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5309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software | Software | Software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data. This is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work.
At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). Machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations, for example, displaying some text on a computer screen, causing state changes that should be visible to the user. The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction or is interrupted by the operating system. , most personal computers, smartphone devices, and servers have processors with multiple execution units, or multiple processors performing computation together, so computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past.
The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages. They are easier and more efficient for programmers because they are closer to natural languages than machine languages. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler, an interpreter, or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language that has a strong correspondence to the computer's machine language instructions and is translated into machine language using an assembler.
History
An algorithm for what would have been the first piece of software was written by Ada Lovelace in the 19th century, for the planned Analytical Engine. She created proofs to show how the engine would calculate Bernoulli numbers. Because of the proofs and the algorithm, she is considered the first computer programmer.
The first theory about software, prior to the creation of computers as we know them today, was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1936 essay, On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem). This eventually led to the creation of the academic fields of computer science and software engineering; both fields study software and its creation. Computer science is the theoretical study of computer and software (Turing's essay is an example of computer science), whereas software engineering is the application of engineering principles to development of software.
In 2000, Fred Shapiro, a librarian at the Yale Law School, published a letter revealing that John Wilder Tukey's 1958 paper "The Teaching of Concrete Mathematics" contained the earliest known usage of the term "software" found in a search of JSTOR's electronic archives, predating the Oxford English Dictionary's citation by two years. This led many to credit Tukey with coining the term, particularly in obituaries published that same year, although Tukey never claimed credit for any such coinage. In 1995, Paul Niquette claimed he had originally coined the term in October 1953, although he could not find any documents supporting his claim. The earliest known publication of the term "software" in an engineering context was in August 1953 by Richard R. Carhart, in a Rand Corporation Research Memorandum.
Types
On virtually all computer platforms, software can be grouped into a few broad categories.
Purpose, or domain of use
Based on the goal, computer software can be divided into:
Application software uses the computer system to perform special functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself. There are many different types of application software because the range of tasks that can be performed with a modern computer is so large—see list of software.
System software manages hardware behaviour, as to provide basic functionalities that are required by users, or for other software to run properly, if at all. System software is also designed for providing a platform for running application software, and it includes the following:
Operating systems are essential collections of software that manage resources and provide common services for other software that runs "on top" of them. Supervisory programs, boot loaders, shells and window systems are core parts of operating systems. In practice, an operating system comes bundled with additional software (including application software) so that a user can potentially do some work with a computer that only has one operating system.
Device drivers operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. Each device needs at least one corresponding device driver; because a computer typically has at minimum at least one input device and at least one output device, a computer typically needs more than one device driver.
Utilities are computer programs designed to assist users in the maintenance and care of their computers.
Malicious software, or malware, is software that is developed to harm or disrupt computers. Malware is closely associated with computer-related crimes, though some malicious programs may have been designed as practical jokes.
Nature or domain of execution
Desktop applications such as web browsers and Microsoft Office and LibreOffice and WordPerfect, as well as smartphone and tablet applications (called "apps").
JavaScript scripts are pieces of software traditionally embedded in web pages that are run directly inside the web browser when a web page is loaded without the need for a web browser plugin. Software written in other programming languages can also be run within the web browser if the software is either translated into JavaScript, or if a web browser plugin that supports that language is installed; the most common example of the latter is ActionScript scripts, which are supported by the Adobe Flash plugin.
Server software, including:
Web applications, which usually run on the web server and output dynamically generated web pages to web browsers, using e.g. PHP, Java, ASP.NET, or even JavaScript that runs on the server. In modern times these commonly include some JavaScript to be run in the web browser as well, in which case they typically run partly on the server, partly in the web browser.
Plugins and extensions are software that extends or modifies the functionality of another piece of software, and require that software be used in order to function.
Embedded software resides as firmware within embedded systems, devices dedicated to a single use or a few uses such as cars and televisions (although some embedded devices such as wireless chipsets can themselves be part of an ordinary, non-embedded computer system such as a PC or smartphone). In the embedded system context there is sometimes no clear distinction between the system software and the application software. However, some embedded systems run embedded operating systems, and these systems do retain the distinction between system software and application software (although typically there will only be one, fixed application which is always run).
Microcode is a special, relatively obscure type of embedded software which tells the processor itself how to execute machine code, so it is actually a lower level than machine code. It is typically proprietary to the processor manufacturer, and any necessary correctional microcode software updates are supplied by them to users (which is much cheaper than shipping replacement processor hardware). Thus an ordinary programmer would not expect to ever have to deal with it.
Programming tools
Programming tools are also software in the form of programs or applications that developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support software.
Software is written in one or more programming languages; there are many programming languages in existence, and each has at least one implementation, each of which consists of its own set of programming tools. These tools may be relatively self-contained programs such as compilers, debuggers, interpreters, linkers, and text editors, that can be combined to accomplish a task; or they may form an integrated development environment (IDE), which combines much or all of the functionality of such self-contained tools. IDEs may do this by either invoking the relevant individual tools or by re-implementing their functionality in a new way. An IDE can make it easier to do specific tasks, such as searching in files in a particular project. Many programming language implementations provide the option of using both individual tools or an IDE.
Topics
Architecture
People who use modern general purpose computers (as opposed to embedded systems, analog computers and supercomputers) usually see three layers of software performing a variety of tasks: platform, application, and user software.
Platform software: The platform includes the firmware, device drivers, an operating system, and typically a graphical user interface which, in total, allow a user to interact with the computer and its peripherals (associated equipment). Platform software often comes bundled with the computer. On a PC one will usually have the ability to change the platform software.
Application software: Application software is what most people think of when they think of software. Typical examples include office suites and video games. Application software is often purchased separately from computer hardware. Sometimes applications are bundled with the computer, but that does not change the fact that they run as independent applications. Applications are usually independent programs from the operating system, though they are often tailored for specific platforms. Most users think of compilers, databases, and other "system software" as applications.
User-written software: End-user development tailors systems to meet users' specific needs. User software includes spreadsheet templates and word processor templates. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. Depending on how competently the user-written software has been integrated into default application packages, many users may not be aware of the distinction between the original packages, and what has been added by co-workers.
Execution
Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as the hard drive or memory). Once the software has loaded, the computer is able to execute the software. This involves passing instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction as machine code. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation—moving data, carrying out a computation, or altering the control flow of instructions.
Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another. Sometimes it involves moving data between memory and registers which enable high-speed data access in the CPU. Moving data, especially large amounts of it, can be costly; this is sometimes avoided by using "pointers" to data instead. Computations include simple operations such as incrementing the value of a variable data element. More complex computations may involve many operations and data elements together.
Quality and reliability
Software quality is very important, especially for commercial and system software. If software is faulty, it can delete a person's work, crash the computer and do other unexpected things. Faults and errors are called "bugs" which are often discovered during alpha and beta testing. Software is often also a victim to what is known as software aging, the progressive performance degradation resulting from a combination of unseen bugs.
Many bugs are discovered and fixed through software testing. However, software testing rarely—if ever—eliminates every bug; some programmers say that "every program has at least one more bug" (Lubarsky's Law). In the waterfall method of software development, separate testing teams are typically employed, but in newer approaches, collectively termed agile software development, developers often do all their own testing, and demonstrate the software to users/clients regularly to obtain feedback. Software can be tested through unit testing, regression testing and other methods, which are done manually, or most commonly, automatically, since the amount of code to be tested can be large. Programs containing command software enable hardware engineering and system operations to function much easier together.
License
The software's license gives the user the right to use the software in the licensed environment, and in the case of free software licenses, also grants other rights such as the right to make copies.
Proprietary software can be divided into two types:
freeware, which includes the category of "free trial" software or "freemium" software (in the past, the term shareware was often used for free trial/freemium software). As the name suggests, freeware can be used for free, although in the case of free trials or freemium software, this is sometimes only true for a limited period of time or with limited functionality.
software available for a fee, which can only be legally used on purchase of a license.
Open-source software comes with a free software license, granting the recipient the rights to modify and redistribute the software.
Patents
Software patents, like other types of patents, are theoretically supposed to give an inventor an exclusive, time-limited license for a detailed idea (e.g. an algorithm) on how to implement a piece of software, or a component of a piece of software. Ideas for useful things that software could do, and user requirements, are not supposed to be patentable, and concrete implementations (i.e. the actual software packages implementing the patent) are not supposed to be patentable either—the latter are already covered by copyright, generally automatically. So software patents are supposed to cover the middle area, between requirements and concrete implementation. In some countries, a requirement for the claimed invention to have an effect on the physical world may also be part of the requirements for a software patent to be held valid—although since all useful software has effects on the physical world, this requirement may be open to debate. Meanwhile, American copyright law was applied to various aspects of the writing of the software code.
Software patents are controversial in the software industry with many people holding different views about them. One of the sources of controversy is that the aforementioned split between initial ideas and patent does not seem to be honored in practice by patent lawyers—for example the patent for aspect-oriented programming (AOP), which purported to claim rights over any programming tool implementing the idea of AOP, howsoever implemented. Another source of controversy is the effect on innovation, with many distinguished experts and companies arguing that software is such a fast-moving field that software patents merely create vast additional litigation costs and risks, and actually retard innovation. In the case of debates about software patents outside the United States, the argument has been made that large American corporations and patent lawyers are likely to be the primary beneficiaries of allowing or continue to allow software patents.
Design and implementation
Design and implementation of software vary depending on the complexity of the software. For instance, the design and creation of Microsoft Word took much more time than designing and developing Microsoft Notepad because the former has much more basic functionality.
Software is usually developed in integrated development environments (IDE) like Eclipse, IntelliJ and Microsoft Visual Studio that can simplify the process and compile the software. As noted in a different section, software is usually created on top of existing software and the application programming interface (API) that the underlying software provides like GTK+, JavaBeans or Swing. Libraries (APIs) can be categorized by their purpose. For instance, the Spring Framework is used for implementing enterprise applications, the Windows Forms library is used for designing graphical user interface (GUI) applications like Microsoft Word, and Windows Communication Foundation is used for designing web services. When a program is designed, it relies upon the API. For instance, a Microsoft Windows desktop application might call API functions in the .NET Windows Forms library like Form1.Close() and Form1.Show() to close or open the application. Without these APIs, the programmer needs to write these functionalities entirely themselves. Companies like Oracle and Microsoft provide their own APIs so that many applications are written using their software libraries that usually have numerous APIs in them.
Data structures such as hash tables, arrays, and binary trees, and algorithms such as quicksort, can be useful for creating software.
Computer software has special economic characteristics that make its design, creation, and distribution different from most other economic goods.
A person who creates software is called a programmer, software engineer or software developer, terms that all have a similar meaning. More informal terms for programmer also exist such as "coder" and "hacker"although use of the latter word may cause confusion, because it is more often used to mean someone who illegally breaks into computer systems.
See also
Computer program
Independent software vendor
Open-source software
Outline of software
Software asset management
Software release life cycle
References
Sources
External links
Software at Encyclopædia Britannica |
4150444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salleh%20Abas | Salleh Abas | Mohamed Salleh bin Abas (Jawi: محمد صالح بن عباس; 25 August 1929 – 16 January 2021) was a Malaysian judge and politician. He was a Lord President of the Federal (then Supreme) Court of Malaysia. He was dismissed from his post during the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis. This action was condemned internationally and widely considered to be the event that triggered a marked reduction in the independence of the Malaysian judiciary.
Early life
Salleh was born in Kampung Raja, Besut, Terengganu. He left in 1949 for the United Kingdom, where he graduated with a degree in law from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. In 1957 when he returned, he joined the legal service. He then served in Kota Baru, Kelantan as a magistrate. Soon after independence that same year, he was transferred to the national capital of Kuala Lumpur, where he served as Deputy Public Prosecutor. He then returned to Britain to obtain a master's degree in international law and constitution at the University of London. He returned in 1962, upon which he was appointed state legal adviser and Deputy Public Prosecutor for both Negeri Sembilan and Melaka. He returned to Kuala Lumpur a year later, and served in a variety of posts under the Attorney-General, culminating in an appointment as Solicitor-General.
At the age of 50, he wanted to retire but was persuaded otherwise by then Lord President of the Federal Court, Tun Suffian Hashim. Salleh was appointed a Federal Court judge instead. Although the work bored him, he continued. When Suffian retired in 1982 and was replaced by Raja Azlan Shah, Salleh became Chief Justice of Malaya. However, within two years, the Sultan of Perak died. Raja Azlan was forced to resign to ascend the throne, and Salleh became Lord President in 1984.
During Salleh's tenure, the Federal Court became officially the highest court in the land. Previously, its decisions could have been appealed to the British Privy Council, but due to concern over this colonial legacy, the link was officially cut. Salleh later expressed regret over this, as he believed he might not have been fired had the link to the Privy Council been maintained. In 1985, the Federal Court was renamed the Supreme Court.
Constitutional crisis
United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was the major component party and leader of the governing Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, and its President presumably will became Prime Minister of Malaysia. In the 1987 UMNO leadership election, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah had challenged the incumbent UMNO President and Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and was widely touted to win the Presidency. However, Mahathir won 761 votes to Razaleigh's 718 and remained President. Many of Razaleigh's supporters refused to accept this and argued that the election was tainted. 12 UMNO members filed suit in the High Court, attempting to get a court order for new elections. As part of their evidence, they presented claims that 78 of the 1,479 delegates eligible to vote in the elections were illegal and that several documents involved in the election had been tampered with. Later, one of the 12 plaintiffs withdrew from the suit. Although Razaleigh was not involved in the case, it was widely believed he had been funding and supporting the suit.
On 30 September 1987, the High Court gave the parties two weeks to reach a negotiated settlement. A "Unity Panel" was formed to negotiate between the Mahathir and Razaleigh camps, but it soon appeared the differences were interminable. Razaleigh's supporters wanted new elections held, while Mahathir's supporters insisted that the elections stand and that Razaleigh's camp accept a compromise "face-saving" solution. On 19 October, the plaintiffs announced the continuation of the suit.
Mahathir, who had never been fond of the judiciary, began making heated statements about it at this time. Mahathir declared, "The judiciary says, 'Although you passed a law with a certain thing in mind, we think that your mind is wrong, and we want to give our interpretation.' If we disagree, the courts will say, 'We will interpret your disagreement.' ... We know exactly what we want to do, but once we do it, it is interpreted in a different way." Mahathir also lambasted "black sheep ... who want to be ... fiercely independent" and play to public opinion. Soon after, nine judges sitting on the High Court were reassigned to different divisions; Justice Harun Hashim, who presided over the UMNO case, was transferred from appellate and special powers cases to commercial crimes. However, because the UMNO case was already in progress, his transfer did not take effect until the case closed. Harun later ruled that under the evidence presented, it was clear several UMNO delegates had come from unregistered branches of the party. In line with the law, he declared he was forced to declare UMNO an illegal society, and thereby dismissed the case of the plaintiffs. Mahathir soon formed a new party, UMNO Baru (New UMNO), to replace UMNO. Within a year, the suffix "Baru" was dropped, making it just plain "UMNO".
Mahathir was upset with the judiciary's increasing independence, and in 1988, the government tabled a bill in Parliament to amend Articles 121 and 145 of the Constitution. These amendments divested the courts of the "judicial power of the Federation", giving them only such power as Parliament might grant them. The Attorney-General was also empowered to determine the venues in which cases would be heard.
At this point, Salleh who was then Lord President of the Supreme Court, began making strong statements about defending the autonomy of the judiciary. However, he did not name Mahathir and spoke in rather general terms. However, Salleh was pressured by his fellow judges into taking stronger action. He convened a meeting of all 20 federal judges in the national capital of Kuala Lumpur. They decided not to directly challenge Mahathir, and instead address a confidential letter to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) and the rulers of the various states. The letter stated, "All of us are disappointed with the various comments and accusations made by the Honourable Prime Minister against the Judiciary, not only outside but within the Parliament." However, instead of calling for any direct action to be taken, the letter only stated the judges' "hope that all those unfounded accusations will be stopped". The King, Sultan Mahmud Iskandar of Johor, back in 1973 when he was still the heir apparent to the Johor throne had been prosecuted for criminal charges by Salleh as the Public Prosecutor. Tunku Mahmud then was convicted and sentenced to six months in jail eventually. It is not known what the King did upon receipt of the letter, but it appears he informed Mahathir, and that they agreed to take disciplinary action against Salleh Abas.
Salleh, who had gone overseas soon after the letter was sent, was summoned by Mahathir upon his return. Salleh later claimed that at the meeting, Mahathir accused him of bias in the UMNO case, and demanded his resignation. Salleh was also immediately suspended from his post as Lord President. Although Salleh initially agreed, when he was later informed that his suspension was to be backdated so as to nullify some of his earlier actions in then-pending cases such as the UMNO case, he withdrew his resignation. The government then initiated impeachment proceedings against Salleh. Salleh later claimed that the government attempted to bribe him to resign.
Salleh was represented by Anthony Lester, QC, who objected to the tribunal's composition. It was argued Abdul Hamid had a vested interest in the case's outcome since if Salleh was impeached, he would remain Lord President. It was also claimed that the tribunal was improperly constituted because two of the judges were relatively junior and that the two foreign judges were from countries not noted for judicial independence. Salleh demanded to be tried by peers of equal standing – retired Lord presidents if need be. He also demanded that the tribunal make its hearings public. All of these claims were rejected by the tribunal, and Salleh withdrew from the proceedings.
Instead, Salleh asked the Supreme Court to stay the proceedings because of the tribunal's alleged improper constitution and because the King had been "wrongfully advised". The Supreme Court, in an emergency session, unanimously ruled that the proceedings stay. Four days later, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong suspended the five Supreme Court judges who had issued the order, on Mahathir's advice. The government announced that it would attempt to impeach those five judges as well for "gross misbehaviour" and conspiring "to make the order". This reduced the number of judges on the Supreme Court to four, with two of them also sitting on the tribunal. The government-appointed new judges to fill the void, who refused to hear any further motions by Salleh Abas. The tribunal eventually found Salleh guilty, and he was officially relieved of his position. Of the five judges who had supported him, two were convicted, and the other three were acquitted.
Post-conviction and politics involvement
Soon after his dismissal in 1988, Salleh was conferred the "Darjah Pahlawan Yang Amat Gagah Perkasa (P.Y.G.P.)", by the Sultan of Kelantan.
Salleh contested the 1995 general election for the Lembah Pantai parliamentary constituency (an area in Kuala Lumpur which includes the neighbourhood of Bangsar) under the Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46) ticket, and failed to be elected.
In the 1999 general election, Salleh was elected as Terengganu State Assemblyman for the constituency of Jertih on the ticket of Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) which managed to form the new state government and had Salleh appointed as a Terengganu State Executive Councillor (EXCO). However he did not run again in the 2004 general election due to poor health.
Later developments
Mahathir Mohamad stepped down from the premiership in 2003 and chose Abdullah Ahmad Badawi to be his successor. In 2006, the relationship between the two became less than warm as Mahathir started to criticise the latter's policies. It was during this time when the first serious calls were made for a judicial review of the 1988 crisis. Among the loudest advocates of the review was Tun Salleh Abas himself. The administration however dismissed the calls. A minister in the Prime Minister's Department Nazri Aziz, who was then de facto Law Minister, said that he was not convinced of the need to review the case.
After the 2008 general election which saw heavy losses for BN, Abdullah reshuffled his Cabinet. Within days of his appointment, new de facto Law Minister Zaid Ibrahim stated that the government had to openly apologise for its handling of the crisis, calling it one of his three main goals: "In the eyes of the world, the judicial crisis has weakened our judiciary system." However, he rejected the idea of reviewing the decision: "I am not suggesting that we re-open the case. I am saying that it’s clear to everyone, to the world, that serious transgressions had been committed by the previous administration. And I believe that the prime minister is big enough and man enough to say that we had done wrong to these people and we are sorry."
The Bar Council welcomed the proposal. Newly appointed Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Minister Shahrir Abdul Samad also voiced support: "The Government has apologised for so many other things to the people, such as the untimely destruction of temples and other issues. So, why not an apology to a former Lord President?"
Death
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia, on 14 January 2021, Salleh had tested positive for COVID-19 and was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital in Kuala Terengganu.
Salleh died from COVID-19-complicated pneumonia at 3.20 a.m. three days later, at the age of 91. He was laid to rest beside the grave of his first wife Toh Puan Azimah Mohd Ali at the Sheikh Ibrahim Muslim Cemetery in Jalan Pusara, Kuala Terengganu.
Election results
Honours
Honours of Malaysia
:
Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1966)
Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1971)
Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) – Tan Sri (1983)
Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) – Tun (1985)
:
Recipient of the Order of the Most Distinguished and Most Valiant Warrior (PYGP) (1988)
:
Companion of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (SMT) (1963)
Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (DPMT) – Dato' (1968)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (SPMT) – Dato' (1983)
See also
List of deaths due to COVID-19 - notable individual deaths
Notes and references
Further reading
Barbarism to Verdict: A History of the Common Law (Harper Collins, 1994) by Justin Fleming
External links
. A book by Tun Salleh Abas.
1929 births
2021 deaths
People from Terengganu
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
20th-century Malaysian judges
Chief justices of Malaysia
Members of the Middle Temple
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Alumni of the University of London
Parti Melayu Semangat 46 politicians
Malaysian Islamic Party politicians
Members of the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
Terengganu state executive councillors
Grand Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu |
4176089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial%20Reporting%20Council | Financial Reporting Council | The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is an independent regulator in the UK and Ireland based in London Wall in the City of London, responsible for regulating auditors, accountants and actuaries, and setting the UK's Corporate Governance and Stewardship Codes. The FRC seeks to promote transparency and integrity in business by aiming its work at investors and others who rely on company reports, audits and high-quality risk management.
In December 2018, an independent review of the FRC, led by Sir John Kingman, recommended its replacement by a new Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority, a recommendation followed by the government in March 2019.
Ireland adopted the FRC's auditing framework in 2017.
Structure
The FRC is a company limited by guarantee, and is funded by the audit profession, who are required to contribute under the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 and by other groups subject to, or benefitting from FRC regulation. Its board of directors is appointed by the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. It and its subsidiaries play crucial roles in the oversight and development of corporate governance standards in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, such as the UK Corporate Governance Code and standards for the accounting industry.
The FRC board is supported by three governance committees, two business committees, and three advisory councils.
Governance committees
Audit Committee
Nominations Committee
Remuneration Committee
Business committees
Codes & Standards Committee - advises the FRC board on corporate governance matters, including changes to the UK Corporate Governance Code and the Stewardship Code. It also advises the FRC Board on the Annual Plan and Budget and FRC strategy.
Conduct Committee - responsible for overseeing the FRC's work in promoting high quality corporate reporting. Its responsibilities include overseeing: the monitoring of recognised Supervisory and Recognised Qualifying Bodies; audit quality reviews; Corporate reporting reviews; Professional discipline; and the regulation of accountants and actuaries. The Conduct Committee is supported by three further Committees, members of whom, including the Chairs, sit on the Conduct Committee:
the Case Management Committee, whose functions include monitoring and providing oversight in respect of enforcement investigations and tribunal proceedings;
the Audit Quality Review Committee; and
the Corporate Reporting Review Committee, which ensures the consistency and quality of the FRC's monitoring work.
Advisory councils
Corporate Reporting - advises the FRC Executive on the development and maintenance of high quality, effective and proportionate Standards, Guidance, SORPS and Practice Notes for accounting and narrative reporting work. Accounting standards apply to all companies, and other entities that prepare accounts that are intended to provide a true and fair view.
Audit & Assurance - as above, but for audit and assurance work.
Actuarial - as above, but for technical actuarial work.
Former structure
The FRC used to incorporate six operating bodies:
Accounting Standards Board
The role of the Accounting Standards Board (ASB) was to issue accounting standards in the United Kingdom and was recognised for that purpose under the Companies Act 1985. It took over the task of setting accounting standards from the Accounting Standards Committee (ASC) in 1990. However, ASB was overtaken by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) on 2 July 2012. Thus, FRC is now the authority that may issue accounting standards in the UK.
Financial Reporting Review Panel
The Financial Reporting Review Panel (FRRP) was established in 1990 as a subsidiary of the United Kingdom's Financial Reporting Council. The FRRP sought to ensure that the provision of financial information by public and large private companies complied with relevant accounting requirements such as the Companies Act 1985.
Accountancy & Actuarial Discipline Board
The Accountancy & Actuarial Discipline Board (AADB) was the independent, investigative and disciplinary body for accountants and actuaries in the United Kingdom. The AADB was formerly known as the Accountancy Investigation & Discipline Board (AIDB) and changed its name to the AADB on 16 August 2007. The AADB Scheme established the framework and set in place the legal formalities of participation between the AADB and the Participating Accountancy Bodies i.e. the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), and the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA), The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ireland, and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland.
the AADB had a substantial workload including investigations into the conduct of professional firms, such as EY, that had advised Lehman Brothers, JPMorgan, Connaught, Aero Inventory, and BAE Systems.
Professional Oversight Board
The Professional Oversight Board (POB) was a regulatory body specialising in the accounting, auditing, and actuarial professions in the United Kingdom. It was a part of the Financial Reporting Council (FRC), the independent regulator of corporate governance and reporting in the UK.
The Board's stated purpose was to support the FRC's goal of investor and public confidence in the financial governance of business organisations. The Board provides assurance that professional accountancy bodies are properly setting standards and enforcing discipline for their members, in accordance with the Companies Act 2006 and other statutory requirements. The POB carried out inspections on behalf of the FRC, but if any shortcomings were found, sanctions could only be imposed by the professional bodies. The POB did not have the power either to overturn any decision which the body has made in a case or to direct how the body should handle a case.
The Board also operated an Audit Inspection Unit (AIU) that oversees auditing organisations and makes recommendations for appropriate regulatory actions by governmental and professional authorities. As part of its oversight of the actuarial profession, the Board monitored the activities of actuarial organisations with regard to the education, discipline, ethical standards and continuing professional development of their members. The Board also sought to provide a framework for the evaluation of the quality and effectiveness of actuarial work.
Before 5 May 2006, the Board was known as the Professional Oversight Board for Accountancy. The name change reflected the Board's additional responsibility for oversight of the actuarial profession from that date.
In 2011, the Board published information for the first time about shortcomings in self-regulation by particular institutes. Press reports highlighted comments about ACCA, which had implemented recommendations to improve its examination syllabus, but needed to pay greater attention to continuing monitoring of members who had registered as auditors some years ago.
The board contains member from a wide range of background. As of 2011 Paul George is its director, and John kellas is interim chair following the death of Dame Barbara Mills.
Auditing Practices Board
The Auditing Practices Board Limited (APB) was originally established in 1991 as a committee of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies, to take responsibility within both Ireland and the United Kingdom for setting standards of auditing, with the objective of enhancing public confidence in the audit process and the quality and relevance of audit services in the public interest.
In April 2002 APB was re-established under the auspices of The Accountancy Foundation and, following a UK government review, it was transferred to the FRC. Its objective remained the same, but its remit was extended to include responsibility for setting standards for auditors' integrity, objectivity and independence.
An APB electronic newsletter was published periodically to "assist interested parties [to] better understand APB activities".
Board for Actuarial Standards
Following the Morris Review of the Actuarial Profession, published in March 2005, HM Treasury asked the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) to take on responsibility for oversight of the regulation of actuaries by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA) and the independent setting of technical actuarial standards. This latter task was the remit of the Board for Actuarial Standards until 2 July 2012 when responsibility was assumed by the FRC.
Senior personnel
Sir Winfried Bischoff was the Chairman of the FRC, between 2014 and 2019. Other board members included Gay Huey Evans, Melanie McLaren and Paul George. The FRC's chief executive from November 2009 until announcing he was stepping down in late 2018, was Stephen Haddrill.
In 2019, Simon Dingemans and Sir Jon Thompson took over as chair and CEO respectively. Private Eye reported that during the appointment process, Simon Dingemans did not declare an interest in a company which was late filing accounts. In May 2020, Dingemans resigned, citing conflicts between the part-time role and other positions he was interested in taking. In December 2021, Jan du Plessis was nominated by the UK Government to lead the FRC through its transformation into the Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority. In February 2022, du Plessis was confirmed as the FRC's new chair.
Controversies
Carillion
Following the January 2018 collapse of construction and services business Carillion, it was reported that Carillion's auditor KPMG would have its role examined by the FRC. Two months later, the FRC's conduct committee announced an investigation into the conduct of former Carillion finance directors Richard Adam and Zafar Khan.
The operations of the FRC itself were also to be scrutinised by an independent inquiry ordered by Business Secretary Greg Clark.
An "excoriating" report by the Business and the Work and Pensions Select Committees into the collapse of Carillion, published on 16 May 2018, was critical of the FRC, describing it as feeble and timid, and of failing to follow up concerns in Carillion's 2015 accounts. Along with The Pensions Regulator, it was branded as "chronically passive". Welcoming the Government's review of the FRC's powers and effectiveness, the report said changes to be a more aggressive and proactive regulator "will require a significant shift in culture at the FRC itself". Still under pressure to improve, in October 2018, the FRC proposed reforms, including banning from earning consultancy fees at businesses they audit, to tackle the "underlying falling trust in business and the effectiveness of audit," and severely rebuked KPMG. In July 2020, the FRC told the Big Four that they must submit plans by October 2020 to separate their audit and consultancy operations by 2024.
Meanwhile, in November 2018, it was announced that Stephen Haddrill, CEO of the FRC, was to quit, amid suggestions that his departure might lead to the body's abolition.
FRC replacement
In March 2019, the government announced that the FRC would be replaced by a new regulator, the Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority (ARGA), with enhanced powers, in an effort to "change the culture" of the accounting sector. Plans for the new regulator were included in the September 2019 Queen's Speech and, despite concerns that the launch of ARGA might be delayed, the Department for Business, Enterprise and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) told Accountancy Daily in February 2020 that "next steps on audit reform" would be taken in the first quarter of 2020. However, further details were slow to emerge; in November 2020 City A.M. reported that reform proposals relating to the audit sector were expected in early 2021 with full implementation expected in 2023.
A UK Government policy paper, Restoring trust in audit and corporate governance, was published on 19 March 2021, consulting on its proposed steps to establish the ARGA and give it the formal duties, functions and powers it needs to be fully effective. In September 2021, the FRC's head of regulatory standards, Mark Babington said the ARGA would "commence in April 2023".
See also
UK company law
UK Corporate Governance Code
Stewardship Code
References
External links
Official site
FRC structure
Accounting in the United Kingdom
Accounting organizations
Government oversight and watchdog organizations
Corporate governance in the United Kingdom
Financial reporting
1990 establishments in the United Kingdom
Government agencies established in 1990
Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government
Financial regulatory authorities of the United Kingdom
Accounting in Ireland
Department for Business and Trade |
4264290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caythorpe%2C%20Lincolnshire | Caythorpe, Lincolnshire | Caythorpe is a large village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population at 2011 census was 1,374. It is situated on the A607, approximately south from Leadenham and north from Grantham. Caythorpe Heath stretches east of the village to Ermine Street and Byards Leap.
Arnhem Heritage:
Caythorpe is known for the soldiers based in the village during the Second World War. The 1st Airborne Signals Regiment took part in Operation Market Garden and fought for the bridges of Arnhem against the Nazis. Survivors of the Battle of Arnhem return to the village every late summer with the 216 Signals Regiment for Arnhem Weekend. There is a church service held in Saint Vincents Church, a Gala, parade through the village of the veterans and soldiers and other events in the village. The Paratroopers HQ was Holy Cross House to the south of the village which no longer stands (which was known to be haunted by ‘the grey lady’), now there is a small housing estate. There is a stained glass window memorial in Saint Vincents Church.
Anglo-Saxon and Norman History:
Before the Norman Conquest, Aelric (son of Mergeat) was the lord of the parish. After the Conquest of England by William the Conqueror the lord (as recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book) was Robert de Vessey. He was most likely rewarded with land by King William I after the invasion as he didn't own land prior. The Domesday Book noted that Caythorpe was in the hundred of Lovden and had a population of 172 (top 20% of settlements recorded).
Village
Caythorpe Grade I listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Vincent. The church has a wide double nave divided by Geometric (early Decorated) piers. The central tower supports a crocketed spire rising to 156 feet. Within the church are monuments to the Hussey family, dated 1698 and 1725, and over the tower arch are remains of paintings of the Last Judgment, The churchyard cross, restored in 1906, is a scheduled ancient monument.
Grade II* listed Caythorpe Court lies on the northern edge of the village; it was built between 1824 and 1827 in the classical style. The park wall is all that remains of the earlier house, the seat of the Hussey family.
The Red Lion and the Waggon and Horses are the two village public houses.
There was once served by a railway station on the Grantham and Lincoln railway line.
Mensa International has had its registered office in the village since 2008.
Agricultural college
Caythorpe Court, to the east of the village, was built as a hunting lodge, used in the Second World War as an auxiliary hospital and from 1946 it was Kesteven Agricultural College – the only college of its type in south-west Lincolnshire, recognised nationally for its excellence in agricultural engineering. In 1980 it became part of Lincolnshire College of Agriculture and Horticulture, and in 1994 was taken over by De Montfort University. When Riseholme Agricultural College, also part of De Montfort, was adopted by the new University of Lincoln in 2001, Caythorpe was subsumed into Lincoln as the Lincolnshire School of Agriculture. The school closed in September 2002, after which the building became a PGL activity centre.
Notable people
Edmund Weaver, 18th-century astronomer and land agent, lived at Frieston. He was buried at St Vincent's Church, where his memorial is placed in the south chancel. George Hussey Packe (1796–1874), MP for the Southern Division of the County of Lincolnshire and Chairman of the Great Northern Railway, built and lived at Caythorpe Hall and provided the village school and patronage for St Vincent's Church.
Gallery
References
External links
Caythorpe and Frieston Parish Council, Lincolnshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 July 2011
"Village fights asylum plan", BBC News, 13 January 2003. Retrieved 13 July 2011
Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
South Kesteven District |
4301096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beets%2C%20Netherlands | Beets, Netherlands | Beets () is a village in the northwest Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam, North Holland, and lies about 9 km southwest of Hoorn.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1435 as "van der Beetze", and means "low lying (often flooded in the winter) land". Beets developed in the late 13th century on the southern part of the Beetskoog polder.
The Dutch Reformed church is a single aisled cruciform church from the 15th century. It was restored in 1873 and 1961.
Beets was home to 412 people in 1840. Until 1970, Beets was a separate municipality. In 2016, it became part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of North Holland
Populated places in North Holland
Geography of Edam-Volendam |
4319337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigmore%2C%20Herefordshire | Wigmore, Herefordshire | Wigmore is a village and civil parish in the northwest part of the county of Herefordshire, England. It is located on the A4110 road, about west of the town of Ludlow, in the Welsh Marches. In earlier times, it was also an administrative district, called a hundred.
Name
The placename is attested as Wigemore (1086), Wiggemora (1165), from an Old English *wicga-mōr, the element wicga ("insect") likely denoting the yielding quality of the moorland, thus "quaking marsh" or similar.
Wigmore has usually been identified as the Wigingamere of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (s.a. 917, 921) in 19th century scholarship, but Wigingamere is now known to have been in Newport, Essex.
The misidentification goes back to Edward Lye, who recorded a Wicinga-mere (introducing an association with Vikings) as a villa in agro Herefordiensi.
History
Early history
An early settlement on a hill close by the location of the present village seems to have been called Merestone or Merestun (from the Old English Mersc, meaning mere or marsh and Tūn, meaning enclosure, farmstead, village, manor or estate - thus literally "village by the marsh"). The name of the marsh itself seems to have been applied to the later village.
Although Roman remains have been found in the area (near Bury Farm, to the east) on the western branch of Watling Street (which crosses Wigmore Moor). Wigmore Church is an Anglo-Saxon foundation, with substantial surviving wall portions dating to the 10th century.
The Mortimer period
At the time of the reign of Edward the Confessor, the barony of Wigmore belonged to Edric Sylvaticus, the English Earl of Shrewsbury. However, he refused to submit after the Norman conquest and was defeated in battle and taken prisoner. His possessions were subsequently granted to the Norman William FitzOsbern, the Earl of Hereford under William I from 1068 to 1072, as a reward for his services.
FitzOsbern built Wigmore Castle, as it became known. Although it was probably initially only built of earth and timber, it was to become one of the main English border castles along the Welsh Marches during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
However, FitzOsbern's son Roger de Breteuil took part in the Revolt of the Earls; after the Earl's subsequent defeat William I seized the castle and gave it to another of his supporters, Ranulph de Mortimer. From this time on Wigmore became the head of the barony of the Mortimers, Earls of March.
Wigmore is one of very few Herefordshire boroughs recorded in the Domesday Book. Although Hereford was the only borough in the county in 1066, boroughs were attached to the castles of Clifford (also built by FitzOsbern) and Wigmore by 1086.
Wigmore, at the time situated in the Hazeltree hundred, is mentioned three times in the Domesday Book. The first entry is under the lands held by Ranulph Mortimer and records that he holds Wigmore Castle, which Earl William built on wasteland that was called Merestun, which Gunfrid held before 1066. It also records that there were two hides that paid tax, two ploughs in lordship and four slaves. The borough of Wigmore is recorded to have paid £ 7 - "bergu qd ibi est redd vii lib". Secondly, in the section recording the lands of the king, Merestone is recorded as being a part of the manor of Kingsland which Ranulph Mortimer held for the king. A third section mentions that Ranulph Mortimer holds Wigmore, which Alfward held, and that there is half a hide, which Wigmore Castle is situated upon. If a rental of 12 d per burgage (as was customary with other rental properties at the time), the money paid by the borough may represent about 140 burgages.
Although it is not considered to have been a failed borough, as it was a fairly prosperous small market town during the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, Wigmore does not seem to have flourished as much as others in the region, such as Bromyard.
There are two 14th-century extents (assessments or valuations of land for taxation purposes) preserved in the Public Record Office which include the settlement. In the one of 1304 it was recorded that there were 102 tenants who held 140 and a quarter burgages. It was also recorded that there was a weekly market and a fair, which was held on the feast of St Andrew.
