / s )", "- max 384,000 cu ft / s ( 10,900 m / s )", "- min 422 cu ft / s ( 12 m / s )", "Map of the Colorado River basin", "Wikimedia Commons : Colorado River", "The Colorado River is one of the principal rivers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico ( the other being the Rio Grande ) . The 1,450 - mile - long ( 2,330 km ) river drains an expansive , arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. and two Mexican states . Starting in the central Rocky Mountains in the U.S. , the river flows generally southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona -- Nevada border , where it turns south toward the international border . After entering Mexico , the Colorado approaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California between Baja California and Sonora .", "Known for its dramatic canyons , whitewater rapids , and eleven U.S. National Parks , the Colorado River system is a vital source of water for 40 million people in southwestern North America . The river and its tributaries are controlled by an extensive system of dams , reservoirs , and aqueducts , which in most years divert its entire flow for agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply . Its large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power , and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West . Intensive water consumption has dried up the lower 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the river , which has rarely reached the sea since the 1960s .", "Beginning with small bands of nomadic hunter - gatherers , Native Americans have inhabited the Colorado River basin for at least 8,000 years . Between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago , the river and its tributaries fostered large agricultural civilizations -- some of the most sophisticated indigenous cultures in North America -- which eventually faded due to a combination of severe drought and poor land use practices . Most native peoples that inhabit the basin today are descended from other groups that settled in the region beginning about 1,000 years ago . Europeans first entered the Colorado Basin in the 16th century , when explorers from Spain began mapping and claiming the area , which later became part of Mexico upon its independence in 1821 . Early contact between Europeans and Native Americans was generally limited to the fur trade in the headwaters and sporadic trade interactions along the lower river .", "After most of the Colorado River basin became part of the U.S. in 1846 , the bulk of the river 's course was still the subject of myths and speculation . Several expeditions charted the Colorado in the mid-19th century -- one of which , led by John Wesley Powell , was the first to run the rapids of the Grand Canyon . American explorers collected valuable information that was later used to develop the river for navigation and water supply . Large - scale settlement of the lower basin began in the mid - to late - 19th century , with steamboats providing transportation from the Gulf of California to landings along the river that linked to wagon roads to the interior . Lesser numbers settled in the upper basin , which was the scene of major gold strikes in the 1860s and 1870s .", "Large engineering works began around the start of the 20th century , with major guidelines established in a series of international and U.S. interstate treaties known as the `` Law of the River '' . The U.S. federal government was the main driving force behind the construction of dams and aqueducts , although many state and local water agencies were also involved . Most of the major dams were built between 1910 and 1970 ; the system keystone , Hoover Dam , was completed in 1935 . The Colorado is now considered among the most controlled and litigated rivers in the world , with every drop of its water fully allocated .", "The environmental movement in the American Southwest has opposed the damming and diversion of the Colorado River system because of detrimental effects on the ecology and natural beauty of the river and its tributaries . During the construction of Glen Canyon Dam , environmental organizations vowed to block any further development of the river , and a number of later dam and aqueduct proposals were defeated by citizen opposition . As demands for Colorado River water continue to rise , the level of human development and control of the river continues to generate controversy .", "The Colorado begins at La Poudre Pass in the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado , at just under 2 miles ( 3 km ) above sea level . After a short run south , the river turns west below Grand Lake , the largest natural lake in the state . For the first 250 miles ( 400 km ) of its course , the Colorado carves its way through the mountainous Western Slope , a sparsely populated region defined by the portion of the state west of the Continental Divide . As it flows southwest , it gains strength from many small tributaries , as well as larger ones including the Blue , Eagle and Roaring Fork rivers . After passing through De Beque Canyon , the Colorado emerges from the Rockies into the Grand Valley , a major farming and ranching region where it meets one of its largest tributaries , the Gunnison River , at Grand Junction . Most of the upper river is a swift whitewater stream ranging from 200 to 500 feet ( 60 to 150 m ) wide , the depth ranging from 6 to 30 feet ( 2 to 9 m ) , with a few notable exceptions , such as the Blackrocks reach where the river is nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) deep . In a few areas , such as the marshy Kawuneeche Valley near the headwaters and the Grand Valley , it exhibits braided characteristics .", "Arcing northwest , the Colorado begins to cut across the eponymous Colorado Plateau , a vast area of high desert centered at the Four Corners of the southwestern United States . Here , the climate becomes significantly drier than that in the Rocky Mountains , and the river becomes entrenched in progressively deeper gorges of bare rock , beginning with Ruby Canyon and then Westwater Canyon as it enters Utah , now once again heading southwest . Farther downstream it receives the Dolores River and defines the southern border of Arches National Park , before passing Moab and flowing through `` The Portal '' , where it exits the Moab Valley between a pair of 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) sandstone cliffs .", "In Utah , the Colorado flows primarily through the `` slickrock '' country , which is characterized by its narrow canyons and unique `` folds '' created by the tilting of sedimentary rock layers along faults . This is one of the most inaccessible regions of the continental United States . Below the confluence with the Green River , its largest tributary , in Canyonlands National Park , the Colorado enters Cataract Canyon , named for its dangerous rapids , and then Glen Canyon , known for its arches and erosion - sculpted Navajo sandstone formations . Here , the San Juan River , carrying runoff from the southern slope of Colorado 's San Juan Mountains , joins the Colorado from the east . The Colorado then enters northern Arizona , where since the 1960s Glen Canyon Dam near Page has flooded the Glen Canyon reach of the river , forming Lake Powell for water supply and hydroelectricity generation .", "In Arizona , the river passes Lee 's Ferry , an important crossing for early explorers and settlers and since the early 20th century the principal point where Colorado River flows are measured for apportionment to the seven U.S. and two Mexican states in the basin . Downstream , the river enters Marble Canyon , the beginning of the Grand Canyon , passing under the Navajo Bridges on a now southward course . Below the confluence with the Little Colorado River , the river swings west into Granite Gorge , the most dramatic portion of the Grand Canyon , where the river cuts up to one mile ( 1.6 km ) into the Colorado Plateau , exposing some of the oldest visible rocks on Earth , dating as long ago as 2 billion years . The 277 miles ( 446 km ) of the river that flow through the Grand Canyon are largely encompassed by Grand Canyon National Park and are known for their difficult whitewater , separated by pools that reach up to 110 feet ( 34 m ) in depth .", "At the lower end of Grand Canyon , the Colorado widens into Lake Mead , the largest reservoir in the continental United States , formed by Hoover Dam on the border of Arizona and Nevada . Situated southeast of metropolitan Las Vegas , the dam is an integral component for management of the Colorado River , controlling floods and storing water for farms and cities in the lower Colorado River basin . Below the dam the river passes under the Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge -- which at nearly 900 feet ( 270 m ) above the water is the highest concrete arch bridge in the Western Hemisphere -- and then turns due south towards Mexico , defining the Arizona -- Nevada and Arizona -- California borders .", "After leaving the confines of the Black Canyon , the river emerges from the Colorado Plateau into the Lower Colorado River Valley ( LCRV ) , a desert region dependent on irrigation agriculture and tourism and also home to several major Indian reservations . The river widens here to a broad , moderately deep waterway averaging 500 to 1,000 feet ( 150 to 300 m ) wide and reaching up to ⁄ mile ( 400 m ) across , with depths ranging from 8 to 60 feet ( 2 to 20 m ) . Before channelization of the Colorado in the 20th century , the lower river was subject to frequent course changes caused by seasonal flow variations . Joseph C. Ives , who surveyed the lower river in 1861 , wrote that `` the shifting of the channel , the banks , the islands , the bars is so continual and rapid that a detailed description , derived from the experiences of one trip , would be found incorrect , not only during the subsequent year , but perhaps in the course of a week , or even a day . ''", "The LCRV is one of the most densely populated areas along the river , and there are numerous towns including Bullhead City , Arizona , Needles , California , and Lake Havasu City , Arizona . Here , many diversions draw from the river , providing water for both local uses and distant regions including the Salt River Valley of Arizona and metropolitan Southern California . The last major U.S. diversion is at Imperial Dam , where over 90 percent of the river 's remaining flow is moved into the All - American Canal to irrigate California 's Imperial Valley , the most productive winter agricultural region in the United States .", "Below Imperial Dam , only a small portion of the Colorado River makes it beyond Yuma , Arizona , and the confluence with the intermittent Gila River -- which carries runoff from western New Mexico and most of Arizona -- before defining about 24 miles ( 39 km ) of the Mexico -- United States border . At Morelos Dam , the entire remaining flow of the Colorado is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley , among Mexico 's most fertile agricultural lands . Below San Luis Río Colorado , the Colorado passes entirely into Mexico , defining the Baja California -- Sonora border ; in most years , the stretch of the Colorado between here and the Gulf of California is dry or a trickle formed by irrigation return flows . The Hardy River provides most of the flow into the Colorado River Delta , a vast alluvial floodplain covering about 3,000 square miles ( 7,800 km ) of northwestern Mexico . A large estuary is formed here before the Colorado empties into the Gulf about 75 miles ( 120 km ) south of Yuma . Before 20th - century development dewatered the lower Colorado , a major tidal bore was present in the delta and estuary ; the first historical record was made by the Croatian missionary in Spanish service Father Ferdinand Konščak on July 18 , 1746 . During spring tide conditions , the tidal