The importance of Wigmore as a market town was at least partly due to the influence of the Mortimer family and their castle, which probably attracted much local and regional business to the town. However, Wigmore's prosperity probably waned somewhat in the mid-14th century when the Mortimer family moved its administrative centre to Ludlow Castle, which they had inherited through marriage in 1314.
However, Wigmore Castle still remained the family's official seat for the next 250 years, until the demise of their house; when the male line of the Mortimers died out in 1424, the castle passed to the crown. It was maintained throughout the sixteenth century, partly as a prison, although the castle was already in decay. The town of Wigmore shared the fate of the castle and it declined to village status by the 16th century. The castle was finally dismantled in 1643 to prevent it being garrisoned during the English Civil War.
Modern history
Wigmore was one of the first areas in England to have an Enclosure Act. Dating from 1772, this act affected the moor and woods nearby. The dividing earth banks still survive.
In 1870–1872 it was recorded in the Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales that Wigmore village was a seat of petty-sessions and that it had a post office, a police station, two Methodist chapels and a national school. Fairs were held on 6 May and 5 August. The parish included part of Limebrook and was in the Ludlow district. The size of the village was , it had a population of 499 and 104 houses. Regarding the Wigmore hundred, it was recorded that it contained 14 parishes and 5 parts. It had a size of , a population of 6,309 and contained 1,234 houses.
The Gazetteer of the British Isles of 1887 showed that the village of Wigmore had not changed much in fifteen years – the number of inhabitants had declined slightly: contained a population of 417. Similarly, the Wigmore hundred's contained a population of 5,665.
Schools
The village has one primary school and one secondary school (Wigmore High School) which became a federated school in 2007. The school has a catchment area of North Herefordshire although some pupils attend from southern Shropshire and from across the border in Wales.
Places of interest
Wigmore Abbey, an Augustinian abbey and grange about a mile (2 km) north of Wigmore was founded by Ranulph de Mortimer and his son, Hugh de Mortimer in 1179. In the abbey church many of the Mortimers were buried, among them five holders of the title Earl of March. The abbey continued to flourish until the period of the dissolution of the monasteries, when it was destroyed.
Wigmore Church, dedicated to St James, is also a landmark in the village and surrounding areas, as it stands on the pinnacle of a hill overlooking the village. It was built as a collegiate church in the 11th century by the Mortimer family and lies on the site of an earlier Saxon building. The church has a very early Norman nave and herringbone opus spicatum masonry is still visible on the outside of the north wall. Little, apart from detail, has been added to the church since the 1330s.
Another place of interest is Leintwardine the Roman Fort Bravonium which is found 2 miles from Wigmore.
References
Archenfield Archaeology
Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales, 1870–72
Littlebury's Directory and Gazetteer of Herefordshire, 1876-77
Gazetteer of the British Isles, 1887
External links
Photos of Wigmore and surrounding area on geograph
Villages in Herefordshire
Civil parishes in Herefordshire |
4338400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joselito%20%28singer%29 | Joselito (singer) | José Jiménez Fernández (born 11 February 1943), commonly known as Joselito, is a former child singer and film star in Spain, primarily active during the 1950s and 1960s.
Career
Joselito was born in Beas de Segura (Jaén), northeast Andalucia in Spain. Joselito made his film debut at the age of 13 and began making other films, including The Little Nightingale, The Song of the Nightingale, The Nightingale in the Mountains, Listen To My Song, The Little Colonel, Aventuras de Joselito en América, The Two Little Rascals, Lovely Memory, and The White Horse with Antonio Aguilar. Besides acting, Joselito was a popular child singer with a very distinguished voice having sung such songs as "La Campanera", "Dónde estará mi vida", "Gorrioncillo pecho amarillo", "En un pueblito español", "Clavelitos", "Doce Cascabeles", "Las Golondrinas", "El Pastor", "Granada" and "Ave María". He toured several countries in his youth.
He was out of the public eye until adulthood, when he became a media entrepreneur. In 1990, he was arrested by Angolan authorities on charges of gun and drug trafficking. Subsequently, he was deported to Spain, where he was jailed. In 2002 La Jaula del Ruiseñor was released, an authorized biography of Joselito's life. There he wrote that jail was the best thing that had ever happened to him and that it had helped him to overcome his drug addiction as well as to give him a different outlook on life.
Upon his release, he has participated in the Spanish version of the Survivor television series, and collaborated on the movie Spanish Movie, and he is currently living in Utiel (Valencia).
Discography
Songs
(Selective)
"El ruiseñor"
"La Campanera"
"Dónde estará mi vida"
"Gorrioncillo pecho amarillo"
"En un pueblito español"
"Clavelitos"
"Doce Cascabeles"
"Las Golondrinas"
"El Pastor"
"Granada"
"Ave María"
Filmography
(Selective)
References
External links
1943 births
Living people
Spanish male child actors
Spanish child singers
Spanish male singers
Singers from Andalusia
Male actors from Andalusia
Spanish male film actors |
4396345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Theatres | Star Theatres | Star Theatres was an American movie theatre chain, initially owned and operated by Loeks Star Partners and Loews Cineplex Entertainment, and later by AMC Theatres.
Star Theatres was founded as a partnership between Jim and Barrie Loeks and Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc., the company that owned Loews Theatres in the 1980s. The Loeks, who were based in Michigan before becoming co-CEOs of Sony Loews Theatres in 1992, designed and operated the Star Theatres chain. Based solely in Michigan, Star was known for having exceptional service, extravagant interior designs, many screens, and in some cases, stadium-style seating. The chain made the Summer 1990 Entertainment Weekly Honor Roll for movie theaters with the late Detroit Free Press critic Kathy Huffhines declaring, "IT'S FRIENDLY, kicky, and cute and looks like a bright red-and-white jukebox from the outside.". The slogan was "Love*Laugh*Live" and "Larger than Life".
The chain came to prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s as more audiences chose to view films at a megaplex. Over time, some locations shut down or moved, while others thrived. The Southfield, Michigan and Auburn Hills, Michigan locations were considered the flagships of the chain and remained very popular with local movie-goers. The Loeks sold their 50% interest in the chain to Loews Cineplex Theatres in 2002. The chain was subsequently sold to AMC Theatres in 2006 when Loews was purchased by AMC. The theaters were rebranded as AMC theatres in 2018. The Southfield location permanently closed in 2020, and the Fairlane Town Center location closed in 2022.
References
Locations
AMC Star Southfield 20 - Southfield (opened June 1997, closed 2020)
AMC Star Gratiot 15 - Clinton Township (opened May 1990, expanded to 21 screens by 1998 (as Star Gratiot 21), downsized to 15 screens 2018)
Star Holland 8 - Holland (opened 1989)
Star Lincoln Park 8 - Lincoln Park Shopping Center, Lincoln Park (opened May 1988, closed 2003, demolished 2018)
AMC Fairlane 21 - Fairlane Town Center, Dearborn (opened May 2000 as Star Fairlane 21, closed 2022)
AMC Grand Rapids 18 - Grand Rapids (opened 1992 as Star Grand Rapids 18)
AMC Star Great Lakes 25 - Great Lakes Crossing Outlets, Auburn Hills (opened April 1999)
Star Rochester Hills 10 - Rochester Hills (opened October 1989, closed and sold 2010, remodeled into a location of an Emagine theatre)
Star Taylor 10 - Taylor (opened October 1989, closed 2009, reopened 2010 as Spotlight Theaters Taylor 10, Spotlight Theaters Taylor 10 closed 2012)
AMC John R 15 - Madison Heights (opened December 1989 as Star John R 15)
Star Winchester - Winchester Mall, Rochester Hills (opened 1985, closed 1999, rebuilt into a strip mall)
Movie theatre chains in the United States
Former cinemas in the United States
AMC Theatres |
4434927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m%20Gajdu%C5%A1ek | Vilém Gajdušek | Vilém Gajdušek (1895–1977) was Czech optician and prominent telescope designer.
Asteroid 3603 Gajdušek is named for him.
References
See also
List of astronomical instrument makers
Czech scientists
1895 births
1977 deaths |
4454088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah%20Live | Jah Live | "Jah Live" is a song by Bob Marley & The Wailers, released as a single in 1975. The song was recorded and released within days following the announcement of the death of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia whom Rastafarians see as the reincarnation of God, whom they call Jah. The song was written as a message to the world that Haile Selassie I had not died as the Ethiopian government of the time and (according to the song) detractors of the Rastafarian religion claimed. When the song was released, Selassie was claimed dead by the Ethiopian authorities but there was no body. Marley was prescient in response to the news that no body had not been found saying, "Yuh cyant kill God".
In the song, Marley directly confronts those who doubt the Rastafari movement because of the apparent death of Selassie I:
Fools sayin' in their heart
Rasta your God is dead
But I and I know Jah! Jah!
Dreaded it shall be dreaded and dread...
Though originally recorded as a single, the song has since been released on the 1992 box set Songs of Freedom, as a bonus track on the 2001 re-release of Marley's 1976 album Rastaman Vibration and in 2002 on its "deluxe edition", and on the compilations One Love: The Very Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers (2001) and Gold (2005).
A dub version of the song, titled "Concrete", was released on the single's B-side. It has since been released on the deluxe edition of Rastaman Vibration in 2002. The song is featured in the closing credits of Countryman, the legendary rasta movie.
References
Bob Marley songs
1975 singles
Songs about Haile Selassie
Songs written by Bob Marley
Songs written by Lee "Scratch" Perry
1975 songs
Island Records singles |
4501864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20David%20Manson | Paul David Manson | General Paul David Manson (August 20, 1934 – July 1, 2023) was a Canadian Forces officer, fighter pilot and businessman.
Early life and education
Born in Trail, British Columbia, Manson attended both Royal Roads and Royal Military College of Canada. He was appointed Cadet Wing Commander in both colleges winning the H.E. Sellars Award at Royal Roads and the Sword of Honour at RMC. After graduating from RMC in 1956, he attended Queen's University in Kingston, and received a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1957.
Manson was a graduate of the Canadian Forces Staff College and attended National Defence College from 1973-1974.
Military career
Manson received his wings in 1957 and subsequently served as a fighter pilot in Germany, France and Canada. He flew the CF-100, F-86 Sabre, the CF-104 Starfighter and the CF-101 Voodoo. He served as Commanding Officer of 441 Tactical Fighter Squadron before becoming Program Manager of the New Fighter Aircraft Program in 1977, which led to the selection of the CF-18 Hornet. He went on to be Commander 1 Canadian Air Group in 1980, Commander, Air Command in 1983 and Assistant Deputy Minister in the Department of National Defence in 1985. In 1986, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney appointed him Canada's Chief of the Defence Staff, a position he held until his retirement from the military in 1989.
Business career
Following his military service, he was the president of Paramax, a Montreal-based aerospace company, eventually retiring from business as Chairman of Lockheed Martin Canada in 1997.
Volunteer work
Upon retiring from the business world, Manson worked full-time from 1997 until 2005 as volunteer Chairman of the "Passing the Torch" campaign, which raised $16.5 million in support of the new Canadian War Museum. He was on the Board of Trustees of the Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation from 2000 to 2006, and during that time, he chaired the Canadian War Museum Committee and the Canadian War Museum Building Committee for the new museum, which opened in 2005. He was Chairman of the Aerospace Industries Association of Canada and Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame.
Death
Manson died on July 1, 2023, at the age of 88.
Honours
In 1980, Manson was invested as a Commander of the Order of Military Merit. In 1987 he became an Officer of the Order of St. John, and in 1989 he became a Commander of the United States Legion of Merit. He received the C.D. Howe Award in 1992 "for achievement in the fields of planning, policy-making and leadership in aeronautics and space". In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for being "an exemplary and inspirational military leader, business executive and volunteer" and for having "served his country with honour and distinction". In 2003, he was a recipient of the Vimy Award, which "recognizes Canadians who have made outstanding commitments to Canadian security and defence and towards preserving our democratic values." In 2009, Manson was added to the Wall of Honour at the Royal Military College of Canada, and in 2018, he was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame. General Manson is the recipient of honorary Doctorate of Military Science degrees from both Royal Roads and Royal Military College.
Notes
References
Further reading
4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) Swords and Covenants Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976.
H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston Canada's RMC - A History of Royal Military College Second Edition 1982
H16511 Dr. Richard Preston R.M.C. and Kingston: The effect of imperial and military influences on a Canadian community 1968 Kingston, Ontario.
H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember. In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876-1918. Volume II: 1919-1984. RMC. Kingston, Ontario. The R.M.C. Club of Canada. 1984
External links
Archives of Paul David Manson (Paul D. Manson fonds, R11222) are held at Library and Archives Canada
|-
|-
1934 births
2023 deaths
Chiefs of the Defence Staff (Canada)
Royal Canadian Air Force officers
Canadian Forces Air Command generals
Officers of the Order of Canada
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Canadian military personnel from British Columbia
Commanders of the Order of Military Merit (Canada) |
4521492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisagua%2C%20Chile | Pisagua, Chile | Pisagua is a Chilean port on the Pacific Ocean, located in Huara comuna (municipality), in Tarapacá Region, northern Chile. In 2007, the new province of El Tamarugal was established and the comuna of Huara, previously within the province of Iquique, was incorporated to the newly created province.
Early history
According to Francisco Riso Patrón, and stated in Diccionario Geográfico de las Provincias de Tacna y Tarapacá, the name Pisagua has a quechua origin, meaning "place of scarce water": Pis - scarce, agua - water.
Pisagua was founded in 1611 after an edict by the Viceroy of Peru which established a base from which it could be possible to stem the illegal traffic of gold and silver flowing from the important mines of Potosí and Oruro, in the Highlands of the "Audiencia of Charcas", to the British and Dutch pirates operating in the Corregimiento de Arica. Thus, Pisagua became a minor port, subjected to the major Port of San Marcos de Arica.
This settlement, known today as 'Pisagua Viejo' (Old Pisagua) developed at the south side of the Quebrada Tiliviche, on part of an extensive ancient midden deposit. Some adobe ruins remain.
The "Nitrate boom"
It was not until 1810 when large nitrate ("salitre" or saltpeter) deposits were discovered in the Corregimiento de Tarapacá that Pisagua became an important port due to its major role in the export of this product. Tsunami forced the transfer of Pisagua to the place where it lies today, in 1836. This site is a small plain located between the peninsulas of Punta Pichalo and Punta Pisagua, about 3 km South of Pisagua Viejo.
The War of the Pacific
On November 2, 1879 Pisagua was occupied by Chilean troops during the Guerra del Pacífico, in the "Battle of Pisagua". After the war, Pisagua went from Peruvian hands to Chilean administration.
The heydays of the town
Pisagua became an important port of the South Pacific during the nitrate boom of the 1870s. During the first years of the 20th century, Pisagua had become one of the most important ports of the whole country (after Valparaíso and Iquique), with offices from major banks, and one of the most beautiful cities on the Southern Pacific coast.
Railway history
The construction of a standard gauge railway line to connect Pisagua with the interior started in about 1865, while Pisagua was still a Peruvian possession. Work continued under Chilean administration, and by 1935 Pisagua was the northern terminus of a network of main and branch lines, with a connection to Iquique, the principal terminus of the line. Trains climbed from sea level at Pisagua to the interior plateau via three reversing zig-zags and a heavily graded line. Supplies for the interior towns and nitrate works were hauled up from the coast, and nitrate for export made up the return load. The principal traffic was always nitrate, after which came fuel, passengers, perishables, parcels, general merchandise, and livestock. Water for the steam locomotives and the town relied on two wells at Dolores (see map), from Pisagua, which today still derives its water from this source.
Decline
When the nitrate boom came to an end, the port of Pisagua could keep some degree of importance because of its new role in the fishmeal industry. However, at the end of the 1950s, Pisagua lost most of its population and economic base and went into precipitous decline and even ceased to be the third town in importance of Tarapacá province (after Arica and Iquique).
Pisagua as a prisoner site
Pisagua has often been used as a concentration camp for political prisoners. This happened during the rule of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (for male homosexuals), as well as that of Gabriel González Videla (for communists, anarchists and revolutionaries) and more recently, during Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship (for left-wing militants). Many bodies have been found under the waters of the port and several graves have been discovered in Pisagua since the end of Pinochet's military regime. Pisagua is geographically isolated, with the ocean on one side and a big desert on the other.
Pisagua today
The earthworks, embankments and cuttings that carried the railway into the town are clearly visible on the bare ground. The old railway station still stands in Pisagua itself, where there are other interesting (although semi-derelict) buildings made with Oregon pine wood. Good examples are the turret of the clock, the municipal theatre, and the hospital, all dating from the nitrate period. Today, Pisagua is no longer the proud and rich port that once was but a small and isolated village with a population of just 260, included in the municipality of Huara, which has only 2,600 inhabitants itself.
References
External links
"Canzoni contro la Guerra" - Pisagua
"Voices of a Natural Prison: Tourism Development and Fisheries"
Port settlements in Chile
Populated places in El Tamarugal Province
Railways with Zig Zags |
4575803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20transporter | Ion transporter | In biology, a transporter is a transmembrane protein that moves ions (or other small molecules) across a biological membrane to accomplish many different biological functions including, cellular communication, maintaining homeostasis, energy production, etc. There are different types of transporters including, pumps, uniporters, antiporters, and symporters. Active transporters or ion pumps are transporters that convert energy from various sources—including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sunlight, and other redox reactions—to potential energy by pumping an ion up its concentration gradient. This potential energy could then be used by secondary transporters, including ion carriers and ion channels, to drive vital cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis.
This page is focused mainly on ion transporters acting as pumps, but transporters can also function to move molecules through facilitated diffusion. Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP and allows molecules, that are unable to quickly diffuse across the membrane (passive diffusion), to diffuse down their concentration gradient through these protein transporters.
Ion transporters are essential for proper cell function and thus they are highly regulated by the cell and studied by researchers using a variety of methods. Some examples of cell regulations and research methods will be given.
Classification and disambiguation
Ion transporters are classified as a super family of transporters that contain 12 families of transporters. These families are part of the Transport Classification (TC) system that is used by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and are grouped according to characteristics such as the substrates being transported, the transport mechanism, the energy source used, and also by comparing the DNA sequences making up each protein. The most important unifying factor being the charged nature of the substrate which indicates the transport of an ion and not a neutral species.
Ion transporters differ significantly from ion channels. Channels are pores that run through the membrane, whereas transports are proteins that must change shape to switch which side of the membrane it is open to, because of this transporters are much slower at moving molecules than channels.
An electrochemical gradient or concentration gradient is a difference in concentration of a chemical molecule or ion in two separate areas. At equilibrium the concentrations of the ion in both areas will be equal, so if there is a difference in concentration the ions will seek to flow "down" the concentration gradient or from a high concentration to low concentration. Ion channels allows the specific ions that will fit into the channel to flow down their concentration gradient, equalizing the concentrations on either side of the cell membrane. Ion channels and ion transporters accomplish this via facilitated diffusion which is a type of passive transport. However, only ion transporters can also perform active transport, which involves moving ions against their concentration gradient. Using energy sources such as ATP, ion transporters are able to move ions against their concentration gradient which can then be used by secondary transporters or other proteins as a source of energy.
Energy source
Primary transporter
Primary transporters use energy to transport ions such as Na +, K+, and Ca2+ across a cells membrane and can create concentration gradients. This transport can use ATP as an energy source or it can be used to generate ATP through methods such as the electron transport chain in plants.
Active transporter
Transporters that use ATP convert the energy in ATP into potential energy in the form of a concentration gradient. They use the ATP to transport an ion from a low concentration to a higher concentration. Examples of proteins that use ATP are P-type ATPases that transfer Na +, K+, and Ca2+ ions by phosphorylation, A-type ATPases that transfer anions, and ABC transporters (ATP binding cassette transporters) that transport a broad set of molecules. Examples of the P-type ATPase include Na+/K+-ATPase that is regulated by Janus Kinase-2 as well as Ca2+ ATPase which exhibits sensitivity to ADP and ATP concentrations P-glycoprotein is an example of an ABC transport binding protein in the human body.
ATP producing transporter
ATP producing transporters run in the opposite direction of ATP Utilizing transporters. These proteins transport ions from high to low concentration with the gradient but in the process ATP is formed. Potential energy in the form of the concentration gradient is used to generate ATP. In animals, this ATP synthesis takes place in the mitochondria using F- type ATPase otherwise known as ATP synthase. This process utilizes the electron transport chain in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. V-type ATPase serves the opposite function as F-type ATPase and is used in plants to hydrolyze ATP to create a proton gradient. Examples of this are lysosomes that use V-type ATPase acidify vesicles or plant vacuoles during process of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts. This process can be regulated through various methods such as pH.
Secondary transporter
Secondary transporters also transport ions (or small molecules) against the concentration gradient – from low concentration to high concentration - but unlike primary transporters which use ATP to create a concentration gradient, secondary transporters use the potential energy from the concentration gradient created by the primary transporters to transport ions. For example, the sodium-dependent glucose transporter found in the small intestine and kidney use the sodium gradient created in the cell by the sodium potassium pump (as mentioned above) to help carry glucose into the cell. This happens as sodium flows down its concentration gradient which provides enough energy to push glucose up its concentration gradient back into the cell. This is important in the small intestine and the kidney to prevent them from losing glucose. Symporters such as the sodium-glucose symporter transport an ion with its concentration gradient, and they couple the transport of a second molecule in the same direction. Antiporters also use the concentration gradient of one molecule to move another up its concentration gradient but the coupled molecule is transported in the opposite direction.
Regulation
Ion transporters can be regulated in a variety of different ways such as phosphorylation, allosteric inhibition or activation, and sensitivity to ion concentration. Using protein kinases to add a phosphate group or phosphatases to dephosphorylate the protein can change the activity of the transporter. Whether the protein is activated or inhibited with the addition of the phosphate group depends on the specific protein. With allosteric inhibition, the regulatory ligand can bind into the regulatory site and either inhibit or activate the transporter. Ion transporters can also be regulated by the concentration of an ion (not necessarily the ion it transfers) in solution. For example, the electron transport chain is regulated by the presence of H+ ions (pH) in solution.
Techniques for studying Ion Transporters
Patch Clamp
A patch clamp is an electrophysiology technique used to study channels and transporters in cells by tracking the current that run through them. This technique was perfected by Hodgkin and Huxley before the existence of channels and transporters was known. Besides its groundbreaking work early on patch clamping legacy continues on and is commonly used by researchers still to study ion transporters and how environments and ligands effects the function of the transporter.
X-ray Crystallography
X-ray crystallography is an incredible tool that allows the structure of proteins to be visualized, however, it is only a snapshot of one protein conformation. The structure of transport proteins allows researchers to further understand how and what the transporter does to move molecules across the membrane.
FRAP
Fluorescence after photobleaching (FRAP) is a technique used to track diffusion of lipids or proteins in a membrane. This technique is used to better understand transporters mobility in the cell and its interactions with lipid domains and lipid rafts in the cell membrane.
FRET
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a technique that uses fluorescence to track how close two proteins are to each other. This has been used in studying transporters to see how they interact with other cellular proteins.
Table of ion transporters
See also
Active transport
Ion transport number
Ion transporter superfamily
Membrane transport protein
Transport protein
References
External links
D12.776.157.530.450; D12.776.543.585.450
The Transporter substrate database (TSdb)
Transmembrane transporters
Integral membrane proteins |
4628290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baymouth%20bar | Baymouth bar | A baymouth bar is a depositional feature as a result of longshore drift. It is a sandbank that partially or completely closes access to a bay.
Background
These bars usually consist of accumulated gravel and sand carried by the current of longshore drift and deposited at a less turbulent part of the current. Thus, they most commonly occur across artificial bay and river entrances due to the loss of kinetic energy in the current after wave refraction.
References
Spits (landform)
Coastal and oceanic landforms
Coastal geography |
4717659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabiano%20Joseph%20Naasi | Fabiano Joseph Naasi | Fabiano Joseph Naasi (born December 24, 1985, in Babati, Manyara) is a Tanzanian long-distance runner.
International competitions
Road running competitions
2006 Bogota Half Marathon – 1st
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
People from Manyara Region
Tanzanian male long-distance runners
Tanzanian male marathon runners
Olympic athletes for Tanzania
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Tanzania
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Tanzania
World Athletics Half Marathon Championships winners
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games |
4774522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR%20Olympia%20Wilhelmshaven | TSR Olympia Wilhelmshaven | TSR Olympia Wilhelmshaven is a German sports club based in Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony, on the northwestern coast of the country. The football team was a department of the club which also offers its members American football, athletics, table tennis, and triathlon.
History
Only a small local side, the footballers nonetheless played a half dozen seasons in the second division Regionalliga Nord through the early 1970s. They joined the newly formed 2. Bundesliga Nord for the 1974–75 season when a re-structured second division circuit was created from the best performing and most financially stable clubs of the era's five Regionalliga. A middling club at best in their old division, Wilhelmshaven finished 17th in the re-organized competition and was relegated to the tier III Amateur Oberliga Nord.
In 1992 the sports clubs TSR Olympia Wilhelmshaven and SV Wilhelmshaven merged for economic reasons. Olympias football department withdrew to play in the local city circuit. In 2000 the German Football Association (Deutscher Fussball Bund or German Football Association) refused a proposed re-union with what was now known as SV Wilhelmshaven 92 which was struggling financially.
For the 2009/2010 season the football section of TSR Olympia left the club and joined the football section of WSSV Wilhelmshaven to form FC Olympia 09 Wilhelmshaven. Since then, football is no longer offered by TSR.
Honours
The club's honours:
Lower Saxony Cup Winners: 1960
Amateurliga Niedersachsen-West'
Champions: 1956, 1964
External links
Official football team site
Defunct football clubs in Germany
Defunct football clubs in Lower Saxony
Association football clubs established in 1947
Sports clubs and teams established in 1947
Association football clubs disestablished in 2009
Multi-sport clubs in Germany
1947 establishments in Germany
2009 disestablishments in Germany
Wilhelmshaven
2. Bundesliga clubs |
4825846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RVH | RVH | RVH may refer to:
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre
Royal Victoria Hospital (disambiguation) |
4827726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%20cases%2C%20volume%2025 | List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 25 | This is a list of cases reported in volume 25 (12 Wheat.) of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1827.
Nominative report
In 1874, the U.S. government created the United States Reports, and retroactively numbered older privately published case reports as part of the new series. As a result, cases appearing in volumes 1–90 of U.S. Reports have dual citation forms; one for the volume number of U.S. Reports, and one for the volume number of the reports named for the relevant reporter of decisions (these are called "nominative reports").
Henry Wheaton
Starting with the 14th volume of U.S. Reports, the Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States was Henry Wheaton. Wheaton was Reporter of Decisions from 1816 to 1827, covering volumes 14 through 25 of United States Reports which correspond to volumes 1 through 12 of his Wheaton's Reports. As such, the dual form of citation to, for example, Brown v. Maryland is 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.) 419 (1827).
Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.)
The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice).
When the cases in 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.) were decided, the Court comprised these seven justices:
Notable Case in 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.)
Ogden v. Saunders
In Ogden v. Saunders, 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.) 213 (1827), the Supreme Court determined the scope of a bankruptcy law in relation to a clause of the Constitution of the United States. It is notable for its era in producing multiple opinions from the justices, either writing for the Court, concurring, or dissenting.
Citation style
Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region.
Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions.
"C.C.D." = United States Circuit Court for the District of . . .
e.g.,"C.C.D.N.J." = United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey
"D." = United States District Court for the District of . . .
e.g.,"D. Mass." = United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
"E." = Eastern; "M." = Middle; "N." = Northern; "S." = Southern; "W." = Western
e.g.,"C.C.S.D.N.Y." = United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York
e.g.,"M.D. Ala." = United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama
"Ct. Cl." = United States Court of Claims
The abbreviation of a state's name alone indicates the highest appellate court in that state's judiciary at the time.
e.g.,"Pa." = Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
e.g.,"Me." = Supreme Judicial Court of Maine
List of cases in 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.)
Notes and references
See also
certificate of division
External links
Case reports in volume 25 (12 Wheat.) from Court Listener
Case reports in volume 25 (12 Wheat.) from the Caselaw Access Project of Harvard Law School
Case reports in volume 25 (12 Wheat.) from Google Scholar
Case reports in volume 25 (12 Wheat.) from Justia
Case reports in volume 25 (12 Wheat.) from Open Jurist
Website of the United States Supreme Court
United States Courts website about the Supreme Court
National Archives, Records of the Supreme Court of the United States
American Bar Association, How Does the Supreme Court Work?
The Supreme Court Historical Society
1827 in United States case law |
4850602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malanda%2C%20Queensland | Malanda, Queensland | Malanda is a rural town and locality in the Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Malanda had a population of 1,985 people. The economy is based upon agriculture (particularly dairy) and tourism.
Geography
Malanda is on the Atherton Tableland in Far North Queensland, from Cairns and above sea level. The town is located downstream of the Malanda Falls on the North Johnstone River.
The northern entrance to the town passes the Malanda Falls. In comparison to the gorges of the escarpment the falls were created by the last flow of lava from the Malanda Shield Volcano with a cascade of roughly 4 metres. The town's unofficial swimming pool lies at the bottom of the falls, as there is an established pool located near the primary school. The name 'Malanda', according to some sources, was the local Aboriginal word meaning 'waterfalls'.
The Malanda–Atherton Road exits to the northwest, and the Millaa Millaa–Malanda Road exits to the south.
History
Malanda formed part of Ngajanji territory.
The name Malanda comes from Malanda Creek, and is believed to be an Aboriginal name for the Upper Johnstone River, with the suggested meaning little stream with big stones or running rivers.
Malanda first developed in the 1900s after the discovery of tin and copper at Herberton saw a steady stream of miners and engineers moving over the mountains from the coast.
In 1886, a decision was made to build a railway coming into the area but the problems of construction outweighed its use. Over of railway was installed into the region in the next six years. By 1890 the Tablelands railway line had reached Kuranda. It pushed on to Mareeba in 1893 and Atherton in 1903 and did not reach Malanda until 1911. The line closed in 1964.
In 1908, James English (later the publican of the Malanda Hotel and father of Charles English) and James Emerson both moved into the area. Both saw the district's dairy potential. English brought cattle from Kiama and the Richmond River areas in New South Wales and Emerson had a herd of 1,026 cattle overlanded from Lismore. They took 16 months to reach Malanda and only 560 survived the journey. Despite this arduous start the industry grew and by 1919 Malanda had its own butter factory. In 1973 this amalgamated with the factory in Millaa Millaa to form the Atherton Tablelands Co-operative Dairy Association.
In 1910, in response to a developing local industry, John Prince established a sawmill in Malanda. It was from this mill that the boards for the Malanda Hotel (built in 1911) were sawn.
Malanda Post Office opened by January 1912 (a receiving office had been open from 1911).
The Malanda parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns was established in 1959.
Malanda State School opened on 4 August 1913. From 1949 until 1961, it also offered secondary education, until Malanda State High School opened on 23 January 1961.
The first Malanda Show took place on 6–7 September 1916 on land belonging to James English, with 1000 people attending the show on the second day.
The Malanda Library and Customer Service Centre building opened in 1990.
At the Malanda had a population of 1,009 people.
At the Malanda had a population of 2,052 people.
In the , the locality of Malanda had a population of 1,985 people.
Heritage listings
Malanda has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
1 Eacham Place: Majestic Picture Theatre
Malanda Falls Park: Malanda Falls Swimming Pool
Monash Ave: St James Catholic Church
Economy
The name Malanda is synonymous throughout North Queensland with milk and cheese. Local promoters, noting that Malanda milk is sold in the Northern Territory and as far north as Weipa, declared Malanda to be 'the headquarters for one of the largest and longest milk runs in the world'. The milk is also exported to Indonesia and Malaysia. Malanda Milk is now a part of Dairy Farmers, but with a shorter milk run, only as far south as Mackay and as far north as Darwin.
Education
Malanda State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 24 Mary Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 351 students with 23 teachers (21 full-time equivalent) and 17 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 380 students with 26 teachers (24 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (12 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Malanda State High School is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at Memorial Drive (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 368 students with 34 teachers (33 full-time equivalent) and 25 non-teaching staff (18 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 418 students with 38 teachers (37 full-time equivalent) and 29 non-teaching staff (20 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Amenities
Tablelands Regional Council operates the Malanda Library at 31 James Street, Malanda. It is open Tuesday to Saturday.
The Malanda branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Hall at 3 Elizabeth Street.
St James' Catholic Church is at 7 Monash Avenue. It is within the Malanda Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns.
Attractions
The Malanda Falls Conservation Park is just opposite the Malanda Falls. It offers a short walk through the rainforest and an opportunity to see a wide range of rainforest trees.
The Peeramon Hotel is to the east of the town, It was once a siding for the Tolga-Millaa Millaa railway. Today the solitary pub is the only reminder of a once-thriving town which was surveyed in 1907. The publican has a collection of antique telephones. The hotel suffered some serious damage from Cyclone Larry in March 2006.
The Malanda Art Trail starts at the town library. Nine vibrant artworks commemorate the rich history of Malanda's community – the Original Inhabitants, Hardships and Struggles, Transport, Commerce, Recollections, Early Settlers, the Dairy Industry, Recreation and Looking Ahead. Close study of the individual mosaics (each of which contains a blue butterfly) reveals many details camouflaged in the intricate designs, and the handmade ceramic border tiles tell more about the theme of the central mosaic. Mosaics were made by former resident Felicity Wallis.
It is possible to swim with platypus at the base of Malanda Falls. The North Johnstone River is free of crocodiles.
Tree-kangaroos have been seen crossing the road over the top of Malanda Falls.The Majestic Theatre is said to be the oldest continually-operating cinema in Australia and has potato-sack seating on 14 December 1929 it was dedicated by Fred Browning, Superintendent of the Atherton Ambulance centre. Mr. Browning produced, stage managed and performed in the opening concert.
The Malanda Hotel has a grand ballroom and staircase and is claimed to be the largest wooden structure in Australia.
The Historical Resource Centre in Elizabeth Street is the meeting room and archival repository for all printed and photographic collections of the Eacham Historical Society. It houses a comprehensive library of books pertaining to the history of North Queensland. These books are available for perusal and study at the centre by students and members of the general public. Books can be borrowed by members of the society. The Land Settlement Registers, which contain the names of all the first settlers in the Atherton Land Agent's District, are available for perusal and research. The handwritten registers contain a wealth of information about the early settlement of the Atherton tablelands. The Resource Centre is open Tuesday evenings 7.30 pm to 9.30 pm, and Thursday mornings, 9.00 am to noon.
Notable residents
Charles English, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Jack Mundey, trade unionist and conservationist
Shane Stefanutto, former professional football player for the Brisbane Roar and North Queensland Fury.
References
External links
Town map of Malanda, 1974
Destination Malanda
The Eacham Historical Society
Towns in Queensland
Populated places in Far North Queensland
Tablelands Region
Localities in Queensland |
4877156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherr%C3%A9%20%28archaeological%20site%29 | Cherré (archaeological site) | Cherré is the site of the archeological excavation of a Gallo-Roman complex of 20 hectares from the 1st to the 3rd centuries. It is situated in the town Aubigné-Racan, in the Sarthe département of western France, in the région Pays de la Loire.
The site was likely a rural center of commercial and religious activity before the Roman conquest. Excavations in 1977 by C. Lambert and J. Rioufreyt discovered an ancient theatre, two temples, Roman thermae, a forum and an aqueduct.
Roman towns and cities in France
Former populated places in France
Cenomani |
4892072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus%20Sapien | Humus Sapien | Humus Sapien (Sonny Baredo) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared as Humus Sapiens in FOOM #3 (Autumn 1973), created by Michael A. Barreiro. He first appeared as Humus Sapien in Thunderbolts #54 (Sept. 2001), by the writer-artist team of Fabian Nicieza and Patrick Zircher.
Publication history
FOOM
Humus Sapien first appeared in Marvel's self-produced fan magazine, FOOM # 3 (Fall 1973), created (as supervillain Humus Sapiens) by Michael A. Barreiro of Penn Hills, Pennsylvania, and was the winning entry in the magazine's character-creation contest. Although FOOM founding editor Jim Steranko wrote in the premiere-issue introduction that "(t)he winning entry (to be selected by Ol' Smilin' Stan [Lee] himself) will become a super guest-star featured in one of Marvel's top hero mags!", this never occurred, and both the character and the contest faded into obscurity.
Later, Barreiro inquired about the character but received no response from Marvel. In 1979, Buyer's Guide to Comic Fandom columnist, Fred Hembeck, wrote about the character and contest and, though nothing immediately came of it, the column prompted Tom Brevoort, editor of Marvel's Thunderbolts, to call Barreiro two decades later with an offer to use the character.
Thunderbolts
In 1998, writer Kurt Busiek and editor Tom Brevoort decided to use Barreiro's character in the superhero series, Thunderbolts. Fabian Nicieza, who succeeded Busiek as Thunderbolts writer (and had also entered the FOOM contest), agreed. Renamed Humus Sapien, the character finally debuted, after 28 years, in Thunderbolts #54 (cover-dated Sept. 2001). Barreiro was allowed to ink one page of the issue featuring the character.
Fictional character biography
Humus Sapien fought the Redeemers when he emerged from a suspended animation chamber where he had been imprisoned by Ogre and Factor Three. He has vaguely defined superhuman abilities powered by Earth's population; however, each time he uses his powers, random people around the world die. Humus Sapien's final battle, after which he voluntarily leaves Earth, drains the lives of 2,400 random people across the globe, including the Middle Eastern superhero, the Arabian Knight.
References
External links
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics supervillains
Visual arts competitions
1973 competitions |
4931212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo%20digital%20video%20recorders | TiVo digital video recorders | TiVo digital video recorders encompass a number of digital video recorder (DVR) models that TiVo Corporation designed. Features may vary, but a common feature is that all of the units listed here require TiVo service and use its operating system.
TiVo units have been manufactured by various OEMs, including Philips, Sony, Pioneer, Toshiba, and Humax. Cisco Systems and Samsung joined forces with pay TV Provider Virgin Media (UK-only) to create the Virgin Media TiVo box. The OEMs license the software from TiVo Corporation.
To date, there have been seven "series" of TiVo units produced, with the seventh series, the Edge, released in October 2019.
DVR models
Series1 (1999)
The Series1 (retronym) was the original TiVo digital video recorder.
Series1 TiVo systems are based on PowerPC processors connected to MPEG-2 encoder/decoder chips and IDE/ATA hard drives. Series1 TiVo units used one or two drives of 13–60 GB. Although not supported by TiVo or equipment manufacturers, larger drives can be added.
Series1 standalone
All standalone TiVo systems have coax/RF-in and an internal cable-ready tuner, analog video input—composite/RCA, and S-Video—for use with an external cable box or satellite receiver. The TiVo unit can use a serial cable or IR blasters to control the external receiver. They have coax/RF, composite/RCA, and S-Video output, and the DVD systems also have component out. Audio is RCA stereo, and the DVD systems also have digital optical out.
CPU: IBM PowerPC 403GCX at 54 MHz
RAM: 16 MB
Series1 DirecTV
Some TiVo systems are integrated with DirecTV receivers. These "DirecTiVo" recorders record the incoming satellite MPEG-2 digital stream directly to the hard disk without conversion. Because of this, and the fact that they have two tuners, DirecTiVos are able to record two programs at once. In addition, the lack of digital conversion allows recorded video to be of the same quality as live video. DirecTiVos have no MPEG encoder chip, and can only record DirecTV streams.
CPU: IBM PowerPC 403GCX at 70-80 MHz
RAM: 32 MB
Series2 (2002)
The Series2 was a complete redesign of the TiVo hardware. It includes USB ports (for Ethernet and Wi-Fi adapters), a new CPU, and more RAM. The availability of network connectivity has spread to the software side, where new features like TiVoToGo and Home Media Engine applications are now supported.
Series2 TiVo systems are based on MIPS processors connected to MPEG-2 encoder/decoder chips and high-capacity IDE/ATA hard drives. Series2 units had drives of 40–250GB in size. Although not supported by TiVo or equipment manufacturers, larger drives can be added.
Series2 standalone
All standalone TiVo systems have coax/RF-in and an internal cable-ready tuner, analog video input—composite/RCA, and S-Video—for use with an external cable box or satellite receiver. The TiVo unit can use a serial cable or IR blasters to control the external receiver. They have coax/RF, composite/RCA, and S-Video output, and the DVD systems also have component out. Audio is RCA stereo, and the DVD systems also have digital optical out. The Series2 systems also have USB ports, currently used only to support network (wired Ethernet and WiFi) adapters. The early Series2 units, models starting with 110/130/140, have USB 1.1 hardware, while all other systems have USB 2.0.
Some models manufactured by Toshiba, Pioneer, and Humax, under license from TiVo, contain DVD-R/RW drives. The models can transfer recordings from the built-in hard drive to DVD Video-compliant discs, playable in most modern DVD systems. The video encoding on these models was modified to match the DVD standard so transferring to DVD does not require transcoding.
The Series2 standalones can only tune analog signals, so to comply with FCC rules on analog TV phaseout, models that record from over-the-air channels are no longer sold. The dual tuner (DT) models and the TCD542 (a revision of the TCD540) will only record from cable and satellite sources.
CPU:
1xx/2xx-series: NEC 5432 (MIPS), 166 MHz
5xx-series: Broadcom BCM7317, 242 MHz
6xx-series: Broadcom BCM7318, 266 MHz
RAM:
1xx/2xx/5xx-series: 32 MB of 133 MHz 16-bit DDR
6xx-series: 64 MB of 133 MHz 16-bit DDR
MPEG Encoder
1xx/2xx/5xx-series: Broadcom BCM7040
6xx-series: Two Broadcom BCM7042
Series2 DirecTV
Some TiVo systems are integrated with DirecTV receivers. These "DirecTiVo" recorders record the incoming satellite MPEG-2 digital stream directly to hard disk without conversion. Because of this and the fact that they have two tuners, DirecTiVos are able to record two programs at once. In addition, the lack of digital conversion allows recorded video to be of the same quality as live video. DirecTiVos have no MPEG encoder chip, and can only record DirecTV streams. However, DirecTV has disabled the networking capabilities on their systems, meaning DirecTiVo does not offer such features as multi-room viewing or TiVoToGo. Only the standalone systems can be networked without additional unsupported hacking.
The HR10-250 DirecTiVo units can also record HDTV to a 250GB hard drive, both from the DirecTV stream and over-the-air via a standard UHF- or VHF-capable antenna. They have four tuners (two DirecTV and two ATSC over-the-air) and, like the original DirecTiVo, can record two programs at once; further, the program guide is integrated between over-the-air and DirecTV so that all programs can be recorded and viewed in the same manner. Recording capacity is variable, up to 30 HD or 200 SD hours.
CPU:
HR10: 200 MHz
On July 8, 2006, DirecTV announced an upgrade to version 6.3 of the TiVo software for the HR10-250, the first major upgrade since this unit was released. This upgrade includes features such as program grouping (folders), a much faster on-screen guide, and new sorting features.
In October 2007, DirecTV sent a message to all DirecTV TiVo R10 and HR10 users saying that they will be applying numerous features to the DirecTiVo. It include two features:
Episode Recovery is a feature that will let you recover a previously deleted episode of a show. There will be a time frame of the time you could recover the episode, but the information has not been released.
Online Scheduling (broadcast programming) is a feature that will allow you to go to the DirecTV guide on the internet, and choose a television program to be recorded. This feature is popular with the TiVo Brand DVR's, but DirecTV's contract with TiVo did not allow them to implement the online features of the DirecTiVo.
Series3 HD (2006)
The Series3 TiVo was officially unveiled at the 2006 Consumer Electronics Show, and was released to the public on September 12, 2006. In April 2010, it was superseded by the Series 4 "TiVo Premiere" and is supported but no longer manufactured by TiVo for North American markets.
The Series3 DVR features support for high-definition broadcasts and has two tuners. In North America, they each can receive analog and HDTV over-the-air (NTSC and ATSC) in addition to both analog and digital cable (QAM). Encrypted digital cable is decoded through CableCARDs available from the cable providers. satellite TV connections are not supported. In Australia and New Zealand, the dual tuners support the recording of two digital (DVB-T) over-the-air signals at the same time, whilst playing back a third.
With the dual tuners, it can record or view any two sources simultaneously. For example, two over-the-air broadcasts, two cable programs, or any combination can be recorded at the same time. The initial hardware release (TCD648250B) was unable to take advantage of Multi-Stream CableCARDs and required the use of a pair of CableCARDs to enable its dual tuners with encrypted digital cable. The follow-up Series3 models had an option of using either one Multi-Stream card or two single stream cards.
Switched Digital Video (SDV), a technology which allows cable providers to only send the channel streams being watched instead of the entire channel lineup in order to better manage bandwidth, requires a USB attachment to a separate tuning adapter available from the cable providers.
One HDMI port and two sets of component, S-video, and composite outputs are included. The Series 3 is also the first DVR to feature THX-certified audio and video. The unit is also equipped with two USB 2.0 ports, a Fast Ethernet port, and a telephone modem, which are all used to connect to the TiVo service. The built-in wired Ethernet or an optional USB 802.11 wireless adapter could download video on demand from various providers. Multi-room viewing and transferring programs to and from a PC is allowed. HD content may only be transferred between Series 3 units, or Series 3 and later models.
A Series 3 can be connected to several types of televisions and if necessary convert to the appropriate resolution. This allows displaying HD channels on older TVs using composite or s-video connections.
Storage can be increased to 2 TB by replacement of the hard drive—something that can be done professionally, but is usually done by users familiar with how to perform PC drive replacement. An external SATA port allows up to 1TB in additional storage when using TiVo-certified external hard drives.
CPU: Broadcom BCM7038
RAM: 128 MB for general CPU use- more for the encoders
Series4 Premiere (2010)
The Series4 TiVo Premiere was officially unveiled on March 2, 2010, and was released to the public on March 28, 2010. The higher-end Premiere model features a more sophisticated remote and larger hard drive. The TiVo Premiere has the features of the Series 3 TiVos with the addition of support for 1080p high definition video, and a new high definition user interface using Haxe. It is also Energy Star compliant after cutting power consumption by 35% to 45%. The slimmer unit relies on a single Multi-stream CableCARD ("M-Card") slot and uses a dual core processor delivering greater performance. Communication speeds are claimed to be 3 to 5 times faster than a TiVo HD, and supports an optional QWERTY keyboard remote that communicates via Bluetooth (recently discontinued) . Like the Series 3, it does not support analog video input from devices such as satellite television or AT&T U-verse set top boxes as do the Series 2 TiVos. The new user interface is meant to seamlessly integrate features such as Rhapsody, Netflix, Amazon, Blockbuster, Hulu, and YouTube video, and make development of such applications easier through use of Adobe Stagecraft (Flash Lite 3.1 + Actionscript 2.0). The operating system enhancement allows third party Flash applications similar to those possible with HME, and other Flash Lite consumer devices such as Chumby. Such applications will be available from TiVo's application store.
Hardware:
CPU: Broadcom BCM7413 400MHZ dual core 1100 Dhrystone MIPS vs. TiVo HD's 400 DMIPS
Series5 Roamio (2013)
The TiVo Roamio was made available on August 20, 2013.
Hardware:
CPU: Broadcom BCM7241 3000 Dhrystone MIPS
Transcoder: NXP (Freescale / Zenverge) ZN200 (Roamio Plus and Pro only)
Series6 Bolt (2015)
The Bolt was made available for sale on September 30, 2015.
Hardware:
CPU: Broadcom BCM7449
Series7 Edge (2019)
This is the first TiVo to be manufactured by Arris. It is also the first TiVo that can only use TE4 (TiVo Experience 4) and not TE3.
Other hardware
Mini
Mini VOX Specs:
12,000 DMIPS CPU
2GB DRAM
8GB eMMC Flash
Video decode up to 4Kp60
Graphics 1.2 Gp/s OpenGL ES3.1, scalable video-in-graphics
HDMI 2.0a output (supporting HDR10)
Gigabit Ethernet 10/100/1000
MoCA 2.0 Interface (400+Mbps)
Stream
Introduced in 2012, Stream(not to be confused with Stream 4K) is an accessory that enables streaming (sometimes called "second-screen" viewing) from TiVo Premiere or Roamio DVRs to mobile devices, including iOS and Android smartphones and tablets using the TiVo app.
Stream is a transcoder. It converts recorded MPEG-2 content from the Premiere or Roamio DVR to a reduced data rate format suitable for the mobile client on a wireless connection (H.264, usually at 720p.) Stream's hardware core is a specialized chip: the NXP (formerly Zenverge) ZN200.
Stream connects to the TiVo DVR via Ethernet on the customer's local network. On the mobile device, TiVo App discovers Stream and sets it up for use. The TiVo App user then selects a program from their DVR for viewing or downloading on their device. Downloading is at up to 4x the display rate; view-while-download is also possible. Stream can handle multiple mobile TiVo App client sessions at the same time.
Roamio Plus and Roamio Pro have Stream capability built-in, with identical capabilities to standalone Stream.
TiVo BOLT supports streaming with its own transcoder. It is also compatible with Stream for users who need to support more clients or faster downloading.
TiVo announced at CES 2020 on January 7, 2020, a new streaming product called TiVo Stream 4K. This is a new product and has no relation to the previously released TiVo Stream hardware.
Bridge
Bridge is an accessory to connect an Ethernet network to MoCA. It supports Ethernet (10/100/Gbit) and MoCA 2.0 (up to 450Mbit/s) connections. The Bridge is most often used to connect a whole-home TiVo DVR + Mini network to the household WAN/LAN router. It can also be used to add MoCA networking to TiVo DVRs that do not include it, such as the two-tuner Premiere and the Roamio.
MoCA networking is a popular choice for whole-home DVR systems because, unlike Ethernet, it uses ordinary RG-6 coaxial cabling which may already be installed in the customer's home. It is also often used in place of wireless as it provides a reliable, fade-free connection robust enough to handle even high-rate MPEG-2 video from the DVR.
TiVo app
TiVo announced an iPad app on November 22, 2010. The app allows customers to manage their TiVos from their iPad.
The TiVo companion app for iPad was released in the weeks following its announcement.
The app works with TiVo Premiere, Premiere XL, Premiere 4, Premiere XL4, and Roamio boxes. Limited functionality is also available for Series 3 devices.
TiVo also released apps for the iPhone and Android devices. TiVo's Director of Retail and Channel Marketing, Bard Williams, stated the app: "...offers ... complete control over management and program selection, a multi-touch remote that features gestures-based navigation, and the ability to manage and navigate Season Pass recording, your queue and info about cast, crew, similar shows – without interrupting your TV experience...When you're not at home, the app still lets you interact with your Premiere for basic management and recording tasks."
References
External links
Official website
TiVopedia.com - a resource for everything about TiVo DVRs
Digital video recorders
Linux-based devices
Digital Video Recorders |
5019037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengdu%20County | Fengdu County | Fengdu County (; formerly ) is a county located in Chongqing Municipality, People's Republic of China. The county was established as Fengdu County () during the Sui Dynasty. The name was changed to Fengdu County () during the Ming Dynasty. In 1958, the name was changed back to Fengdu County ().
Administration
Before changes in 2013, Fengdu County had 2 subdistricts, 21 towns and 7 townships. , Fengdu County had 2 subdistricts, 23 towns and 5 townships. As of 2020, Fengdu County has the following 2 subdistricts, 23 towns, and 5 townships:
Climate
Ghost City
The Fengdu Ghost City is a tourist attraction modelled after Diyu, the concept of hell in Chinese mythology and Buddhism. It was built over 1,800 years ago. The ghost city became an island once the Three Gorges Dam project was completed. Specifically, part of the Fengdu Ghost City is or will be submerged, but scenery above the "Door of Hell" remains or will remain above water.
Transportation
Fengdu has one Yangtze crossing, the Fengdu Yangtze River Bridge.
Image gallery
References
External links
Pictures of Fengdu Ghost Town
Godchecker entry on Feng Du
Pictures of Feng Du Necropolis (Chinese)
Fengdu - The Ghost City information
Victoria Cruises press release details changes to Fengdu ghost town
China's ghost town vanishes
Fengdu
County-level divisions of Chongqing |
5037324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Golon | Anne Golon | Anne Golon (17 December 1921 – 14 July 2017) was a French author, better known to English-speaking readers as Sergeanne Golon. Her Angélique novels have reportedly sold 150 million copies worldwide and have inspired multiple adaptations.
Biography
Anne Golon was born as Simone Changeux on 17 December 1921 in Toulon, a port in south-eastern France. She was the daughter of Pierre Changeux, a scientist and a captain in the French Navy. She was interested in painting and writing from early childhood and published her first novel, The Country From Behind My Eyes, when she was 18 under the pen name Joëlle Danterne. During World War II, she travelled via bicycle through France to Spain. She wrote using different pen names, helped create France Magazine, and was awarded a literary prize for The Patrol of the Saint Innocents.
She was sent to Africa as a journalist, where, in 1947, she met her future husband, Vsevolod Sergeïvich Goloubinoff, better known as Serge Golon. They collaborated on Angélique: Marquise of the Angels (1956), the first installment in the Angélique series. The novel was an overnight success. When originally published in France, the Angélique novels were credited to both Anne and Serge Golon – Anne being the author and Serge having done much of the historical research. The two names were later combined as "Sergeanne Golon" by British publishers when the series was translated into English.
The popularity of the Angélique novels led to a series of five feature films directed by Bernard Borderie in the 1960s. The actress Michèle Mercier played Angélique, and Robert Hossein played her husband, Joffrey de Peyrac.
In 1972, Anne and Serge travelled to Canada to research a new Angélique novel. That year, as Anne wrote Angélique and the Ghosts, Serge died.
Anne carried on writing and brought up her four children at the same time. Between Serge's death in 1972 and 1985, Anne wrote four more volumes, beginning with the second half of Ghosts (published in France as a single volume, Angélique in Quebec) and proceeding through .
By the 1990s, Anne was reduced to a state close to poverty and filed a lawsuit against the French publisher Hachette for abuse of copyright and unpaid royalties. In 2006, after a legal battle lasting nearly a decade, she reached an agreement which left her the sole owner of the Angélique series.
On 14 July 2017, she died from peritonitis in Versailles, France.
Publications
Angélique: Marquise of the Angels (, 1957)
Angélique: The Road to Versailles (, 1958)
Angélique and the King (, 1959)
Angélique and the Sultan (, 1960)
Angélique in Revolt (, 1961)
Angélique in Love (, 1961)
The Countess Angélique (, 1964)
The Temptation of Angélique (, 1966)
Angélique and the Demon (, 1972)
Angélique and the Ghosts (, 1976)
(1980)
(1984)
(1985)
Notes
References
External links
The official website for the Angélique series
A 2013 press kit featuring an interview with Anne Golon
A 2018 article from BFM TV documenting Anne Golon's legal battle with Hachette
1921 births
2017 deaths
French historical novelists
Writers from Toulon
Women historical novelists
20th-century French novelists
21st-century French novelists
20th-century French women writers
21st-century French women writers
French romantic fiction writers |
5046620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20de%20Marrakech | Stade de Marrakech | Marrakesh Stadium (, Berber: Annar n Mrraksh), is a multi-use stadium in Marrakesh, Morocco. It was designed by Gregotti Associati International.
Completed in January 2012, it is used mostly for football matches with the capability of hosting Olympic Games. It is home to Kawkab Marrakesh football team. The stadium has a capacity of 45,240 people. It replaces Stade Al Harti as the home of Kawkab Marrakech and as the main stadium of the city.
It hosted the 2014 IAAF Continental Cup, four games including the final in the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup, and the 2014 African Championships in Athletics.
History
Construction
Launched on September, 2003, the construction of the stadium lasted 7 years and 3 months. Inauguration took place on January 5, 2011, with friendlies involving two Moroccan teams ; Kawkab Marrakech and Wydad Casablanca facing two French teams ; Olympique Lyonnais and Paris Saint Germain.
Criticism
After more than seven years in construction, the Marrakchis people and the contributors unveiled the first stadium in the world to be both rectangular and host a running track. The criticism from that branched from these constructive decisions is that the distance from the running track to the bleachers is much too far. Considered a fault to the builders, the space contrast is attributed to a lack of potential spectators in the stadium, who avoid the stadium due to poor vision.
Means of access
The stadium is located north of Marrakesh. It is served by the international airport Marrakesh - Menara at fourteen kilometers, and the railway station of the city. Access to the stadium is provided by sixteen doors and a grand entrance.
International events
The stadium hosted the following international events:
2013 FIFA Club World Cup Final
2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final
References
External links
Photos of construction of stadium
Stadium Guide Article
Football venues in Morocco
S
Buildings and structures in Marrakesh
Athletics (track and field) venues in Morocco
Sports venues completed in 2011
2011 establishments in Morocco
KAC Marrakech
21st-century architecture in Morocco |
5056409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41%20Capricorni | 41 Capricorni | 41 Capricorni is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Capricornus. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.24. The distance to this star, based upon an annual parallax shift of , is around 171 light years. It is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −45 km/s.
This is a yellow K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. At the age of around 550 million years it has become a red clump star, which indicates it is generating energy via helium fusion at its core. It has an estimated 2.55 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 48 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,910 K. The magnitude 11.5 companion lies at an angular separation of , as of 2008.
References
K-type giants
Horizontal-branch stars
Binary stars
Capricornus
Durchmusterung objects
Capricorni, 41
206356
107128
8285 |
5145125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan%20News%20Corporation | Balkan News Corporation | Balkan News Corporation was a Bulgarian media company, which operated the bTV and Fox International Channels for Bulgaria. It was formerly owned by News Corporation. In April 2010 the bTV channel was bought by Central European Media Enterprises, who owned the channels PRO.BG and RING.BG in Bulgaria. The FOX channels in Bulgaria (Fox Life and Fox Crime) continue to air under the company brand of "FOX Intl. Channels BG", again owned by News Corporation.
Since 2011 bTV airs under the brand "bTV Media Group", containing the channels bTV, bTV Comedy, bTV Cinema, bTV Action (the former PRO.BG), bTV Lady (from January 2012) and RING.BG. The brand is owned by Central European Media Enterprises.
References
Television companies of Bulgaria |
5182995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20relations%20of%20the%20Sahrawi%20Arab%20Democratic%20Republic | Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | The foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) are conducted by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of representation offices and embassies in foreign countries.
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is the government in exile claiming sovereignty of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara. The Polisario Front, the national liberation movement that administers the SADR, currently controls the area that it calls the Liberated Territories, a strip of Western Sahara territory east of the Moroccan Wall. It also administers the Sahrawi refugee camps at Tindouf, Algeria, where its headquarters are. It has conducted diplomatic relations with states and international organisations since its inception in 1973. In 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 22/29 affirmed for the first time the Sahrawi right on self-determination. In 1979, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 reaffirmed again the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and independence, recognising also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.
Since the country is not widely recognised, the government has asked Independent Diplomat to serve its interests.
Recognition
. Of these, have "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition for a number of reasons. Several states that do not recognise the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile for a sovereign state.
The republic has been a full member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest and remained the only African nation not within the AU between South Africa's admittance in 1994 and (re-)joining the African Union in 2017. The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership, over Moroccan objections to SADR participation. On the other hand, upholding Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favoured by the Arab League.
Besides Algeria, Mexico, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria, and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognised SADR and maintained full diplomatic relations, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.
As with any fluid political situation, diplomatic recognitions of either party's rights are subject to frequent and sometimes unannounced change.
Bilateral relations
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has, since its proclamation established diplomatic relations with a number of states, mainly in Africa and Latin America, which have recognised its independence. In connection with the "freezing", "withdrawing" and resuming of recognition, similar changes have occurred at the level of diplomatic relations. SADR has stable and developed relationships with states such as Algeria and South Africa.
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is represented abroad by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of missions and embassies. Some states that have recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic have elevated the Polisario representation in their country to the status of SADR embassy. The Polisario Front maintains also a network of representations on countries that do not recognized the SADR as a sovereign country, mainly in Europe, with some of them having relations with the host country governments. Representation of foreign countries to the SADR is performed by embassies located abroad, mainly in Algiers, due to the Western Sahara conflict and the settlement of the Sahrawi refugee camps in south-western Algeria. Strong support of Sahrawi cause from some countries is demonstrated by foreign delegation's visits in Liberated Territories of Western Sahara.
Current diplomatic relations
A total of 36 states presently maintain diplomatic relations with the SADR. Of these, 28 have continuously maintained relations with SADR without any interruptions. As of 6 August 2018, Botswana is the most recent nation to have formally established diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Eight states have frozen or canceled relations with the SADR in the past, but later resumed them. As of 20 September 2022, South Sudan is the most recent nation that reestablished diplomatic relations with SADR.
Former diplomatic relations
A total of 16 states or more maintained official diplomatic relations with the SADR in the past. Their relations with SADR are now suspended, frozen or cancelled. As of 12 March 2020, Liberia is the most recent nation to formally cancel diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
Relations with international organisations
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic holds either 'member' or 'observer' status in several international organisations. It participates in the activities of organisations that have formalised its membership, as well as in activities of other organizations as a guest participant. The SADR is usually represented by a Government or national organisations such as the Sahrawi Trade Union.
International treaties and conventions
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has signed a number of international treaties, conventions, protocols and charters negotiated in the context of the African Union. SADR participates in protection of human rights, common defense or trade liberalisation by signature of following agreements.
Participation in international sports federations
In 2015, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic participated for the first time in the All Africa Games, the biggest African multi-sports event.
See also
International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
List of diplomatic missions to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
List of diplomatic missions of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Political status of Western Sahara
Notes
References
External links
Sahara Press Service - public service of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |
5344079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing%20High%20School | Lansing High School | Lansing High School is a public high school in Lansing, New York, United States. The school is located on the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake in the Finger Lakes region of Upstate New York, approximately nine miles from Ithaca.
Lansing High School has an enrollment of approximately 375 students, with slightly under one hundred students in each graduating class. The school district consists of one high school, one middle school, and one elementary school.
Lansing High School's colors are blue and gold, and the school mascot is the bobcat, otherwise known as the Lansing Bobcats.
Academics
Lansing High School offers Advanced Placement Courses, which include: Art, Biology, Calculus AB, Computer Science, English, French, Music Theory I, Spanish, and Statistics.
Lansing High School follows the New York State Public School's graduation requirements. Students can receive a local diploma, a regents diploma, or a regents diploma with advanced designation.
Athletics
In 2000, Shawn Costello won the New York State High School Golf Championship.
In 2001, Girls Varsity Basketball won the New York State High School Basketball Championship.
In 2005 and 2007, John Duthie won the New York State High School Golf Championship.
In 2012, Connor Lapresi won the New York State High School Wrestling Championship (132 lb.).
In 2012, Boys Varsity Baseball won the New York State High School Baseball Championship with a 26-0 record.
In 2017 and 2018, Boys Varsity Soccer won the New York State High School Soccer Championship.
Music
Lansing High School has a mixed chorus, a varsity chorale, a band, an orchestra, a symphony orchestra, and various a cappella groups that are student run.
Notable alumni
Kyle Dake, four-time World Champion freestyle wrestler and Olympic bronze medalist
Tim DeKay, actor and star of the USA Network comedy-drama White Collar
Norman E. Snyder Jr., entrepreneur, philanthropist, and former chief operating officer at SoBe
Christopher Woodrow, Hollywood movie producer known for Birdman, Black Mass, and Hacksaw Ridge
References
Public high schools in New York (state)
Schools in Tompkins County, New York |
5433140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%2C%20Cornwall | Sheffield, Cornwall | Sheffield is a hamlet in Cornwall, England, situated near the village of Paul.
History
Sheffield is thought to have been established to house the workers of the Sheffield Quarry and later the surrounding farms. The settlement was built along the road into Penzance where the quarry's stone had to be carted for shipment. However, the area is thought to have been inhabited as far back as Mesolithic (8000 BC to 4001 BC) and Neolithic (4000 BC to 2501 BC) times. Items from this era were recovered from an arable field at Sheffield Farm by Ian Blackmore in 2003.
The principal stone of the district is the well-known Land's End granite, which was extensively quarried at Sheffield Quarry, a post-medieval quarry dating from between 1540 AD to the late 1920s.
Sheffield Quarry’s granite was highly prized due to its superior quality and strength. The quarry yielded a very coarse-grained grey granite with large felspar crystals; the crystals interlock and lie in all directions adding to its strength, although this made quarrying more difficult it remained valuable as the margins of granite close to Penzance and St Ives did not yield such a good quality of stone.
After the 1830 Beerhouse Act, a kiddlywink (or kiddle-e-wink), which is an old name for a Cornish beer shop or beer house, was thought to have been set up in what is now No. 2 Lower Sheffield and a paraffin store constructed next door (now No. 1). Kiddlywinks were reputed to be the haunts of smugglers and often had an unmarked bottle of spirits under the counter, however farm and quarry labourers were also known to receive beer instead of wages. Sheffield continued to grow and prosper until it was large enough to warrant a chapel and Sunday school.
Teetotal Wesleyan chapel, built around 1845, was later a New Connexion chapel and then converted to a Wesleyan School, it has now been converted to a house. A blacksmith at Sheffield is also shown on the OS map of 1875.
Artists
After the war Australian-born artist Barbara Tribe (1913–2000) moved into the old Sunday School in Sheffield, Cornwall, an area rich in artists, with her husband the architect John Singleman, and converted it into a studio. Tribe lived in the house for the rest of her life and worked alongside some of the most influential British artists of her time. She became a Lecturer in Modelling and Sculpture at the Penzance School of Art, where she remained for 40 years, while her husband re-trained as a potter under Bernard Leach.
Many artists still live and work in the immediate area today due to the quality of the light, which has attracted artists dating back to when the railways made it possible to travel easily to the far West. Sheffield can be found just outside Newlyn, home to the world-famous Newlyn School and up the road from the picturesque fishing port of Mousehole.
References
External links
Hamlets in Cornwall
Penwith |
5437596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knittlingen | Knittlingen | Knittlingen is a town in the Enz district in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
It lies at the eastern edge of the Kraichgau in the centre of a rectangle that is formed by Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Heilbronn, and Stuttgart.
The centre of Knittlingen consists of many old half-timbered houses.
Neighbouring municipalities
Neighbouring towns and municipalities (clockwise): Sternenfels, Maulbronn, Ölbronn-Dürrn, (all Enz (district)), Bretten, and Oberderdingen, (both Karlsruhe (district)).
Transport
The motorways A5
(Bruchsal or Karlsruhe-Exit),
A6 (Eppingen-Exit) and A8 Pforzheim-Exit
are reachable within approximately 30 minutes.
Knittlingen-Kleinvillars station is located on the Württemberg Western Railway and is served by Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services to Karlsruhe, Bruchsal and Mühlacker.
The nearest airport is part of the Baden Airpark (officially Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden) about 70 km southwest of Knittlingen, with regular connections to airports in Germany and Europe in general. Frankfurt International Airport can be reach in about an hour and a half by car, whereas Stuttgart Airport can be reached in about one hour.
History
Knittlingen was founded during the Frankish period. Records from the year 843 refer to it by the name "Cnudelingen." It was a possession of various religious and secular territories, including the Margraviate of Baden, until it finally came into the possession of Maulbronn Abbey, which held it from that time forward.
In 1490, Maximilian I, established the first regular postal route in Europe between Innsbruck and the Netherlands. Knittlingen was used as a postal station in 1495 and 1499. It became a station once again in 1563, replacing Diedelsheim bei Bretten. Its use as a postal station brought many people to the town. The service station of the Thurn-und-Taxis-Post in Knittlingen reached the cities from Innsbruck to Brussels.
In 1360, in 1632 and again in 1692, the town was completely destroyed, having suffered greatly from being besieged, set on fire and sacked. Count Palatine Philipp set out from here on May 10, 1534, when he marched with his army to Lauffen to fight in the Battle of Lauffen. In 1632 during the Thirty Years War, Knittlingen was burned down by troops of General Ernesto Montecuccoli who fought on the side of the Empire. The important market road from Frankfurt am Main to Cannstatt via Speyer runs through the center of Knittlingen.
As a possession of Maulbronn Abbey, Knittlingen belonged to the territory of the Palatinate of the Rhine. Knittlingen received the official status of a city in 1840. Beginning in 1806, Knittlingen was part of the Maulbronn district, and from 1938 to 1972 part of the administrative district of Vaihingen an der Enz. After these districts were abolished, Knittlingen became part of the Enzkreis subdistrict in the Karlsruhe district.
The historical Faust, on whom the legends of Faust are based, was supposed to have been born here. Hence the city has a Faust archive and a Faust museum.
Wine-growing
Knittlingen is one of the biggest wine-growing municipalities of Württemberg. Wine-growing was proved there for 700 years. Numerous sorts of wine are growing.
Education
The Dr. Johannes-Faust-School is an elementary and secondary school and is attended by nearly 1000 students from all over the Enz (district). There are elementary schools in Freudenstein and Kleinvillars as well.
Museum
Dr. Johannes Faust Museum
Personalities
Johann Georg Faust
Die Flippers
Media
The Badischen Neuesten Nachrichten (BNN), a daily newspaper operating out of Karlsruhe and the Pforzheimer Zeitung.
International relations
Knittlingen is twinned with:
Benaojan (Spain)
Montejaque (Spain)
References
Enzkreis
Württemberg |
5447074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Dong-hee%20%28Go%20player%29 | Kim Dong-hee (Go player) | Kim Dong-hee (born October 24, 1985) is South Korean professional Go player.
Biography
In 2005, he was runner-up for the BC Card Cup.
Runners-up
Promotion record
References
External links
Hanguk Kiwon profile
1985 births
Living people
South Korean Go players |
5470103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger%20vehicles%20in%20the%20United%20States | Passenger vehicles in the United States | Since 2009, the United States is home to the second largest passenger vehicle market of any country in the world, second to China. Overall, there were an estimated 263.6 million registered vehicles in the United States in 2015, most of which were passenger vehicles. This number, along with the average age of vehicles, has increased steadily since 1960. The United States is also home to three large vehicle manufacturers: General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler, which have historically been referred to as the "Big Three".
Cars became popular in the U.S. after the introduction of the Ford Model T in 1908, and experienced a further increase in popularity after the construction of the Interstate Highway System and the suburbanization of the United States in the 1950s. In the 21st century, large SUVs have become popular in the U.S., leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions and pedestrian deaths.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration writes and enforces the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.
The United States is commonly regarded as a car-centric country, with cars being a dominant American mode of transport. U.S. infrastructure and road rules tend to privilege cars over other road users such as cyclists and pedestrians. Cars have been a major component of American culture, particularly since the 1950s.
Statistics
The United States Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration as well as the National Automobile Dealers Association have published data in regard to the total number of vehicles, growth trends, and ratios between licensed drivers, the general population, and the increasing number of vehicles on American roads. Overall passenger vehicles have been outnumbering licensed drivers since 1972 at an ever-increasing rate, while light trucks and vehicles manufactured by foreign makes have gained a larger share of the automotive market in the United States. In 2001, 70% of Americans drove to work in cars. New York City is the only locality in the country where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).
Total number of vehicles
There are two types of sources for vehicle registration data, known as Vehicles in Operation (VIO): governmental sources such as the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and commercial, for-profit companies such as IHS and Hedges & Company.
According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics for 2012, there were 254,639,386 registered vehicles. Of these, 183,171,882 were classified as "Light duty vehicle, short wheel base", while another 50,588,676 were listed as "Light duty vehicle, long wheel base". Another 8,190,286 were classified as vehicles with two axles and six or more tires and 2,469,094 were classified as "Truck, combination". There were 8,454,939 motorcycles also listed along with 764,509 buses.
According to cumulative data by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) the number of motor vehicles increased steadily from 1960 to 2006, only stagnating once in 1997 and declining from 1990 to 1991. Otherwise the number of motor vehicles during that period rose by an estimated 3.69 million each year since 1960 with the largest annual growth between 1998 and 1999 as well as between 2000 and 2001 when the number of motor vehicles in the United States increased by eight million. Since the study by the FHWA, the number of vehicles has increased by approximately eleven million, one of the largest recorded increases. The largest percentage increase was between the years of 1972 and 1973 when the number of cars increased by 5.88%.
There are three main reasons commercial VIO data differs from data from the US government. The first is due to variation when data is reported by states to the US government. States are required to report registrations using form FHWA-561 once per calendar year or fiscal year. Forty six states end their fiscal year on June 30 and four end in March, August or September. This data is due to the FHWA by January 1 of the following year, creating a lag time of about six months and thereby not accounting for half a year of changes. Second, the government's definitions of vehicle classifications change over time. A footnote added to FHWA datafiles states, "...Data for 2007–10 were calculated using a new methodology developed by FHWA. Data for these years are based on new categories and are not comparable to previous years". Third, the government can include vehicles not in use, or double-count vehicles that have been transferred across two states. According to the FHWA Office of Highway Policy Information, "Although many States continue to register specific vehicle types on a calendar year basis, all States use some form of the "staggered" system to register motor vehicles. Registration practices for commercial vehicles differ greatly among States. The FHWA data include all vehicles which have been registered at any time throughout the calendar year. Data include vehicles which were retired during the year and vehicles that were registered in more than one State. In some States, it is also possible that contrary to the FHWA reporting instructions, vehicles which have been registered twice in the same State may be reported as two vehicles". (All italics added for emphasis.)
Vehicles in Operation (VIO)
In the year 2001, the National Automobile Dealers Association conducted a study revealing the average age of vehicles in operation in the US. The study found that of vehicles in operation in the US, 38.3% were older than ten years, 22.3% were between seven and ten years old, 25.8% were between three and six years old, and 13.5% were less than two years old. According to this study the majority of vehicles, 60.6%, of vehicles were older than seven years in 2001. This relatively high age of automobiles in the US might be explained by unaffordable prices for comparable new replacement vehicles and a corresponding gradual decline in sales figures since 1998. Also, many Americans own three or more vehicles. The low marginal cost of registering and insuring additional older vehicles, many of which are rarely used, could cause the study to be skewed as these vehicles are still given full weight in the statistics.
The median and mean age of automobiles has steadily increased since 1969. In 2007, the overall median age for automobiles was 9.4 years, a significant increase over 1990 when the median age of vehicles in operation in the US was 6.5 years and 1969 when the mean age for automobiles was 5.1 years. Of all body styles, pick-up trucks had the highest mean age in 2001 (9.4 years), followed by cars with a mean age of 8.4 years and van with a mean age of 7.0 years. As SUVs are part of a relatively new consumer trend originating mostly in the 1990s, SUVs had the lowest mean age of any body style in the US (6.1 years). The average recreational vehicle was even older with a mean age of 12.5. For all body styles the mean vehicle age increased fairly steadily from 1969 to 2001.
In March 2009, RL Polk released a study conducted between 2007 and 2008 which indicated that the median age of passenger cars in operation in the US increased to 9.4 years, and that the median age for light trucks increased from 7.1 years in 2007 to 7.5 years in 2008. , the median age for all vehicles in the US had risen to 10.8 years.
While the age has increased the number of service/repairs has remained the same at 4.2 times per year. That number took a decline in 2010 to 3.6. This number includes the effect of the 2009 Car Allowance Rebate System program, also known as "Cash for Clunkers", in which approximately 850,000 vehicles were bought and scrapped by the federal government.
Sales
In the year 2009, in the largest decline during economic crisis, fewer than 6 million new passenger cars were sold in the United States, and the total number of new sold and leased cars and light trucks dropped to just above 13 million from a normal pre-crisis level of 20 million. The number of cars sold in the US decreased at a continuous rate since 2000, when 9 million passenger cars were sold in the US. 1985 was a record year with cars sales totaling just over 11 million.