bore -- locally called El Burro -- formed in the estuary about Montague Island in Baja California and propagated upstream .", "The Colorado is joined by over 25 significant tributaries , of which the Green River is the largest by both length and discharge . The Green takes drainage from the Wind River Range of west - central Wyoming , from Utah 's Uinta Mountains , and from the Rockies of northwestern Colorado . The Gila River is the second longest and drains a greater area than the Green , but has a significantly lower flow because of a more arid climate and larger diversions for irrigation and cities . Both the Gunnison and San Juan rivers , which derive most of their water from Rocky Mountains snowmelt , contribute more water than the Gila did naturally .", "Statistics of the Colorado 's longest tributaries Name State Length Watershed Discharge References mi km mi km cfs m / s Green River UT 730 1,170 48,100 125,000 6,048 171.3 Gila River AZ 649 1,044 58,200 151,000 247 7.0 San Juan River UT 383 616 24,600 64,000 2,192 62.1 Little Colorado River AZ 356 573 26,500 69,000 424 12.0 Dolores River UT 250 400 4,574 11,850 633 17.9 Gunnison River CO 164 264 7,930 20,500 2,570 73 Virgin River NV 160 260 13,020 33,700 239 6.8", "Statistics of the Colorado 's longest tributaries", "Name State Length Watershed Discharge References", "mi km mi km cfs m / s", "Green River UT 730 1,170 48,100 125,000 6,048 171.3", "Gila River AZ 649 1,044 58,200 151,000 247 7.0", "San Juan River UT 383 616 24,600 64,000 2,192 62.1", "Little Colorado River AZ 356 573 26,500 69,000 424 12.0", "Dolores River UT 250 400 4,574 11,850 633 17.9", "Gunnison River CO 164 264 7,930 20,500 2,570 73", "Virgin River NV 160 260 13,020 33,700 239 6.8", "In its natural state , the Colorado River poured about 16.3 million acre feet ( 20.1 km ) into the Gulf of California each year , amounting to an average flow rate of 22,500 cubic feet per second ( 640 m / s ) . Its flow regime was not at all steady -- indeed , `` prior to the construction of federal dams and reservoirs , the Colorado was a river of extremes like no other in the United States . '' Once , the river reached peaks of more than 100,000 cubic feet per second ( 2,800 m / s ) in the summer and low flows of less than 2,500 cubic feet per second ( 71 m / s ) in the winter annually . At Topock , Arizona , about 300 miles ( 480 km ) upstream from the Gulf , a maximum historical discharge of 384,000 cubic feet per second ( 10,900 m / s ) was recorded in 1884 and a minimum of 422 cubic feet per second ( 11.9 m / s ) was recorded in 1935 . In contrast , the regulated discharge rates on the lower Colorado below Hoover Dam rarely exceed 35,000 cubic feet per second ( 990 m / s ) or drop below 4,000 cubic feet per second ( 110 m / s ) . Annual runoff volume has ranged from a high of 22.2 million acre feet ( 27.4 km ) in 1984 to a low of 3.8 million acre feet ( 4.7 km ) in 2002 , although in most years only a small portion of this flow , if any , reaches the Gulf .", "Between 85 and 90 percent of the Colorado River 's discharge originates in snowmelt , mostly from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming . The three major upper tributaries of the Colorado -- the Gunnison , Green , and San Juan -- alone deliver almost 9 million acre feet ( 11 km ) per year to the main stem , mostly from snowmelt . The remaining 10 to 15 percent comes from a variety of sources , principally groundwater base flow and summer monsoon storms . The latter often produces heavy , highly localized floods on lower tributaries of the river , but does not often contribute significant volumes of runoff . Most of the annual runoff in the basin occurs with the melting of Rocky Mountains snowpack , which begins in April and peaks during May and June before exhausting in late July or early August .", "Flows at the mouth have steadily declined since the beginning of the 20th century , and in most years after 1960 the Colorado River has run dry before reaching the sea . Irrigation , industrial , and municipal diversions , evaporation from reservoirs , natural runoff , and likely climate change have all contributed to this substantial reduction in flow , threatening the future water supply . For example , the Gila River -- formerly one of the Colorado 's largest tributaries -- contributes little more than a trickle in most years due to use of its water by cities and farms in central Arizona . The average flow rate of the Colorado at the northernmost point of the Mexico -- United States border ( NIB , or Northerly International Boundary ) is about 2,060 cubic feet per second ( 58 m / s ) , 1.49 million acre feet ( 1.84 km ) per year -- less than a 10th of the natural flow -- due to upstream water use . Below here , all of the remaining flow is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley , leaving a dry riverbed from Morelos Dam to the sea that is supplemented by intermittent flows of irrigation drainage water . There have been exceptions , however , namely in the early to mid-1980s , when the Colorado once again reached the sea during several consecutive years of record - breaking precipitation and snowmelt . In 1984 , so much excess runoff occurred that some 16.5 million acre feet ( 20.4 km ) , or 22,860 cubic feet per second ( 647 m / s ) , poured into the sea .", "( show ) Discharge of the Colorado River at selected locations Gage Discharge ( average ) Discharge ( max ) Drainage area Period of record Ref cfs m / s cfs m / s mi km Grand Lake , CO 62.7 1.78 976 27.6 63.9 166 1953 -- 2010 Dotsero , CO 2,095 59.3 22,200 630 4,390 11,400 1941 -- 2011 Cisco , UT 7,181 203.3 125,000 3,500 24,100 62,000 1895 -- 2010 Lee 's Ferry , AZ 14,800 420 300,000 8,500 107,800 279,000 1895 -- 2010 Davis Dam , AZ -- NV 14,180 402 116,000 3,300 169,300 438,000 1905 -- 2010 Parker Dam , AZ -- CA 11,990 340 42,400 1,200 178,500 462,000 1935 -- 2010 Laguna Dam , AZ -- CA 1,693 47.9 30,900 870 184,600 478,000 1971 -- 2010 NIB ( near Andrade , CA ) 2,059 58.3 40,600 1,150 238,700 618,000 1950 -- 2010", "( show ) Discharge of the Colorado River at selected locations", "Gage Discharge ( average ) Discharge ( max ) Drainage area Period of record Ref", "cfs m / s cfs m / s mi km", "Grand Lake , CO 62.7 1.78 976 27.6 63.9 166 1953 -- 2010", "Dotsero , CO 2,095 59.3 22,200 630 4,390 11,400 1941 -- 2011", "Cisco , UT 7,181 203.3 125,000 3,500 24,100 62,000 1895 -- 2010", "Lee 's Ferry , AZ 14,800 420 300,000 8,500 107,800 279,000 1895 -- 2010", "Davis Dam , AZ -- NV 14,180 402 116,000 3,300 169,300 438,000 1905 -- 2010", "Parker Dam , AZ -- CA 11,990 340 42,400 1,200 178,500 462,000 1935 -- 2010", "Laguna Dam , AZ -- CA 1,693 47.9 30,900 870 184,600 478,000 1971 -- 2010", "NIB ( near Andrade , CA ) 2,059 58.3 40,600 1,150 238,700 618,000 1950 -- 2010", "( show ) Monthly discharge of the Colorado at Lee 's Ferry Month Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May Jun . Jul . Aug . Sep . Oct . Nov . Dec . Discharge cfs 9,650 9,740 10,500 16,000 28,000 32,800 18,300 13,200 10,900 9,530 9,620 9,440 m / s 273.3 275.8 297.3 453.1 792.9 928.8 518.2 373.8 308.7 269.9 272.4 267.3", "( show ) Monthly discharge of the Colorado at Lee 's Ferry", "Month Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May Jun . Jul . Aug . Sep . Oct . Nov . Dec .", "Discharge cfs 9,650 9,740 10,500 16,000 28,000 32,800 18,300 13,200 10,900 9,530 9,620 9,440", "m / s 273.3 275.8 297.3 453.1 792.9 928.8 518.2 373.8 308.7 269.9 272.4 267.3", "The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) operates or has operated 46 stream gauges to measure the discharge of the Colorado River , ranging from the headwaters near Grand Lake to the Mexico -- U.S. border . The tables at right list data associated with eight of these gauges . River flows as gauged at Lee 's Ferry , Arizona , about halfway along the length of the Colorado and 16 miles ( 26 km ) below Glen Canyon Dam , are used to determine water allocations in the Colorado River basin . The average discharge recorded there was approximately 14,800 cubic feet per second ( 420 m / s ) , 10.72 million acre feet ( 13.22 km ) per year , from 1921 to 2010 . This figure has been heavily affected by upstream diversions and reservoir evaporation , especially after the completion of the Colorado River Storage Project in the 1970s . Prior to the completion of Glen Canyon Dam in 1964 , the average discharge recorded between 1912 and 1962 was 17,850 cubic feet per second ( 505 m / s ) , 12.93 million acre feet ( 15.95 km ) per year .", "The drainage basin or watershed of the Colorado River encompasses 246,000 square miles ( 640,000 km ) of southwestern North America , making it the seventh largest on the continent . About 238,600 square miles ( 618,000 km ) , or 97 percent of the watershed , is in the United States . The river and its tributaries drain most of western Colorado and New Mexico , southwestern Wyoming , eastern and southern Utah , southeastern Nevada and California , and nearly all of Arizona . The areas drained within Baja California and Sonora are very small and do not contribute measurable runoff . Most of the basin is arid , defined by the Sonoran and Mojave deserts and the expanse of the Colorado Plateau , although significant expanses of forest are found in the Rocky Mountains ; the Kaibab , Aquarius , and Markagunt plateaus in southern Utah and northern Arizona ; the Mogollon Rim through central Arizona ; and other smaller mountain ranges and sky islands . Elevations range from sea level at the Gulf of California to 14,321 feet ( 4,365 m ) at the summit of Uncompahgre Peak in Colorado , with an average of 5,500 feet ( 1,700 m ) across the entire basin .", "Climate varies widely across the watershed . Mean monthly high temperatures are 25.3 ° C ( 77.5 ° F ) in the upper basin and 33.4 ° C ( 92.1 ° F ) in the lower basin , and lows average − 3.6 and 8.9 ° C ( 25.5 and 48.0 ° F ) , respectively . Annual precipitation averages 6.5 inches ( 164 mm ) , ranging from over 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) in some areas of the Rockies to just 0.6 inches ( 15 mm ) along the Mexican reach of the river . The upper basin generally receives snow and rain during the winter and early spring , while precipitation in the lower basin falls mainly during intense but infrequent summer thunderstorms brought on by the North American Monsoon .", "As of 2010 , approximately 12.7 million people lived in the Colorado River basin . Phoenix in Arizona and Las Vegas in Nevada are the largest metropolitan areas in the watershed . Population densities are also high along the lower Colorado River below Davis Dam , which includes Bullhead City , Lake Havasu City , and Yuma . Other significant population centers in the basin include Tucson , Arizona ; St. George , Utah ; and Grand Junction , Colorado . Colorado River basin states are among the fastest - growing in the U.S. ; the population of Nevada alone increased by about 66 percent between 1990 and 2000 as Arizona grew by some 40 percent .", "The Colorado River basin shares drainage boundaries with many other major watersheds of North America . The Continental Divide of the Americas forms a large portion of the eastern boundary of the watershed , separating it from the basins of the Yellowstone River and the Platte River -- both tributaries of the Missouri River -- on the northeast , and from the headwaters of the Arkansas River on the east . Both the Missouri and Arkansas rivers are part of the Mississippi River system . Further south , the Colorado River basin borders on the Rio Grande drainage , which along with the Mississippi flows to the Gulf of Mexico , as well as a series of endorheic ( closed ) drainage basins in southwestern New Mexico and extreme southeastern Arizona .", "For a short stretch , the Colorado watershed meets the drainage basin of the Snake River , a tributary of the Columbia River , in the Wind River Range of western Wyoming . Southwest of there , the northern divide of the Colorado watershed skirts the edge of the Great Basin , bordering on the closed drainage basins of the Great Salt Lake and the Sevier River in central Utah , and other closed basins in southern Utah and Nevada . To the west in California , the Colorado River watershed borders on those of small closed basins in the Mojave Desert , the largest of which is the Salton Sea drainage north of the Colorado River Delta . On the south , the watersheds of the Sonoyta , Concepción , and Yaqui rivers , all of which drain to the Gulf of California , border that of the Colorado .", "As recently as the Cretaceous period 100 million years ago , much of western North America was still part of the Pacific Ocean . Tectonic forces from the collision of the Farallon Plate with the North American Plate pushed up the Rocky Mountains between 75 and 50 million years ago in a mountain - building episode known as the Laramide orogeny . The Colorado first formed as a west - flowing stream draining the southwestern portion of the range , and the uplift also diverted the Green River from its original course to the Mississippi River west towards the Colorado . About 30 to 20 million years ago , volcanic activity related to the orogeny led to the Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare - up , which created smaller formations such as the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona and deposited massive amounts of volcanic ash and debris over the watershed . The Colorado Plateau first began to rise during the Eocene , between about 55 and 34 million years ago , but did not attain its present height until about 5 million years ago , about when the Colorado River established its present course into the Gulf of California .", "The time scale and sequence over which the river 's present course and the Grand Canyon were formed is uncertain . Before the Gulf of California was formed around 12 to 5 million years ago by faulting processes along the boundary of the North American and Pacific plates , the Colorado flowed west to an outlet on the Pacific Ocean -- possibly Monterey Bay on the Central California coast , forming the Monterey submarine canyon . The uplift of the Sierra Nevada mountains began about 4.5 million years ago , diverting the Colorado southwards towards the Gulf . As the Colorado Plateau continued to rise between 5 and 2.5 million years ago , the river maintained its ancestral course ( as an antecedent stream ) and began to cut the Grand Canyon . Antecedence played a major part in shaping other peculiar geographic features in the watershed , including the Dolores River 's bisection of Paradox Valley in Colorado and the Green River 's cut through the Uinta Mountains in Utah .", "Sediments carried from the plateau by the Colorado River created a vast delta made of more than 10,000 cubic miles ( 42,000 km ) of material that walled off the northernmost part of the gulf in approximately 1 million years . Cut off from the ocean , the portion of the gulf north of the delta eventually evaporated and formed the Salton Sink , which reached about 260 feet ( 79 m ) below sea level . Since then the river has changed course into the Salton Sink at least three times , transforming it into Lake Cahuilla , which at maximum size flooded up the valley to present - day Indio , California . The lake took about 50 years to evaporate after the Colorado resumed flowing to the Gulf . The present - day Salton Sea can be considered the most recent incarnation of Lake Cahuilla , though on a much smaller scale .", "Between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago , massive flows of basalt from the Uinkaret volcanic field in northern Arizona dammed the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon . At least 13 lava dams were formed , the largest of which was more than 2,300 feet ( 700 m ) high , backing the river up for nearly 500 miles ( 800 km ) to present - day Moab , Utah . The lack of associated sediment deposits along this stretch of the Colorado River , which would have accumulated in the impounded lakes over time , suggests that most of these dams did not survive for more than a few decades before collapsing or being washed away . Failure of the lava dams caused by erosion , leaks and cavitation caused catastrophic floods , which may have been some of the largest ever to occur in North America , rivaling the late - Pleistocene Missoula Floods of the northwestern United States . Mapping of flood deposits indicate that crests as high as 700 feet ( 210 m ) passed through the Grand Canyon , reaching peak discharges as great as 17 million cubic feet per second ( 480,000 m / s ) .", "The first humans of the Colorado River basin were likely Paleo - Indians of the Clovis and Folsom cultures , who first arrived on the Colorado Plateau about 12,000 years ago . Very little human activity occurred in the watershed until the rise of the Desert Archaic Culture , which from 8,000 to 2,000 years ago constituted most of the region 's human population . These prehistoric inhabitants led a generally nomadic lifestyle , gathering plants and hunting small animals ( though some of the earliest peoples hunted larger mammals that became extinct in North America after the end of the Pleistocene epoch ) . Another notable early group was the Fremont culture , whose peoples inhabited the Colorado Plateau from 2,000 to 700 years ago . The Fremont were likely the first peoples of the Colorado River basin to domesticate crops and construct masonry dwellings ; they also left behind a large amount of rock art and petroglyphs , many of which have survived to the present day .", "Beginning in the early centuries A.D. , Colorado River basin peoples began to form large agriculture - based societies , some of which lasted hundreds of years and grew into well - organized civilizations encompassing tens of thousands of inhabitants . The Ancient Puebloan ( also known as Anasazi or Hisatsinom ) people of the Four Corners region were descended from the Desert Archaic culture . The Puebloan people developed a complex distribution system to supply drinking and irrigation water in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico .", "The Puebloans dominated the basin of the San Juan River , and the center of their civilization was in Chaco Canyon . In Chaco Canyon and the surrounding lands , they built more than 150 multi-story pueblos or `` great houses '' , the largest of which , Pueblo Bonito , is composed of more than 600 rooms . The Hohokam culture was present along the middle Gila River beginning around 1 A.D. Between 600 and 700 A.D. they began to employ irrigation on a large scale , and did so more prolifically than any other native group in the Colorado River basin . An extensive system of irrigation canals was constructed on the Gila and Salt rivers , with various estimates of a total length ranging from 180 to 300 miles ( 290 to 480 km ) and capable of irrigating 25,000 to 250,000 acres ( 10,000 to 101,000 ha ) . Both civilizations supported large populations at their height ; the Chaco Canyon Puebloans numbered between 6,000 and 15,000 and estimates for the Hohokam range between 30,000 and 200,000 .", "These sedentary peoples heavily exploited their surroundings , practicing logging and harvesting of other resources on a large scale . The construction of irrigation canals may have led to a significant change in the morphology of many waterways in the Colorado River basin . Prior to human contact , rivers such as the Gila , Salt and Chaco were shallow perennial streams with low , vegetated banks and large floodplains . In time , flash floods caused significant downcutting on irrigation canals , which in turn led to the entrenchment of the original streams into arroyos , making agriculture difficult . A variety of methods were employed to combat these problems , including the construction of large dams , but when a megadrought hit the region in the 14th century A.D. the ancient civilizations of the Colorado River basin abruptly collapsed . Some Puebloans migrated to the Rio Grande Valley of central New Mexico and south - central Colorado , becoming the predecessors of the Hopi , Zuni , Laguna and Acoma people in western New Mexico . Many of the tribes that inhabited the Colorado River basin at the time of European contact were descended from Puebloan and Hohokam survivors , while others already had a long history of living in the region or migrated in from bordering lands .", "Native American names for the Colorado River Maricopa : Xakxwet Mohave : ' Aha Kwahwat Havasupai : Ha Ŧay Gʼam / Sil Gsvgov Yavapai : ʼHakhwata", "Native American names for the Colorado River", "Maricopa : Xakxwet", "Mohave : ' Aha Kwahwat", "Havasupai : Ha Ŧay Gʼam / Sil Gsvgov", "Yavapai : ʼHakhwata", "The Navajo were an Athabaskan people who migrated from the north into the Colorado River basin around 1025 A.D. They soon established themselves as the dominant Native American tribe in the Colorado River basin , and their territory stretched over parts of present - day Arizona , New Mexico , Utah and Colorado -- in the original homelands of the Puebloans . In fact , the Navajo acquired agricultural skills from the Puebloans before the collapse of the Pueblo civilization in the 14th century . A profusion of other tribes have made a continued , lasting presence along the Colorado River . The Mohave have lived along the rich bottomlands of the lower Colorado below Black Canyon since 1200 A.D. They were fishermen -- navigating the river on rafts made of reeds to catch Gila trout and Colorado pikeminnow -- and farmers , relying on the annual floods of the river rather than irrigation to water their crops . Ute peoples have inhabited the northern Colorado River basin , mainly in present - day Colorado , Wyoming and Utah , for at least 2,000 years , but did not become well established in the Four Corners area until 1500 A.D. The Apache , Cocopah , Halchidhoma , Havasupai , Hualapai , Maricopa , Pima , and Quechan are among many other groups that live along or had territories bordering on the Colorado River and its tributaries .", "Beginning in the 17th century , contact with Europeans brought significant changes to the lifestyles of Native Americans in the Colorado River basin . Missionaries sought to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity -- an effort sometimes successful , such as in Father Eusebio Francisco Kino 's 1694 encounter with the `` docile Pimas of the Gila Valley ( who ) readily accepted Father Kino and his Christian teachings '' . The Spanish introduced sheep and goats to the Navajo , who came to rely heavily on them for meat , milk and wool . By the mid-16th century , the Utes , having acquired horses from the Spanish , introduced them to the Colorado River basin . The use of horses spread through the basin via trade between the various tribes and greatly facilitated hunting , communications and travel for indigenous peoples . More warlike groups such as the Utes and Navajos often used horses to their advantage in raids against tribes that were slower to adopt them , such as the Goshutes and Southern Paiutes .", "The gradual influx of European and American explorers , fortune seekers and settlers into the region eventually led to conflicts that forced many Native Americans off their traditional lands . After the acquisition of the Colorado River basin from Mexico in the Mexican -- American War in 1846 , U.S. military forces commanded by Kit Carson forced more than 8,000 Navajo men , women and children from their homes after a series of unsuccessful attempts to confine their territory , many of which were met with violent resistance . In what is now known as the Long Walk of the Navajo , the captives were marched from Arizona to Fort Sumner in New Mexico , and many died along the route . Four years later , the Navajo signed a treaty that moved them onto a reservation in the