In 2006, the sales of vehicles made in NAFTA states totaled 5.5 million, while the sale of imported vehicles totaled 2.2 million. 923,000 vehicles were imported from Japan, making it the greatest exporter of vehicles to the US. Germany was the second largest exporter of vehicles to the US, with 534,000 units exported to the US in 2006. Imports from all other nations, except Germany and Japan, totaled 729,000.
Pricing
In July 2004, Edmunds.com published a report stating that the average sticker price on a vehicle sold in the United States was $29,746. However, in the US, passenger vehicles are commonly sold at considerable discounts and customers rarely pay the sticker price or MSRP (Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price). The discount is commonly determined by the company's marketing strategies and tends to be larger the slower selling a vehicle is. Due to what many American consumers have perceived as a declining quality among the automobiles manufactured by the "Big Three" and large fixed labor and capital costs, discounts tend to be larger on domestic vehicles. In 2003 the average discount on a domestic vehicle was 20.6% below MSRP. For Japanese and Korean vehicles the average discount was 10% and 12.8%. The lowest discounts were given on vehicles from European manufacturers, where the average discount was 7.7% below MSRP.
Overall, the average discount in July 2004 was $4,982 (16.8%), meaning that while the average MSRP was almost $30,000, the average buyer of a new car paid only $24,764. Dr. Jane Liu, the Vice President of Data Analysis for Edmunds.com further stated that, "New models are being introduced at higher price points, but the competitiveness of the market is dramatically pushing down net prices, resulting in a record average discount". The lowest discounts among all car segments were given on luxury SUVs, where buyers received an average 10% discount, resulting in a $43,725 net price, versus the sticker price of $48,586.
Fuel economy
The American automobile industry became notorious for the manufacture of gas guzzlers during the 1960s and 1970s when fuel prices and consumer awareness concerning fuel economy were at an all-time low. American-made cars took on enormous proportions as consumers placed their emphasis on comfort, power and style. Large sedans from this era came to be known as land yachts, often rivaling today's largest pick-up trucks in terms of length and width. In 1977, the Lincoln Continental Mark V was reviewed by the German automobile magazine auto motor und sport and still holds the record for the worst fuel economy of any vehicle ever tested by the magazine with an average of 7 MPG (33.5L/100 km).
Following the 1973 oil crisis, however, smaller vehicles, often imported from Japan, became more and more popular with the American public as these vehicles featured better fuel economy ratings. In 1975, the US government passed minimum fuel economy standards. From the late 1970s, American automobile manufacturers drastically downsized their cars. Only a few vehicles, such as those using the Ford Panther platform retained their original size.
With fuel prices returning to 1960s levels, many American manufacturers again increased the size of their vehicles in the 1990s.
In 2020 the average light-duty automobile, including light trucks, in the US had a fuel economy rating of 23.0 MPG or 10.2 liters per 100 kilometers. The average fuel economy for passenger vehicles in the United States remained stagnant throughout the 1990s and 2000s, peaking in 2001 and 2004. The 90s saw the slowest increase in fuel economy since 1960, with fuel economy increasing from 16.4 MPG in 1990 to 16.9 MPG in 2001. This is in contrast to the 1980s when the average fuel economy improved somewhat more significantly from 13.3 MPG in 1980 to 16.4 MPG in 1990.
Body style and size
Mainstream mid-size sedans such as the Chevrolet Malibu or Ford Fusion are often perceived to be the typical and most common body style in the United States. While mid-size sedans are indeed among the country's best selling vehicles, pick-up trucks held the top positions until mid-2008, rivaling sedans in the terms of total numbers sold. In the year 2006, the best selling models were the Ford F-Series with 796,039 units sold and the Chevrolet Silverado with 636,069 units sold. The Toyota Camry, Dodge Ram, and Honda Accord held the next three positions as the best selling cars. Rising oil prices stripped pick-up trucks of the " Best selling vehicle type" title in mid-2008. The Toyota Corolla currently holds the title.
By September 2017 sales of new crossover utility vehicles exceeded the combined sales of traditional cars such as sedans, hatchbacks, and sports cars.
VMT
Passenger vehicles miles traveled in the United States are included in the VMT statistics.
According to some data, Americans' cars are driven at least twice as much as those of European countries, in VMT units.
Americans cars have transported 3,235,752 million Passenger-Miles in the US, in 2006, according to the DoT (against 4,678 billion passenger kilometers in the EU-27).
In the US, car occupancy, is near of 1.7 people per car (against around 1.5 occupant(s) by car in EU).
Manufacturing
The US was the largest producer of vehicles in the world in 2003, followed by Japan and Germany. While most vehicles sold in the US were manufactured by the Big Three, foreign corporations such as Japan's Toyota Motor Company have starting manufacturing in the US and are now an integrated part of the US automobile industry. According to many sources, the extended US operations of foreign based companies now rival those of American automobile manufacturers. For example, Toyota Motor Company now operates twelve manufacturing plants in the US, producing 1.55 million vehicles, 61.66% of the roughly 2.5 million vehicles the company sells in the US each year.
A wide variety of vehicles are manufactured in the United States, from compact cars to full-size luxury vehicles. The American automobile industry itself is probably best known for the manufacture of large cars, leading to the common public perception of American cars being larger than those from other countries and making the US well known for the production of so-called land yachts.
Domestic vehicles
While the denotation of domestic vehicle includes all vehicles made in the United States, the term Domestic vehicle in the United States is usually only applied to vehicles made by the "Big Three", their traditional makes, and Tesla Motors. The term domestic vehicle does not include vehicles sold under makes who used to be headquartered outside the United States and are now owned by the Ford Motor Company or General Motors. Ironically, vehicles made outside the US by the traditional makes of the "Big Three" are considered to be domestic vehicles, while vehicles made inside the US by foreign manufacturers are not considered domestic, but rather import vehicles.
Import vehicles
As with the term, domestic vehicles, there is a legal definition for import vehicles but popular usage of the term, and popular views of what constitutes an "import" vehicle, vary widely.
For the purposes of Federal regulations, such as Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and the American Automobile Labeling Act of 1994 (AALA), vehicles produced in the United States, regardless of brand, are considered "domestic", while vehicles produced outside the United States are considered "imported".
However, many Americans view a Toyota vehicle made in Kentucky, a Saab built in Ohio, or a Mercedes-Benz vehicle made in Alabama as an "import" (or import make), while others view a Pontiac vehicle made in Australia as a "domestic" vehicle. This perception is due to the respective brands' longstanding association with their parent countries: Toyota with Japan, Mercedes-Benz with Germany, and Pontiac with the United States.
The country of origin of any particular vehicle can be easily determined:
The AALA requires that passenger vehicles manufactured after October 1, 1994, must have labels specifying their percentage value of U.S./Canadian parts content, the country of assembly, and countries of origin of the engine and transmission. These are typically part of, or adjacent, to the vehicle's Monroney sticker.
Each vehicle sold in the United States carries a Vehicle Identification Number, as required by NHTSA regulation – Title 49, Part 565 of the U.S. Code.
The VIN identifies the vehicle's country of manufacture, and the company responsible for its production. Vehicles manufactured in the United States have VINs beginning with the numbers 1, 4, and 5 – regardless of where the company is based. If a motor vehicle is manufactured in Canada, the VIN begins with the number 2. Thus, a Toyota Camry made in the U.S. will have a 1, 4, or 5 at the start of its VIN, while one imported from Japan will begin with the letter J.
In the year 2000, according to an article in the magazine Motor, BMW attempted to label its "X5" Sport utility vehicle, made in Spartanburg, South Carolina with a VIN beginning with the letter W – indicating the vehicle was made in Germany. A spokesman for the Society of Automotive Engineers, the agency responsible for assigning the three-digit "World Manufacturer Identifier" that begins the VIN label, was quoted as saying "We assign (codes) according to the dirt the plant's built on, not the headquarters of the company".
Big Three
"The Big Three" refers to the three largest automobile manufacturers headquartered in the United States. While there have been roughly 1,800 car manufacturers in the US over the course of the 20th century, only three large corporations with considerable sales numbers were left by the 1980s. The term is applied to General Motors, the Ford Motor Company, and FCA US.
General Motors
General Motors is the largest automobile manufacturer in the United States and was also the world's largest for 77 years. However, in 2008, GM was passed by Toyota. GM is headquartered at the Renaissance Center in downtown Detroit, employs approximately 216,000 people, sold 9.025 million cars worldwide, and had a US$152.35 billion revenue for the year 2015. The corporation sells its vehicles in the United States under the following divisions and subsidiaries:
Buick
Cadillac
Chevrolet
GMC
Hummer, defunct as of 2010
Pontiac defunct as of 2010
Saturn Corporation defunct as of 2010–11
Oldsmobile defunct as of 2004
Ford Motor Company
The Ford Motor Company (FoMoCo) was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford, and is America's second largest and the world's fifth largest vehicle manufacturer according to total sales volume. In 2015, the Ford Motor Company had a total revenue of $149.5 billion and 199,000 employees worldwide. The corporation sells vehicles under the following brand names and subsidiaries:
Ford Motor Company
Lincoln
Mercury defunct as of 2011
Chrysler
Founded in 1925 by Walter Percy Chrysler, the Chrysler Corporation has since been one of the most important American automobile manufacturers, consistently ranking as the third-largest for most of the post-war period. The company followed GM's "move up" model, with the Chrysler brand (and the Imperial brand from 1955 to 1975) being the flagship luxury make.
In 1998, the Chrysler Corporation officially merged with Daimler-Benz of Germany, into a new entity, DaimlerChrysler (DCX), which is headquartered both in Stuttgart, Germany and Auburn Hills, Michigan (where the pre-merger headquarters of DaimlerBenz and Chrysler, respectively, were located). This raised a dispute on whether Chrysler (or, more specifically, the Chrysler Group within DCX, which consists of most former Chrysler Corporation operations and is headquartered in Auburn Hills) can still be seen as a domestic manufacturer. Nevertheless, the term "Big Three" still applied.
In 2005, the Chrysler Group employed 83,130 people and sold 2.83 million vehicles globally, generating $57.4 billion in revenue.
Chrysler entered into bankruptcy in 2008, and was then owned by the Italian car maker FIAT and the United Auto Workers Union.
With the merger of Chrysler and Fiat in 2014, the new company's name became Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) (operating in USA as FCA US LLC) in December 2014. FCA in turn merged on January 16, 2020, with French based PSA Group to form a new entity called Stellantis.
As US-american brands, Fiat Chrysler and now Stellantis manufactures and sells vehicles under the following brands:
Chrysler
Dodge
Jeep (acquired in 1987 after Chrysler absorbed American Motors' business assets from its parent owner Renault)
Ram Trucks (formerly Dodge Truck Division)
SRT was consolidated back into Dodge in 2014, and used as a sub-brand.
The company also imports and sells European Stellantis (former FCA) brands: Alfa Romeo and Fiat (Maserati USA is a separate company).
Brands owned by Chrysler resp. FCA resp. Stellantis, but no longer used in current production of new vehicles are:
DeSoto defunct 1961
Imperial defunct 1975
Plymouth defunct in 2001
AMC defunct in 1987 (remaining stock purchased by Chrysler Corporation from Renault)
Eagle defunct in 1998 (was established as the successor to American Motors)
Other automakers with manufacturing operations in the United States
BMW
See BMW for a complete overview of the corporation
BMW opened its American manufacturing plant in Spartanburg, South Carolina in 1994, to manufacture the Z3 roadster, later replaced by the Z4 model. Since 2000, the plant also manufactures the X3, X5 and X6 SUV. All those models are made exclusively at Spartanburg for both the domestic market and worldwide exports (not counting CKD operations in some countries).
Honda
See Honda for a complete overview of the corporation
Honda was the first Japanese automaker to build a factory in the United States. Following the success of the Civic and Accord, the company opened a new plant in Marysville, Ohio in 1982 to assemble the model, which went on to become the most popular car in the US in 1989. Honda expanded their operations and the scope of models manufactured in the US, building the Anna engine plant and East Liberty automobile assembly plant, and in 2001 opening Honda Manufacturing of Alabama in Lincoln. Most models sold under the Honda and Acura brands in North America are currently manufactured in either the U.S. or Canada.
Others, such as the Honda Fit, Honda S2000, Acura TSX, and Acura RL, were imported from Japan. Some vehicles, such as the older CR-V (in the eastern United States) and the Civic SI hatchback, were imported from the UK. Some Accord passenger cars were imported from Mexico and starting from 2008 all CR-V's sold in the Americas are made in Mexico, in the early 2000s. In 2009, production of 4-door Civic sedans began at a new factory in Greensburg, Indiana.
Hyundai
See Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama for more detailed description
Hyundai Motor Company started manufacturing in the United States in 2005, when their plant in Montgomery, Alabama started the production of the Sonata sedan. It was joined in 2006 by the new Santa Fe SUV.
Kia Motors
See Kia Motors for more detailed description
Kia Motor Company, partially owned by Hyundai, has built a manufacturing plant in West Point, Georgia, which produces the Optima sedan and the Kia Sorento SUV.
Mazda
See AutoAlliance International for more detailed description
The last Mazda 6 rolled off the line on Friday, August 24, 2012, with Mazda discontinuing production on American soil, effectively ending the 20-year joint-venture between Mazda and Ford. Mazda moved production of the Mazda 6 back to Japan and opened a factory in Salamanca, Mexico, which builds the Toyota Yaris iA and Mazda 3 subcompact and compact cars.
On Wednesday, January 26, 2022, Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA, a joint venture with Toyota, started production of the CX-50 crossover in Huntsville, Alabama.
Mercedes-Benz
See Mercedes-Benz U.S. International for more detailed description
In 1997, a year before the merger of Damiler-Benz and Chrysler, the former Daimler-Benz followed the steps of their Bavarian competitor and opened a plant in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, to serve as a worldwide production location for the new M-Class. The M-Class has since then been replaced by a new generation and joined by the new R-Class and GL-Class, also manufactured exclusively in Alabama.
Nissan
See Nissan Motors for a complete overview of the corporation
Nissan opened their first factory in the 1980s in Smyrna, Tennessee, joined in the new millennium by another plant in Canton, Mississippi. Most models sold under the Nissan brand in United States, as well as Infiniti QX56, are currently manufactured there. Unlike Toyota or Honda, the company does not have any manufacturing operations in Canada. However, Nissan maintains manufacturing operations in Mexico, from which its smaller U.S.-market cars like the Sentra are imported. Most North American models are specific to this market, although some models, like the Murano and Quest, are exported to other continents.
Lucid Motors
See Lucid Motors for a more for a more detailed description
American car company Lucid based in Newark, California manufactures its luxury electric sedan the Air in Casa Grande, Arizona. With a EPA certified range of 516 miles it became the first electric vehicle in the world to achieve a range of over 500 miles.
Subaru
See Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. for more detailed description
Subaru teamed up with fellow Japanese manufacturer Isuzu, forming a joint-venture called Subaru Isuzu Automotive to build and operate a manufacturing plant in Lafayette, Indiana. The plant made Subaru cars and Isuzu SUVs mostly for the American market until 2003, when Isuzu, facing faltering sales in America, decided to quit the venture selling their share to Subaru for $1 million. The plant continued to build Isuzu Rodeos under contract until the end of that vehicle's production run. From then on, the production was limited to Subaru models such as Legacy and its derivatives Outback and Baja, as well as the new B9 Tribeca. The two latter models are only built in Indiana for all markets where they are sold. After Toyota acquired a stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, the parent company of Subaru, it shifted some of the Toyota Camry production to the Lafayette plant.
Tesla Motors
See Tesla for more detailed description
Tesla is an American company based in Silicon Valley that designs, manufactures and sells electric vehicles and, through its subsidiary SolarCity, solar power energy systems.
Tesla Motors gained widespread attention by producing the Tesla Roadster (2008), the first fully electric sports car, followed by other premium electric vehicles such as the Model S (2012) sedan, Model X (2015) SUV and Model 3 (2017).
Toyota Motor Corporation
See Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America for more detailed description
Toyota's first foray into automobile manufacturing in the United States was NUMMI, a joint venture with General Motors based on the latter's production facility in California, which started in 1984 and has been manufacturing Toyota models and their versions branded as Geo, Chevrolet and Pontiac until GM withdrew in August 2009 and Toyota shut the doors in March 2010. Toyota went on to establish a number of wholly owned plants in states such as Kentucky, Indiana, California, Texas, West Virginia and Alabama. More than half of Toyota-branded vehicles sold in the United States come from American plants. Conversely, all Scions were imported from Japan or Mexico (iA only). Many Lexus-branded models are imported from Japan or Canada (RX only). Some are assembled in Lexington, Kentucky (ES only).
Volkswagen
See Volkswagen Group of America for more detailed description
During the late 1970s, Volkswagen of America commenced production of the MkI Golf (sold in the US as the Rabbit including its utility variant (marketed in Europe as the Caddy and the US and the Rabbit Sportruck) at its Westmoreland, Pennsylvania assembly plant until the plant ceased operations in the early 1980s. North American production after the Westmoreland closure was shifted to VW's Puebla, Mexico factory. The 2012 Volkswagen Passat is a mid-sized sedan which replaces the previous-generation Passat B6 in the North American market. The model was also shipped overseas to South Korea. The Passat NMS was officially announced in January 2011 at the Detroit Auto Show. Built at the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant, the new Passat allows building and shipping costs to be reduced significantly over its predecessor making it more competitive to offerings from competitors at the $20K mark.
Volvo
See Volvo Cars for a complete overview of the corporation
Volvo Cars opened its first assembly plant in the United States, in Ridgeville, South Carolina. Assembly of Volvo S60s commenced there in September 2018.
Domestic makes – Big Three
These makes from the Big Three are currently marketed in the U.S.
Domestic makes – non-Big Three
Equus
Fisker
Karma
Lucid
Panoz
Rezvani
Rivian
Tesla
Saleen
Import makes, with some assembly in the U.S.
Some passenger vehicles from the following import makes are currently assembled in the U.S.
Import-only makes
The following makes are currently imported to the U.S., and not assembled domestically.
Safety
Safety of people using passenger vehicles is one topic of transportation safety in the United States.
See also
Automotive industry
World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
List of U.S. cars
References
United States
Road transportation in the United States
Road transportation in North America |
5482702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Digital%20Image | Microsoft Digital Image | Microsoft Digital Image was a digital image editing program created by Microsoft. It was a successor to Microsoft Picture It!
Microsoft Digital Image came in three different editions: Digital Image Standard, which offered tools for editing images, Digital Image Suite, which added Digital Image Library for organizing images and Digital Image Suite Plus, which included tools from Digital Image Suite and the video editing tools of Pinnacle Studio. Digital Image had support for Adobe Photoshop plugins. Later versions also included Photo Story 3.1.
The latest version of this product was Digital Image 2006. This version had native support for Raw camera formats from Canon () and Nikon () On 19 September 2006, Microsoft released an "anniversary edition" which offered Windows Vista compatibility, removed raw support, added support for Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) metadata.
The software product was generally well received and praised for its ease of use.
On 15 June 2007, Microsoft announced that the Microsoft Digital Image suite would be discontinued because most of the feature set in the Digital Image suite of applications had been integrated into newer Microsoft titles and services, including Windows Photo Gallery.
References
External links
Digital Image |
5511183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20Coppenrath | Taylor Coppenrath | Taylor Burton Coppenrath (born November 8, 1981) is an American former professional basketball player.
Early life
Coppenrath went to high school at St. Johnsbury Academy where he did not play for the varsity basketball team until his junior year. However, he went on to be the 2000 Vermont Player of the Year by Gatorade, the Burlington Free Press and USA Today.
College career
Coppenrath played at University of Vermont from 2001 to 2005. After his redshirt freshman year, he led UVM to three straight America East Conference titles. At the end of his college career, he was Vermont's second all-time leading scorer in total points (2,442) and points per game (21.4). He also ranks the university's all-time leader in field goals made (851), is fifth all-time in rebounding (839) and blocked shots (83). He is one of two players along with Reggie Lewis, to win three America East Conference Player of the Year awards. Coppenrath also matched a record held by Vin Baker with 14 America East Player of the Week awards.
During his junior year, Coppenrath and the Catamounts were in contention for the America East regular season championship when he discovered that his wrist was broken following a loss to Boston University. BU went on to win the regular season crown, but Coppenrath led Vermont over Maine in the conference title game to send UVM to the NCAA tournament. The title game, which was held at UVM's Patrick Gym and televised nationally, was Coppenrath's first game back from the wrist injury. Playing with his wrist wrapped, Coppenrath delivered a 43-point performance and captured the Reggie Lewis Award as the most outstanding player of the conference tournament despite playing only one game in the tourney.
In his senior year, Coppenrath was a finalist for many national awards, including the John Wooden Award for National Player of the Year, the only finalist ever from the America East. That season (2004–2005) was the most successful in Vermont men's basketball history. After capturing the Conference title, the team defeated Syracuse University for its first NCAA tournament victory ever. Coppenrath scored 16 points in the game.
On October 26, 2019, Coppenrath’s number 22 jersey was retired by the University of Vermont, on the same night former teammate T. J. Sorrentine’s number 11 was also retired.
Professional career
After playing with the Boston Celtics Summer League team in 2005, Coppenrath signed with AEK Athens B.C. in Greece for the 2005–06 season. After completing his first season abroad, he played with the Indiana Pacers during Summer League before signing with Pallacanestro Biella in Italian Serie A.
In 2007, Coppenrath signed with CB Lucentum Alicante in the Spanish LEB Oro, where he stayed from 2007 to 2009. It was in Spain where the forward has played the rest of his career thus far, with both Melilla Baloncesto in 2009–10, CB Murcia in 2010–11, Menorca Bàsquet in 2011–12, returning to Alicante for the 2012–13 season, where he again helped the team earn promotion to Liga ACB. For the 2013–14 season, Coppenrath signed with Ford Burgos., where he was selected in the All-LEB Oro Team after the 2014–15 season.
In August 2015, Coppenrath announced his retirement after helping teams achieve five promotions to Liga ACB in six seasons.
Coaching career
Coppenrath returned to his alma mater, St. Johnsbury Academy where he served as an assistant coach for the boys' basketball team in addition to teaching math. On July 26, 2017, Coppenrath was announced as the head girls basketball coach at Missisquoi Valley Union Middle/High School in Swanton, Vermont, where he will also serve as a math teacher.
Euroleague statistics
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2005–06
| style="text-align:left;"| AEK Athens
| 13 || 13 || 28.6 || .495 || .000 || .789 || 3.6 || .5 || 1.0 || .4 || 11.1 || 10.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 13 || 13 || 28.6 || .495 || .000 || .789 || 3.6 || .5 || 1.0 || .4 || 11.1 || 10.9
|}
References
External links
LEB Oro profile
Official site
Univ. of Vermont basketball bio
stats @ aek.com
1981 births
Living people
AEK B.C. players
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Vermont
CB Lucentum Alicante players
CB Murcia players
Melilla Baloncesto players
Menorca Bàsquet players
Pallacanestro Biella players
People from Barnet, Vermont
Power forwards (basketball)
St. Johnsbury Academy alumni
Vermont Catamounts men's basketball players |
5527448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20in%20Sydney | Media in Sydney | Media in Sydney is internationally influential, with most Australian media companies and all major television networks headquartered in Sydney. Sydney is often referred to as Australia's "media capital" since it completely dominates the media market in Australia. The book publishing industry in Sydney is also very large. Also, many of Australia's broadcasting companies have head offices in Sydney. Sydney is also home to Australia's film industry, with major production companies based in and around the Sydney CBD. Disney Studios Australia is located in Sydney, in the inner city suburb of Moore Park.
Newspapers
Sydney has two main daily newspapers. The Sydney Morning Herald (which is the oldest Australian newspaper) is Sydney's newspaper of record with extensive coverage of domestic and international news, culture and business. It is also the oldest extant newspaper in Australia, having been published regularly since 1831. The Herald's competitor, The Daily Telegraph, is a News Corporation-owned tabloid. Both papers have tabloid counterparts published on Sunday, The Sun-Herald and the Sunday Telegraph respectively. The Australian and Australian Financial Review are also based in Sydney, but are considered national papers.
Smith's Weekly was published in Sydney but circulated around Australia. It ran from 1919 to 1950.
Television
Sydney has five television networks. The three commercial television networks (Seven, Nine and 10), the national government network (ABC) and the multi-cultural provider (SBS). Each network has provided additional channels on the Freeview digital network. These include 10 Bold, 10 Peach, 10 Shake, TVSN, Gecko TV formerly Spree TV, ABC HD, ABC TV Plus/KIDS, ABC ME, ABC News, SBS HD (SBS broadcast in HD), SBS Viceland, SBS Viceland HD (SBS Viceland broadcast in HD), SBS World Movies, SBS Food, NITV, SBS WorldWatch, 7HD (Seven broadcast in HD), 7Two, 7mate, 7flix, 7mate HD (7mate broadcast in HD), RACING.COM, 9HD (Nine broadcast in HD), 9Gem, 9Go!, 9Life, 9Gem HD (9Gem broadcast in HD), 9Rush and Extra. All networks have their headquarters located in Sydney. Pay TV, for example, Foxtel and Optus are also all headquartered in Sydney. Historically, the networks have been based on the north shore, but the last decade has seen several move to the inner city. Nine have their headquarters and studios north of the harbour, in North Sydney (it was moved from Willoughby). Ten have their headquarters and studios in a redeveloped section of the inner-city suburb of Pyrmont (it was moved from North Ryde, then Ultimo), and Seven have their headquarters and studios in Eveleigh (it was moved from Epping, then Martin Place). The ABC have their headquarters and studios in the suburb of Ultimo (it was moved from Artarmon) and SBS have their headquarters and studios at Artarmon. Foxtel and Optus both supply pay-TV over their cable services or via satellite to most parts of the urban area.
Film
Sydney is Australia’s centre for film and media. Many of the landmarks in Sydney have been referenced, shown and have been the settings for countless films and television programs. Sydney also has a wide number of references in films that have been set in the city, the most famous being in the 2003 Disney/Pixar animated film Finding Nemo, which was set in the famous Sydney Harbour. The emerging suburb of Parramatta in Sydney, recently played host to Owen Wilson and Kate Hudson film premiere You, Me and Dupree. All films premiere in Sydney and only in very few cases in other Australian cities. Film in Sydney has been criticized for attracting major and international productions only and neglecting local productions, which are usually filmed in other Australian cities. Compared to other Australian cities, Sydney's film industry is highly commercial and only Gold Coast has a commercial film industry slightly similar to Sydney's.
Radio
For 2020, the Nielsen Company estimates the Sydney radio market has 3,983,000 listeners. Many AM and FM government, commercial and community radio services broadcast in the Sydney area. The local ABC radio station is ABC Radio Sydney. The talkback radio genre is dominated by the perennial rivals 2GB and 2SM. Popular music stations include KIIS 106.5, Triple M, 2Day FM, and Nova 96.9, which generally targets people under 40. In the older end of the music radio market, Smooth 95.3 and Hope 103.2 target the 25 to 45 age group, while WSFM 101.7 targets the 40 to 54 age group with their Classic Hits format mostly focussing on the 70's & 80's. 2UE targets the over 55's. There are also some radio stations dedicated to sports broadcasting.
One of these is SEN 1170, which took over 2CH's old radio licence and replaced it with a 24-hour sports format. Sky Sports Radio 1017 (formerly known as 2KY) and SEN Track 1539 covers all sports but they both specialise in the coverage of Horse Racing, Harness Racing and Greyhounds. Triple J, 2SER and FBi Radio provide a more independent, local and alternative sound. A number of community stations broadcast to a particular language group or local area such as 2ME, 2MM, Rete Italia, Radio Austral, Koori Radio and Radio Brisvaani.
See also
Television broadcasting in Australia
List of Sydney radio stations
List of films set in Sydney
Newspapers in Australia
References |
5678236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso%20Moriri | Tso Moriri | Tso Moriri or Lake Moriri () or "Mountain Lake", is a lake in the Changthang Plateau (literally: northern plains) of Ladakh in India. The lake and surrounding area are protected as the Tso Moriri Wetland Conservation Reserve.
The lake is at an altitude of . It is the largest of the high altitude lakes entirely within India and entirely within Ladakh in this Trans-Himalayan biogeographic region. It is about 16 miles (26 km) north to south in length and two to three miles (3 to 5 km) wide. The lake has no outlet at present and the water is brackish though not very perceptible to taste.
The lake is fed by springs and snow-melt from the adjacent mountains. Most water enters the lake in two major stream systems, one entering the lake from the north, the other from the southwest. Both stream systems include extensive marshes where they enter the lake. It formerly had an outlet to the south, but this has become blocked and the lake has become an endorheic lake. The lake is oligotrophic in nature, and its waters are alkaline.
Accessibility to the lake is largely limited to summer season, though Karzok on the northwest shore and the military facilities on the eastern shores have year-round habitation.
Tourism
Karzok has homestays, Buddhist monastery and lake tourism.
Topography
As per a classification of the Himalayan Lakes done on the basis of their origin, there are four groups and Tso Moriri falls under the third group of "remnant lakes". The classification as reported states: (i) Glacial lakes which are formed in and around glaciers; (ii) Structural lakes, formed by folds or faults due to movements in earth’s crust (e.g. Nainital lake in Uttarakhand), (iii) Remnant lakes which were originally structural but represent the remnants of vast lakes (e.g., Tso Moriri, Tso Kar, Pangong Tso in Ladakh, and Dal Lake in Kashmir), (iv) Natural dammed lakes i.e., temporary water bodies formed along the river courses due to deposition of rocks or debris e.g. Gohna Tal in Garhwal, Uttarakhand.
The Changthang Plateau in the eastern Ladakh represents a landscape of low productive ecosystems which protects unique floral and faunal species. The area is an extension of the western Tibetan plateau that lies above msl and supports diverse but low populations of several globally threatened mammals. The lake's basin could also be categorised as a basin since it is a closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other bodies of water such as rivers or oceans.
The lake is 20 to 50 kilometers southeast of the elevated valley of the core Rupshu Valley and falls within the greater Rupshu Plateau and valley area. The lake is ringed by mountains rising over , including Mentok Kangri and Lungser Kangri. "Changpa", the nomadic migratory shepherds (pastoral community) of yak, sheep, goat, and horses of Tibetan origin and who are engaged in trade and work on caravans in Ladakh region, are the main inhabitants of the area. Changpa (Champa) herders use the land of this valley as grazing ground and for cultivation.
The Working Report (2006) of the Planning Commission of the Government of India also reports: Despite a poor vegetation cover, relatively low standing biomass and high anthropogenic pressure, this area sustains a considerably high livestock population. Steady increase in the livestock population in the area is mainly attributed to influx of nomadic herders from Tibet during recent decades and promotion of Pashmina goat production by the Animal Husbandry Department (AHD) for fine quality under wool (Pashmina). The herders and AHD officials, in recent years have begun to raise concern over degradation of pastures, resultant shortage of forage, and mass mortality of livestock during severe winters.
The Korzok Monastery, on the western bank of the lake is 400 years old and attracts tourists and Buddhist pilgrims. Tourism during May – September attracts large number of foreign and local tourists even though tented accommodation is the facility available, apart from a small PWD guest house close to the Lake.
Northeast of Tso Moriri is a small lake which is known locally as Lake of Joy.
Access
The lake is located to the southeast of Leh in eastern Ladakh, at a road distance of . The road is in a good condition for the most part. One can also reach Tsomoriri directly from the Pangong Tso via the remote Changtang region. This is considered to be one of the most beautiful drives in the entire Ladakh region. Foreigners are not allowed to go beyond the Man - Merak villages on Pangong Tso as permits are not issued for them. The distance between Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri is 235 km and there are no petrol pumps in the area. Carrying enough fuel is therefore necessary. Leh is also connected by air with many destinations in India.
Hydrology and water quality
The lake, with water spread area of is enclosed by peaks exceeding 6,000 meters on both the east and west sides. On the south, a nearly flat valley connects with but does not drain into or out of the Pare Chu river which is part of Sutlej river basin. Lingdi Nadi, major tributary of Tso Moriri, drains western catchment area of the lake and joins the lake on its south side. This valley contains the Nuro Sumdo wetlands (with a catchment area of ), a boggy area that mostly drains into the Pare Chu. Several small mountain streams feed the lake, including one through pasture land at Peldo Le. The lake is fed by springs and snow melt and has a maximum depth of . Aridity and cold desert conditions prevail in the lake region; with summer temperature varying from 0° to 30 °C (32° to 86 °F) and winter temperature recording −10° and −40 °C (14° to -40 °F). Geologically the lake is in Ordovician rock.
Fauna and flora
An avifaunal survey of the lake and its adjoining Nuro Sumdo wetland conducted in July 1996 revealed the following facts:
Avifauna
Thirty-four species of birds included 14 species of water birds (some are pictured in the gallery) of which following are the vulnerable species
Black-necked cranes (Grus nigricollis) endangered.
Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus)– only breeding ground in India
Brown-headed gulls (Larus brunnicephalus)
Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus)
Ferruginous pochard
Black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis)
Mammals
Tibetan gazelle, Procapra picticaudata, Goa antelope (threatened)
Eurasian lynx
Nayan Ovis ammon hodgsoni
Bharal (Pseudois nayaur) Himalayan blue sheep
Tibetan Ass (Kiang) or Equus kiang, endemic to the Tibetan Plateau
Great Tibetan Sheep
One species of marmot, Marmota himalayana in large numbers seen on the hill slopes surrounding the lake and also along the roadsides
One species of hare, Lepus oistolus
One species of vole, Alticola roylei
Three species of mouse hares, Ochotona macrotis, Ochotona curzoniae or Tibetan sand fox and Scincella ladacensis
Large carnivores
Carnivores fauna reported are:
the snow leopard (Uncia uncia)
the Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus chanco)
Vegetation
While the deeper parts of the lake have no vegetation, the shallow areas are reported to have Potamogeton sps. Marshes have several species of sedges and reeds, particularly Carex, Caragana and Astragalus sps., which are all representative of the surrounding arid steppe vegetation. Details of the Vegetation recorded in the area comprises the following:
Characteristic Caragana and Astragalus species
Potamogeton species
Several species of Carex, Primula (low growing herb), and Pedicularis(parasitic plant)
Common species of Juncus thomsonii and Leontopodium sp
Phytoplankton species of Oocystis with density was 900 cells/L to a depth of . Specimens of the diatom Cyclotella also recorded.
Pastures for domestic livestock
Ramsar site
Largely based on the ecological diversity of the Lake (explained in the previous section) and its surroundings, the Tsomiriri was notified in November 2002 under the List of Ramsar Wetland sites under the Ramsar Convention. The justification could be summarized as:
The faunal collection is unique and has a large variety with endemic and vulnerable species
The herbivore species are also endemic to the region
The lake plays a fundamental role as breeding grounds and key staging posts on migration routes for several water birds belonging to six families, which is distinctive of wetland diversity and productivity
Threats to the lake
There are a number of threats to the Lake, such as:
Increase in the number of tourists visiting the lake affecting the breeding of avifauna
Additional road construction along the lake
Pasture degradation affecting wildlife, particularly wild herbivores (marmots, hares, ungulates)
An increase in the grazing of sheep in the wetlands surrounding the lake
The absence of a proper garbage disposal facility at the lake.
Dogs kept by the people who live near the lake are known to attack the cranes and destroy their eggs.
Jeep safaris have been known to chase wildlife such as kiang and approach close to the breeding ground.
Lack of regulations and monitoring by the government.
Conservation efforts
The need for evolving a strategy and an action plan to preserve the extreme fragility of the lake ecosystem has been recognized with the needed emphasis at the National and International level to develop the lake conservation activity with participation of all stakeholders. The actions initiated in this direction are:
Tso Moriri is an administratively declared Wetland Reserve. Legally, shooting wildlife is prohibited. The State Department of Wildlife has set up a check post near Mahe Bridge at the entrance towards the lake.
WWF-India Project has established a field office at Korzok on the northwest shore of Tso Moriri for ‘Conservation of High Altitude Wetlands in Ladakh Region’ to carry out surveys, interact with tourists, tour guides, act as information centre and conduct education awareness programmes for locals, tourists etc.
Wildlife Institute of India has also set up a field station at Leh to carry out scientific research in the region. Nature clubs have been set up and Information booklet on the lake published. Efforts of WWF – India has also resulted in the local community declaring Tso Moriri as a ‘Sacred Gift for a Living Planet’ during the Annual Conference held in Nepal in November 2000.
Some of the other achievements so far reported on the Lake's conservation are:
Regulation in consultation with local community Vehicular traffic flow and parking has been restructured with restriction of camping sites around the lake
The Indo Tibetan Border Patrol (ITBP), tour operators and local population have introduced regular garbage cleanup operations
Korzok community living around the lake has voluntarily built traditional and social fencing around the wetland to protect breeding and feeding grounds from vehicular traffic
Tso Moriri Conservation Trust has been set up.
Twenty Nature Clubs have been registered in different schools in Ladakh
The Indian Army has committed to support and set up a Nature Interpretation Centre at 'Hall of Fame', Leh.
World Wildlife Fund’s (WWF) role
World Wildlife Fund for Nature — India (WWF-India) is spearheading the efforts at conservation of the Tso Moriri lake in particular, and the Ladakh region in general. WWF's activities as a NGO have spanned more than 30 years. The main objective set by WWF is the main activities planned for the Tso Moriri and other wetlands in Ladakh regions are:The Promotion of Nature Conservation and Environmental Protection as the Basis for Sustainable and Equitable Development.
Evolve plan to establish a Sustainable Tourism Model managed by Local Communities at Tso Moriri
Carry on with the biological and socio-economic surveys around selected wetlands and document for future reference
Organize capacity building training programmes for Tour operators, Army, Teachers and local communities
Frequent education and awareness Programmes for various target groups
Management Planning for Tso Moriri and also Tsokar and Pangong Tso lakes by involving major stakeholders
To set guidelines for introducing Eco-Tourism Certification Scheme in Ladakh
To mobilise financial resources to carry out a comprehensive Strategic Environment Assessment
Develop Environmental Management Systems, implement and certify the Environment Management Systems with special focus on tourism sector
Maintain and enhance existing field presence at Tso Moriri, Leh, and Tsokar and increase presence at Chushul and Hanle marshes as well to achieve better results
See also
Leh
Ladakh
Karzok
Soda lake
References
External links
Tso Moriri Travel Guide
Government of Jammu & Kashmir, Department of Wildlife Protection, Wildlife Division (LAHDC), Leh Ladakh (Undated): Tso Moriri Wetland Conservation Reserve (The Wildlife Guide)
Rizvi, J. (1996) Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India
Travel Article on Tso Moriri
Lakes of Ladakh
Ramsar sites in India
Protected areas of India
Tourism in Ladakh |
5684046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methacrolein | Methacrolein | Methacrolein, or methacrylaldehyde, is an unsaturated aldehyde. It is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid.
Methacrolein is one of two major products resulting from the reaction of isoprene with OH in the atmosphere, the other product being methyl vinyl ketone (MVK, also known as butenone). These compounds are important components of the atmospheric oxidation chemistry of biogenic chemicals, which can result in the formation of ozone and/or particulates. Methacrylaldehyde is also present in cigarette smoke. It can be found in the essential oil of the plant Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) which contains 5% methacrolein.
Industrially, the primary use of methacrolein is in the manufacture of polymers and synthetic resins.
Exposure to methacrolein is highly irritating to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs.
See also
Acrolein
Methacrylic acid
References
External links
Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
Alkenals
Monomers
Enones |
5778098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20model | Tree model | In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species. As with species, each language is assumed to have evolved from a single parent or "mother" language, with languages that share a common ancestor belonging to the same language family.
Popularized by the German linguist August Schleicher in 1853, the tree model has always been a common method of describing genetic relationships between languages since the first attempts to do so. It is central to the field of comparative linguistics, which involves using evidence from known languages and observed rules of language feature evolution to identify and describe the hypothetical proto-languages ancestral to each language family, such as Proto-Indo-European and the Indo-European languages. However, this is largely a theoretical, qualitative pursuit, and linguists have always emphasized the inherent limitations of the tree model due to the large role played by horizontal transmission in language evolution, ranging from loanwords to creole languages that have multiple mother languages. The wave model was developed in 1872 by Schleicher's student Johannes Schmidt as an alternative to the tree model that incorporates horizontal transmission.
The tree model also has the same limitations as biological taxonomy with respect to the species problem of quantizing a continuous phenomenon that includes exceptions like ring species in biology and dialect continua in language. The concept of a linkage was developed in response and refers to a group of languages that evolved from a dialect continuum rather than from linguistically isolated child languages of a single language.
History
Old Testament and St. Augustine
Augustine of Hippo supposed that each of the descendants of Noah founded a nation and that each nation was given its own language: Assyrian for Assur, Hebrew for Heber, and so on. In all he identified 72 nations, tribal founders and languages. The confusion and dispersion occurred in the time of Peleg, son of Heber, son of Shem, son of Noah. Augustine made a hypothesis not unlike those of later historical linguists, that the family of Heber "preserved that language not unreasonably believed to have been the common language of the race ... thenceforth named Hebrew." Most of the 72 languages, however, date to many generations after Heber. St. Augustine solves this first problem by supposing that Heber, who lived 430 years, was still alive when God assigned the 72.
Ursprache, the language of paradise
St. Augustine's hypothesis stood without major question for over a thousand years. Then, in a series of tracts, published in 1684, expressing skepticism concerning various beliefs, especially Biblical, Sir Thomas Browne wrote:
"Though the earth were widely peopled before the flood ... yet whether, after a large dispersion, and the space of sixteen hundred years, men maintained so uniform a language in all parts, ... may very well be doubted."
By then, discovery of the New World and exploration of the Far East had brought knowledge of numbers of new languages far beyond the 72 calculated by St. Augustine. Citing the Native American languages, Browne suggests the "confusion of tongues at first fell only upon those present in Sinaar at the work of Babel ...." For those "about the foot of the hills, whereabout the ark rested ... their primitive language might in time branch out into several parts of Europe and This is an inkling of a tree. In Browne's view, simplification from a larger aboriginal language than Hebrew could account for the differences in language. He suggests ancient Chinese, from which the others descended by "confusion, admixtion and corruption". Later he invokes "commixture and alteration."
Browne reports a number of reconstructive activities by the scholars of the times:
"The learned Casaubon conceiveth that a dialogue might be composed in Saxon, only of such words as are derivable from the Greek ... Verstegan made no doubt that he could contrive a letter that might be understood by the English, Dutch, and East Frislander ... And if, as the learned Buxhornius contendeth, the Scythian language as the mother tongue runs throughout the nations of Europe, and even as far as Persia, the community on many words, between so many nations, hath more reasonable traduction and were rather derivable from the common tongue diffused through them all, than from any particular nation, which hath also borrowed and holdeth but at second hand."
The confusion at the Tower of Babel was thus removed as an obstacle by setting it aside. Attempts to find similarities in all languages were resulting in the gradual uncovering of an ancient master language from which all the other languages derive. Browne undoubtedly did his writing and thinking well before 1684. In that same revolutionary century in Britain James Howell published of Epistolae Ho-Elianae, quasi-fictional letters to various important persons in the realm containing valid historical information. In Letter LVIII the metaphor of a tree of languages appears fully developed short of being a professional linguist's view:
"I will now hoist sail for the Netherlands, whose language is the same dialect with the English, and was so from the beginning, being both of them derived from the high Dutch [Howell is wrong here]: The Danish also is but a branch of the same tree ... Now the High Dutch or Teutonick Tongue, is one of the prime and most spacious Maternal Languages of Europe ... it was the language of the Goths and Vandals, and continueth yet of the greatest part of Poland and Hungary, who have a Dialect of hers for their vulgar tongue ... Some of her writers would make this world believe that she was the language spoken in paradise."
The search for "the language of paradise" was on among all the linguists of Europe. Those who wrote in Latin called it the lingua prima, the lingua primaeva or the lingua primigenia. In English it was the Adamic language; in German, the Ursprache or the hebräische Ursprache if one believed it was Hebrew. This mysterious language had the aura of purity and incorruption about it, and those qualities were the standards used to select candidates. This concept of Ursprache came into use well before the neo-grammarians adopted it for their proto-languages. The gap between the widely divergent families of languages remained unclosed.
Indo-European model
On February 2, 1786, Sir William Jones delivered his Third Anniversary Discourse to the Asiatic Society as its president on the topic of the Hindus. In it he applied the logic of the tree model to three languages, Greek, Latin and Sanskrit, but for the first time in history on purely linguistic grounds, noting "a stronger affinity, both in the roots of the verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; ...." He went on to postulate that they sprang from "some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists." To them he added Gothic, Celtic and Persian as "to the same family."
Jones did not name his "common source" nor develop the idea further, but it was taken up by the linguists of the times. In the (London) Quarterly Review of late 1813–1814, Thomas Young published a review of Johann Christoph Adelung's Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde ("Mithridates, or a General History of Languages"), Volume I of which had come out in 1806, and Volumes II and III, , continued by Johann Severin Vater. Adelung's work described some 500 "languages and dialects" and hypothesized a universal descent from the language of paradise, located in Kashmir central to the total range of the 500. Young begins by pointing out Adelung's indebtedness to Conrad Gesner's Mithridates, de Differentiis Linguarum of 1555 and other subsequent catalogues of languages and
Young undertakes to present Adelung's classification. The monosyllabic type is most ancient and primitive, spoken in Asia, to the east of Eden, in the direction of Adam's exit from Eden. Then follows Jones' group, still without a name, but attributed to Jones: "Another ancient and extensive class of languages united by a greater number of resemblances than can well be altogether accidental." For this class he offers a name, "Indoeuropean," the first known linguistic use of the word, but not its first known use. The British East India Company was using "Indo-European commerce" to mean the trade of commodities between India and Europe. All the evidence Young cites for the ancestral group are the most similar words: mother, father, etc.
Adelung's additional classes were the Tataric, the African and the American, which depend on geography and a presumed descent from Eden. Young does not share Adelung's enthusiasm for the language of paradise, and brands it as mainly speculative.
Young's designation, successful in English, was only one of several candidates proposed between 1810 and 1867: indo-germanique (Conrad Malte-Brun, 1810), japetisk (Rasmus Christian Rask, 1815), Indo-Germanisch (Julius Klaproth, 1823), indisch-teutsch (F. Schmitthenner, 1826), sanskritisch (Wilhelm von Humboldt, 1827), indokeltisch (A. F. Pott, 1840), arioeuropeo (Graziadio Isaia Ascoli, 1854), Aryan (Max Müller, 1861) and aryaque (H. Chavée, 1867). These men were all polyglots and prodigies in languages. (Klaproth, for example, the author of the successful German-language candidate, Indo-Germanisch, who criticised Jones for his uncritical method, knew Chinese, Japanese, Tibetan and a number of other languages with their scripts.) The concept of a Biblical Ursprache appealed to their imagination. As hope of finding it gradually died they fell back on the growing concept of common Indo-European spoken by nomadic tribes on the plains of Eurasia, and although they made a good case that this language can be deduced by the methods of comparative linguistics, in fact that is not how they obtained it. It was the one case in which their efforts to find the Ursprache succeeded.
Neogrammarian model
The model is due in its most strict formulation to the Neogrammarians. The model relies on earlier conceptions of William Jones, Franz Bopp and August Schleicher by adding the exceptionlessness of the sound laws and the regularity of the process. The linguist perhaps most responsible for establishing the link to Darwinism was August Schleicher.
That he was comparing his Stammbaum, or family tree of languages, to Darwin's presentation of evolution shortly after that presentation, is proved by the open letter he wrote in 1863 to Ernst Haeckel, published posthumously, however. In 1869, Haeckel had suggested he read Origin of Species.
After reading it Schleicher wrote Die Darwinische Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft, "Darwinism tested by the Science of Language." In a scenario reminiscent of that between Darwin and Wallace over the discovery of evolution (both discovered it independently), Schleicher endorsed Darwin's presentation, but criticised it for not inserting any species. He then presented a Stammbaum of languages, which, however, was not the first he had published.
The evolution of languages was not the source of Darwin's theory of evolution. He had based that on variation of species, such as he had observed in finches in the Galapagos Islands, who had appeared to be modifications of a common ancestor. Selection of domestic species to produce a new variety also played a role in his conclusions. The first edition of Origin of Species in 1859 discusses the language tree as though de novo under the topic of classification. Darwin criticises the synchronic method devised by Linnaeus, suggesting that it be replaced by a "natural arrangement" based on evolution. He says:
"It may be worth while to illustrate this view of classification, by taking the case of languages. If we possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement of the races of man would afford the best classification of the various languages now spoken throughout the world; and if all extinct languages, and all intermediate and slowly changing dialects, had to be included, such an arrangement would, I think, be the only possible one. Yet it might be that some very ancient language had altered little, and had given rise to few new languages, whilst others (owing to the spreading and subsequent isolation and states of civilisation of the several races, descended from a common race) had altered much, and had given rise to many new languages and dialects. The various degrees of difference in the languages from the same stock, would have to be expressed by groups subordinate to groups; but the proper or even only possible arrangement would still be genealogical; and this would be strictly natural, as it would connect together all languages, extinct and modern, by the closest affinities, and would give the filiation and origin of each tongue."
Schleicher had never heard of Darwin before Haeckel brought him to Schleicher's attention. He had published his own work on the Stammbaum in an article of 1853, six years before the first edition of Origin of Species in 1859. The concept of descent of languages was by no means new. Thomas Jefferson, a devout linguist himself, had proposed that the continual necessity for neologisms implies that languages must "progress" or "advance." These ideas foreshadow evolution of either biological species or languages, but after the contact of Schleicher with Darwin's ideas, and perhaps Darwin's contact with the historical linguists, Evolution and language change were inextricably linked, and would become the basis for classification. Now, as then, the main problems would be to prove specific lines of descent, and to identify the branch points.
Phylogenetic tree
The old metaphor was given an entirely new meaning under the old name by Joseph Harold Greenberg in a series of essays beginning about 1950. Since the adoption of the family tree metaphor by the linguists, the concept of evolution had been proposed by Charles Darwin and was generally accepted in biology. Taxonomy, the classification of living things, had already been invented by Carl Linnaeus. It used a binomial nomenclature to assign a species name and a genus name to every known living organism. These were arranged in a biological hierarchy under several phyla, or most general groups, branching ultimately to the various species. The basis for this biological classification was the observed shared physical features of the species.
Darwin, however, reviving another ancient metaphor, the tree of life, hypothesized that the groups of the Linnaean classification (today's taxa), descended in a tree structure over time from simplest to most complex. The Linnaean hierarchical tree was synchronic; Darwin envisioned a diachronic process of common descent. Where Linnaeus had conceived ranks, which were consistent with the great chain of being adopted by the rationalists, Darwin conceived lineages. Over the decades after Darwin it became clear that the ranks of Linnaeus' hierarchy did not correspond exactly to the lineages. It became the prime goal of taxonomy to discover the lineages and alter the classification to reflect them, which it did under the overall guidance of the Nomenclature Codes, rule books kept by international organizations to authorize and publish proposals to reclassify species and other taxa. The new approach was called phylogeny, the "generation of phyla," which devised a new tree metaphor, the phylogenetic tree. One unit in the tree and all its offspring units were a clade and the discovery of clades was cladistics.
Greenberg began writing during a time when phylogenetic systematics lacked the tools available to it later: the computer (computational systematics) and DNA sequencing (molecular systematics). To discover a cladistic relationship researchers relied on as large a number of morphological similarities among species as could be defined and tabulated. Statistically the greater the number of similarities the more likely species were to be in the same clade. This approach appealed to Greenberg, who was interested in discovering linguistic universals. Altering the tree model to make the family tree a phylogenetic tree he said:
"Any language consists of thousands of forms with both sound and meaning ... any sound whatever can express any meaning whatever. Therefore, if two languages agree in a considerable number of such items ... we necessarily draw a conclusion of common historical origin. Such genetic classifications are not arbitrary ... the analogy here to biological classification is extremely close ... just as in biology we classify species in the same genus or high unit because the resemblances are such as to suggest a hypothesis of common descent, so with genetic hypotheses in language."
In this analogy, a language family is like a clade, the languages are like species, the proto-language is like an ancestor taxon, the language tree is like a phylogenetic tree and languages and dialects are like species and varieties. Greenberg formulated large tables of characteristics of hitherto neglected languages of Africa, the Americas, Indonesia and northern Eurasia and typed them according to their similarities. He called this approach "typological classification", arrived at by descriptive linguistics rather than by comparative linguistics.
Dates and glottochronology
The comparative method has been used by historical linguists to piece together tree models utilizing discrete lexical, morphological, and phonological data. Chronology can be found but there is no absolute date estimates utilizing this system.
Glottochronology enables absolute dates to be estimated. Shared cognates (cognates meaning to have common historical origin) are calculate divergence times. However the method was found to be later discredited due to the data being unreliable. Due to this historical linguists have trouble with exact age estimation when pinpointing the age of the Indo-European language family. It could range from 4000 BP to 40,000 BP, or anywhere in-between those dates according to Dixon sourced from the rise and fall of language, (Cambridge University Press). As seen in the article here.
Possible solutions for Glottochronology are forthcoming due to computational phylogenetic methods. Techniques such as using models of evolution improves accuracy of tree branch length and topology. There for, using computational phylogenetic methods computational methods enable researchers to analyze linguistic data from evolutionary biology. This further assists in testing theories against each other, such as the Kurgan theory and the Anatolian theory, both claiming origins of Info-European languages.
Computational phylogenetics in historical linguistics
The comparative method compares features of various languages to assess how similar one language is to another. The results of such an assessment are data-oriented; that is, the results depend on the number of features and the number of languages compared. Until the arrival of the computer on the historical linguistics landscape, the numbers in both cases were necessarily small. The effect was of trying to depict a photograph using a small number of large pixels, or picture units. The limitations of the Tree Model were all too painfully apparent, resulting in complaints from the major historical linguists.
In the late 20th century, linguists began using software intended for biological classification to classify languages. Programs and methods became increasingly sophisticated. In the early 21st century, the Computational Phylogenetics in Historical Linguistics (CPHL) project, a consortium of historical linguists, received funding from the National Science Foundation to study phylogenies. The Indo-European family is a major topic of study. As of January, 2012, they had collected and coded a "screened" database of "22 phonological characters, 13 morphological characters, and 259 lexical characters," and an unscreened database of more. Wordlists of 24 Indo-European languages are included. Larger numbers of features and languages increase the precision, provided they meet certain criteria. Using specialized computer software, they test various phylogenetic hypotheses for their ability to account for the characters by genetic descent.
Limitations of the model
One endemic limitation of the tree model is the very founding presumption on which it is based: it requires a classification based on languages or, more generally, on language varieties. Since a variety represents an abstraction from the totality of linguistic features, there is the possibility for information loss during the translation of data (from a map of isoglosses) into a tree. For example, there is the issue of dialect continua. They provide varieties that are not unequivocally one language or another but contain features characteristic of more than one. The issue of how they are to be classified is similar to the issue presented by ring species to the concept of species classification in biology.
The limitations of the tree model, in particular its inability to handle the non-discrete distribution of shared innovations in dialect continua, have been addressed through the development of non-cladistic (non-tree-based) methodologies. They include the Wave model; and more recently, the concept of linkage.
An additional limitation of the tree model involves mixed and hybrid languages, as well as language mixing in general since the tree model allows only for divergences. For example, according to Zuckermann (2009:63), "Israeli", his term for Modern Hebrew, which he regards as a Semito-European hybrid, "demonstrates that the reality of linguistic genesis is far more complex than a simple family tree system allows. 'Revived' languages are unlikely to have a single parent."
Perfect phylogenies
The purpose of phylogenetic software is to generate cladograms, a special kind of tree in which the links only bifurcate; that is, at any node in the same direction only two branches are offered. The input data is a set of characters that can be assigned states in different languages, such as present (1) or absent (0). A language therefore can be described by a unique coordinate set consisting of the state values for all of the characters considered. These coordinates can be like each other or less so. Languages that share the most states are most like each other.
The software massages all the states of all the characters of all the languages by one of several mathematical methods to accomplish a pairwise comparison of each language with all the rest. It then constructs a cladogram based on degrees of similarity; for example, hypothetical languages, a and b, which are closest only to each other, are assumed to have a common ancestor, a-b. The next closest language, c, is assumed to have a common ancestor with a-b, and so on. The result is a projected series of historical paths leading from the overall common ancestor (the root) to the languages (the leaves). Each path is unique. There are no links between paths. Every leaf and node have one and only one ancestor. All the states are accounted for by descent from other states. A cladogram that conforms to these requirements is a perfect phylogeny.
At first there seemed to be little consistency of results in trials varying the factors presumed to be relevant. A new cladogram resulted from any change, which suggested that the method was not capturing the underlying evolution of languages but only reflecting the extemporaneous judgements of the researchers. In order to find the factors that did bear on phylogeny the researchers needed to have some measure of the accuracy of their results; i.e., the results needed to be calibrated against known phylogenies. They ran the experiment using different assumptions looking for the ones that would produce the closest matches to the most secure Indo-European phylogenies. Those assumptions could be used on problem areas of the Indo-European phylogeny with greater confidence.
To obtain a reasonably valid phylogeny, the researchers found they needed to enter as input all three types of characters: phonological, lexical and morphological, which were all required to present a picture that was sufficiently detailed for calculation of phylogeny. Only qualitative characters produced meaningful results. Repeated states were too ambiguous to be correctly interpreted by the software; therefore characters that were subject to back formation and parallel development, which reverted a character to a prior state or adopted a state that evolved in another character, respectively, were screened from the input dataset.
Perfect phylogenetic networks
Despite their care to code the best qualitative characters in sufficient numbers, the researchers could obtain no perfect phylogenies for some groups, such as Germanic and Albanian within Indo-European. They reasoned that a significant number of characters, which could not be explained by genetic descent from the group's calculated ancestor, were borrowed. Presumably, if the wave model, which explained borrowing, were a complete explanation of the group's characters, no phylogeny at all could be found for it. If both models were partially effective, then a tree would exist, but it would need to be supplemented by non-genetic explanations. The researchers therefore modified the software and method to include the possibility of borrowing.
The researchers introduced into the experiment the concept of the interface, or allowed boundary over which character states would flow. A one-way interface, or edge, existed between a parent and a child. If only one-way edges were sufficient to explain the presence of all the states in a language, then there was no need to look beyond the perfect phylogeny. If not, then one or more contact edges, or bidirectional interfaces, could be added to the phylogeny. A language therefore might have more than one source of states: the parent or a contact language.
A tree so modified was no longer a tree as such: there could be more than one path from root to leaf. The researchers called this arrangement a network. The states of a character still evolved along a unique path from root to leaf, but its origin could be either the root under consideration or a contact language. If all the states of the experiment could be accounted for by the network, it was termed a perfect phylogenetic network.
Compatibility and feasibility
The generation of networks required two phases. In the first phase, the researchers devised a number of phylogenies, called candidate trees, to be tested for compatibility. A character is compatible when its origin is explained by the phylogeny generated. In a perfect phylogeny, all the characters are compatible and the compatibility of the tree is 100%. By the principle of parsimony, or Occam's razor, no networks are warranted. Candidate trees were obtained by first running the phylogeny-generation software using the Indo-European dataset (the strings of character states) as input, then modifying the resultant tree into other hypotheses to be tested.
None of the original candidate trees were perfect phylogenies, although some of the subtrees within them were. The next phase was to generate networks from the trees of highest compatibility scores by adding interfaces one at a time, selecting the interface of highest compatibility, until sufficiency was obtained; that is, the compatibility of the network was highest. As it turned out, the number of compatible networks generated might vary from none to over a dozen. However, not all the possible interfaces were historically feasible. Interfaces between some languages were geographically and chronologically not very likely. Inspecting the results, the researchers excluded the non-feasible interfaces until a list of only feasible networks remained, which could be arranged in order of compatibility score.
Most feasible network for Indo-European
The researchers began with five candidate trees for Indo-European, lettered A-E, one generated from the phylogenetic software, two modifications of it and two suggested by Craig Melchert, a historical linguist and Indo-Europeanist. The trees differed mainly in the placement of the most ambiguous group, the Germanic languages, and Albanian, which did not have enough distinctive characters to place it exactly. Tree A contained 14 incompatible characters; B, 19; C, 17; D, 21; E,18. Trees A and C had the best compatibility scores. The incompatibilities were all lexical, and A's were a subset of C's.
Subsequent generation of networks found that all incompatibilities could be resolved with a minimum of three contact edges except for Tree E. As it did not have a high compatibility, it was excluded. Tree A had 16 possible networks, which a feasibility inspection reduced to three. Tree C had one network, but as it required an interface to Baltic and not Slavic, it was not feasible.
Tree A, the most compatible and feasible tree, hypothesizes seven groups separating from Proto-Indo-European between about 4000 BC and 2250 BC, as follows.
The first to separate was Anatolian, about 4000 BC.
Tocharian followed at about 3500 BC.
Shortly thereafter, about 3250, Proto-Italo-Celtic (western Indo-European) separated, becoming Proto-Italic and Proto-Celtic at about 2500 BC.
At about 3000, Proto-Albano-Germanic separated, becoming Albanian and Proto-Germanic at about 2000.
At about 3000 Proto-Greco-Armenian (southern Indo-European) divided, becoming Proto-Greek and Proto-Armenian at about 1800.
Balto-Slavic appeared about 2500, dividing into Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic at about 1000.
Finally, Proto-Indo-European became Proto-Indo-Iranian (eastern Indo-European) at about 2250.
Trees B and E offer the alternative of Proto-Germano-Balto-Slavic (northern Indo-European), making Albanian an independent branch. The only date for which authors vouch is the last, based on the continuity of the Yamna culture, the Andronovo Culture and known Indo-Aryan speaking cultures. All others are described as "dead reckoning."
Given the phylogeny of best compatibility, A, three contact edges are required to complete the compatibility. This is group of edges with the fewest borrowing events:
First, an edge between Proto-Italic and Proto-Germanic, which must have begun after 2000, according to the dating scheme given.
A second contact edge was between Proto-Italic and Proto-Greco-Armenian, which must have begun after 2500.
The third contact edge is between Proto-Germanic and Proto-Baltic, which must have begun after 1000.
Tree A with the edges described above is described by the authors as "our best PPN." In all PPNs, it is clear that although the initial daughter languages became distinct in relative isolation, the later evolution of the groups can be explained only by evolution in proximity to other languages with which an exchange takes place by the wave model.
See also
Comparative method
Evolutionary linguistics
Genetic relationship (linguistics)
Indo-European studies
Language family
Linkage (linguistics)
Wave model (linguistics)
Father Tongue hypothesis
Notes
Bibliography
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External links
Historical linguistics |
5810885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo%20Mattarella | Bernardo Mattarella | Bernardo Mattarella (15 September 1905 – 1 March 1971) was an Italian politician for the Christian Democrat party (Democrazia Cristiana, DC). He was a cabinet minister of Italy several times, becoming one of the most important politicians of his generation.
He was the father of Piersanti and Sergio Mattarella, who both went on to become important politicians in their own right; Sergio has been the President of the Italian Republic since 3 February 2015, and Piersanti was President of the Regional Government of Sicily prior to being assassinated in 1980 by Cosa Nostra.
Early life and political career
Bernardo Mattarella was born in Castellammare del Golfo, in the province of Trapani in western Sicily as the eldest of seven children in a family of humble origins. His father was a sailor. In 1924, he became the secretary of the Italian People's Party (Partito Popolare Italiano), the predecessor of the Christian Democrat party (DC), in Castellammare.
An anti-fascist, he graduated in law in Palermo, where he lived until the Allied invasion of Sicily. He moved to Rome, where he took part in the founding of the DC in May 1943 with Alcide De Gasperi. After the invasion of Sicily by allied forces in July 1943, he moved back to Palermo where he became one of the co-founders of the DC on the island and was nominated in the municipal council of Palermo by the Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories (AMGOT).
Positions in the Italian Government
Mattarella held the position of Deputy Minister for Public Education in the governments led by Ivanoe Bonomi (1944–1945). In June 1946, he was elected to the Italian Constituent Assembly and in 1948 to the new Republican Parliament. He would be re-elected in 1953, 1958, 1963 and 1968.
In 1953, after having been Minister of the Merchant Navy under De Gasperi's short-lived government, he became Minister of Transportation, a position he maintained until 1955. Later he was Minister of Foreign Trade and Minister of Post and Communications. A favourable evaluation of his work as the Minister of Foreign Trade and of Post and Communications is expressed in Guido Carli's memories. In 1962 he was again Minister of Transportation and, in the following year, of Agriculture and Forests. In 1963–66 he was again Minister of Foreign Trades.
Attitude towards Sicilian separatism
Mattarella was the main opponent of the Sicilian separatism, which had some influence in the years following the end of World War II. He expressed his concern in an article published in 1944 attacking the leader of the separatists, Andrea Finocchiaro Aprile: "This man speaks of democracy, but he has the grave fault of having gathered and tried to strengthen the most dangerous and oppressing organization which, for long years, has afflicted our land."
Accusations of links with the Mafia
Mattarella has been accused several times of having links with the Sicilian Mafia. These accusations were always rejected in court. The alleged links between Mattarella and the Mafia are described in several reports and books. According to a report of the section of the Communist Party of Trapani, which was reproduced in the final report of the Antimafia Commission in 1976, Mattarella had an excellent relationship with the Mafia boss of Alcamo, Vincenzo Rimi. The Communist minority of the Parliamentary Antimafia Commission described Mattarella as the man "who had striven to absorb Mafia forces into the Christian Democrats so as to use them as an instrument of power."
He was accused of having approached Calogero Vizzini, supposedly the most influential Mafia boss at the time to abandon the Sicilian separatists and join the Christian Democrats. The accusation was made by the Italian communists on the basis of an article that Mattarella published on the national Christian democrat newspaper, Il Popolo, on 24 September 1944. This article does not contain any invitation neither to Vizzini nor to the Mafia to join the Christian Democrats. On the contrary, the article accused two families of the town of Villalba (Vizzini and Cipolla) of being responsible of the violence in that town. The article was addressed to those who had voted for the separatists, which were invited to change their vote.
In a letter to Luigi Sturzo, written shortly after the election of the Constituent Assembly of Italy in 1946, Mattarella wrote about the electoral and political influence of the Mafia: "The electoral fight has been hard and tiring, but it has granted us the result of the full failure of the Mafia: it has been defeated by the state ballot, which has freed electors from old style pressures, which have been now and then renewed." According to a report of the Carabinieri on the electoral campaign of 1946 in Salemi, Mattarella gathered with known mafiosi, among them Ignazio Salvo, one of the Salvo cousins who became intermediates between the Mafia and the DC.
Mattarella supported Vito Ciancimino – the first Italian politician to be found guilty of Mafia membership. Ciancimino became a protégé of Mattarella, who supported his political and financial career. In 1950 Ciancimino obtained concessions for all railway transport inside Palermo. The three other firms that had made a bid were put out of the game, because Ciancimino's bid was accompanied by a letter of Mattarella, who was then Minister of Transports.
Portella della Ginestra massacre
He was accused of being one of the men behind the Portella della Ginestra massacre, when 11 persons were killed and 33 wounded during May Day celebrations in Sicily on 1 May 1947. The bloodbath was perpetrated by the bandit Salvatore Giuliano who was possibly backed by the Mafia. In the Portella della Ginestra massacre trial in 1950–51 in Viterbo, Giuliano's right-hand man Gaspare Pisciotta said: "Those who have made promises to us are called Bernardo Mattarella, Prince Alliata, the monarchist MP Marchesano and also Signor Scelba, Minister for Home Affairs ... it was Marchesano, Prince Alliata and Bernardo Mattarella who ordered the massacre of Portella di Ginestra. Before the massacre they met Giuliano..." Mattarella, Alliata and Marchesano were declared innocent by the Court of Appeal of Palermo, at a trial which dealt with their alleged role in the event.
The Court of Viterbo decided that Pisciotta had made false accusations. In his final statement the public prosecutor affirmed that Pisciotta was unreliable and that his accusations against Scelba and Mattarella were untrustworthy. During the trial, Giuliano's mother and some members of the gang said that Pisciotta's statements were part of a plot designed to put the investigations on the wrong track. This was confirmed before the Parliamentary Antimafia Commission by two more members of the gang, who had joined Pisciotta in this plot. "It was simply an infamous act that even the toughness of the political game cannot justify," Mattarella later said about the accusation.
According to some sources, he had opposed the constitution of the Parliamentary Antimafia Commission in 1958. Others maintain that he had been the only Sicilian minister in the Government of the time who was favourable to its constitution. In an interview in the newspaper Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno, he put forward several proposals that influenced the constitution of the Commission in 1963.
Accusations by Danilo Dolci
The Antimafia activist Danilo Dolci also accused Mattarella of collusion with the Mafia. Dolci had been gathering evidence on the links between the Mafia and politicians for the Antimafia Commission, which was established in 1963. At a press conference in September 1965, he presented dozen of testimonies of people who had supposedly seen Mattarella meeting with leading mafiosi. Mattarella sued Dolci for libel. Mattarella's lawsuit for libel allowed Dolci "ampia facoltà di prova", meaning that the defendant would have been declared innocent if he had been able to show that he had offended the plaintiff on the basis of true evidence. In the ensuing two-year trial, dozens of witnesses were heard and many documents were considered. Dolci made an application for an amnesty, but was sentenced to two years imprisonment for libel. He never served the verdict, because of a general pardon.
When the Court refused to allow new evidence from witnesses, Dolci and Alasia decided that the trial was a travesty. They announced that under these circumstances they would no longer attempt to defend themselves. The remainder of the trial, therefore, took place with Dolci and Alasia absent from the courtroom. Dolci responded by broadcasting his opinions over a private radio station, which was promptly closed. On 21 June 1967, the Court of Rome, sentenced that Mattarella offered reliable evidence of his opposition to the Mafia in the entire course of his political career. The statements collected by the defendants – Dolci and his assistant Alasia – were considered nothing more than "deplorable gossip, malicious rumour or even simple lies." The Court was of the opinion that Mattarella "never had relations with the Mafia environment."
Mattarella won the trial but lost a cabinet post in the new government of Aldo Moro. According to the journalist and politician Luigi Barzini, who had been a member of the Antimafia Commission, few of Dolci's charges against Mattarella, most of which were undoubtedly true but not all as decisive as he thought, could be proved in a court of law, as Sicilian witnesses rarely repeat in public what they might have said secretly to a trusted friend.
Other accusations
US gangster Joe Bonanno claimed that Mattarella was among the welcoming party that met him when he landed at Fiumicino airport in Rome in October 1957 for a vacation. Both had grown up in Castellammare del Golfo. However, the claim seems to be fictional: it describes Bonanno's trip to Italy in September 1957, in the company of F. Pope, the editor of the newspaper "Il progresso italo americano". As reported by the same newspaper they arrived in Rome on 13 September of that year. According to Pope and Italian newspapers, Mattarella was not in Rome that day. As Minister of the Post, was in another remote Italian town to inaugurate a public work.
In 1996, 25 years after Mattarella died, Francesco Di Carlo, a Mafia pentito, said he had been a "man of honour" – a member of Cosa Nostra. His son Sergio Mattarella dismissed such accusations as ridiculous. According to another pentito, Francesco Marino Mannoia, Mattarella was close with the Mafia boss Francesco Paolo Bontade, but Mannoia said he did not know if Mattarella actually had been a member of the Mafia.
Death and legacy
Mattarella died in Rome in 1971. Journalist Gaia Servadio described him as an elegant gentleman with an elaborate and fluent discourse that disclosed his legal training. He was recognized as an able minister, in particular at the post of Foreign Trade, which he held twice.
His son Piersanti Mattarella was killed by Mafia in 1980. His assassination was probably spurred by his strong commitment against the relationships of numerous Sicilian politicians (mostly members of DC itself) with the Mafia. He was "committed to introducing a new transparency in the functioning of his party and in the Sicilian public life". However, the Mafia felt betrayed by the Mattarellas who used to be responsive to Mafia interests. According to Leoluca Orlando – former mayor of Palermo for the DC and Antimafia activist, who had been a legal adviser to Piersanti Mattarella – the rumours about his father and his party's experiences with the Mafia were probably responsible for Piersanti's aspiration to clean the Christian Democrat party of any such connections.
His other son Sergio Mattarella was elected by parliament to be the 12th President of the Italian Republic in January 2015, being the first Sicilian to have held the post.
Electoral history
See also
Political connection of Stefano Bontade
References
Further reading
Bolignani, Giovanni (2001). Bernardo Mattarella: biografia politica di un cattolico siciliano, Rubbettino Editore,
Caruso, Alfio (2000). Da cosa nasce cosa. Storia della mafia del 1943 a oggi, Milan: Longanesi
Casarrubea, Giuseppe (1998). "Fra' diavolo" e il governo nero: "doppio Stato" e stragi nella Sicilia del dopoguerra, Milan: Franco Angeli,
Deaglio, Enrico (2010). Il raccolto rosso, 1982–2010: cronaca di una guerra di mafia e delle sue tristissime conseguenze, Milan: Il Saggiatore,
Hess, Henner (1998). Mafia & Mafiosi: Origin, Power, and Myth, London: Hurst & Co Publishers,
Orlando, Leoluca (2003). Fighting the Mafia and Renewing Sicilian Culture, New York: Encounter Books,
Ragone, Michele (2011). Le parole di Danilo Dolci, Foggia: Edizioni del Rosone,
1905 births
1971 deaths
People from Castellammare del Golfo
Italian People's Party (1919) politicians
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Government ministers of Italy
Members of the National Council (Italy)
Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy
Deputies of Legislature I of Italy
Deputies of Legislature II of Italy
Deputies of Legislature III of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature V of Italy
Politicians of Sicily
Mattarella family
Transport ministers of Italy
Agriculture ministers of Italy |
5811815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totaladoh | Totaladoh | Totaladoh is a census town in Nagpur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Demographics
India census, Totaladoh had a population of 2336. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Totaladoh had an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 74%, and female literacy was 56%. In Totaladoh, 12% of the population was under 6 years of age.
References
Cities and towns in Nagpur district |
5840843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan%20Shah%20of%20Khwarezm | Sultan Shah of Khwarezm | Jalal-ud-Din Sultan-Shah, known as Sultan-Shah (died 1193) was a claimant to the title of Khwarazmshah from 1172 until his death. He was the son of Il-Arslan.
In 1172 Il-Arslan died and his sons began fighting over who would succeed him. Sultan Shah was the younger son, but he was considered the formal heir and his mother, Terken Khatun, placed him on the throne. The elder son, Ala ad-Din Tekish, fled to the Qara Khitai and asked for them to enthrone him in place of his brother, promising an annual tribute in exchange. He was given a large army, and he soon set off for Khwarazm.
Sultan Shah and his mother, upon hearing of Tekish's approach, decided to flee, and Tekish installed himself in Khwarazm unopposed in December 1172. Sultan Shah and Terken Khatun managed to gain the support of Mu'ayyid al-Din Ai-Aba, a former Seljuk amir who had set himself up in Nishapur since the collapse of Seljuk power there. In 1174 he led an army into Khwarazm, but was defeated, captured and executed by Tekish. Following Ai-Aba's death, Sultan Shah eventually found refuge with the Ghurids, but Terken Khatun was hunted down and killed by Tekish's forces.
In the late 1170s the Qara Khitai recalled Sultan Shah, who was still living in Ghurid territory. Tekish had become rebellious, refusing to pay tribute and killing Qara Khitai officials. Sultan Shah came out of exile and a Qara Khitai army was sent to reinstate him as Khwarazm Shah. Tekish managed to halt this offensive, however, by opening the dykes of the Amu Darya, flooding the enemy's path.