Four Corners region that is now known as the Navajo Nation . It is the largest Native American reservation in the United States , encompassing 27,000 square miles ( 70,000 km ) with a population of over 180,000 as of 2000 .", "The Mohave were expelled from their territory after a series of minor skirmishes and raids on wagon trains passing through the area in the late 1850s , culminating in an 1859 battle with American forces that concluded the Mohave War . In 1870 , the Mohave were relocated to a reservation at Fort Mojave , which spans the borders of Arizona , California and Nevada . Some Mohave were also moved to the 432 - square - mile ( 1,120 km ) Colorado River Indian Reservation on the Arizona -- California border , originally established for the Mohave and Chemehuevi people in 1865 . In the 1940s , some Hopi and Navajo people were also relocated to this reservation . The four tribes now form a geopolitical body known as the Colorado River Indian Tribes .", "Water rights of Native Americans in the Colorado River basin were largely ignored during the extensive water resources development carried out on the river and its tributaries in the 19th and 20th centuries . The construction of dams has often had negative impacts on tribal peoples , such as the Chemehuevi when their riverside lands were flooded after the completion of Parker Dam in 1938 . Ten Native American tribes in the basin now hold or continue to claim water rights to the Colorado River . The U.S. government has taken some actions to help quantify and develop the water resources of Native American reservations . The first federally funded irrigation project in the U.S. was the construction of an irrigation canal on the Colorado River Indian Reservation in 1867 . Other water projects include the Navajo Indian Irrigation Project , authorized in 1962 for the irrigation of lands in part of the Navajo Nation in north - central New Mexico . The Navajo continue to seek expansion of their water rights because of difficulties with the water supply on their reservation ; about 40 percent of its inhabitants must haul water by truck many miles to their homes . In the 21st century , they have filed legal claims against the governments of Arizona , New Mexico and Utah for increased water rights . Some of these claims have been successful for the Navajo , such as a 2004 settlement in which they received a 326,000 - acre - foot ( 402,000 ML ) allotment from New Mexico .", "During the 16th century , the Spanish began to explore and colonize western North America . An early motive was the search for the Seven Cities of Gold , or `` Cibola '' , rumored to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest . According to a United States Geological Survey publication , it is likely that Francisco de Ulloa was the first European to see the Colorado River when in 1536 he sailed to the head of the Gulf of California . Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 's 1540 -- 1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold , but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west , he sent García López de Cárdenas to lead a small contingent to find it . With the guidance of Hopi Indians , Cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon . Cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon , assuming the width of the Colorado River at 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) and estimating 300 - foot ( 91 m ) - tall rock formations to be the size of a man . After failing at an attempt to descend to the river , they left the area , defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather .", "In 1540 , Hernando de Alarcón and his fleet reached the mouth of the river , intending to provide additional supplies to Coronado 's expedition . Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present - day California -- Arizona border . Coronado never reached the Gulf of California , and Alarcón eventually gave up and left . Melchior Díaz reached the delta in the same year , intending to establish contact with Alarcón , but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz 's arrival . Díaz named the Colorado River Rio del Tizon ( `` Firebrand River '' ) after seeing a practice used by the local natives for warming themselves . The name Tizon lasted for the next 200 years , while the name Rio Colorado ( `` Red River '' ) was first applied to a tributary of the Gila River , possibly the Verde River , circa 1720 . The first known map to label the main stem as the Colorado was drawn by French cartographer Jacques - Nicolas Bellin in 1743 .", "During the 18th and early 19th centuries , many Americans and Spanish believed in the existence of the Buenaventura River , purported to run from the Rocky Mountains in Utah or Colorado to the Pacific Ocean . The name Buenaventura was given to the Green River by Silvestre Vélez de Escalante as early as 1776 , but Escalante did not know that the Green drained to the Colorado . Many later maps showed the headwaters of the Green and Colorado rivers connecting with the Sevier River ( Rio San Ysabel ) and Utah Lake ( Lake Timpanogos ) before flowing west through the Sierra Nevada into California . Mountain man Jedediah Smith reached the lower Colorado by way of the Virgin River canyon in 1826 . Smith called the Colorado the `` Seedskeedee '' , as the Green River in Wyoming was known to fur trappers , correctly believing it to be a continuation of the Green and not a separate river as others believed under the Buenaventura myth . John C. Frémont 's 1843 Great Basin expedition proved that no river traversed the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada , officially debunking the Buenaventura myth .", "Between 1850 and 1854 the U.S. Army explored the lower reach of the Colorado River from the Gulf of California , looking for the river to provide a less expensive route to supply the remote post of Fort Yuma . First in November 1850 to January 1851 , by its transport schooner , Invincible under Captain Alfred H. Wilcox and then by its longboat commanded by Lieutenant George Derby . Later Lieutenant Derby , in his expedition report , recommended that a shallow draft sternwheel steamboat would be the way to send supplies up river to the fort . The next contractors George Alonzo Johnson with his partner Benjamin M. Hartshorne , brought two barges and 250 tons of supplies arriving at the river 's mouth in February 1852 , on the United States transport schooner Sierra Nevada under Captain Wilcox . Poling the barges up the Colorado , the first barge sank with its cargo a total loss . The second was finally , after a long struggle poled up to Fort Yuma , but what little it carried was soon consumed by the garrison . Subsequently , wagons again were sent from the fort to haul the balance of the supplies overland from the estuary through the marshes and woodlands of the Delta . At last Derby 's recommendation was heeded and in November 1852 , the Uncle Sam , a 65 - foot long side - wheel paddle steamer , built by Domingo Marcucci , became the first steamboat on the Colorado River . It was brought by the schooner Capacity from San Francisco to the delta by the next contractor to supply the fort , Captain James Turnbull . It was assembled and launched in the estuary , 30 miles above the mouth of the Colorado River . Equipped with only a 20 - horsepower engine , the Uncle Sam could only carry 35 tons of supplies , taking 15 days to make the first 120 - mile trip . It made many trips up and down the river , taking four months to finish carrying the supplies for the fort , improving its time up river to 12 days . Negligence caused it to sink at its dock below Fort Yuma , and was then washed away before it could be raised , in the spring flood of 1853 . Turnbull in financial difficulty , disappeared . Nevertheless , he had shown the worth of steamboats to solve Fort Yuma 's ls supply problem .", "George Alonzo Johnson with his partner Hartshorne and a new partner Captain Alfred H. Wilcox ( formerly of the Invincible and Sierra Nevada ) , formed George A. Johnson & Company and obtained the next contract to supply the fort . Johnson and his partners , all having learned lessons from their failed attempts ascending the Colorado and with the example of the Uncle Sam , brought the parts of a more powerful side - wheel steamboat , the General Jesup , with them to the mouth of the Colorado from San Francisco . There it was reassembled at a landing in the upper tidewater of the river and reached Fort Yuma , January 18 , 1854 . This new boat , capable of carrying 50 tons of cargo , was very successful making round trips from the estuary to the fort in only four or five days . Costs were cut from $200 to $75 per ton .", "Lorenzo Sitgreaves led the first Corps of Topographical Engineers mission across northern Arizona to the Colorado River ( near modern Bullhead City , Arizona ) , and down its east bank to the river crossings of the Southern Immigrant Trail at Fort Yuma in 1851 .", "The second Corps of Topographical Engineers expedition passed along and crossed the Colorado was the 1853 - 1854 Pacific Railroad Survey expedition along the 35th parallel north from Oklahoma to Los Angeles , led by Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple .", "George A. Johnson was instrumental in getting the support for Congressional funding a military expedition up the river . With those funds Johnson expected to provide the transportation for the expedition but was angry and disappointed when the commander of the expedition Lt. Joseph Christmas Ives rejected his offer of one of his steamboats . Before Ives could finish reassembling his steamer in the delta , George A. Johnson set off from Fort Yuma on December 31 , 1857 , conducting his own exploration of the river above the fort in his steamboat General Jesup . He ascended the river in twenty one days as far as the first rapids in Pyramid Canyon , over 300 miles ( 480 km ) above Fort Yuma and 8 miles ( 13 km ) above the modern site of Davis Dam . Running low on food he turned back . He as he returned he encountered Lieutenant Ives , Whipple 's assistant , who was leading an expedition to explore the feasibility of using the Colorado River as a navigation route in the Southwest . Ives and his men used a specially built steamboat , the shallow - draft U.S.S. Explorer , and traveled up the river as far as Black Canyon . He then took a small boat up beyond the canyon to Fortification Rock and Las Vegas Wash . After experiencing numerous groundings and accidents and having been inhibited by low water in the river , Ives declared : `` Ours has been the first , and will doubtless be the last , party of whites to visit this profitless locality . It seems intended by nature that the Colorado River , along the greater portion of its lonely and majestic way , shall be forever unvisited and undisturbed . ''", "Until 1866 , El Dorado Canyon was the actual head of navigation on the Colorado River . In that year Captain Robert T. Rogers , commanding the steamer Esmeralda with a barge and ninety tons of freight , reached Callville , Nevada , on October 8 , 1866 . Callville remained the head of navigation on the river until July 7 , 1879 , when Captain J.A. Mellon in the Gila left El Dorado Canyon landing , steamed up through the rapids in Black Canyon , making record time to Callville and tied up overnight . Next morning he to steamed up through the rapids in Boulder Canyon to reach the mouth of the Virgin River at Rioville July 8 , 1879 . From 1879 to 1887 , Rioville , Nevada was the high water Head of Navigation for the steamboats and the mining company sloop Sou'Wester that carried the salt needed for the reduction of silver ore from there to the mills at El Dorado Canyon .", "Up until the mid-19th century , long stretches of the Colorado and Green rivers between Wyoming and Nevada remained largely unexplored due to their remote location and dangers of