The bulk of the Qara Khitai army decided to return home, but Sultan Shah convinced its commander to leave a contingent of troops with him. With this force , he set of into Khurasan, still under the control of various Oghuz tribes and Seljuk amirs. He succeeded in overthrowing several local rulers, resulting in the conquest of Sarakhs, Tus and Merv by 1181. He also harassed the Ghurid territories around Badghis.
Over the next several years Sultan Shah remained a threat to Tekish, who was forced to conduct expeditions into Khurasan several times as a result. Despite this, Sultan Shah was unable to make any significant gains against his brother. He also had occasional problems with the Ghurids; in an 1189/1190 campaign, they invaded his territory, defeated him and took some of his possessions.
In 1192 Sultan Shah decided to launch an expedition against Khwarazm, taking advantage of Tekish's absence there; the latter was at the time in western Iran dealing with the Seljuks of Hamadan. While the campaign was underway, however, he died (1193) and Tekish seized some of his possessions, reuniting the Khwarazmid lands.
References
Biran, Michael. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Boyle, J. A. . The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
1193 deaths
Khwarezmid rulers
Year of birth unknown
Anushtegin dynasty |
5844498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamill%20Kelly | Jamill Kelly | Larry Jamill Kelly (born October 25, 1977) is an American freestyle wrestler. He represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games where he earned a silver medal in men's freestyle wrestling at 66 kg. Kelly is currently a part of the University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill wrestling coaching staff, as well as being the head coach for the Tar Heel Wrestling Club RTC in Chapel Hill.
Early life
Kelly was born in Atwater, California, where he attended Atwater High School and placed fourth in the California state wrestling tournament as a senior. He spent one year at Lassen Community College before transferring to Oklahoma State, where he became a three-time letter winner and two-time NCAA qualifier.
2004 Olympics
Though he never won a high school state title or a college national title, Kelly won the 2004 USA Nationals and US Olympic trials at 66 kg (145.5 lbs) to represent the United States in Athens. After winning both pool matches by a 3-0 score, he defeated eventual bronze medalist Makhach Murtazaliev of Russia in the semifinal, 3-1. In the gold medal match, Kelly faced Ukrainian Elbrus Tedeyev. Tedeyev would win the gold by a 3-1 score, with Kelly finishing as an Olympic silver medalist.
Coaching career
Up until August 2010 he was the head coach of Dallas Dynamite Wrestling Club in Dallas, Texas. In 2015, he became a guest wrestling coach for Daniel Cormier, Luke Rockhold and Cain Velasquez, all from the American Kickboxing Academy.
Kelly has coached at Cal Poly and NC State University, and was an Associate Head Wrestling Coach at Stanford University. Kelly coached at Arizona State University from May 2018 until March 2020. In October 2020, Kelly was named as an assistant coach at UNC-Chapel Hill.
References
1977 births
Living people
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
American male sport wrestlers
People from Atwater, California
Sportspeople from Merced County, California
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Wrestlers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
20th-century American people
21st-century American people |
5844548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callum%20Roberts%20%28biologist%29 | Callum Roberts (biologist) | Callum Michael Roberts is a British marine conservation biologist, oceanographer, science communicator, author and research scholar at the University of Exeter. He was formerly at the University of York. He is best known for his research and advocacy related to marine reserves and the environmental impact of fishing.
Career
Roberts' work examines the impact of human activity on marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs. His research output has examined the benefits of marine reserves and no-fishing zones on sustainable fisheries and biodiversity. He began his career studying reefs of the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia, and has also worked in the Maldives and on the Great Barrier Reef.
Roberts is also an active supporter of the Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. He is the Chief Scientific Advisor to Blue Marine Foundation and an Ambassador for World Wide Fund for Nature.
Since 2011 Roberts has written occasional opinion editorials for The Guardian on various marine conservation topics, including overfishing. He has also appeared in the documentary films The End of the Line (2009) and Seaspiracy (2021) and was chief scientific adviser to the BBC's 2017 documentary series Blue Planet II.
He is the author of two award-winning books, The Unnatural History of the Sea (Rachel Carson Award, 2007), which examined the impact of human activity and fishing on marine ecosystems over the last thousand years, and Ocean of Life (Mountbatten Award, 2013), which covers more recent changes in the ocean and proposes reforms to facilitate their recovery. His latest book is Reef Life: An Underwater Memoir (2019).
Other work
1999-2003. Member of editorial board of Conservation Biology, published by the Society for Conservation Biology.
1997-2000. Member of Editorial board of journal Animal Conservation, published by Cambridge University Press.
1996. Senior editor of the proceedings of a symposium: "Marine reserves: Function and Design" held at the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama.
1991-1996. Co-editor of Reef Encounter, Newsletter of the International Society for Reef Studies.
Bibliography
The Unnatural History of the Sea. Island Press, 2007.
The Ocean of Life: The Fate of Man and the Sea. Viking Press, 2012; Penguin, 2013.
Reef Life: An Underwater Memoir. Profile Books; Profile Books, 2019.
References
English marine biologists
Conservation biologists
British oceanographers
Fisheries scientists
British nature writers
Non-fiction environmental writers
Academics of the University of York
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century British zoologists |
5880771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia%20Theophilo | Marcia Theophilo | Marcia Theophilo (born 1941 in Fortaleza) is a Brazilian poet. She studied in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Rome, where she graduated in anthropology. She has lived and worked in Rome since 1971. She is a bilingual poet; her books can be found in Portuguese, Italian and English.
Marcia Theophilo has published short stories, essays, and eleven books of poetry. These books include I bambini giaguaro/Os meninos jaguar, which won the Fregene Prize, Kupahuba Albero dello Spirito Santo, and Amazonia Respiro Del Mondo. The Amazon rainforest is the topic of Marcia's life and work: its river, people, myths, the animal and plant life, and the effort and persistence to save The Amazon's natural and cultural heritage.
External links
http://www.theophilo-amazonia-e-poesia.info/
http://www.wuz.it/archivio/cafeletterario.it/interviste/theophilo_marcia.html
1941 births
Living people
20th-century Brazilian poets
20th-century Brazilian women writers
21st-century Brazilian poets
21st-century Brazilian women writers
Brazilian women poets |
5899745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum%20Village%20%28album%29 | Slum Village (album) | Slum Village is the fifth studio album by American hip hop group Slum Village, released on October 25, 2005 on the independent label Barak Records.
The release includes a bonus DVD which includes footage on the making of the album as well as an interview with T3 and Elzhi on the group's history. The DVD also features Slum Village's first two music videos "Climax (Girl Shit)" and "Raise It Up" from the album Fantastic, Vol. 2.
The first single from the album was "EZ Up". The song was notable for appearing in a commercial to promote the 2006 Chevrolet HHR and 2006 Chevrolet Impala, albeit with different lyrics.
Track listing
"Giant" (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Ralph J. Rice, II)
"Set It" (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Curtis Cross)
"Can I Be Me" (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Curtis Cross, Ralph J. Rice, II)
"Call Me" (feat. Dwele) (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Curtis Cross, Ralph J. Rice, II, Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Ernie Isley, Chris Jasper)
"05" (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Ralph J. Rice, II)
"1,2" (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Jason Connoy)
"Multiply" (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Ralph J. Rice, II, Curtis Cross, Melanie Rutherford, Raymone Boggues, Robert Fripp, Michael Giles, Greg Lake, Ian McDonald, Peter Sinfield)
"1-800-S-L-U-M" (R.L. Altman, Ron Watts, Ralph J. Rice, II)
"Hear This" (feat. Phat Kat & Black Milk) (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Ron Watts, Curtis Cross)
"Def Do Us" (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Ralph J. Rice, II)
"Hell Naw!" (feat. Black Milk & Que D) (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Ernest Toney, Curtis Cross)
"EZ Up" (feat. J Isaac) (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Ralph J. Rice, II, Andwele Gardner, Curtis Cross)
"Fantastic" (R.L. Altman, Jason Powers, Ralph J. Rice, II)
Samples
"Call Me" contains a sample of "Footsteps in the Dark", as performed by The Isley Brothers
"Multiply" contains a sample of "I Talk to the Wind", as performed by King Crimson
Personnel
Carl Broaden, Alvin Moore - keyboards
DJ Dez - turntables, drums
Tony Womack - horns
Melanie Rutherford, Samiyyah - background vocals
Young RJ - production, recording, mixing
Black Milk - production
Sterling Sound - mastering
Jesper Skou Boelling - photography
Motorcity - art direction, design
References
2005 albums
Slum Village albums
Albums produced by Black Milk
Albums produced by MoSS |
5906380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils-Joel%20Englund | Nils-Joel Englund | Nils-Joel Englund (7 April 1907 – 22 June 1995) was a Swedish cross-country skier who competed in the 1930s. He won a bronze medal in 50 km at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
Englund also won six medals at the Nordic skiing World Championships, earning three golds (4 × 10 km relay and 18 km: 1933, 50 km: 1935), one silver (50 km: 1934), and two bronzes (4 × 10 km relay: 1934, 1935). After retiring from competitions he coached the Swiss national skiing team for two years. Then he worked at the Sundin ski factory and ran a sports store in Hudiksvall.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
1 medal – (1 bronze)
World Championships
6 medals – (3 gold, 1 silver, 2 bronze)
References
External links
1907 births
1995 deaths
People from Boden Municipality
Cross-country skiers from Norrbotten County
Swedish male cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden |
5934117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerang%20Airport | Kerang Airport | Kerang Airport is located southeast of Kerang, Victoria, Australia.
See also
List of airports in Victoria, Australia
References
Airports in Victoria (state)
Kerang, Victoria |
6078596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202005 | Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 | Denmark participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song "Talking to You" written by Jacob Launbjerg and Andreas Mørck. The song was performed by Jakob Sveistrup. The Danish broadcaster DR organised the national final Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2005 in order to select the Danish entry for the 2005 contest in Kyiv, Ukraine. Ten songs competed in a televised show where "Tænder på dig" performed by Jakob Sveistrup was the winner as decided upon through two rounds of public voting. The song was later translated from Danish to English for the Eurovision Song Contest and was titled "Talking to You".
Denmark competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 19 May 2005. Performing during the show in position 24, "Talking to You" was announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 21 May. It was later revealed that Denmark placed third out of the 25 participating countries in the semi-final with 185 points. In the final, Denmark performed in position 13 and placed ninth out of the 24 participating countries, scoring 125 points.
Background
Prior to the 2005 contest, Denmark had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest thirty-three times since its first entry in 1957. Denmark had won the contest, to this point, on two occasions: in with the song "Dansevise" performed by Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann, and in with the song "Fly on the Wings of Love" performed by Olsen Brothers. In the 2004 contest, "Shame on You" performed by Tomas Thordarson failed to qualify Denmark to the final.
The Danish national broadcaster, DR, broadcasts the event within Denmark and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. DR confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest on 11 August 2004. Denmark has selected all of their Eurovision entries through the national final Dansk Melodi Grand Prix. Along with their participation confirmation, the broadcaster announced that Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2005 would be organised in order to select Denmark's entry for the 2005 contest.
Before Eurovision
Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2005
Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2005 was the 35th edition of Dansk Melodi Grand Prix, the music competition that selects Denmark's entries for the Eurovision Song Contest. The event was held on 12 February 2005 at the Forum Horsens in Horsens, hosted by Birthe Kjær, Annette Heick and Jarl Friis-Mikkelsen and televised on DR1 as well as streamed online at the official DR website. The national final was watched by 1.918 million viewers in Denmark.
Competing entries
DR opened a submission period between 11 August 2004 and 10 October 2004 for composers to submit their entries. All composers and lyricists were required to be Danish citizens or have been registered as a Danish resident from 12 August 2004 to 21 May 2004. For the first time, songs could be performed in other languages other than Danish. The broadcaster received 236 entries during the submission period. A selection committee selected ten songs from the entries submitted to the broadcaster, while the artists of the selected entries were chosen by DR in consultation with their composers. The competing artists and songs were announced on 9 December 2004 and among the artists was the Olsen Brothers who won the 2000 Eurovision Song Contest.
Final
The final took place on 12 February 2005 where the winner was determined over two rounds of public voting. In the first round of voting the top five advanced to the superfinal. In the superfinal, the winner, "Tænder på dig" performed by Jakob Sveistrup, was selected. Viewers were able to vote via telephone or SMS and the telephone voting results of each of Denmark's four regions as well as the SMS voting results in the superfinal were converted to points which were each distributed as follows: 8, 10 and 12 points.
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom), and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2004 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final on 19 May 2005 in order to compete for the final on 21 May 2005; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. On 22 March 2005, a special allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final and Denmark was set to perform in position 24, following the entry from Slovenia and before the entry from Poland. Jakob Sveistrup performed the English version of "Tænder på dig" at the contest, titled "Talking to You". At the end of the semi-final, Denmark was announced as having finished in the top 10 and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. It was later revealed that Denmark placed third in the semi-final, receiving a total of 185 points. The draw for the running order for the final was done by the presenters during the announcement of the ten qualifying countries during the semi-final and Denmark was drawn to perform in position 13, following the entry from Serbia and Montenegro and before the entry from Sweden. Denmark placed ninth in the final, scoring 125 points.
The semi-final and final were broadcast on DR1 with commentary by Jørgen de Mylius. The Danish spokesperson, who announced the Danish votes during the final, was 1983 Danish Eurovision entrant Gry Johansen. The semi-final of the contest was watched by a total of 832 thousand viewers in Denmark, while the final was watched by 1.3 million viewers.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Denmark and awarded by Denmark in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Norway in the semi-final and the final of the contest.
Points awarded to Denmark
Points awarded by Denmark
References
2005
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005
Eurovision
Eurovision |
6112926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20forces%20involved%20in%20the%20Battle%20of%20Amiens | List of forces involved in the Battle of Amiens | The following is a list of forces involved in the Battle of Amiens of World War I fought from August 8 to August 11, 1918.
Allies
Allied forces at Amiens were under the supreme command of General Ferdinand Foch.
British Fourth Army
General Sir Henry Rawlinson
British III Corps – Lieutenant General Sir Richard Butler
47th (1/2nd London) Division
12th (Eastern) Division
18th (Eastern) Division
58th (2/1st London) Division
10th Tank Battalion – 36 Mark V tanks
Australian Corps – Lieutenant General Sir John Monash
1st Australian Division
2nd Australian Division
3rd Australian Division
4th Australian Division
5th Australian Division
33rd US Division
5th Tank Brigade – 2nd, 8th, 13th Bn Tank Corps with 108 Mark V tank; 15th Bn Tank Corps with 36 Mark V* Tank; 17th (Armoured Car) Bn (Austin Armoured Cars.
Canadian Corps – Lieutenant General Sir Arthur Currie
1st Canadian Division
2nd Canadian Division
3rd Canadian Division
4th Canadian Division
4th Tank Brigade – 108 Mark V tank, 36 Mark V* Tank
British Cavalry Corps – Lieutenant General Sir Charles Kavanagh
1st Cavalry Division
2nd Cavalry Division
3rd Cavalry Division
3rd Tank Brigade – 72 Whippet tank of 3 Bn and 6 Bn Tank Corps
Reserve
17th (Northern) Division
32nd Division
63rd (Royal Naval) Division
9th Tank Battalion – 36 Mark V tanks
Royal Air Force air support
(Major General John Salmond)
V Brigade
15th (Corps) Wing – 110 aircraft
22nd (Army) Wing – 222 aircraft
IX Brigade
9th Wing – 2 fighter sqns, 2 bomber sqns, 1 reconnaissance sqn. (99 aircraft)
51st Wing – 3 fighter sqns, 2 bomber sqns. (101 aircraft)
54th Wing – 2 night-fighter sqns, 4 night-bomber sqns (76 aircraft)
III Brigade (available in support)
13th (Army) Wing – 136 aircraft
I Brigade (available in support) – 19 aircraft
X Brigade (available in support) – 19 aircraft
French First Army
General Marie-Eugène Debeney
XXXI Corps – General Paul-Louis Toulorge
37th Division
42nd Division
66th Division
153rd Division
126th Division
IX Corps – General Noël Garnier-Duplessix
3rd Division
15th Colonial Division
X Corps – General Charles Vandenburg
60th Division
152nd Division
166th Division
XXXV Corps – General Charles Jacquot
46th Division
133rd Division
169th Division
II Cavalry Corps – General Felix Robillot
2nd Cavalry Division
4th Cavalry Division
6th Cavalry Division
French Third Army
The French Third Army played a peripheral role in the battle and was commanded by Georges Humbert
XV Corps – General Jacques de Riols de Fonclare
67th Division
74th Division
123rd Division
XXXIV Corps – General Alphonse Nudant
6th Division
121st Division
129th Division
165th Division
Division Aerienne
I Brigade – 3 fighter groups, 3 bomber groups
II Brigade – 3 fighter groups, 2 bomber groups
Groupe Lauren – 2 night-bomber groups
Groupe Weiller
Total: 1,104 aircraft
Germans
The German Second and Eighteenth armies were part of Army Group Rupprecht, commanded by Crown Prince Rupprecht
Second Army
General Georg von der Marwitz
54th Corps – Generalleutnant Alfred von Larisch
27th Division
54th Reserve Division
233rd Division
243rd Division
26th Reserve Division – (From Seventeenth Army, 9 August)
XI Corps – Generalleutnant Viktor Kühne
13th Division
41st Division
43rd Reserve Division
108th Division
107th Division – (From Second Army reserve, 8 August)
21st Division – (From Second Army reserve, 9 August)
5th Bavarian Division – (From Seventeenth Army, 8 August)
38th Division – (From Sixth Army, 9 August)
51st Corps – Generalleutnant Eberhard von Hofacker
14th Bavarian Division
109th Division
117th Division
192nd Division
225th Division
Air Support
Jagdgruppe 2
Jagdgruppe Greim
Bombengeschwader 7
Fliegerabteilung (Lichtbildgerät) 40
Fliegerabteilung 17,33
Fliegerabteilung (Artillerie) 217,224,207,219,232,241,269
Schlachtstaffel 17
Eighteenth Army
General Oskar von Hutier
III Corps – Generalleutnant Walther von Lüttwitz
24th Division
25th Reserve Division
1st Reserve Division
79th Reserve Division – (From Seventh Army, 9 August)
IX Corps – Generalleutnant Horst Ritter und Edler von Oetinger
2nd Division
11th Division
82nd Reserve Division
I Bavarian Corps – Generalleutnant Nikolaus Ritter von Endres (Corps was formed during the battle on 10 August)
Alpenkorps – (from Fourth Army, 10 August)
121st Division – (from Ninth Army, 10 August)
(The remaining corps of Eighteenth Army played only a peripheral role in the battle.)
I Reserve Corps – Generalleutnant Kurt von Morgen
75th Reserve Division
206th Division
119th Division – (Sent to 51st Corps, Second Army, 8 August)
XXVI Reserve Corps – Generalleutnant Oskar von Watter
17th Reserve Division
54th Division
204th Division – (Sent to I Bavarian Corps, 10 August)
XVIII Reserve Corps – Generalleutnant Ludwig Sieger
3rd Bavarian Division
105th Division
221st Division – (Sent to III Corps, 9 August)
Luftstreitkräfte (air support)
Jagdstaffel 24, 42, 44, 78
Bombengeschwader 4
Fliegerabteilung (Lichtbildgerät) 23
Fliegerabteilung (Artillerie) 2, 245, 14,212,238,203
Schlachtstaffel 36
References
Bibliography
Forces involved in the Battle of Amiens
Amiens
Amiens 1918 forces
Amiens 1918 forces
Amiens 1918 forces
Amiens 1918 forces
Somme (department)
Amiens
Amiens 1918 forces |
6125849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giffoni%20Valle%20Piana | Giffoni Valle Piana | Giffoni Valle Piana, commonly known as Giffoni, is a town and comune in the Province of Salerno, Campania, southwestern Italy.
Economy is mostly based on agriculture, with the presence of a small number of light industries and services firms.
History
Giffoni area was the seat of the ancient town of , which was destroyed two times by the Romans in the course of their conquest of southern Italy.
Geography
The town is situated in a hill zone by the Picentini mountains. The municipality is extended from the urban and industrial area between Salerno and Pontecagnano to the mountain range at the borders with the Province of Avellino. It borders with the municipalities of Acerno, Calvanico, Giffoni Sei Casali, Montecorvino Pugliano, Montecorvino Rovella, Montella, Pontecagnano Faiano, Salerno, San Cipriano Picentino and Serino.
Giffoni is divided into 14 frazioni and Mercato, commonly also identified simply as Giffoni Valle Piana, is the administrative seat. The other parishes are Catelde, Chiaravallisi, Chieve, Curti, Curticelle, Ornito, San Giovanni, Santa Caterina, Santa Maria a Vico, Sardone, Sovvieco, Terravecchia and Vassi.
Giffoni Film Festival
Since 1971 the town has hosted the biggest international children's film festival of the world.
Notable people
Agostino Falivene (?−1548), Roman Catholic bishop
See also
Monti Picentini
Giffoni Sei Casali
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Campania |
6160684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Bull%20Run%20Confederate%20order%20of%20battle | First Bull Run Confederate order of battle | The following Confederate units and commanders fought in the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861. The Union order of battle is shown separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle and the reports.
Abbreviations used
Military rank
BG = Brigadier General
Col = Colonel
Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel
Maj = Major
Cpt = Captain
Lt = Lieutenant
Other
(w) = wounded
(mw) = mortally wounded
(k) = killed in action
(c) = captured
Confederate forces
BG Joseph E. Johnston, Commanding
Army of the Potomac
BG P. G. T. Beauregard
General Staff:
Chief of Staff: Col Thomas Jordan
Chief Engineer: Ltc Thomas H. Williamson
Chief Signal Officer: Cpt Edward P. Alexander
Headquarters Escort:
Lay's Squadron (Virginia) Cavalry: Cpt John F. Lay
Army of the Shenandoah
BG Joseph E. Johnston
General Staff:
Chief of Artillery: Col William N. Pendleton
Chief Engineer: Maj William H.C. Whiting
Notes
References
Manassas National Battlefield Park - The Battle of First Manassas.
Sibley, Jr., F. Ray, The Confederate Order of Battle, Volume 1, The Army of Northern Virginia, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, 1996.
The Manassas Campaign, Virginia, July 21, 1861.
Robert Underwood Johnson, Clarence Clough Buell, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: The Opening Battles, Volume 1 (Pdf), New York: The Century Co., 1887.
U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
American Civil War orders of battle |
6188343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variophone | Variophone | The Variophone was developed by Evgeny Sholpo in 1930 at Lenfilm Studio Productions, in Leningrad, the Soviet Union, during his experiments with graphical sound techniques, also known as ornamental, drawn, paper, artificial or synthetic sound. In his research Sholpo was assisted by the composer Georgy Rimsky‐Korsakov.
The Variophone was an optical synthesizer that utilized sound waves cut onto cardboard disks rotating synchronously with a moving 35mm movie film while being photographed onto it to produce a continuous soundtrack. Afterwards this filmstrip is played as a normal movie by means of a film projector. Being read by photocell, amplified and monitored by a loudspeaker, it functions as a musical recording process.
Although with the first version of the Variophone, polyphonic soundtracks of up to 6 voices could be produced by shooting of several monophonic parts and combining them later, by the late 1930s and 1940s, some soundtracks contained up to twelve voices, recorded as tiny parallel tracks inside the normal soundtrack area.
At the same time in the Soviet Union several other artists were experimenting with similar ideas. The first artificial soundtrack ever created was drawn in 1930 by composer and musical theorist Arseny Avraamov who was working with a hand-drawn technique for producing sound effects. Nikolai Voinov, Ter‐Gevondian and Konstantinov were developing paper sound techniques. Boris Yankovsky was developing his spectral analysis, decomposition and resynthesis technique, resembling the recent computer music techniques of cross synthesis and the phase vocoder.
Many sound films and artificial soundtracks for movies and cartoons were produced by means of the Variophone, including the popular sound-films, often broadcast in 1930-1940s Symphony of the Piece and Torreodor. At the end of 1941 Siege of Leningrad, the Variophon was destroyed when the last missile exploded. After World War II, Evgeny Sholpo became the director of the new Scientific‐Research Laboratory for Graphical sound at the State Research Institute for Sound Recording, in Leningrad.
The fourth and final version of Variophone was not finished, despite promising experiments in musical intonation and the temporal characteristics of live musical performance. The laboratory was moved to Moscow and Sholpo was removed from his position as director. In 1951, after a long illness, Evgeny Sholpo died and his laboratory was closed.
Documentation for the Variophones was transferred to the Acoustical Laboratory at Moscow State Conservatory and later, to the Theremin Center. In 2007, several hours of graphical soundtracks produced with the Variophone were discovered in a Moscow film archive and await publishing.
See also
Daphne Oram
Oramics
References
Izvolov Nikolai.From the history of painted sound in USSR. Kinovedcheskie Zapiski, no.53, 2001, p. 292 (in Russian)
Levin, Thomas. 2003. Tones from out of Nowhere: Rudolf Pfenninger and the Archaeology of Synthetic Sound. Grey Room 12 (Fall 2003): p. 32-79
Smirnov, Andrei. Sound Out of Paper. Moscow, November, 2007
Smirnov, Andrei. Boris Yankovsky: Leben im Klangspektrum. Gezeichneter Klang und Klangsynthese in der Sowjetunion der 30er Jahre. pp. 97–120; Tim Boykett/Andrei Smirnov. Notation und visuelle Musik. pp. 121–126. Klangmaschinen zwischen Experiment und Medientechnik. (C)2010 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld. Aus:Daniel Gethmann (Hg.)
Smirnov, Andrei. Son produit par la lumiere et le papier. Article in the catalogue of the exhibition "Vois ce que j'entends" at the Centre des Arts Enghien-les-Bains, France. pp. 16–27,
Andrei Smirnov & Liubov Pchelkina. Les Pionniers Russes de'l ART du SON. Experimentations musicales. Article in the catalogue of the exhibition "LENIN, STALIN and Music", pp. 96–105. Musee de la musique, October 12, 2010 - January 16, 2011. Cite de la musique, Paris.
External links
Variophone at the Theremin Center website (in Russian)
Excerpt form Carburettor Suite by G.Rimsky-Korsakov, created with Variophone in 1935
Excerpt form Prelude by Chopin, created with Variophone in 1935
Excerpt form Rhapsody by List, created with Variophone in 1935
Excerpt form Sterviatniki soundtrack by E.Sholpo and I.Boldirev, created with Variophone in 1941
A link mentioning the invention
Synthesizers
Soviet inventions
Russian electronic musical instruments
Graphical sound |
6218651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal%20Baadshah | Lal Baadshah | Lal Baadshah () is a 1999 Indian Hindi-language crime drama film directed by K. C. Bokadia, starring Amitabh Bachchan in a dual role, Raghuvaran, Manisha Koirala, Shilpa Shetty and Amrish Puri. Nirupa Roy also appears in her last film playing Bachchan's foster mother. This was released in the declining period of Bachchan's career and failed at the box office. However, owing to charisma of Bachchan, who brilliantly played a Bihari speaking hero, the movie was a hit in Eastern U.P. and Bihar.
Plot
Lal Singh lives with his mother in a small basti in Bombay, and grew up with the poor and needy. He is called Lal Badshah by the people he lives among. Lal is a very helping person and dead-set against crime. In the same city lives Vikram Singh, alias Vicky Baadshah, who is the Don of the city always clashing with Lal Baadshah. Vicky is the son of Dayal Singh, who lives far away from Mumbai in a castle. Vicky and his brother Ajit Singh, a corrupt police officer want to rule the city.
Meanwhile, Lal meets Kiran, an L.I.C. agent who falls in love with him and is determined to become his wife. At the castle, Dayal Singh is still hunting for the treasures of the Maharaja, whom he murdered years ago along with his brother Sultan Singh. When the Maharaja was murdered, his son, Dewan Ranbir Singh hid the treasure, for which Dayal Singh tried to murder him.
Cast
Amitabh Bachchan as Lal Singh "Lal Baadshah" / Ranveer Singh (Double Role)
Manisha Koirala as Kiran
Raadhika as Wife of Ranveer Singh
Amrish Puri as Thakur Dayal Singh
Shilpa Shetty as Lawyer's daughter
Shakti Kapoor as Balu
Raghuvaran as Vikram Singh "Vicky"
Mukesh Rishi as SP Ajit Singh
Nirupa Roy as Lal's Foster Mother
Prem Chopra as Sultan Singh
Mohan Joshi as a Lawyer
Jack Gaud as Jabbar Singh
Mac Mohan as Vikram's Henchman
Ram Mohan
Sudhir as Vikram's Henchman
Mahesh Anand as Narayan Singh
Viju Khote as Kiran's Boss
Pramod Moutho as Maharaja
Nagma as a Dancer in song, "Pattai Ley Humka Tu"
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Aadesh Shrivastav. Lyrics were penned by Shyam Raj, Maya Govind and Gauhar Kanpuri.
Track listing
References
External links
1999 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava
1999 crime drama films
Indian crime drama films
Films directed by K. C. Bokadia |
6308066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20Malay%20nationalism | Early Malay nationalism | Malay nationalism (Malay: Semangat Kebangsaan Melayu Jawi: سماڠت كبڠساءن ملايو ) refers to the nationalism that focused overwhelmingly on the Malay anticolonial struggle, motivated by the nationalist ideal of creating a Bangsa Melayu ("Malay nation"). Its central objectives were the advancement and protection of Malayness: religion (Islam), language (Malay), and royalty (Malay rulers). Such pre-occupation is a direct response to the European colonial presence and the influx of a foreign migrant population in Malaya since the mid-nineteenth century.
Malay nationalism has its roots in the end of the 19th century, but did not exist as a united and organised political movement. The concept of ketuanan Melayu (Malay hegemony) was largely irrelevant at the time, as the Chinese and Indians, who formed almost half of the population, did not see themselves as citizens of Malaya. A report by the British Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in the early 1930s found that "the number of non-Malays who have adopted Malaya as their home is only a very small proportion of the whole population".
The rise of Malay nationalism was largely mobilised by three nationalist factions: the radicals distinguishable into the Malay left and the Islamic group which were both opposed to the conservative elites. The Malay leftists were represented by Kesatuan Melayu Muda, formed in 1938 by a group of Malay intelligentsia primarily educated in Sultan Idris Training College, with an ideal of Greater Indonesia. In 1945, they reorganised themselves into a political party known as Partai Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM). The Islamists were originally represented by Kaum Muda consisted of Middle Eastern–educated scholars with Pan-Islamic sentiment. The first Islamic political party was Parti Orang Muslimin Malaya (Hizbul Muslimin) formed in March 1948, later succeeded by Pan-Malayan Islamic Party in 1951. The third group was the conservatives consisted of the westernised elites who were bureaucrats and members of royal families that shared a common English education mostly at the exclusive Malay College Kuala Kangsar. They formed voluntary organisations known as Malay Associations in various parts of the country and their primary goals were to advance the interests of Malays as well as requesting British protection on Malay positions. In March 1946, 41 of these Malay associations formed United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), to assert Malay dominance over Malaya.
The first major show of force by Malay nationalism came in 1946 when British proposed a Malayan Union that would greatly reduce the powers of Malay rulers and give citizenship to foreign immigrants. Under intense pressure from the United Malays National Organisation, the British withdrew the proposal, resulting in the formation of Persekutuan Tanah Melayu in 1948.
Early 20th century
Although Malaya was effectively governed by the British, de jure the Malays were sovereign over Malaya. A former British High Commissioner, Hugh Clifford, urged "everyone in this country [to] be mindful of the fact that this is a Malay country, and we British came here at the invitation of Their Highnesses the Malay Rulers, and it is our duty to help the Malays to rule their own country." The British government adopted an open "Pro-Malay" policy so that, in the words of High Commissioner Sir Laurence Guillemard, the Malays could be equipped "to take their proper place in the administrative and commercial life of these States."
The local-born non-Malay communities soon began agitating against the government's policies, and began demanding political representation. In 1936, the Malayan-born Indian community asked the British High Commissioner, Sir Shenton Thomas, to grant them a share of administrative appointments. Thomas rejected the request, stating, "... I do not know of any country in which what I might call a foreigner ... has ever been appointed to an administrative post." Later, some commentators attributed this to ignorance on the British part of the increasing size of the local-born, non-Malay population. Between 1911 and 1921, 1.5 million Chinese migrated to Malaya to work as manual labourers; a million Chinese workers in Malaya emigrated back to China; and the proportion of Chinese in Malaya who were locally born grew from 8% to 17%. The British nevertheless appeared to view the entire Chinese community as a "transient labour force", with one government official insisting it would be dangerous to consider the Chinese as having "a tendency to permanent settlement". The locally born Indian community, comprising 20% of the Indian population, was likewise largely ignored.
However, the British at the same time took the stance that the Malays were to be left alone to their traditional peasant lifestyle as far as possible, involving only the Malay ruling class in government and administrative issues. Despite the policy of excluding non-Malays from positions of authority, much of the rank and file of the civil service was non-Malays, many of them Indians who the government had specifically brought in for this purpose. A number of historians have described the pro-Malay policies of the British as designed merely to preserve the position of the British, rather than to strengthen that of the Malays; historians have noted that successive British colonial administrations intentionally separated Malaysian society into a place where "the towns were Chinese, with their shopkeepers and traders; the villages were Malay, with their farmers and fishermen; the plantations were Indian, with their rubber tappers and labourers," keeping "the races at just the right distance from each other to have the disparate elements of Malaya work in remote harmony."
In the 1920s, the local-born Chinese community began pushing for a greater role in Malayan government. The Chinese community by now made up 39% of the Malayan population. The dialect-speaking Chinese wanted to be given government positions and recognised as Malayans. One Straits Chinese leader asked, "Who said this is a Malay country? ... When Captain [Francis] Light arrived, did he find Malays, or Malay villages? Our forefathers came here and worked hard as coolies – weren't ashamed to become coolies – and they didn't send their money back to China. They married and spent their money here, and in this way the Government was able to open up the country from jungle to civilisation. We've become inseparable from this country. It's ours, our country ...". Irked Malay intellectuals objected to this reasoning, and proposed an analogy with the Chinese as masons and Malaya as a house. A paid mason, they argued, was not entitled to a share in the ownership rights to a home he built. As such, they opposed any attempt to grant the Chinese citizenship or other political rights.
However, not all Malays were natives of Malaya. A number of other distinct ethnic groups related to the Malays, such as the Javanese and Bugis, migrated to Malaya from elsewhere in the region throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Most of them were quickly assimilated into the Malay cultural identity. Eventually, the Chinese appeals appeared to affect the British. In 1927, the Governor of the Straits Settlements which comprised Penang, Malacca and :Singapore, proclaimed that "The Chinese form today a majority of the indigenous inhabitants of British Malaya, and they are perhaps the most enterprising, energetic, provident and frugal of its sons."
In 1938, the leftist Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) was formed by Ibrahim Yaacob and other activists in Kuala Lumpur, with its main goal ostensibly being the formation of Greater Indonesia. During this period, Malay nationalism began to focus on ketuanan Melayu, which in the past had been taken for granted. Some Malays began to worry that the British policies appeared geared towards the creation of a common Malayan nationality inclusive of the Chinese and Indians. Ironically, some of them thus sought to preserve the status quo with the British as a bulwark against the non-Malays, while others began agitating for an independent and sovereign Malay nation, such as Greater Indonesia. There exists some dispute over which goal KMM actually sought, with some former members alleging that the only interest of KMM had been preserving the special position of the Malays, whatever the cost, and others claiming that there had been real plans to overthrow the British. Historians have been unable to verify either claim due to a lack of documentation from the period.
Shortly before the outbreak of World War II in Asia, the British detained several influential KMM leaders. However, most of them were freed during World War II, when the Japanese invaded and occupied Malaya. The former KMM leaders then formed Kesatuan Rakyat Indonesia Semenanjung (KRIS) to carry on KMM's work. However, the planned Greater Indonesia never materialised due to the sudden Japanese surrender after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. With the return of the British, the KRIS leaders formed the Malay Nationalist Party (MNP; also known as the Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya or PKMM) to achieve their goals through democratic means. However, the MNP was soon banned by the government as part of a crack-down on left-wing parties, ending the early phase of Malay nationalism.
The Malayan Union
After World War II, the British announced the establishment of the Malayan Union, which would have loose immigration policies, reduce the sovereignty of the Malay rulers both in name and reality, and not recognise Malay sovereignty over Malaya. It would also establish Malaya as a protectorate of the United Kingdom. A large percentage of the Chinese and Indians – 83 and 75 percent, respectively – would qualify for citizenship under the jus soli principle applied by the Union, which would grant citizenship to all locally born residents. With equal rights guaranteed to all, the Malays feared that what little power they had left would soon be taken away from them. Even their traditional stronghold, the civil service, would be open to all Malayans.
For what many commentators agree appears to be the first time, the Malays became politically conscious, organising rallies and marches to protest the Malayan Union's formation. At one such gathering, placards were hoisted, declaring that "Malaya Belongs to the Malays. We do not want the other races to be given the rights and privileges of the Malays." The Pan-Malayan Malay Congress of Malay leaders sent a telegram to the British government protesting the Malayan Union's formation, and elaborated on this by asserting that the citizenship provisions constituted a threat to the future of Malaya, eventually leading to "the wiping from existence of the Malay race along with their land and Rulers". A group of Malay royalists and civil servants formed the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to protest the Malayan Union's formation. Led by Dato' Onn Ja'afar, UMNO organised a campaign and co-ordinated several previously divided Malay organisations against the Union's creation. Although the Union was established as planned, the campaign continued; in 1948, the British retired the Malayan Union in favour of the Federation of Malaya, whose constitution restored sovereignty to the Malay rulers, tightened immigration and citizenship restrictions, and gave the Malays special privileges. Nevertheless, the avowed goal of the British remained the same as it had been in 1946: to introduce "a form of common citizenship open to all those, irrespective of race, who regarded Malaya as their real home and as the object of their loyalty."
A limited form of opposition to ketuanan Melayu and UMNO during this period came from the All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) which initially opposed the Malayan Union because of its exclusion of Singapore, lack of universal suffrage, and restricted civil liberties. The AMCJA, which was an amalgamation of several smaller organisations and trade unions, claimed to be the only organisation sufficiently representative of Malaya to be able to negotiate with the British, and demanded a place at the bargaining table with the British for negotiations on the Federation's formation. Later, the MNP (which had not been deregistered yet) and several other Malay organisations left the UMNO fold and formed the Pusat Tenaga Raayat (PUTERA). Although the MNP had insisted on ketuanan Melayu as a "National Birthright" of the Malays, PUTERA forged a compromise with the AMCJA to work together towards, among other things, "Equal political rights for all who regarded Malaya as their real home and as the object of their loyalty." Even so, not all was smooth sailing; the original name of the AMCJA had used the phrase "All-Malayan", but this was altered after PUTERA objected, as the Malays perceived the term "Malayan" to specifically exclude the Malays. After the British refused to appoint a Malayan to head the Consultative Committee which would canvass the views of Malayans on the existing proposals for the Federation, the PUTERA-AMCJA coalition pulled out of negotiations with the British. Nevertheless, they continued to influence Malayan politics right until the formation of the Federation in 1948, when they launched a hartal (boycott) to protest perceived defects in the Federation proposal. The hartal is estimated to have cost the Malayan economy £4 million. After the Federation was formed over their objections, the coalition disbanded.
Prior to the formation of the Federation, the non-Malays were generally uninvolved in Malayan politics and nationalism, which was essentially Malay in nature. During the tenure of the Malayan Union, there was never any major political backing from either the Chinese or Indians, both of which were more interested in the politics of their respective homelands. The AMCJA, although mostly non-Malay, did not represent a large section of the non-Malay communities in Malaya. As a result, some historians have pinpointed the failure of the Malayan Union as the incident that made Chinese keenly aware of the need for political representation in Malaya, attributing to it the formation of the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) – a communal political party which desired the Chinese to have equal political rights as the Malays over Malaya, directly challenging the concept of ketuanan Melayu. Others, however, argue that the main driving force behind non-Malay involvement in Malayan politics, and their assertion of certain rights, was the increasing number of local-born non-Malays. The same report from the British Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies cited earlier said that "Those who have been born in Malaya themselves, or whose children have been born there ... state that in a great many cases those concerned have never seen the land of their origin and they claim that their children and their children's children should have fair treatment." The inaugural President of the MCA was Tan Cheng Lock, a local-born Peranakan who had led the AMCJA until its breaking up.
Towards independence
Having achieved their initial goals, UMNO's leaders decided to become more involved in the political process, and to establish their organisation as a political party to fight for independence. At the same time, the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) decided to launch an armed insurgency against what they viewed as a puppet state of the British, culminating in the Malayan Emergency which would last until after independence. The insurgency was marked by a clear racial divide; the opposition to the insurrection was almost entirely Malay, while those seen fighting in the communist ranks were nearly always Chinese. This exacerbated racial tensions, leading the British to advise Onn Ja'afar to work together with other Malayan community leaders for the benefit of Malayan politics. Eventually, after some informal meetings between Onn, Tan Cheng Lock, and E.E.C. Thuraisingham, the Communities Liaison Committee (CLC) was established. The CLC became a focal point for the top echelon of Malayan politicians over the next few years, hammering out proposals and compromises on a number of issues, including citizenship, education, democracy, and resolving the impasse on ketuanan Melayu. It was eventually decided that a "bargain" would be forged between the Malays and non-Malays; in return for giving up ketuanan Melayu (referred to as the Malays' special position), the Malays would receive assistance from the non-Malays in closing the economic gap between the impoverished and overwhelmingly rural Malays with the substantially better off and urban non-Malays. Thuraisingham later said, "It is true. I and others believed that the backward Malays should be given a better deal. Malays should be assisted to attain parity with non-Malays to forge a united Malayan Nation of equals."
Still, problems continued to crop up. When the Malayan government implemented a system of national service, whereby Malayan youths would be conscripted into the army to stave off communist attacks. Many Chinese refused to participate, fleeing to Hong Kong or mainland China via Singapore. Only 1,800 Chinese registered for the draft, many of them English-educated. The Chinese press opposed national service as well, with the Sin Chew Jit Poh arguing that skilled workers and teachers, as well as first-born sons, be exempted. The Nanyang Siang Pau insisted that the Chinese be granted citizenship before being called to defend Malaya against the communists, while the China Press stated its preference for a voluntary army. Tan Cheng Lock also spoke out in defence of the Chinese opposition, saying that the Chinese traditionally gave their loyalty to their family and locality instead of their nation, with the "Western" concept of social obligation all but unknown to the vast majority of Chinese. A similar system in Chinese-majority Singapore was implemented later that decade, with similar results. To the Malays, this indicated that the Chinese had no particular loyalty towards Malaya and justified ketuanan Melayu, heightening similar perceptions caused by the apparent racial dichotomy between those in fierce opposition to the communists and those supporting the MCP.
Later, the British government implemented the Briggs Plan, which moved Chinese villagers living near the jungles, who often voluntarily provided or were coerced into providing assistance and supplies to MCP guerillas, to "New Villages". These New Villages, which were equipped with amenities such as electricity and piped water, were surrounded with perimeter fencing and armed guards to prevent attacks from the communist soldiers. It was hoped that by providing the Chinese with such facilities, they would be converted from "reservoirs of resentment into bastions of loyal Malayan citizenry". However, critics argue that the homogenous nature of New Villages – with the few multiracial ones eventually failing or turning into ghettoes – worked against this goal, instead accentuating communalist fervour and causing racial polarisation, especially in politics, as electoral constituencies would now be delineated more along racial lines. Previously, the Chinese had been spread out geographically, but the Briggs Plan would now bring together rural Chinese from all over the country and concentrate them in the New Villages. There was significant resentment towards the programme both among the Chinese and Malays. The Chinese frequently suffered from collective punishment, preventive detention and summary deportation aimed at weeding out communist supporters, while the Malays were incensed at the infrastructure provided for the New Villages as their own settlements remained undeveloped.
In the early 1950s, Onn Ja'afar begin to agitate in favour of opening UMNO membership to all Malayans, and to rename it as the United Malayan National Organisation. He was defeated, however, in an internal power struggle, and resigned in 1951 to found the Independence of Malaya Party (IMP). He was succeeded by Tunku Abdul Rahman (often known as "the Tunku").
Upon succeeding to the UMNO Presidency, the Tunku insisted that sovereignty over the Malaya be given to the Malays, and expressed concern over a lack of loyalty to Malaya among non-Malays, demanding that they clarify their allegiance before they were accorded citizenship. He went on to say that "For those who love and feel they owe undivided loyalty to this country, we will welcome them as Malayans. They must truly be Malayans, and they will have the same rights and privileges as the Malays." Not long after, in 1952, however, he appeared to contradict himself, and insisted that "Malaya is for the Malays and it should not be governed by a mixture of races." Malays, he argued, would have to safeguard their rights over Malaya, "which is ours, for the benefit of our future generation."
During this period, some Straits Chinese began taking an active interest in local politics, especially in Penang, where there was an active Chinese secessionist movement. They identified themselves more with the British than the Malays and were especially angered by references to them as pendatang asing ("aliens"). They avoided both UMNO and the MCA, believing that while UMNO and the Malay extremists were intent on extending Malay privileges and restricting Chinese rights, the MCA was too "selfish", and could not be relied on to protect their interests. They had already raised their ire in the late 1940s, when the government proposed to amend the Banishment Ordinance — which allowed for the exile of Malayans "implicated in acts of violence" – to permit those born in the Straits Settlements to be banished to their ancestral homeland. This was a revolting idea for most of the Straits Chinese. They were also uncomfortable about the merger of the Straits Settlements with Malaya, as they did not feel a sense of belonging to what they considered a "Malaya for the Malays", where they were not considered bumiputra ("sons of the soil"). One Straits Chinese leader indignantly declared, "I can claim to be more anak Pulau Pinang [a son of Penang] than 99 per cent of the Malays living here today." The secessionist movement eventually petered out, however, because of the government's stout refusal to entertain the idea of Penang seceding from the Federation.
Another problem that the government was forced to confront was increasing tension on the subject of citizenship and nationality. The provisions of the Federation's citizenship laws insisted that citizenship "was not a nationality, neither could it develop into a nationality." As a result, critics postulated that non-Malay Malayans could not feel a sense of allegiance towards Malaya, or take interest in Malayan politics as opposed to those of their respective ancestral homelands. To counter this, in 1952 the government issued an ordinance that granted citizenship to almost 1.5 million non-Malays, and also prohibited dual citizenship, forcing the non-Malays to choose between their ancestral homeland and Malaya. After the passing of the ordinance, only 1.3 million Malayan residents out of 5.7 million were without Malayan citizenship, and the bulk of these (about 0.9 million) had been born outside Malaya. Although praised by some as a "clear stimulus to the evolution of a Malayan people", others claimed the ordinance had not created a single Malayan nationality that all could relate to.
As Malaya began moving to self-government, the British initiated the Member System, through which various political leaders were appointed to posts in charge of certain "portfolios", modelled after the cabinet system. The Member System was later described as setting a precedent for the multiracial Malayan and Malaysian cabinets post-independence. At the same time, the British also began laying the framework for a national education system that would "provide ... for the creation of a sense of common citizenship". In 1951, they commissioned the Barnes Report on the state of Malayan education, which postulated that the British policy of providing only limited education for the Malays had shackled them to a life of few opportunities, arguing that "Now even if he [the Malay] wanted education he could no longer afford it." The report recommended the establishment of an "inter-racial primary school we call the National School" that would provide a platform for "build[ing] up a common Malay nationality". The report made no provision for non-Malay vernacular schools, stating that its proposal "would be seriously weakened if any large proportion of the Chinese, Indian and other non-Malay communities to provide their own primary classes independently of the National School". To reassure the non-Malay populace, the report guaranteed that the National School would "teach English to all", instead of Malay as feared by many. Nevertheless, the proposal was resoundingly rejected by the non-Malays, especially the Chinese, who accused it of being "saturated with Malay nationalism" and bolstering ketuanan Melayu. The British commissioned another report, the Fenn-Wu Report, to provide a Chinese perspective. The Fenn-Wu Report clashed with the Barnes Report on a number of points, recommending the retention of Chinese schools and suggesting that "No element of the population can be 'Malayanized' for the simple reason that there is no 'Malayan' pattern to which to mould it ...". The Fenn-Wu Report also proposed an alteration of the Chinese vernacular syllabus to eliminate "[f]oreign politics" and recommended that texts "suitable for Malayan use should be produced". The Federal Legislative Council then set up a committee led by Thuraisingham to evaluate the Reports and make a final recommendation. The eventual proposal provided for the setting up of national schools as based on the Barnes Report, without any provision for vernacular schools. Although the media of instruction would be Malay and English, vernacular language classes would be permitted in schools where 15 or more students requested them. The Chinese community protested the final proposal, but in the end, it was endorsed by the MCA and the system was duly established as planned with the enactment of the 1952 Education Ordinance.
In 1956, a committee headed by Tun Abdul Razak was set up to re-evaluate the education system. The Razak Report eventually recommended that vernacular primary schools be permitted to continue, but be required to adhere to a common syllabus with the national schools. However, there would be no official sanction for vernacular secondary schools, and only national secondary schools would be allowed. The Chinese community strenuously objected to the Razak Report's recommendations as well, launching an organised campaign against it. When the MCA refused to voice any dissent towards the proposal, it lost the Ipoh-Menglembu by-election held in Perak the following year. Ipoh, a largely Chinese city, became an opposition stronghold from then on, due to Chinese antipathy towards the MCA. Nevertheless, the Razak Report's recommendations were largely successful, and many of them remain in place today, as of 2006.
Possible causes
According to many historians, the root cause of this strife between the ethnic communities and Malay nationalist sentiments like ketuanan Melayu was the lack of assimilation or amalgamation between the Malays and non-Malays. Because most of the migrants came as "guest workers" of the British, they felt little need to integrate into Malay society. (The Straits Chinese, most of whom were rich merchants instead of manual labourers, were an exception and managed to assimilate reasonably well, with many of them habitually speaking Malay at home, dressing in the Malay style, and preferring Malay cuisine.) Few bothered to even learn the Malay language; the census taken at independence showed that only 3% of Chinese aged ten and over, and 5% of Indians in the same age group, were literate in Malay. The comparable figure for the Malays stood at 46%. British educational policies segregated the different ethnicities, providing minimal public education for the Malays, and leaving the non-Malays to their own devices. The Malays, who were predominantly rural-dwellers, were not encouraged to socialise with the non-Malays, most of whom resided in towns. The economic impoverishment of the Malays, which set them apart from the better-off Chinese, also helped fan racial sentiments.
This failure to assimilate or amalgamate has in turn been blamed on the British. George Maxwell, a high ranking colonial civil servant, credited the Malay aristocracy for its acceptance of non-Malay participation in public life, and attributed political discrimination to British colonial policy:
On the basis of these policies, historians have argued that "Given the hostility toward Chinese expressed by many colonial officials and the lack of physical and social integration, it is not surprising that most Malays formed the opinion that Chinese were only transients in Malaya with no real attachments to the country."
Another contributing factor to ketuanan Melayu, according to historians, was the Japanese occupation during World War II. One states that the war "awakened a keen political awareness among Malayan people by intensifying communalism and racial hatred." This was widely attributed to the Japanese policies which "politicised the Malay peasantry" and intentionally fanned the flames of Malay nationalism. Racial tension was also increased by the Japanese practice of using Malay paramilitary units to fight Chinese resistance groups. Two Malay historians wrote that "The Japanese hostile acts against the Chinese and their apparently more favourable treatments of the Malays helped to make the Chinese community feel its separate identity more acutely ... it was also the beginning of racial tension between the Malays and Chinese." A foreign commentator agreed, stating that "During the occupation period ... Malay national sentiment had become a reality; it was strongly anti-Chinese, and its rallying cry [was] 'Malaya for the Malays' ...".
Notes
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Malaya
Peninsular Malaysia
Political history of Malaysia
Malay people |
6351570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20McPherson | Edward McPherson | Edward McPherson (July 31, 1830 – December 14, 1895) was an American newspaper editor and politician who served two terms in the United States House of Representatives, as well as multiple terms as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. As a director of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association, he effected efforts to protect and mark portions of the Gettysburg Battlefield.
Early life and career
Edward McPherson was born in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 31, 1830. He studied law and botany at Pennsylvania College, graduating in 1848 as valedictorian.
Career
In Thaddeus Stevens' firm in Lancaster, McPherson became a Whig. McPherson left the law practice due to illness and moved to Harrisburg, editing the Harrisburg American in 1851, and the Lancaster Independent Whig (1851–1854). In 1855, he started and edited an American Party paper, the Pittsburgh Evening Times. He moved back to Gettysburg the next year and resumed his legal career. He inherited his father's farm west of town along the Chambersburg Turnpike in 1858 and was elected to the 36th and 37th United States Congresses (1859 – March 1863, Republican). He was a member of the Republican National Committee in 1860.
During his tenure in the U.S. House of Representatives he served on the Committee on Military Affairs and Joint Committee on the Library.
Civil War
McPherson organized Company K of the First Pennsylvania Reserves at the beginning of the American Civil War, and was defeated in the 1862 reelection when his House of Representatives district (Adams, Franklin, Fulton, Bedford, and Juniata counties) was expanded to include opposing Radical Republicans in Somerset County (substituted for Juniata). President Abraham Lincoln appointed McPherson as Deputy Commissioner of Revenue in 1863. After the Battle of Gettysburg, McPherson became an officer of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association with an office on the corner of Baltimore and Middle streets, and after Congressman Morehead nominated him, Thaddeus Stevens had him appointed as Clerk of the House of Representatives (December 8, 1863 – December 5, 1875).
Postbellum career
McPherson presided over the Republican National Convention in 1876, and President Hayes appointed him as director of the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing (1877–1878). Returning to the newspaper business, he was editor of the Philadelphia Press from 1877 until 1880. He also served as editor of the New York Tribune Almanac from 1877 to 1895 and was editor and proprietor of a newspaper in Gettysburg from 1880 until 1895. He was the American editor of the Almanach de Gotha. He again served as Clerk of the House of Representatives from December 1881 to December 1883 and for a third time from December 1889 to December 1891. McPherson was the attorney for the 1893 complaint against the Gettysburg Electric Railway which ended in the Supreme Court case of United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co.
McPherson diverted printing contracts away from Radical Republican newspapers and to moderate newspapers instead. He diverted the contracts from the Jacksonville Florida Times to Florida Union in Florida, Albion W. Tourgée's Union Register to William Woods Holden's Raleigh Daily Standard in North Carolina, and gave contracts to two newspapers edited by former Confederate officers. He initially granted a contract to The New Orleans Tribune, a black-owned newspaper supported by Radicals, but revoked it in 1868 at the request of Thomas W. Conway.
Personal life
McPherson married Annie D. Crawford in 1862, and they had four sons and a daughter.
He died of accidental poisoning in Gettysburg on December 14, 1895. He was interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Adams County, Pennsylvania.
The Edward McPherson Society is named in his honor.
Works
In 1941, the papers of Edward McPherson were added to the Library of Congress, and his published works include:
Popular culture
In the 2012 film Lincoln, McPherson is portrayed by Christopher Evan Welch.
References
Works cited
External links
1830 births
1895 deaths
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Clerks of the United States House of Representatives
Pennsylvania lawyers
Pennsylvania Whigs
People from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Union (American Civil War) political leaders
United States Department of the Treasury officials
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American politicians
Hayes administration personnel |
6398185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brogden | Brogden | Brogden can refer to:
People
Curtis Hooks Brogden (1816–1901), North Carolina governor
Gwendoline Brogden (1891–1973), British stage actress
John Brogden (1969–), NSW politician
John Brogden (1798–1869), English industrialist, or one of his sons and business partners:
John Brogden Jun. (1823–1855)
Alexander Brogden (1825–1892)
Henry Brogden (1828–1913)
James Brogden (1832–1907)
Leon Brogden (1910–2000), Sports coach
Stan Brogden (1910–1981), British Rugby League footballer
Willis J. Brogden (1877–1935), Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court
Places
Brogden, Lancashire, England
Brogden, North Carolina, U.S.
Brogden Middle School, a school in Durham, North Carolina, U.S.
Other uses
John Brogden and Sons Railway Contracts, Coal and Iron Mines, Iron Smelting.
Brogden v Metropolitan Rly Co, English contract law case.
Brogden (avocado), an avocado cultivar |
6545543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal%20and%20Iron%20Police | Coal and Iron Police | The Coal and Iron Police was a private police force in the US state of Pennsylvania that existed between 1865 and 1931. It was established by the Pennsylvania General Assembly but employed and paid by the various coal companies. The origins of the Coal and Iron Police begin in 1865. Law enforcement in Pennsylvania at that time (and until 1905) existed only on the county level or below; an elected sheriff was the primary law enforcement officer (for each county). The case was made by the coal and iron operators that they required additional protection of their property. Thus the Pennsylvania State Legislature passed State Act 228. This empowered the railroads to organize private police forces. In 1866, a supplement to the act was passed extending the privilege to "embrace all corporations, firms, or individuals, owning, leasing, or being in possession of any colliery, furnace, or rolling mill within this commonwealth". The 1866 supplement also stipulated that the words "coal and iron police" appear on their badges. A total of over 7,632 commissions were given for the Coal and Iron Police.
Strike breakers
The first Coal and Iron Police were established in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, under the supervision of the Pinkerton Detective Agency. Although the Coal and Iron Police nominally existed solely to protect property, in practice the companies used them as strikebreakers. The coal miners called them "Cossacks" and "Yellow Dogs". For one dollar each, the state sold to the mine and steel mill owners commissions conferring police power upon whoever the owners selected. Common gunmen, hoodlums, and adventurers were often hired to fill these commissions and they served their own interests by causing the violence and terror that gave them office. The Coal and Iron Police worked with the Pinkertons, particularly with a labor spy by the name of James McParland, to suppress the Molly Maguires.
Beginning of the end
The end of the Coal and Iron Police began in 1902 during what became known as The Anthracite Coal Strike. It began May 15 and lasted until October 23. The strike led to violence throughout seven counties and caused a nationwide coal shortage, driving up the price of anthracite coal. The strike did not end until President Theodore Roosevelt intervened. In the aftermath of the strike, there was growing determination that peace and order should be maintained by regularly appointed and responsible officers employed by the public. This led to the formation of the Pennsylvania State Police on May 2, 1905, when Senate Bill 278 was signed into law by Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker. The stated purpose was to act as fire, forest, game and fish wardens, and to protect the farmers, but some observers felt that it really was to serve the interests of the coal and iron operators because the same legislation created a "trespassing offense" that wherever a warning sign was displayed a person could be arrested and fined ten dollars. This was seen as a direct assault on picketing. In August 1911 a Coal and Iron Policeman/Deputy Constable Edgar Rice of Coatesville, Pennsylvania, was shot and killed by Zachariah Walker; Walker was lynched by a mob a few days later.
However, the Coal and Iron Police continued to exist even after the establishment of the state police. Indeed, a July 25, 1922, article in the Johnstown Tribune noted that additional Coal and Iron Police were hired during the national coal miner's strike in 1922.
Michael Musmanno, in 1929 a Pennsylvania state legislator, fought to banish the Coal and Iron Police after they had beaten worker John Barkoski to death. The final disbandment was helped along by Musmanno's writing a short story based on the case, which was adapted into the 1935 film Black Fury. Decades later Musmanno released a novel of the same name.
In 1931, then-Governor Gifford Pinchot refused to renew or issue new private police commissions, thereby effectively ending the industrial police system in Pennsylvania. The reasons for his act are not clear and may have included political payback for his defeat in a 1926 campaign by a candidate from Indiana County who had the strong support of the coal and steel operators, as a political gesture to the rising labor movement of the 1930s, out of personal disgust with the excesses of the Coal and Iron Police, or some combination thereof. His official statement indicates the latter, in reference to an assault perpetrated by a couple of Iron Policemen.
The brutality of the Coal and Iron Police forms the background to some sections in Dos Passos's U.S.A. trilogy, focusing on miners' struggles and strikes in Pennsylvania. The Coal and Iron Police also feature in the Sherlock Holmes novel, The Valley of Fear, which is based loosely on the breaking of the Molly Maguires.
See also
State Police of Crawford and Erie Counties
Auxiliary police
Railroad police
Security police
Special police
Company police
Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
References
Further reading
Meyerhuber, Jr., Carl I. Less than Forever: The Rise and Decline of Union Solidarity in Western Pennsylvania, 1914-1948. Selingsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press, 1987.
Norwood, Stephen H. Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Government agencies established in 1865
1931 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
History of labor relations in the United States
Coal in the United States
Defunct law enforcement agencies of Pennsylvania
1865 establishments in Pennsylvania
Private police in the United States |
6597859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hoyt%20%28conductor%29 | David Hoyt (conductor) | David Hoyt is a Canadian horn player and conductor.
He studied piano (with Boris Roubakine, Karl Engel, and Alexandra Munn), French horn (with Philip Farkas, Pierre del Vescovo, and Eugene Rittich), and conducting (with Franco Mannino, Kurt Sanderling, and Pierre Boulez). In 1975, while a student at the University of Alberta, he became Principal Horn of the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra.
Hoyt began conducting professionally in 1982, and in 1985 became resident guest conductor of the Edmonton Symphony. In 2002–2003, he served as the orchestra's Artistic Director. Hoyt has taught at festivals and schools across Canada. He was Artistic Director/Executive Director of Music & Sound at the Banff Centre in 2004–2005.
References
Canadian classical horn players
Male conductors (music)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian conductors (music)
21st-century Canadian male musicians |
6598624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Ross%20%28balloonist%29 | Malcolm Ross (balloonist) | Malcolm David Ross (October 15, 1919 – October 8, 1985) was a captain in the United States Naval Reserve (USNR), an atmospheric scientist, and a balloonist who set several records for altitude and scientific inquiry, with more than 100 hours flight time in gas balloons by 1961. Along with Lieutenant Commander Victor A. Prather (USN), he set the altitude record for a manned balloon flight.
Life
Ross was born on October 15, 1919, in Momence, Illinois, the son of Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Ross of 1825 Garden Street, West Lafayette, Indiana. He spent most of his early life in West Lafayette. About 1932, his family moved to a farm in Linden, Montgomery Country, Indiana. He attended all four years in Linden High School and graduated in 1936. Malcolm Ross received a scholarship to attend Purdue University to study civil engineering. While at Purdue, he worked at the campus radio station as a sports announcer and changed his major to creative writing, communication, and radio. However, Malcolm Ross graduated from Purdue in June 1941 with a BS in physics. After college, he married his high school sweetheart, Marjorie Martin(December 12, 1918-March 20, 2023) and took broadcasting jobs in Anderson, Chicago, and Indianapolis.
In January 1943, Ross was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Naval Reserve. After he completed two months training at the Quonset Point Naval Air Station in Rhode Island, the Navy sent him to graduate school for nine months training in physics and general meteorology at the University of Chicago. In June 1944, he completed the training with a professional certificate in meteorology and atmospheric science.
The Navy initially assigned Ross to the Fleet Weather Center at Pearl Harbor. Later he served as the aerology officer aboard the USS Saratoga while it was flying missions against Tokyo and Iwo Jima in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II, from 1944 to 1945. Ross received a campaign star in his Pacific Theater Ribbon for the first carrier plane strike at Tokyo in February 1945 and for the Iwo Jima invasion.
After World War II ended, Ross was released from the military. He returned to civilian life and opened an advertising agency in Pasadena, California, where his wife, Marjorie, had moved during World War II. Marjorie worked in the agency as the office manager. The business continued successfully until June 1950, when Ross was recalled to active duty for the Korean War as a lieutenant in the United States Naval Reserve. Initially, Malcolm Ross was stationed as an instructor in radiological defense for the Naval Damage Control Training Center at Treasure Island, in San Francisco. From there he was able to commute home during weekends to spend time with his family and maintain the advertising business. This came to an end when in 1951 the Navy reassigned Ross to work as the liaison officer for the Office of Naval Research in Minneapolis.
The Navy's unmanned balloon program, Project Skyhook, was based in Minneapolis, which was also a center of balloon research and development being carried out by the University of Minnesota and General Mills. In 1953, Ross was transferred to the air branch of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) in Washington, D.C., as balloon projects director. In this position, he began to direct high-altitude balloon projects to obtain cosmic ray and meteorological data with the Project Skyhook program, working with Ruby Ward as the contracts negotiator of the ONR. Ross was technical director for Project Churchy, an expedition to the Galápagos Islands to obtain cosmic ray and meteorological data from balloon flights. He arranged for balloon launchings at Goodfellow Air Force Base in 1954 and 1955. He was a member of the scientific group that launched balloons for the ONR at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, and photographed the 1954 eclipse of the sun from a Skyhook balloon over Minneapolis.
During his tour as ONR's Balloon Projects Officer, Ross initiated the Navy's manned balloon program, Project Strato-Lab, in 1954. The Strato-Lab program utilized the new plastic high-altitude balloons for upper atmosphere research. At this time, Ross became the first active duty military officer qualified and licensed as a free balloon pilot based solely on plastic balloon experience. Ross went on inactive duty in 1955 as a Lieutenant Commander (USNR). As a physicist in the Air Branch of the ONR, Ross specialized in the physics of the upper atmosphere and participated in Strato-Lab flights both as a civilian and as a naval officer. As the key participant in Project Strato-Lab, he spent more than 100 hours with scientists and other balloonists making observations in the stratosphere. At the time of the record-setting flight in 1961, Malcolm Ross was a Commander in the Naval Reserve.
In 1957, Ross received the Navy League's newly established Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for Scientific and Technical Progress, and the Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award. In 1958, jointly with Lieutenant Commander Morton Lee Lewis, he received the Harmon International Trophy (Aeronaut) for the November 8, 1956, record-breaking flight. In 1962, jointly with Victor Prather, he received the Harmon Trophy again for the record-holding flight in 1961 to . Ross never flew in balloons again after the 1961 flight, although he continued to advocate using balloons as relatively inexpensive platforms for scientific investigations.
Ross retired from the US Naval Reserve as a captain on July 1, 1973. After leaving the Office of Naval Research, Malcolm Ross worked in space research at General Motors. Later on he became a stock brokerage executive for Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner and Smith, Inc. and served as assistant vice president and account executive at the Bloomfield Hills branch.
Ross died at home in Birmingham, Michigan, and is buried with his wife Marjorie at Arlington National Cemetery.
Balloon flights
The following table describes Malcolm Ross's balloon flights.
Awards and accolades
In 1956 along with Morton L. Lewis awarded the Harmon Trophy for Aeronauts.
In 1957 awarded the first Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for Scientific and Technical Progress presented by the Navy League of the United States.
In 1957 awarded the Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award.
In 1958 awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, "...for extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight as Command Pilot of a two-man Navy balloon and gondola during a daring and hazardous ascent into the upper stratosphere on 26–27 July 1958."
In 1960 received a Special Award from the American Meteorological Society along with Charles B. Moore and, posthumously, Lee Lewis, "for their recent and significant work in making important aerophysical observations from high-altitude balloons."
In 1961 awarded the Gold Star in lieu of a 2nd Distinguished Flying Cross, "...for heroism and extraordinary achievement while participating in a balloon flight on 4 May 1961."
In 1961, awarded the Harmon Trophy for Aeronauts with Lt. Cdr. Victor E. Prather (posthumously), presented by President John F. Kennedy at the White House.
See also
Charles B. Moore
Felix Baumgartner
Flight altitude record
Manned balloon altitude records
Project Manhigh
Project Skyhook
Project Strato-Lab
Victor A. Prather
Winzen Research
Notes
References
Bibliography
Malcolm Ross Papers
Malcolm D. Ross Papers including photographs, notes, correspondence, and medical records, are archived at the Smithsonian Institution, NASM Archives Accession No. 1998-0048. National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division MRC 322, Washington, D.C., 20560
External links
Balloon Ancestors of Space Flight (from Touching Space: The Story of Project Manhigh)
The Fourteen Mile Drop Monday, November 19, 1956; TIME.com article about the rapid descent that ended the 8 November 1956 record breaking flight.
John F. Kennedy: Remarks on Presenting the Harmon Trophies Thursday, October 18, 1962 (The American Presidency Project)
Shivering Look at Venus Monday, December 14, 1959; TIME.com article about the 28 November 1959 flight to observe Venus
Stratolab, an Evolutionary Stratospheric Balloon Project article by Gregory Kennedy
STRATOLAB V Exhibit (Gondola) on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida
STRATOLAB V White Eagle Aerospace
Records
1919 births
1985 deaths
American aviation record holders
American balloonists
Balloon flight record holders
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Flight altitude record holders
Harmon Trophy winners
People from Momence, Illinois
People from West Lafayette, Indiana
Purdue University alumni
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
University of Chicago alumni
Military personnel from Illinois |
6705043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazzaniga | Gazzaniga | Gazzaniga (Bergamasque: or ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about northeast of Milan and northeast of Bergamo.
Gazzaniga borders the following municipalities: Albino, Aviatico, Cene, Cornalba, Costa di Serina, Fiorano al Serio, Vertova.
History
Traces of human presence in the Bronze Age have been found in Gazzaniga. The first document attesting the existence of a burgh (castle) dates from 476 AD, when the Barbarian king Odoacer ransacked it. In the Middle Ages Gazzaniga was part of the Confederazione de Honio together with neighbouring communes; in 1397 Gazzaniga was destroyed by the Ghibellines, and again by the Guelphs in the next year.
Later Gazzaniga was in the possession of the Republic of Venice. In 1629 Gazzaniga suffered from a plague.
Demographic evolution
References |
6737344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montopoli%20in%20Val%20d%27Arno | Montopoli in Val d'Arno | Montopoli in Val d'Arno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about southwest of Florence and about east of Pisa.
Montopoli in Val d'Arno borders the following municipalities: Castelfranco di Sotto, Palaia, Pontedera, San Miniato, Santa Maria a Monte.
It is home to a tower and an arch named after Castruccio Castracani, once belonging to a castle. Outside of town is the Franciscan Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Romano and the parish church of Santa Maria Novella.
References
Twin towns
Torella dei Lombardi, Italy
Maussane-les-Alpilles, France
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Tuscany |
6760471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettner | Hettner | Hettner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alfred Hettner (1859–1941), German geographer
Hermann Theodor Hettner (1821–1882), German historian
Otto Hettner (1875–1931), German painter, illustrator, engraver, and sculptor
Sabine Hettner (1907–1985), French modernist painter |
6840659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20fruit-eating%20bat | Dark fruit-eating bat | The dark fruit-eating bat (Artibeus obscurus), is a bat species from South America.
Description
Dark fruit-eating bats are relatively small, with an average body length of , and weighing from . Their fur is longer and darker than that of their closest relatives, being dark brown to sooty black over most of the body, with a white frosting. The underparts are paler, and there are also faint stripes of pale fur on the face. The nose-leaf is broad, with a distinct horseshoe separated from the upper lip. The snout is relatively narrow for a bat of its small size, and the ears are rounded, with a sharply pointed tragus.
Distribution and habitat
Dark-fruit eating bats are found throughout the Amazon Basin. They are known from all but the southernmost parts of Brazil, from the Guyanas, and from the Amazonian regions of countries from Venezuela to Bolivia. They inhabit rainforests from sea level to , and, in the southern part of their range, savannah and patchy semi-deciduous forests. There are no recognised subspecies.
Biology
The bats are generally low-flying, travelling close to the ground through forested terrain. They spend the day roosting under leaves or flaking pieces of bark about above the ground. They feed on figs, and the fruit of trees such as shimbillo and uvilla. Mating takes place between September and November, and results in the birth of a single offspring.
Gallery
References
Artibeus
Bats of South America
Bats of Brazil
Fauna of the Amazon
Mammals of Bolivia
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Ecuador
Mammals of French Guiana
Mammals of Guyana
Mammals of Peru
Mammals of Suriname
Mammals of Venezuela
Mammals described in 1826 |
6864170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Greatest%20Canadian%20Invention | The Greatest Canadian Invention | The Greatest Canadian Invention is a television mini-series originally aired on CBC Television. It is a spiritual sequel to The Greatest Canadian.
It began with people voting online which invention (out of 50) they considered the greatest Canadian invention. The show is a two-hour special, hosted by Bob McDonald (Quirks and Quarks), that premiered on 3 January 2007 at 8:00 EST.
Commentators
The 22 commentators for the show are:
Margaret Atwood – Writer and inventor of the LongPen
Buck 65 – Hip hop musician
Jackie Duffin – Medical History professor at Queen's University
Will Ferguson – Author and Humorist
Danielle Goyette – Hockey player and Olympic gold medallist
Chris Hadfield – Astronaut
Mike Holmes – Home renovation specialist, TV host of Holmes on Homes
Mike Lazaridis – President of Research In Motion; inventor of the BlackBerry
Preston Manning – Trustee of the Manning Innovation Awards
Patrick McKenna – Comedian and actor
Miriam McDonald – Actress and star of Degrassi: The Next Generation
Mitsou – Singer and CBC TV host
Steve Nash – Basketball player, 2 time NBA MVP
Kathryn O'Hara – Professor of Science Journalism at Carleton University
Abena Otchere – Science education advocate and medical student
Drew Hayden Taylor – Playwright and columnist
Debbie Travis – Home decoration specialist and TV host of Painted House
Vikram Vij – Chef/restaurateur and cookbook author
Michael Winter – Writer
Ronald Wright – Writer
Judy Cornish & Joyce Gunhouse (Comrags) – Women's clothes fashion designers
Inventions
The inventions, in voted order, are:
See also
Canadian Made, 2012 television series
External links
The Greatest Canadian Invention Homepage
2006 Canadian television series debuts
2006 Canadian television series endings
Greatest Nationals
2000s Canadian reality television series
CBC Television original programming
Canadian television series based on British television series |
6867539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamzah%20Saleh | Hamzah Saleh | Hamzah Saleh (; born April 19, 1967) is a former Saudi Arabian footballer who played as a midfielder.
He played for Al-Ahli and represented the national team at the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups.
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Medina
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Saudi Arabia men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
1992 King Fahd Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
1996 AFC Asian Cup players
1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Al-Ahli Saudi FC players
Al-Ansar FC (Medina) players
Ohod Club players
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Pro League players
Naturalised citizens of Saudi Arabia |
6882725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diplomatic%20missions%20of%20Russia | List of diplomatic missions of Russia | This is a list of diplomatic missions of Russia. These missions are subordinate to the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Russian Federation has one of the largest networks of embassies and consulates of any country. Russia has significant interests in Eastern Europe, the Near East and especially in the former states of the Soviet Union. It also has extensive ties to countries in the developing world, a legacy of Cold War diplomatic efforts to extend the Soviet Union's influence in Africa and Asia which are now more important for commercial reasons.
Russia established several consulates in the United States and Canada to cater to Russian immigrants. In 1917, the Tsarist government vanished, with a number of consuls who maintained tsarist loyalties establishing the "Council of Ambassadors" (), through which they worked as embassies without a government. Among these were consuls in seven U.S. cities and three Canadian cities, receiving financing from the U.S. government. The consuls stopped their services in the late 1920s; the U.S. government seized the records of the consulates. The seizure started a long dispute. The National Archives and Records Administration received the documents in 1949. In 1980 the U.S. government loaned the documents of the Canadian consulates to the Library and Archives Canada. On 31 January 1990 the U.S. returned the documents to the Soviet Union and kept the microfilms as evidence.
After 1992, due to financial reasons, embassies in Freetown (Sierra Leone), Monrovia (Liberia), Maseru (Lesotho), Mogadishu (Somalia), Niamey (Niger), Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), and Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea) were closed. In 1995 the embassy in Paramaribo (Suriname) also suspended operations.
The Russian Federation has no diplomatic relations with Bhutan and Solomon Islands. Since Georgia and Russia severed diplomatic relations in 2008, the Swiss embassy in Tbilisi hosts a Russian interests section.