navigation . Because of the dramatic drop in elevation of the two rivers , there were rumors of huge waterfalls and violent rapids , and Native American tales strengthened their credibility . In 1869 , one - armed Civil War veteran John Wesley Powell led an expedition from Green River Station in Wyoming , aiming to run the two rivers all the way down to St. Thomas , Nevada , near present - day Hoover Dam. Powell and nine men -- none of whom had prior whitewater experience -- set out in May . After braving the rapids of the Gates of Lodore , Cataract Canyon and other gorges along the Colorado , the party arrived at the mouth of the Little Colorado River , where Powell noted down arguably the most famous words ever written about the Grand Canyon of the Colorado :", "We are now ready to start on our way down the Great Unknown . Our boats , tied to a common stake , are chafing each other , as they are tossed by the fretful river . They ride high and buoyant , for their loads are lighter than we could desire . We have but a month 's rations remaining . The flour has been re-sifted through the mosquito net sieve ; the spoiled bacon has been dried , and the worst of it boiled ; the few pounds of dried apples have been spread in the sun , and re-shrunken to their normal bulk ; the sugar has all melted , and gone on its way down the river ; but we have a large sack of coffee . The lighting of the boats has this advantage : they will ride the waves better , and we shall have little to carry when we make a portage .", "We are three - quarters of a mile in the depths of the earth , and the great river shrinks into insignificance , as it dashes its angry waves against the walls and cliffs , that rise to the world above ; they are but puny ripples , and we but pigmies , running up and down the sands , or lost among the boulders .", "On August 28 , 1869 , three men deserted the expedition , convinced that they could not possibly survive the trip through the Grand Canyon . They were killed by Native Americans after making it to the rim of the canyon ; two days later , the expedition ran the last of the Grand Canyon rapids and reached St. Thomas . Powell led a second expedition in 1871 , this time with financial backing from the U.S. government . The explorers named many features along the Colorado and Green rivers , including Glen Canyon , the Dirty Devil River , Flaming Gorge , and the Gates of Lodore . In what is perhaps a twist of irony , modern - day Lake Powell , which floods Glen Canyon , is also named for their leader .", "Starting in the latter half of the 19th century , the lower Colorado below Black Canyon became an important waterway for steamboat commerce . In 1852 , the Uncle Sam was launched to provide supplies to the U.S. Army outpost at Fort Yuma . Although this vessel accidentally foundered and sank early in its career , commercial traffic quickly proliferated because river transport was much cheaper than hauling freight over land . Navigation on the Colorado River was dangerous because of the shallow channel and flow variations , so the first sternwheeler on the river , the Colorado of 1855 , was designed to carry 60 short tons ( 54 t ) while drawing less than 2 feet ( 0.6 m ) of water . The tidal bore of the lower Colorado also presented a major hazard ; in 1922 , a 15 - foot ( 4.6 m ) - high wave swamped a ship bound for Yuma , killing between 86 and 130 people . Steamboats quickly became the principal source of communication and trade along the river until competition from railroads began in the 1870s , and finally the construction of dams along the lower river in 1909 , none of which had locks to allow the passage of ships .", "During the Manifest Destiny era of the mid-19th century , American pioneers settled many western states but generally avoided the Colorado River basin until the 1850s . Under Brigham Young 's grand vision for a `` vast empire in the desert '' , ( the State of Deseret ) Mormon settlers were among the first whites to establish a permanent presence in the watershed , Fort Clara or Fort Santa Clara , in the winter of 1855 - 1856 along the Santa Clara River , tributary of the Virgin River . In the lower Colorado mining was the primary spur to economic development , copper mining in southwestern New Mexico Territory the 1850s then the Mohave War and a gold rush on the Gila River in 1859 , the El Dorado Canyon Rush in 1860 and Colorado River Gold Rush in 1862 .", "In 1860 , anticipating the American Civil War , the Mormons established a number of settlements to grow cotton along the Virgin River in Washington County , Utah . From 1863 to 1865 , Mormon colonists founded St. Thomas and other colonies on the Muddy and Virgin rivers in northwestern Arizona Territory , ( now Clark County , Nevada ) . Stone 's Ferry was established by these colonists on the Colorado at the mouth of the Virgin River to carry their produce on a wagon road to the mining districts of Mohave County , Arizona to the south . Also , in 1866 , a steamboat landing was established at Callville , intended as an outlet to the Pacific Ocean via the Colorado River , for Mormon settlements in the Great Basin . These settlements reached a peak population of about 600 before being abandoned in 1871 , and for nearly a decade these valleys became a haven for outlaws and cattle rustlers . One Mormon settler Daniel Bonelli , remained , operating the ferry and began mining salt in nearby mines , bring it in barges , down river to El Dorado Canyon where it was used to process silver ore . From 1879 to 1887 , Colorado Steam Navigation Company steamboats carried the salt , operating up river in the high spring flood waters , through Boulder Canyon , to the landing at Rioville at the mouth of the Virgin River . From 1879 to 1882 the Southwestern Mining Company , largest in El Dorado Canyon , brought in a 56 - foot sloop the Sou'Wester that sailed up and down river carrying the salt in the low water time of year until it was wrecked in the Quick and Dirty Rapids of Black Canyon .", "Mormons founded settlements along the Duchesne River Valley in the 1870s , and populated the Little Colorado River valley later in the century , settling in towns such as St. Johns , Arizona . They also established settlements along the Gila River in central Arizona beginning in 1871 . These early settlers were impressed by the extensive ruins of the Hohokam civilization that previously occupied the Gila River valley , and are said to have `` envisioned their new agricultural civilization rising as the mythical phoenix bird from the ashes of Hohokam society '' . The Mormons were the first whites to develop the water resources of the basin on a large scale , and built complex networks of dams and canals to irrigate wheat , oats and barley in addition to establishing extensive sheep and cattle ranches .", "One of the main reasons the Mormons were able to colonize Arizona was the existence of Jacob Hamblin 's ferry across the Colorado at Lee 's Ferry ( then known as Pahreah Crossing ) , which began running in March 1864 . This location was the only section of river for hundreds of miles in both directions where the canyon walls dropped away , allowing for the development of a transport route . John Doyle Lee established a more permanent ferry system at the site in 1870 . One reason Lee chose to run the ferry was to flee from Mormon leaders who held him responsible for the Mountain Meadows Massacre , in which 120 emigrants in a wagon train were killed by a local militia disguised as Native Americans . Even though it was located along a major travel route , Lee 's Ferry was very isolated , and there Lee and his family established the aptly named Lonely Dell Ranch . In 1928 , the ferry sank , resulting in the deaths of three men . Later that year , the Navajo Bridge was completed at a point 5 miles ( 8 km ) downstream , rendering the ferry obsolete .", "Gold strikes from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries played a major role in attracting settlers to the upper Colorado River basin . In 1859 , a group of adventurers from Georgia discovered gold along the Blue River in Colorado and established the mining boomtown of Breckenridge . During 1875 , even bigger strikes were made along the Uncompahgre and San Miguel rivers , also in Colorado , and these led to the creation of Ouray and Telluride , respectively . Because most gold deposits along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries occur in lode deposits , extensive mining systems and heavy machinery were required to extract them . Mining remains a substantial contributor to the economy of the upper basin and has led to acid mine drainage problems in some regional streams and rivers .", "Prior to 1921 , the upper Colorado River above the confluence with the Green River in Utah had assumed various names . Fathers Dominguez and Escalante named it Rio San Rafael in 1776 . Through the mid-1800s , the river between Green River and the Gunnison River was most commonly known as the Grand River . The river above the junction with the Gunnison River , however , was known variously as the Bunkara River , the North Fork of the Grand River , the Blue River , and the Grand River . The latter name did not become consistently applied until the 1870s .", "In 1921 , U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor of Colorado petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River . Taylor saw the fact that the Colorado River started outside the border of his state as an `` abomination '' . On July 25 , the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress , over the objections of representatives from Wyoming , Utah , and the USGS , which noted that the Green River was much longer and had a larger drainage basin above its confluence with the Grand River , although the Grand contributed a greater flow of water .", "Today , between 36 and 40 million people depend on the Colorado River 's water for agricultural , industrial and domestic needs . Southern Nevada Water Authority called the Colorado River one of the `` most controlled , controversial and litigated rivers in the world '' . Over 29 major dams and hundreds of miles of canals serve to supply thirsty cities , provide irrigation water to some 4 million acres ( 1.6 million hectares ) , and meet peaking power demands in the Southwest , generating more than 12 billion kWh of hydroelectricity each year . Often called `` America 's Nile '' , the Colorado is so carefully managed -- with basin reservoirs capable of holding four times the river 's annual flow -- that each drop of its water is used an average of 17 times in a single year .", "One of the earliest water projects in the Colorado River basin was the Grand Ditch , a 16 - mile ( 26 km ) diversion canal that sends water from the Never Summer Mountains , which would naturally have drained into the headwaters of the Colorado River , to bolster supplies in Colorado 's Front Range Urban Corridor . Constructed primarily by Japanese and Mexican laborers , the ditch was considered an engineering marvel when completed in 1890 , delivering 17,700 acre feet ( 21,800 ML ) across the Continental Divide each year . Because roughly 75 percent of Colorado 's precipitation falls west of the Rocky Mountains while 80 percent of the population lives east of the range , more of these interbasin water transfers , locally known as transmountain diversions , followed . While first envisioned in the late 19th century , construction on the Colorado - Big Thompson Project ( C - BT ) did not begin until the 1930s . The C - BT now delivers more than 11 times the Grand Ditch 's flow from the Colorado River watershed to cities along the Front Range .", "Meanwhile , large - scale development was also beginning on the opposite end of the Colorado River . In 1900 , entrepreneurs of the California Development Company ( CDC ) looked to the Imperial Valley of southern California as an excellent location to develop agriculture irrigated by the waters of the river . Engineer George Chaffey was hired to design the Alamo Canal , which split off from the Colorado River near Pilot Knob , curved south into Mexico , and dumped into the Alamo River , a dry arroyo which had historically carried flood flows of the Colorado into the Salton Sink . With a stable year - round flow in the Alamo River , irrigators in the Imperial Valley were able to begin large - scale farming , and small towns in the region started to expand with the influx of job - seeking migrants . By 1903 , more than 100,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ) in the valley were under cultivation , supporting a growing population of 4,000 .", "It was not long before the Colorado River began to wreak havoc with its erratic flows . In autumn , the river would drop below the level of the canal inlet , and temporary brush diversion dams had to be constructed . In early 1905 , heavy floods destroyed the headworks of the canal , and water began to flow uncontrolled down the canal towards the Salton Sink . On August 9 , the entire flow of the Colorado swerved into the canal and began to flood the bottom of the Imperial Valley . In a desperate gamble to close the breach , crews of the Southern Pacific Railroad , whose tracks ran through the valley , attempted to dam the Colorado above the canal , only to see their work demolished by a flash flood . It took seven attempts , more than $3 million , and two years for the railroad , the CDC , and the federal government to permanently block the breach and send the Colorado on its natural course to the gulf -- but not before part of the Imperial Valley was flooded under a 45 - mile - long ( 72 km ) lake , today 's Salton Sea . After the immediate flooding threat passed , it was realized that a more permanent solution would be needed to rein in the Colorado .", "In 1922 , six U.S. states in the Colorado River basin signed the Colorado River Compact , which divided half of the river 's flow to both the Upper Basin ( the drainage area above Lee 's Ferry , comprising parts of Colorado , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming and a small portion of Arizona ) and the Lower Basin ( Arizona , California , Nevada , and parts of New Mexico and Utah ) . Each was given rights to 7.5 million acre feet ( 9.3 km ) of water per year , a figure believed to represent half of the river 's minimum flow at Lee 's Ferry . This was followed by a U.S. -- Mexico treaty in 1944 , allocating 1.5 million acre feet ( 1.9 km ) of Colorado River water to the latter country per annum . Arizona refused to ratify the Colorado River Compact in 1922 because it feared that California would take too much of the lower basin allotment ; in 1944 a compromise was reached in which Arizona would get a firm allocation of 2.8 million acre feet ( 3.5 km ) , but only if California 's 4.4 - million - acre - foot ( 5.4 km ) allocation was prioritized during drought years . These and nine other decisions , compacts , federal acts and agreements made between 1922 and 1973 form what is now known as the Law of the River .", "On September 30 , 1935 , the United States Bureau of Reclamation ( USBR ) completed Hoover Dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River . Behind the dam rose Lake Mead , the largest artificial lake in the U.S. , capable of holding more than two years of the Colorado 's flow . The construction of Hoover was a major step towards stabilizing the lower channel of the Colorado River , storing water for irrigation in times of drought , and providing much - needed flood control as part of a program known as the Boulder Canyon Project . Hoover was the tallest dam in the world at the time of construction and also had the world 's largest hydroelectric power plant . Flow regulation from Hoover Dam opened the doors for rapid development on the lower Colorado River ; Imperial and Parker dams followed in 1938 , and Davis Dam was completed in 1950 .", "Completed in 1938 some 20 miles ( 32 km ) above Yuma , Imperial Dam diverts nearly all of the Colorado 's flow into two irrigation canals . The All - American Canal , built as a permanent replacement for the Alamo Canal , is so named because it lies completely within the U.S. , unlike its ill -- fated predecessor . With a capacity of over 26,000 cubic feet per second ( 740 m / s ) , the All - American is the largest irrigation canal in the world , supplying water to 500,000 acres ( 2,000 km ) of California 's Imperial Valley . Because the valley 's warm and sunny climate lends to a year - round growing season in addition to the large water supply furnished by the Colorado , the Imperial Valley is now one of the most productive agricultural regions in North America . In 1957 , the USBR completed a second canal , the Gila Gravity Main Canal , to irrigate about 110,000 acres ( 450 km ) in southwestern Arizona with Colorado River water as part of the Gila Project .", "Colorado River water allocations Amount ( MAF ) Share United States 15.0 90.9 % CA 4.4 26.7 % CO 3.88 23.5 % AZ 2.8 17.0 % UT 1.72 10.4 % WY 1.05 6.4 % NM 0.84 5.1 % NV 0.3 1.8 % Mexico 1.5 9.1 % Total 16.5 100 %", "Colorado River water allocations", "Amount ( MAF ) Share", "United States 15.0 90.9 %", "CA 4.4 26.7 %", "CO 3.88 23.5 %", "AZ 2.8 17.0 %", "UT 1.72 10.4 %", "WY 1.05 6.4 %", "NM 0.84 5.1 %", "NV 0.3 1.8 %", "Mexico 1.5 9.1 %", "Total 16.5 100 %", "The Lower Basin states also sought to develop the Colorado for municipal supplies . Central Arizona initially relied on the Gila River and its tributaries through projects such as the Theodore Roosevelt and Coolidge Dams -- completed in 1911 and 1928 , respectively . Roosevelt was the first large dam constructed by the USBR and provided the water needed to start large - scale agricultural and urban development in the region . The Colorado River Aqueduct , which delivers water nearly 250 miles ( 400 km ) from near Parker Dam to 10 million people in the Los Angeles metropolitan area , was completed in 1941 . The San Diego Aqueduct branch , whose initial phase was complete by 1947 , furnishes water to nearly 3 million people in San Diego and its suburbs . The Las Vegas Valley of Nevada experienced rapid growth in part due to Hoover Dam construction , and Las Vegas had tapped a pipeline into Lake Mead by 1937 . Nevada officials , believing that groundwater resources in the southern part of the state were sufficient for future growth , were more concerned with securing a large amount of the dam 's power supply than water from the Colorado ; thus they settled for the smallest allocation of all the states in the Colorado River Compact .", "Through the early decades of the 20th century , the Upper Basin states , with the exception of Colorado , remained relatively undeveloped and used little of the water allowed to them under the Colorado River Compact . Water use had increased significantly by the 1950s , and more water was being diverted out of the Colorado River basin to the Front Range corridor , the Salt Lake City area in Utah , and the Rio Grande basin in New Mexico . Such projects included the Roberts Tunnel , completed in 1956 , which diverts 63,000 acre feet ( 78,000 ML ) per year from the Blue River to the city of Denver , and the Fryingpan - Arkansas Project , which delivers 69,200 acre feet ( 85,400 ML ) from the Fryingpan River to the Arkansas River basin each year . Without the addition of surface water storage in the upper basin , there was no guarantee that the upper basin states would be able to use the full amount of water given to them by the compact . There was also the concern that drought could impair the upper basin 's ability to deliver the required 7.5 million acre feet ( 9.3 × 10 m ) past Lee 's Ferry per year as stipulated by the compact . A 1956 act of Congress cleared the way for the USBR 's Colorado River Storage Project ( CRSP ) , which entailed the construction of large dams on the Colorado , Green , Gunnison and San Juan Rivers .", "The initial blueprints for the CRSP included two dams on the Green River within Dinosaur National Monument 's Echo Park Canyon , a move criticized by both the U.S. National Park Service and environmentalist groups such as the Sierra Club . Controversy reached a nationwide scale , and the USBR dropped its plans for the Dinosaur dams in exchange for a dam at Flaming Gorge and a raise to an already - proposed dam at Glen Canyon . The famed opposition to Glen Canyon Dam , the primary feature of the CRSP , did not build momentum until construction was well underway . This was primarily because of Glen Canyon 's remote location and the result that most of the American public did not even know of the existence of the impressive gorge ; the few who did contended that it had much greater scenic value than Echo Park . Sierra Club leader David Brower fought the dam both during the construction and for many years afterwards until his death in 2000 . Brower strongly believed that he was personally responsible for the failure to prevent Glen Canyon 's flooding , calling it his `` greatest mistake , greatest sin '' .", "Agricultural and urban growth in Arizona eventually outstripped the capacity of local rivers ; these concerns were reflected in the creation of a Pacific Southwest Water Plan in the 1950s , which aimed to build a project that would permit Arizona to fully utilize its 2.8 - million - acre - foot ( 3.5 km ) allotment of the river . The Pacific Southwest Water Plan was the first major proposal to divert water to the Colorado Basin from other river basins -- namely , from the wetter northwestern United States . It was intended to boost supplies for the Lower Basin states of Arizona , California and Nevada as well as Mexico , thus allowing the Upper Basin states to retain native Colorado River flows for their own use . Although there was still a surplus of water in the Colorado Basin during the mid-20th century , the Bureau of Reclamation predicted , correctly , that eventually population growth would outstrip the available supply and require the transfer of water from other sources .", "The original version of the plan proposed to divert water from the Trinity River in northern California to reduce Southern California 's dependence on the Colorado , allowing more water to be pumped , by exchange , to central Arizona . Because of the large amount of power that would be required to pump Colorado River water to Arizona , the CAP originally included provisions for hydroelectric dams at Bridge Canyon and Marble Canyon , which would have flooded large portions of the Colorado within the Grand Canyon and dewatered much of the remainder . When these plans were publicized , the environmental movement -- still reeling from the Glen Canyon controversy -- successfully lobbied against the project . As a result , the Grand Canyon dams were removed from the CAP agenda , the boundaries of Grand Canyon National Park were extended to preclude any further development in the area , and the pumping power was replaced by the building of the coal - fired Navajo Generating Station near Page , Arizona , in 1976 . The resulting Central Arizona Project ( CAP ) irrigates more than 830,000 acres ( 3,400 km ) and provides municipal supplies to over 5 million people from Phoenix to Tucson using water from the Colorado River .", "Historically , the Colorado transported from 85 to 100 million short tons ( 77,000,000 to 91,000,000 t ) of sediment or silt to the Gulf of California each year -- second only to the Mississippi among North American rivers . This sediment nourished wetlands and riparian areas along the river 's lower course , particularly in its 3,000 - square - mile ( 7,800 km ) delta , once the largest desert estuary on the continent . Currently , the majority of sediments carried by the Colorado River are deposited at the upper end of Lake Powell , and most of the remainder ends up in Lake Mead . Various estimates place the time it would take for Powell to completely fill with silt at 300 to 700 years . Dams trapping sediment not only pose damage to river habitat but also threaten future operations of the Colorado River reservoir system .", "Reduction in flow caused by dams , diversions , water for thermoelectric power stations , and evaporation losses from reservoirs -- the latter of which consumes more than 15 percent of the river 's natural runoff -- has had severe ecological consequences in the Colorado River Delta and the Gulf of California . Historically , the delta with its large freshwater outflow and extensive salt marshes provided an important breeding ground for aquatic species in the Gulf . Today 's desiccated delta , at only a fraction of its former size , no longer provides suitable habitat , and populations of fish , shrimp and sea mammals in the gulf have seen a dramatic decline . Since 1963 , the only times when the Colorado River has reached the ocean have been during El Niño events in the 1980s and 1990s .", "Reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted water quality . Salinity is one of the major issues and also leads to the corrosion of pipelines in agricultural and urban areas . The lower Colorado 's salt content was about 50 parts per million ( ppm ) in its natural state , but by the 1960s , it had increased to well over 2000 ppm . By the early 1970s , there was also serious concern about salinity caused by salts leached from local soils by irrigation drainage water , which were estimated to add 10 million short tons ( 9,100,000 t ) of excess salt to the river per year . The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act was passed in 1974 , mandating conservation practices including the reduction of saline drainage . The program reduced the annual load by about 1.2 million short tons ( 1,100,000 t ) , but salinity remains an ongoing issue . In 1997 , the USBR estimated that saline irrigation water caused crop damages exceeding $500 million in the U.S. and $100 million in Mexico . Further efforts have been made to combat the salt issue in the lower Colorado , including the construction of a desalination plant at Yuma . In 2011 , the seven U.S. states agreed upon a `` Plan of Implementation '' , which aims to reduce salinity by 644,000 short tons ( 584,000 t ) per year by 2030 . In 2013 , the Bureau of Reclamation estimated that around $32 million was spent each year to prevent around 1.2 million tons of salt from entering and damaging the Colorado River .", "Agricultural runoff containing pesticide residues has also been concentrated in the lower river in greater amounts . Toxins derived from pesticides have led to fish kills ; six of these events were recorded between 1964 and 1968 alone . The pesticide issue is even greater in streams and water bodies near agricultural lands irrigated by the Imperial Irrigation District with Colorado River water . In the Imperial Valley , Colorado River water used for irrigation overflows into the New and Alamo rivers and into the Salton Sea . Both rivers and the sea are among the most polluted bodies of water in the United States , posing dangers not only to aquatic life but to contact by humans and migrating birds . Pollution from agricultural runoff is not limited to the lower river ; the issue is also significant in upstream reaches such as Colorado 's Grand Valley , also a major center of irrigated agriculture .", "Large dams such as Hoover and Glen Canyon typically release water from lower levels of their reservoirs , resulting in stable and relatively cold year - round temperatures in long reaches of the river . The Colorado 's average temperature once ranged from 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) at the height of summer to near freezing in winter , but modern flows through the Grand Canyon , for example , rarely deviate significantly from 46 ° F ( 8 ° C ) . Changes in temperature regime have caused declines of native fish populations , and stable flows have enabled increased vegetation growth , obstructing riverside habitat . These flow patterns have also made the Colorado more dangerous to recreational boaters ; people are more likely to die of hypothermia in the colder water , and the general lack of flooding allows rockslides to build up , making the river more difficult to navigate .", "In the 21st century , there has been renewed interest in restoring a limited water flow to the delta . In November 2012 , the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement , known as Minute 319 , permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years , thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used . In addition to renovating irrigation canals in the Mexicali Valley to reduce leakage , this will make about 45,000 acre feet ( 56,000,000 m ) per year available for release to the delta on average . The water will be used to provide both an annual base flow and a spring `` pulse flow '' to mimic the river 's original snowmelt - driven regime . The first pulse flow , an eight - week release of 105,000 acre feet ( 130,000,000 m ) , was initiated on March 21 , 2014 , with the aim of revitalising 2,350 acres ( 950 hectares ) of wetland . This pulse reached the sea on May 16 , 2014 , marking the first time in 16 years that any water from the Colorado flowed into the ocean , and was hailed as `` an experiment of historic political and ecological significance '' and a landmark in U.S. -- Mexican cooperation in conservation . The pulse will be followed by the steady release of 52,000 acre feet ( 64,000,000 m ) over the following three years , just a small fraction of its average flow before damming .", "`` ( The Colorado is ) a ' deficit ' river , as if the river were somehow at fault for its overuse . '' -- Marc Reisner , in Cadillac Desert", "`` ( The Colorado is ) a ' deficit ' river , as if the river were somehow at fault for its overuse . ''", "-- Marc Reisner , in Cadillac Desert", "When the Colorado River Compact was drafted in the 1920s , it was based on barely 30 years of streamflow records that suggested an average annual flow of 17.5 million acre feet ( 21.6 km ) past Lee 's Ferry . Modern studies of tree rings revealed that those three decades were probably the wettest in the past 500 to 1,200 years and that the natural long - term annual flow past Lee 's Ferry is probably closer to 13.5 million acre feet ( 16.7 km ) , as compared to the natural flow at the mouth of 16.3 million acre feet ( 20.1 km ) . This has resulted in more water being allocated to river users than actually flows through the Colorado . Droughts have exacerbated the issue of water over-allocation , including the Texas drought of the 1950s , which saw several consecutive years of notably low water and has often been used in planning for `` a worst - case scenario '' .", "The most severe drought on record began in the early 21st century , in which the river basin produced normal or above - average runoff in only four years between 2000 and 2012 . Major reservoirs in the basin dropped to historic lows , with Lake Powell falling to just one - third of capacity in early 2005 , the lowest level on record since 1969 , when the reservoir was still in the process of filling . The watershed is experiencing a warming trend , which is accompanied by earlier snowmelt and a general reduction in precipitation . A 2004 study showed that a 1 -- 6 percent decrease of precipitation would lead to runoff declining by as much as 18 percent by 2050 . Average reservoir storage declined by at least 32 percent , further crippling the region 's water supply and hydropower generation . A study by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 2008 predicted that both Lake Mead and Lake Powell stand an even chance of dropping to useless levels or `` dead pool '' by 2021 if current drying trends and water usage rates continue .", "In late 2010 , Lake Mead dropped to just 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above the first `` drought trigger '' elevation , a level at which Arizona and Nevada would have to begin rationing water as delineated by the Colorado River Compact . Despite above - average runoff in 2011 that raised the immense reservoir more than 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) , record drought conditions returned in 2012 and 2013 . Reservoir levels were low enough at the beginning of water year 2014 that the Bureau of Reclamation cut releases from Lake Powell by 750,000 acre feet ( 930,000,000 m ) -- the first such reduction since the 1960s , when Lake Powell was being filled for the first time . This resulted in Lake Mead dropping to its lowest recorded level since 1937 , when it was first being filled . Rapid development and economic growth further complicate the issue of a secure water supply , particularly in the case of California 's senior water rights over those of Nevada and Arizona : in case of a reduction in water supply , Nevada and Arizona would have to endure severe cuts before any reduction in the California allocation , which is also larger than the other two combined . Although stringent water conservation measures have been implemented , the threat of severe shortfalls in the Colorado River basin continues to increase each year .", "The Colorado River and its tributaries often nourish extensive corridors of riparian growth as they traverse the arid desert regions of the watershed . Although riparian zones represent a relatively small proportion of the basin and have been affected by engineering projects and river diversion in many places , they have the greatest biodiversity of any habitat in the basin . The most prominent riparian zones along the river occur along the lower Colorado below Davis Dam , especially in the Colorado River Delta , where riparian areas support 358 species of birds despite the reduction in freshwater flow and invasive plants such as tamarisk ( salt cedar ) . Reduction of the delta 's size has also threatened animals such as jaguars and the vaquita porpoise , which is endemic to the gulf . Human development of the Colorado River has also helped to create new riparian zones by smoothing the river 's seasonal flow , notably through the Grand Canyon .", "More than 1,600 species of plants grow in the Colorado River watershed , ranging from the creosote bush , saguaro cactus , and Joshua trees of the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts to the forests of the Rocky Mountains and other uplands , composed mainly of ponderosa pine , subalpine fir , Douglas - fir and Engelmann spruce . Before logging in the 19th century , forests were abundant in high elevations as far south as the Mexico -- U.S. border , and runoff from these areas nourished abundant grassland communities in river valleys . Some arid regions of the watershed , such as the upper Green River valley in Wyoming , Canyonlands National Park in Utah and the San Pedro River valley in Arizona and Sonora , supported extensive reaches of grassland roamed by large mammals such as buffalo and antelope as late as the 1860s . Near Tucson , Arizona , `` where now there is only powder - dry desert , the grass once reached as high as the head of a man on horse back '' .", "Rivers and streams in the Colorado basin were once home to 49 species of native fish , of which 42 were endemic . Engineering projects and river regulation have led to the extinction of four species and severe declines in the populations of 40 species . Bonytail chub , razorback sucker , Colorado pikeminnow , and humpback chub are among those considered the most at risk ; all are unique to the Colorado River system and well adapted to the river 's natural silty conditions and flow variations . Clear , cold water released by dams has significantly changed characteristics of habitat for these and other Colorado River basin fishes . A further 40 species that occur in the river today , notably the brown trout , were introduced during the 19th and 20th centuries , mainly for sport fishing .", "Famed for its dramatic rapids and canyons , the Colorado is one of the most desirable whitewater rivers in the United States , and its Grand Canyon section -- run by more than 22,000 people annually -- has been called the `` granddaddy of rafting trips '' . Grand Canyon trips typically begin at Lee 's Ferry and take out at Diamond Creek or Lake Mead ; they range from one to eighteen days for commercial trips and from two to twenty - five days for private trips . Private ( noncommercial ) trips are extremely difficult to arrange because the National Park Service limits river traffic for environmental purposes ; people who desire such a trip often have to wait more than 10 years for the opportunity .", "Several other sections of the river and its tributaries are popular whitewater runs , and many of these are also served by commercial outfitters . The Colorado 's Cataract Canyon and many reaches in the Colorado headwaters are even more heavily used than the Grand Canyon , and about 60,000 boaters run a single 4.5 - mile ( 7.2 km ) section above Radium , Colorado , each year . The upper Colorado also includes many of the river 's most challenging rapids , including those in Gore Canyon , which is considered so dangerous that `` boating is not recommended '' . Another section of the river above Moab , known as the Colorado `` Daily '' or `` Fisher Towers Section '' , is the most visited whitewater run in Utah , with more than 77,000 visitors in 2011 alone . The rapids of the Green River 's Gray and Desolation Canyons and the less difficult `` Goosenecks '' section of the lower San Juan River are also frequently traversed by boaters .", "Eleven U.S. national parks -- Arches , Black Canyon of the Gunnison , Bryce Canyon , Canyonlands , Capitol Reef , Grand Canyon , Mesa Verde , Petrified Forest , Rocky Mountain , Saguaro , and Zion -- are in the watershed , in addition to many national forests , state parks , and recreation areas . Hiking , backpacking , camping , skiing , and fishing are among the multiple recreation opportunities offered by these areas . Fisheries have declined in many streams in the watershed , especially in the Rocky Mountains , because of polluted runoff from mining and agricultural activities . The Colorado 's major reservoirs are also heavily traveled summer destinations . Houseboating and water - skiing are popular activities on Lakes Mead , Powell , Havasu , and Mojave , as well as Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Utah and Wyoming , and Navajo Reservoir in New Mexico and Colorado . Lake Powell and surrounding Glen Canyon National Recreation Area received more than two million visitors per year in 2007 , while nearly 7.9 million people visited Lake Mead and the Lake Mead National Recreation Area in 2008 . Colorado River recreation employs some 250,000 people and contributes $26 billion each year to the Southwest economy ." ]

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[ "Class of Nuke ' Em High Theatrical release poster Directed by Richard W. Haines Michael Herz Lloyd Kaufman ( as Samuel Weil ) Produced by Michael Herz Lloyd Kaufman James Treadwell Written by Lloyd Kaufman Richard W. Haines Mark Rudnitsky Stuart Strutin Starring Janelle Brady Gil Brenton Robert Prichard Pat Ryan Music by Ethan Hurt Cinematography Michael Mayers Edited by Richard W. Haines Distributed by Troma Entertainment Release date December 12 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 12 ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $400,000", "Class of Nuke ' Em High", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Richard W. Haines Michael Herz Lloyd Kaufman ( as Samuel Weil )", "Produced by Michael Herz Lloyd Kaufman James Treadwell", "Written by Lloyd Kaufman Richard W. Haines Mark Rudnitsky Stuart Strutin", "Starring Janelle Brady Gil Brenton Robert Prichard Pat Ryan", "Music by Ethan Hurt", "Cinematography Michael Mayers", "Edited by Richard W. Haines", "Distributed by Troma Entertainment", "Release date December 12 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 12 )", "December 12 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 12 )", "December 12 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 12 )", "Running time 83 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $400,000", "Class of Nuke ' Em High ( also known as Atomic High School ) is a 1986 American science - fiction horror comedy film made by cult classic B - movie production group Troma Entertainment . It was directed by Richard W. Haines and Lloyd Kaufman under the pseudonym `` Samuel Weil '' . New York holographer Jason Sapan created the laser effects .", "The film follows the events that unfold at Tromaville High School in New Jersey , which is conveniently located next to a nuclear power plant . An accident at the nuclear plant is covered up by plant owner Mr Paley who does not want the facility shut down by the safety commission . The accident causes a radioactive water leak which ends up gruesomely killing a student at the school after the tainted water reaches the drinking fountain . The gang of the school , called `` The Cretins , '' who were originally part of the honor society , torments the school , and it 's implied that they have been turned into violent psychopaths by the runoff from the plant . They pick leaves from a radioactive marijuana plant located in the yard of the nuclear plant and sell it to Eddie for $10 . At his `` indoor bikini beach party '' that night , Eddie pressures his friend Warren and Warren 's girlfriend Chrissy into smoking the radioactive joint , but it is accidentally ruined by the dancers before anyone else can try it . The mutated drug shows itself to have potent aphrodisiac effects , leading to Warren and Chrissy having sex in Eddie 's loft . However , that same night , both of them have disturbing nightmares about hideously mutating , though these effects are seemingly gone by morning . Some time later , Chrissy discovers that she is pregnant , and spits a little monster into a nearby toilet . The creature travels through the water pipes and lands in a barrel filled with radioactive waste , and mutates into a bigger creature . Meanwhile , Warren , tired of the Cretins ' constant harassment , ends up going on a radiation - fueled rampage , killing two of them , with no memory of the event once he comes to his senses . The Cretins , expelled from the school and cut off from their customer base , assault the principal and forces him to use the school 's Radiation Alarm to cause an evacuation , letting the Cretins bar the building and occupy it . Capturing Chrissy as bait for Warren , the leader of the gang holds her hostage in the basement and plans to kill her in front of Warren , only to be interrupted by the now adult monster .", "Warren goes into the school to save her , and he discovers the adult monster , who kills every one of the Cretins . Warren finally zaps the beast with a laser in the physics laboratory , and he and Chrissy flee from the school , right after the monster explodes along with the school , also killing Mr. Paley inside . The students celebrate victory as over the loudspeakers that the school will be shut down for remodeling . While reconstruction is taking place , one of the monster `` babies '' appears squirming through the remains of the destroyed school . The screen freeze frames on the creature as the screen inverts , shortly before fading out and the credits roll .", "Janelle Brady as Chrissy Gil Brenton as Warren Robert Prichard as Spike James Nugent Vernon as Eddie Pat Ryan Jr. as Mr. Paley Brad Dunker as Gonzo Gary Schneider as Pete Theo Cohan as Muffey Rick Howard as Spud Gary Rosenblatt as Greg Mary Taylor as Judy Lauren Heather McMahon as Taru", "Janelle Brady as Chrissy", "Gil Brenton as Warren", "Robert Prichard as Spike", "James Nugent Vernon as Eddie", "Pat Ryan Jr. as Mr. Paley", "Brad Dunker as Gonzo", "Gary Schneider as Pete", "Theo Cohan as Muffey", "Rick Howard as Spud", "Gary Rosenblatt as Greg", "Mary Taylor as Judy", "Lauren Heather McMahon as Taru", "Class of Nuke ' Em High ( The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released December 30 , 2014 Genre Soundtrack Label Ship to Shore PhonoCo .", "Class of Nuke ' Em High ( The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack )", "Soundtrack album by Various Artists", "Released December 30 , 2014", "Genre Soundtrack", "Label Ship to Shore PhonoCo .", "Ethan Hurt was credited as the composer for the film , and his contributions included the `` Nuke ' Em High '' theme as a full - band arrangement . The soundtrack to the film remained unreleased until 2014 , when Troma licensed its release on the Ship to Shore PhonoCo . label . The album was released in physical form exclusively on LP record as a limited pressing of 1,300 copies , with 700 being black , 300 of a green - colored version known as `` Atomic High '' , and another 300 of a green / blue color known as `` Dewey 's Meltdown '' . Each copy included a card with a code that allowed for download of an expanded digital release that contained commentary on each song from Troma President and Class of Nuke ' Em High co-director Lloyd Kaufman .", "All songs from the soundtrack were featured in the film except two tracks . `` We Are One '' by Ethan & the Coup who had previously written the song for the movie in 1986 , but missed the deadline for submission for the film to be included . The theme to Class of Nuke ' Em High 2 : Subhumanoid Meltdown was only heard on the film 's sequel .", "Original Motion Picture Soundtrack", "Original Motion Picture Soundtrack", "`` Troma Leader '' -- 0 : 15 `` Nuke ' Em High '' by Ethan & the Coup -- 4 : 23 `` Emotional Refugee '' by David Behennah -- 3 : 21 `` Angel '' by GMT -- 3 : 41 `` Rock ' n ' Roll Paradise '' by Stormbringer -- 7 : 09 `` Much Too Much '' by The Smithereens -- 2 : 22 `` Run for Your Life '' by Stratus -- 4 : 27 `` We Are One '' by Ethan & the Coup -- 4 : 05 `` Class of Nuke ' Em High Part 2 '' -- 3 : 20", "`` Troma Leader '' -- 0 : 15", "`` Nuke ' Em High '' by Ethan & the Coup -- 4 : 23", "`` Emotional Refugee '' by David Behennah -- 3 : 21", "`` Angel '' by GMT -- 3 : 41", "`` Rock ' n ' Roll Paradise '' by Stormbringer -- 7 : 09", "`` Much Too Much '' by The Smithereens -- 2 : 22", "`` Run for Your Life '' by Stratus -- 4 : 27", "`` We Are One '' by Ethan & the Coup -- 4 : 05", "`` Class of Nuke ' Em High Part 2 '' -- 3 : 20", "The film spawned two sequels , 1991 's Class of Nuke ' Em High 2 : Subhumanoid Meltdown and 1994 's Class of Nuke ' Em High 3 : The Good , the Bad and the Subhumanoid . A fourth movie was announced in 2000 , but it never got past the pre-production stage . The sequels were not directed by either Lloyd Kaufman or Michael Herz , but were produced by them . They were more comedic than violent and had good production values despite the low budget . The sequels marked the first appearance by Tromie the radioactive squirrel .", "A fourth installment of the series called Return to Class of Nuke ' Em High Vol. 1 and directed by Lloyd Kaufman , was released in January 2014 .", "Return to Nuke ' Em High a.k.a. Volume 2 was premiered at Cannes Film Festival on May 2017 .", "On April 7 , 2010 , Kaufman announced that he has been contacted about remaking Class of Nuke ' Em High . Kaufman has already confirmed that other ' 80s Troma classics such The Toxic Avenger , which will have a PG - 13 rating and Mother 's Day would also receive remakes by other studios . As of 2013 , the Toxic Avenger remake has yet to be produced , but a Mother 's Day remake was released by Anchor Bay Films in 2011 .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 )", "Class of Nuke ' Em High has received generally negative reviews . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 20 % based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 ." ]