In February 2022, Micronesia and Ukraine severed diplomatic relations with Russia.
Current missions
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
International organizations
Embassies to open
Closed missions
Africa
Americas
Asia
Oceania
Europe
See also
Ambassadors of Russia
Foreign relations of Russia
List of diplomatic missions in Russia
Notes
References
Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Дипломатические и консульские представительства России за рубежом
External links
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Archived Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Russia
Diplomatic missions |
6888748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix%20Niel | Prix Niel | |}
The Prix Niel is a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Longchamp over a distance of 2,400 metres (about 1½ miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September.
The race serves as a trial for the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, which is held at the same venue three weeks later.
History
A precursor of the race called the Prix de Chantilly was formerly staged at Chantilly in early September. It was open to horses aged three or older, and for a period its distance was 3,100 metres. It was subsequently transferred to Longchamp and run over 3,000 metres. It was shortened to 2,400 metres in 1952, and reduced to 2,300 metres in 1953.
The Prix de Chantilly was restricted to three-year-olds when a separate event was introduced for older horses in 1955. The new race was initially titled the Prix Henri Foy, and from this point the Prix de Chantilly was contested over 2,400 metres.
The race was cut to 2,000 metres in 1960, and restored to 2,400 metres the following year. It was switched to Chantilly in 1964, and returned to Longchamp with a length of 2,100 metres in 1966. It was extended to 2,200 metres in 1968.
The event was renamed in memory of Gaston Niel (1880–1970), a long-serving member of the Société d'Encouragement, in 1972. For several years the Prix Niel held Group 3 status. It was increased to 2,400 metres in 1979, and promoted to Group 2 level in 1987.
The Prix Niel became part of the Breeders' Cup Challenge series in 2010, with the winner earning an automatic invitation to compete in the Breeders' Cup Turf. It was removed from the series in 2012.
Twelve winners of the race have achieved victory in the same year's Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. The first was Sica Boy in 1954, and the most recent Rail Link in 2006.
Prix Niel is eligible for geldings from 2020. Due to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, 2020 Prix Niel are not run, and are replaced by the Grand Prix de Paris.
Records
Leading jockey since 1952 (4 wins):
Yves Saint-Martin – Nelcius (1966), Akarad (1981), Sagace (1983), Mouktar (1985)
Freddy Head – Taj Dewan (1967), (1974), Gay Mecene (1978), Cariellor (1984)
Leading trainer since 1952 (11 wins):
André Fabre – Cariellor (1984), Trempolino (1987), Subotica (1991), Carnegie (1994), Housamix (1995), Sagamix (1998), Valixir (2004), Hurricane Run (2005), Rail Link (2006), Cavalryman (2009), New Bay (2015)
Leading owner since 1952 (5 wins):
HH Aga Khan IV – Akarad (1981), Mouktar (1985), Sinndar (2000), Dalakhani (2003), Behkabad (2010)
Winners since 1978
Earlier winners
1952:
1953: Shikampur
1954: Sica Boy
1955: Walhalla
1956:
1957: Amber
1958: Upstart
1959: Montrouge
1960: Puissant Chef
1961: Devon
1962: Kistinie
1963: Le Mesnil
1964: Sigebert
1965: Super Sam
1966: Nelcius
1967: Taj Dewan
1968: Vaguely Noble
1969: Belbury
1970: Stintino
1971: Arlequino
1972: Hard to Beat
1973: Dahlia
1974:
1975: Anne's Pretender
1976: Youth
1977: Crystal Palace
See also
List of French flat horse races
References
France Galop / Racing Post:
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, , ,
france-galop.com – A Brief History: Prix Niel.
galopp-sieger.de – Prix Niel (ex Prix de Chantilly).
horseracingintfed.com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Prix Niel (2016).
pedigreequery.com – Prix Niel – Longchamp.
Flat horse races for three-year-olds
Longchamp Racecourse
Horse races in France |
7170404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9vaz | Sévaz | Sévaz is a municipality in the district of Broye, in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland.
History
Sévaz is first mentioned in 1056 as Silva.
Geography
Sévaz has an area, , of . Of this area, or 86.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 2.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 8.8% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes and or 1.6% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.4% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 2.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.2%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.2% of the area Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 74.4% is used for growing crops and 10.8% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes.
The municipality is located in the Broye district, in the Estavayer-le-Lac exclave.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, issuant from two Mounts as many Columns Argent and on a Chief of the same three Roses Gules barbed and seeded proper.
Demographics
Sévaz has a population () of . , 17.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 69.7%. Migration accounted for 53.8%, while births and deaths accounted for 13.8%.
Most of the population () speaks French (130 or 89.7%) as their first language, German is the second most common (9 or 6.2%) and English is the third (2 or 1.4%).
, the population was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. The population was made up of 98 Swiss men (41.2% of the population) and 17 (7.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 101 Swiss women (42.4%) and 22 (9.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 42 or about 29.0% were born in Sévaz and lived there in 2000. There were 57 or 39.3% who were born in the same canton, while 34 or 23.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 10 or 6.9% were born outside of Switzerland.
The age distribution, , in Sévaz is; 19 children or 13.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 14 teenagers or 9.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 23 people or 15.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 29 people or 20.0% are between 30 and 39, 26 people or 17.9% are between 40 and 49, and 11 people or 7.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 15 people or 10.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 7 people or 4.8% are between 70 and 79, there is 1 person who is 80 and 89.
, there were 66 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 60 married individuals, 8 widows or widowers and 11 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 61 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 18 households that consist of only one person and 4 households with five or more people. , a total of 61 apartments (87.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 6 apartments (8.6%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (4.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.1 new units per 1000 residents.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Heritage sites of national significance
The Iron Age metal workshop at Tudinges is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 36.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (23.4%), the SP (18.9%) and the FDP (11.2%).
The SVP improved their position in Sévaz rising to first, from second in 2007 (with 25.2%) The CVP moved from first in 2007 (with 29.0%) to second in 2011, the SPS retained about the same popularity (21.5% in 2007) and the FDP retained about the same popularity (15.0% in 2007). A total of 85 votes were cast in this election, of which 1 or 1.2% was invalid.
Economy
, Sévaz had an unemployment rate of 2.3%. , there were 12 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 73 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector. 87 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector. There were 78 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.3% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 149. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 9, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 63 of which 42 or (66.7%) were in manufacturing and 6 (9.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 77. In the tertiary sector; 28 or 36.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 33 or 42.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 2 or 2.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 2.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 1 was in education.
, there were 67 workers who commuted into the municipality and 51 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 5.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 69.2% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 111 or 76.6% were Roman Catholic, while 21 or 14.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4 individuals (or about 2.76% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Islamic. 8 (or about 5.52% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 2 individuals (or about 1.38% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Sévaz about 62 or (42.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 17 or (11.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 17 who completed tertiary schooling, 82.4% were Swiss men, 17.6% were Swiss women.
The Canton of Fribourg school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school. The upper Secondary school is divided into gymnasium (university preparatory) and vocational programs. After they finish the upper Secondary program, students may choose to attend a Tertiary school or continue their apprenticeship.
During the 2010–11 school year, there were a total of 21 students attending one class in Sévaz. A total of 55 students from the municipality attended any school, either in the municipality or outside of it. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality, but 6 students attended kindergarten in a neighboring municipality. The municipality had one primary class and 21 students. During the same year, there were no lower secondary classes in the municipality, but 14 students attended lower secondary school in a neighboring municipality. There were no upper Secondary classes or vocational classes, but there was one upper Secondary vocational student who attended classes in another municipality. The municipality had no non-university Tertiary classes, but there was one non-university Tertiary student who attended classes in another municipality.
, there were 10 students in Sévaz who came from another municipality, while 16 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official website
Municipalities of the canton of Fribourg
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Fribourg |
7196649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana%20Starke | Mariana Starke | Mariana Starke (1762–1838) was an influential English travel writer, though she also worked in other genres. She is best known for her travel guides to France and Italy, popular with British travellers to the Continent in the early nineteenth century. She wrote plays early in her career, before embarking on her first trip abroad in 1791. She worked as a translator over most of her working life, and latterly, also wrote poetry.
Life and writing career
Starke's mother was Mary (née Hughes) and her father was Richard Starke (1719–1793), an employee of the East India Company and former deputy-governor of Fort St George in Madras (now known as Chennai). For years scholars believed Starke had been born in India, but it is now accepted that she was born in Surrey, her parents' second child but the first to survive. She had two younger siblings: Louisa (1772-1792) and Richard (born 1768). Starke was raised at her family's estate, Hylands House, at Epsom. Starke's great-grandfather was Thomas Starke (c. 1649-1704), a Virginia landowner and "one of the first – and leading – London slave traders."
Starke had many literary connections over the course of her career. Writer and biographer William Hayley was a family friend and he mentored Starke from a young age. At the beginning of her career, she collaborated with Millecent Parkhurst and George Monck Berkeley. Writer Catherine Maria Fanshawe was a family friend. She and her mother were also part of a circle of Epsom women interested in literature. Later, Starke became a friend of writer Mary Champion de Crespigny and dedicated two of her works to her.
Starke began her career writing plays. Her first publication, in 1787, was an anonymous translation, co-authored with her friend Millecent Parkhurst, of Madame de Genlis’s Théâtre de l'éducation. Her family had vested interests in India since her grandfather's time, and she used that country as a background for the first of her plays to be professionally produced, The Sword of Peace (1788). Her second professional production, the successful The Widow of Malabar (1790), "[e]mbellished with the rituals of Indian sati – a burning funeral pyre – and with specially composed music, ... was something of a spectacle." It was published by the Minerva Press.
Starke accompanied her parents and sister to France and Italy for an extended period, between 1791 and 1798. The whole family, other than Starke herself, had tuberculosis, and she attended and nursed them. Her sister Louisa died months after setting out, in 1792, and Richard Starke died in 1794. This experience of expatriate life formed the basis for much of her later writing. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Starke returned to Italy and devoted the rest of her life to revisions of her travel guides, effectively reinventing the genre. Compiling a bibliography of her work is a complicated task as she frequently revised her guides and sometimes changed their titles.
Development of the travel guide
Earlier travel guides traditionally concentrated on architectural and scenic descriptions of the places usually visited by wealthy young men on the Grand Tour. Starke recognised that with the enormous growth in the number of Britons travelling abroad after 1815, the majority of her potential readers were now travelling in family groups and often on a budget. She, in response, included for the first time a wealth of advice on luggage, obtaining passports, the precise cost of food and accommodation in each city, and, perhaps not surprisingly given her own experience, advice on the care of invalid family members. She also devised a system of exclamation marks [!!!] used as ratings, a forerunner of today's star classifications. Starke's travel guides, initially published by John Murray, went into many editions and were often pirated. The ninth and final edition of Travels in Europe was published in 1839.
Her books served as templates for later guides and earned her celebrity status in her lifetime. The French author Stendhal, in his 1839 novel The Charterhouse of Parma, refers to a travelling British historian who "never paid for the smallest trifle without first looking up its price in the Travels of a certain Mrs Starke, a book which...indicates to the prudent Englishman the cost of a turkey, an apple, a glass of milk and so forth."
Works
Plays
Anonymous translation, with Millecent Parkhurst (later Thomas), of Madame de Genlis’s Theatre of Education 4 vols. London: J. Walter, 1787. (Internet Archive: Vol. I, II, III, IV)
With George Monck Berkeley. Ethelinda. (unproduced & unpublished)
The Sword of Peace; or, a voyage of love; a Comedy in five acts. First performed at the Theatre Royal in the Hay-Market, on Saturday, August the 9th, 1788. London: J. Debrett / Dublin: Hannah Chamberlaine, 1789. (published anonymously; Etext)
The British Orphan. (unpublished; produced privately in 1790)
The Widow of Malabar. A Tragedy, in Three Acts. As It is Performed at the Theatre-Royal, Covent-Garden. London: William Lane, 1791. (adaptation of La Veuve de Malabar by Antoine-Marin Lemierre; produced in London in 1790; Lane published three editions and there was at least one further edition.)
The Tournament. A Tragedy. Imitated from the celebrated German drama entitled Agnes Bernauer, which was written by a nobleman of high rank, and founded on a fact, that occurred in Bavaria about the year M,CCCC,CCCV. London: R. Phillips, 1801. (produced in 1800, published anonymously)
Poetry
The Poor Soldier; an American Tale: Founded on a Recent Fact. Inscribed to Mrs Crespigny. London: J. Walter, 1789. (two editions)
The Beauties of Carlo Maria Maggi, paraphrased: to which are added Sonnets, by Mariana Starke. Exeter: Printed for the author, by S. Woolmer ... and sold by Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London; by Upham, and also by Barratt, Bath, 1811. (Etext, Internet Archive)
Travel writing
Letters from Italy, Between the Years 1792 and 1798, Containing a View of the Revolutions in that Country, from the Capture of Nice by the French Republic to the Expulsion of Pius VI from the Ecclesiastical State; likewise pointing out the matchless Works of Art which still embellish Pisa, Florence, Siena, Rome, Naples, Bologna, Venice, &c. With Instructions for the Use of Invalids and Families who may not choose to incur the Expence attendant upon travelling with a Courier. By Mariana Starke, Author of the Widow of Malabar, the Tournament, &c. In Two Volumes. 2 vols. London: R. Phillips, 1800. (Reprinted with a supplement as Travels in Italy, Between the Years 1792 and 1798, London: R. Phillips, 1802. 2nd ed. publ. by G. and S. Robinson, 1815; 3rd ed. publ. by Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, 1816. Etext, HathiTrust.)
Travels on the Continent: Written for the Use and Particular Information of Travellers. By Mariana Starke. London: John Murray, 1820. (9 editions. From 1824, published as Information and Directions for Travellers on the Continent. Expanded to 658 pages and republished as Travels in Europe for the use of Travellers on the Continent and likewise in the Island of Sicily, to which is added an account of the Remains of Ancient Italy in 1832. Etext, Google)
Travels in Europe between the Years 1824 and 1828 Adapted to the Use of Travellers Comprising an Historical Account of Sicily with Particular Information for Strangers in that Island By Mariana Starke. London: John Murray, 1828. (Etext, Internet Archive)
See also
Guide book
Travel literature
Women and the Grand Tour
Notes
References
Baigent, Elizabeth (2007). "Starke, Mariana (1761/2 – 1838)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. 6 January 2007
Blaine, Virginia, et al., eds. (1990) "Starke, Mariana, 1762?–1838." The Feminist Companion to Literature in English. New Haven and London: Yale University Press; p. 1023
Further reading
O'Quinn, Daniel J. "The Long Minuet as Danced at Coromandel: Character and the Colonial Translation of Class Anxiety in Mariana Starke's The Sword of Peace." British Women Playwrights around 1800. 1 September 2000. 27 pars. (Archived)
Purinton, Marjean. "Response to Daniel J. O'Quinn's Essay: Dancing and Dueling in Mariana Starke's Comedy." British Women Playwrights around 1800. 1 September 2000. 13 pars. (Archived)
Robinson, Terry F. "Mariana Starke." The Literary Encyclopedia. 29 January 2008.
Starke, Mariana. The Sword of Peace; or, a Voyage of Love. Eds. Thomas C. Crochunis and Michael Eberle-Sinatra, with an introduction by Jeanne Moskal and a headnote by Jeffrey N. Cox. British Women Playwrights around 1800. 15 August 1999. (Archived)
English dramatists and playwrights
British women dramatists and playwrights
English women non-fiction writers
18th-century English women writers
18th-century British writers
19th-century English women writers
19th-century British writers
British women travel writers
1762 births
1838 deaths
English travel writers
18th-century English people |
7204518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furukuchi%20Station | Furukuchi Station | is a railway station in the town of Tozawa, Yamagata, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
Lines
Furukuchi Station is served by the Rikuu West Line between and , and is located 17.0 km from the starting point of the line at Shinjō.
Station layout
Furukuchi Station has one island platform, connected to the station building by a level crossing. The station is staffed.
Platforms
History
Furukuchi Station opened on 7 December 1913.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2018, the station was used by an average of 30 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.
Surrounding area
Mogami River
Furukuchi Post Office
Imagami Onsen
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Furukuchi Station information (JR East)
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Railway stations in Yamagata Prefecture
Rikuu West Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1913
Tozawa, Yamagata |
7237869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebaowek | Kebaowek | Kebaowek or Eagle Village First Nation - Kipawa Indian Reserve, is a First Nations reserve in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec. It is under the governance of the Kebaowek First Nation.
References
External links
Official site
Indian reserves in Quebec
Communities in Abitibi-Témiscamingue |
7242885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Pine%20Point%20Light | Sugar Pine Point Light | The Sugar Pine Point Light was a small lighthouse located on Lake Tahoe, in El Dorado County, California, in the United States. The tower no longer stands, but a small post light marks the site. It is located within the bounds of Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point State Park.
History
In 1921, various commercial interests lobbied for the replacement of the Rubicon Point Light with a light on Sugar Pine Point. It was suggested that the light be housed in a small frame tower similar to the one at Rubicon Point, and that the characteristic light not be changed.
The light was apparently built, but was discontinued in 1935. It was relit the following year at a cost of $590.52.
See also
List of lighthouses in the United States
References
External links
Brief Sugar Pine Point Light history
Picture of Sugar Pine Point Light
Lighthouses in California
Lake Tahoe
History of El Dorado County, California
Transportation buildings and structures in El Dorado County, California
Lighthouses completed in 1921 |
7349991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semirom%20County | Semirom County | Semirom County () is in Isfahan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Semirom.
At the 2006 census, the county's population was 70,735 in 17,072 households. The following census in 2011 counted 65,047 people in 18,062 households. At the 2016 census, the county's population was 74,109 in 22,530 households.
Administrative divisions
The population history and structural changes of Semirom County's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. The latest census shows four districts, eight rural districts, and four cities.
References
Counties of Isfahan Province |
7384945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviastroitel | Aviastroitel | Aviastroitel Ltd. (, in English literally Aircraft Manufacturers) is a manufacturer of sailplanes that was originally based in Penza, Russia. Since 2010, the company has been known as Glider Air Craft Ltd () and has been based in Moscow.
History
The company history is rooted back to Vladimir Egorovich Fedorov's first fibreglass motor glider, the Fedorov Istra. Fedorov was born in 1937 and graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute with a PhD in aerodynamics. He later went on to work on the Buran program. The Istra was designed in 1970 and completed in 1974 as part of his sport flying with the Second Moscow Aeroclub and he and club members experimented with it for ten years.
Fedorov's next design was the Baikal, another fibreglass motorglider first flown in 1986. It flew about 30 test flights that year but the engine installation proved problematic and the aircraft was retired.
In 1989, he began work on the "Dream" glider. This was a very small and lightweight design and developed as the Mechta I, Mechta II and Russia I and II prototypes. The wing span Russia II was entered in the FAI World Class competition, announced in 1989 to pick a small, inexpensive and easy to fly glider with at least a 30:1 glide ratio for this new one-Design competition class. To support the bid, a group known as the Aircraft Cooperative Mechta was formed and three hand-made prototypes were built ('Mechta means 'dream' in Russian). The aircraft was well received at the 1993 competition and fly-off held in Oerlinghausen, Germany, but the lack of a manufacturing facility behind the design, plus political pressures meant that the "Dream" glider was awarded second place behind the winning Polish Politechnika Warszawska PW-5.
Disappointed with the outcome of the competition, the Mechta group found consolation in the enthusiasm of Americans who attended with their Roberts Cygnet design. They had great interest in the simple Russian glider and indicated that the North American market was right for such an aircraft for solo training and Club class flying. Known as the "Russia glider' and later simply as the "Russia", production was begun under the designation Aviastroitel AC-4 Russia. One of the three prototypes was purchased at the competition and imported into the US as a Fedorov Russia and demand quickly appeared. A US distributor, Russia 12.6 was set up to demonstrate the aircraft and sign up dealers. The Russian cooperative was reformed into a production company, taking the name Aircraft Builders, or Aviastroitel in Russian. It was under the Aviastroitel banner that most of the aircraft came to North America and became well-known.
In 1994, US distribution was transferred to Mechta Sailplanes, LLC, which imported 18 Russia gliders into the US. In response Aviastroitel created a second set of molds and started a second assembly line in Penza, giving a total production capacity of 48 AC-4s per year.
In 1997 William Ayd became US distributor under the name Russia Sailplanes, Inc. to market the expanding line of Aviastroitel gliders and motor gliders and the two companies enjoyed a successful partnership.
Aviastroitel continued production of AC-4 Russias and developed the AC-5M motor glider from the AC-4 and the new AC-6 FAI 15 Metre Class glider. By 2002 the company had produced over 100 gliders, most of them being shipped to the US, with smaller numbers sold in Canada, Greece, Holland and New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The company even developed their AC-5M motor glider into the AC-5MP unmanned aerial vehicle.
Then, in 2002 the Russian government adopted new standards for industrial production. The company could comply, but it made production non-profitable. The company ceased production and concentrated on a new two-seat touring motor glider model, the AC-7M, moving future manufacturing off shore. Due to the problems with the new standards the relationship between the US-based Russia Sailplanes and Aviastroitel was ended.
Work on the AC-7M started in 2002 and it first flew in 2005. Development of this model continued through 2009. In 2010 the company was reorganised as Glider Air Craft Ltd and the AC-4, 5, 6, 7 and 7M were returned to production. Development of the AC-8 glider and motor glider was started in 2010.
Aircraft
References
External links
Aircraft manufacturers of Russia
Manufacturing companies based in Moscow
Russian brands |
7442927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Spooks%20of%20Bottle%20Bay | The Spooks of Bottle Bay | The Spooks of Bottle Bay is a children's drama series shown between the years of 1993 and 1995 on CITV. The stories behind the show were created by Ian Allen of Button Moon fame, and the puppets and sets were designed by John Thirtle. Three videos containing a few episodes from the first two series were released in the 1990s, but nothing has been released since 2004 in USA and the show has never been repeated on television. The series was directed by Paul Cole.
Plot
The Spooks of Bottle Bay followed the adventures of nice-guy Sidney Sludge and his dog Maxwell, and the town folk of Bottle Bay. The town was in fact located in a bottle on a mantelpiece of an unknown person's house. The residents are forever plagued by Sidney's evil siblings, Sybil and Cedric. Sidney spent most of the time trying to avoid the problems caused by his brother and sister and was always helped, albeit unwittingly, by the Spooks of Bottle Bay.
Characters
Sidney Malcolm Sludge - Played by Nigel Plaskitt - The lead character of the series. A good-natured, friendly and honest, if sometimes slow-witted, young man, his adventures include looking for jobs around Bottle Bay, and even finding love on one occasion. He spends much of his time avoiding the crimes of his evil brother and sister, Sybil and Cedric. He technically also owns part of the estate agents his siblings run as his father left it to them all but this is never acknowledged by his sibling except for the pilot. He lived in a beach hut in the first series but by series two was staying at the Seaview Guest House, to try and avoid his siblings. Sid delivers his catch-phrase "Now that's spooky!" at the end of each episode in Series Two and Three.
Sybil Melanie Sludge - Played by Francis Wright and Simon Buckley - The green skinned, flame haired sister of Sidney. She is, along with Cedric, the main antagonist of the show. Sybil spends her time plotting thefts, and also trying to defeat the Spooks in the later episodes. The Spooks, however, always managed to outwit her, no matter how clever her plans were.
Cedric Montague Sludge - Played by John Thirtle and Richard Coombs - The brother of Sybil and Sid, Cedric tended to help his sister with her schemes, rather than coming up with his own. He does, however, match his sister in ruthlessness - he will do anything to get rich.
Maxwell - Maxi is a blue bulldog and is Sidney's loyal companion. Cedric sometimes fought Sidney for ownership of Maxwell.
Sally Spook - Played by Louise Gold and Heather Tobias -She is, along with Fred Spook, the leader of the Spooks of Bottle Bay and mother to Baby Spook.
Fred Spook - Played by John Thirtle - One of the leaders of the gang of ghosts that are out to foil the evil plots of Cybil and Cedric.
Baby Spook - Played by Ian Allen and Simon Buckley -Baby Spook is a Ghost who lives with Fred and Sally in the House on the Hill.
Betty Bat - Is a bat who lives in the House on the Hill with Fred, Sally and Baby Spook.
Tommy - Tommy is a Spook who wears a red hat and always has a smile on his face. He lives at the Sea View Guest House. Despite his rather creepy appearance and mischievous personality, he is very much on the side of good. He sometimes secretly helps out Sidney Sludge, particularly when he is a victim of his siblings' misdeeds, and always helps to thwart Sybil and Cedric when needed.
Ted and Lily Turine - Played by Phil Eason and Steve Nallon Ted and Lily own the Seaview Guest House, where Sid stays.
Iris - Lily's identical twin sister who visits Seaview Guest House in one episode.
Madge - Played by Sue Dacre - The housekeeper at the Seaview Guest House.
Gran - An old woman who takes a shine to Sid. She owns a cat called Norman.
Joe - Played by Phil Eason - Seaman who takes care of the Mermaid Molly galleon moored in the harbour. Owns a parrot called 'Bananas'.
Duchess of Dingledale - Played by Steve Nallon. Royalty who visited prestigious events in Bottle Bay. She awarded prizes at the Bottle Bay Dog Show and the Talent Show on the pier, and also attended the party on the Galleon, where Sybil attempted to steal her diamonds.
Bella Butler - Played by Heather Tobias - Bella owns The Happy Plaice, the fish and chip shop in Bottle Bay.
Lucy Spook - Played by Heather Tobias - Lucy is Sally's best friend, who lives in the antique shop.
Nancy Spook - Played by Nigel Plaskitt - Nancy is an Irish spook who lives in the launderette, who often babysits for Baby Spook whilst Sally is at nightschool.
Daphy Played by Steve Nallon. Another Spook character. She is bright pink and wears a pair of green glasses and is very well-spoken. Daphy lives with Tommy at the Sea View Guest House, were Sidney lived with his dog Maxi.
Damask the Highwayman - Played by Nigel Plaskitt - The ghost of a Highwayman, whom Sally encounters in series one. He unwittingly foils Cedric's plan to steal millions of pounds from Sybil.
Brenda Drain - Played by Heather Tobias - Sid's girlfriend.
Other spooks include Bed Bug Willy Spook (Ian Allen) and the School Master (Nigel Plaskitt) spook who led the night school that many of the younger ghosts attended. Captain Patch, (Nigel Plaskitt) one of the many spooks who haunted the galleon moored in the harbour, was called upon by Sally and Fred in order to stop Sybil from stealing the Duchess of Dingledale's (Steve Nallon) diamonds.
Other residents of Bottle Bay have also appeared in various episodes, including the Punch and Judy man, Bill, who performs on the pier; the Bottle Bay hairdresser, whose salon was invaded by Sybil in an attempt to find out where Sidney was living; and PC Twopence, the Bottle Bay police officer.
Music
Spooky Musicals (2004-03-18)
Home Media
Spooks of Bottle Bay All Season 1 Episodes (2004-10-10)
Spooks of Bottle Bay All Season 2 Episodes (2004-10-10)
Spooks of Bottle Bay Eleven Season 3 Episodes (2004-10-10)
References
External links
Spooks of Bottle Bay page at Little Gems
1993 British television series debuts
1995 British television series endings
1990s British children's television series
British children's fantasy television series
British supernatural television shows
British television shows featuring puppetry
English-language television shows
Carlton Television
ITV children's television shows
Television series about ghosts
Television series by ITV Studios
Television series produced at Pinewood Studios |
7445070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS%20image%20replacement | CSS image replacement | CSS image replacement is a Web design technique that uses Cascading Style Sheets to replace text on a Web page with an image containing that text. It is intended to keep the page accessible to users of screen readers, text-only web browsers, or other browsers where support for images or style sheets is either disabled or nonexistent, while allowing the image to differ between styles. Also named Fahrner image replacement for Todd Fahrner, one of the persons originally credited with the idea of image replacement in 2003.
Motivation
The typical method of inserting an image in an HTML document is via the <img> tag. This method has its drawbacks with regards to accessibility and flexibility, however:
While the alt attribute is designed for providing a textual representation of the image content, this precludes the use of HTML markup in the textual representation and causes problems with some search robots.
Using the <img> tag to show text is presentational; many Web designers argue that presentational elements should be separated from HTML content by placing the former in a CSS style sheet.
Images referenced using an <img> tag cannot be easily changed via CSS, causing problems with alternative stylesheets.
Fahrner image replacement was devised to rectify these issues.
Implementations
The original Image Replacement implementation described by Douglas Bowman used a heading, inside of which was a <span> element containing the text of the heading:
<h3 id="firHeader"><span>Sample Headline</span></h3>
Through style sheets, the heading was then given a background containing the desired image, and the <span> hidden by setting its display CSS property to none:
#firHeader
{
width: 300px;
height: 50px;
background: #fff url(firHeader.gif) top left no-repeat;
}
#firHeader span
{
display: none;
}
It was soon discovered, however, that this method caused some screen readers to skip over the heading entirely, as they would not read any text that had a display property of none. The later Phark method, developed by Mike Rundle in 2003, instead used the text-indent property to push the text out of the image's area, addressing this issue:
#firHeader
{
width: 300px;
height: 50px;
text-indent: -5000px; /* ← Phark */
}
The Phark method had its own problems, however; in visual browsers where CSS was on but images off, nothing would display.
Also in 2003, Dave Shea's eponymous Shea method solves both of the issues earlier mentioned, at the cost of an extra <span>:
<h3 id="header"><span></span>Revised Image Replacement</h3>
By absolutely positioning an empty <span> over the text element, the text is effectively hidden. If the image fails to load, the text behind it is still displayed. For this reason, images with transparency cannot be used with the Shea method.
#header
{
width: 329px;
height: 25px;
position: relative;
}
#header span
{
background: url(firHeader.gif) no-repeat;
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
Over a dozen different methods has since been developed with varying degree of compatibility and complexity.
References
External links
Revised Image Replacement – an overview of the various FIR techniques by Dave Shea
Ultimate Image Replacement – a comprehensive image replacement technique by Jesse Schoberg
Web design
Cascading Style Sheets |
7501696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallika%20Sengupta | Mallika Sengupta | Mallika Sengupta (; 1960–2011) was a Bengali poet, feminist, and reader of Sociology from Kolkata, known for her "unapologetically political poetry".
Biography
Mallika Sengupta was the head of the Department of Sociology in Maharani Kasiswari College, an undergraduate college affiliated with the University of Calcutta in Kolkata. She was much better known for her literary activity. The author of more than 20 books including 14 volumes of poetry and two novels, she was widely translated and was a frequent invitee at international literary festivals.
For twelve years in the 90s she was the poetry editor of Sananda, the largest circulated Bengali fortnightly (edited by Aparna Sen). Along with her husband, the noted poet Subodh Sarkar, she was the founder-editor of Bhashanagar, a culture magazine in Bengali.
English translations of her work have appeared in various Indian and American anthologies. In addition to teaching, editing and writing, she was actively involved with the cause of gender justice and other social issues.
She had undergone breast cancer treatment starting in October 2005 and died on 28 May 2011.
Activism and literary themes
Sengupta was also active in a number of protest and gender activism groups. Her fiery, combative tone is noticeable in many poems, e.g. "While teaching my son history":
Man alone was both God and Goddess
Man was both father and mother
Both tune and flute
Both penis and vagina
As we have learnt from history.
– from Mallika Sengupta, Kathamanabi, Bhashanagar, kolkata, 2005, (tr. poet)
often dealing with women's marginalised role in history:
after the battle said chenghis khan
the greatest pleasure of life,
is in front of the vanquished enemy
to sleep with his favourite wife.
– Juddha Sheshe Nari – from Mallika Sengupta, Kathamanabi, Bhashanagar, kolkata, 2005, (tr. amitabha mukerjee)
Particularly evocative is her feminist rendition of the legend of Khana, a medieval female poet whose tongue was allegedly cut off by her jealous
husband:
In Bengal in the Middle Ages
Lived a woman Khana, I sing her life
The first Bengali woman poet
Her tongue they severed with a knife
Her speechless voice, "Khanar Bachan"
Still resonates in the hills and skies
Only the poet by the name of Khana
Bleeding she dies.
– Khana, tr. amitabha mukerjee
Awards and honours
Junior Fellowship for Literature from the Dept. of Culture, Govt. of India (1997–99)
Sukanto Puroskar from the Govt. of West Bengal (1998)
Bangla Academy award from the Govt. of West Bengal (2004)
Has been invited to poetry readings, conferences and seminars in Sweden (1987), Australia (1994), USA (2002 & 2006), Czech Republic (2009) and Bangladesh (1998 & 2002) as part of Indian writer's delegation.
Works
Poetry
Challish Chander Ayu, Virus publication, 1983
Ami Sindhur Meye, Prativas publication, Kolkata, 1988
Haghare O Debdasi, Prativas publication, Kolkata, 1991
Ardhek Prithivi, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1993,
Meyeder Aa Aaa Ka Kha, Prativas publication, Kolkata, 1998
Kathamanabi, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1999,
Deoyalir Rat, Patralekha, Kolkata, 2001
Amra Lasya Amra Ladai, Sristi Prakashani, Kolkata, 2001 Book Excerptise (2 translations)
Purushke Lekha Chithi, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2003, Book Excerptise (1 poem online)
Chheleke History Parate Giye, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2005
Shrestha Kabita, Kolkata, Dey's Publication, 2005
Aamake Sariye Dao Valobasa, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2006,
Purusher Janyo Eksho Kabita, Deep Prakashan, Kolkata, 2007
O Janemon Jibananada, Banolata Sen Likhchhi, Kolkata, Ananda Pub. 2008
Brishtimichhil Barudmichhil, Kolkata, Ananda Pub. 2010
Poetry in English translation
Carriers of Fire, Bhashanagar, Kolkata, 2002
Kathamanabi, her voice and Other Poems, Bhashanagar, kolkata, 2005
Novels
Seetayan, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1995,
Sleelatahanir Pare, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1996,
Kabir Bouthan, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2011,
Books on sociology of gender
Strilinga Nirmana, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1994,
Purush Noi Purushtantra, Vikash Grantha Bhavan, Kolkata, 2002
Bibahabichchhinnar Akhyan, Banglar Samaj O Sahitye, Kolkata, Papyrus, 2007
Translation
Akaler Madhye Saras, translation from Kedarnath Singh's Hindi poems, Sahitya Akademi, Kolkata, 1998
Bengali poetry anthology
Dui Banglar Meyeder Shreshtha kabita, Upasana, Kolkata, 2003
References
External links
Mallika Sengupta and the Poetry of Feminist Conviction. (4 bilingual poems)
The unsevered tongue: modern poetry by Bengali women, tr. amitabha mukerjee. Nandimukh samsad, kolkata, 2005. (4 poems with translations, excerpts)
20th-century Bengali poets
Indian feminists
1960 births
2011 deaths
Bengali Hindus
20th-century Bengalis
21st-century Bengalis
Bengali writers
Bengali poets
21st-century Bengali poets
Bengali female poets
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Writers from Kolkata
Poets from West Bengal
20th-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian social scientists
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian social scientists
20th-century Indian educational theorists
21st-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian writers
20th-century Indian novelists
20th-century Indian essayists
21st-century Indian writers
21st-century Indian novelists
21st-century Indian essayists
21st-century Indian educational theorists
20th-century Indian educators
20th-century Indian women educators
21st-century Indian educators
21st-century Indian women educators
Indian educators
Indian novelists
Indian women novelists
Indian essayists
Indian women essayists
Indian women poets
Indian writers
Indian poets
Indian sociologists
Indian feminist writers
20th-century Indian women educational theorists
Indian women sociologists
Indian editors
Indian women editors
Indian magazine editors
Indian political writers
Scientists from West Bengal
Women scientists from West Bengal
People from Nadia district
Women educators from West Bengal
Educators from West Bengal
20th-century women educators |
7616637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peretz%20ben%20Elijah | Peretz ben Elijah | Perez ben Elijah of Corbeil (died 1295) was a French tosafist, son of the Talmudist Elijah of Tours. In Talmudic literature he is designated by the abbreviations RaP (= Rabbeinu Perez), RaPaSh (= Rabbeinu Perez, may he live), and MaHaRPaSh (= our master Rabbeinu Perez, may he live).
Perez had for masters Jehiel of Paris, Jacob of Chinon and Samuel of Evreux. He traveled throughout Brabant, and sojourned for a time in Germany, where he made the acquaintance of Meir of Rothenburg. On his return home he delivered lectures on Talmudical subjects, which were attended by the most celebrated rabbis of the fourteenth century. His fame as a Talmudical authority eventually became universal, his commentaries being studied in France, Germany, and Spain. He died before 1298, probably in 1295.
Perez was the author of the following works:
Glosses on the Ammude ha-Golah of Isaac of Corbeil, published together with the text, Cremona, 1556.
Commentaries on the greater part of the Talmud. These commentaries, variously entitled "Tosafot," "Shiṭṭah," "Nimuḳim," "Ḥiddushim," "Perishah," underwent many changes introduced by Perez's numerous disciples; only the commentary on the treatise Baba Metzia has been preserved in its original redaction. Two of the commentaries, on Baba Kamma and Sanhedrin, were published by Abraham Venano at Leghorn in 1819; that on the tenth chapter of Pesahim was reproduced by Mordecai ben Hillel in his Mordekai; and many others were given by Bezaleel Ashkenazi in his Shiṭṭah Meḳubbeẓet.
Glosses on the collection of the ritual laws entitled Tashbaẓ of Samson ben Zadok, published together with the text, Cremona, 1556–1561. He also commented masechet Nazir.
Sefer Pereẓ, a Masoretic work which is no longer in existence.
Sources
It has the following bibliography:
Abraham Zacuto, Sefer Yuḥasin, ed. Filipowski, p. 233
Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, ii. 149
David Conforte, Kore ha-Dorot, p. 17
Leopold Zunz, Z. G. p. 41
Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 2643
Ernest Renan-Adolf Neubauer, Les Rabbins Français, pp. 449 et seq.
Henri Gross, Gallia Judaica, pp. 565 et seq.
13th-century French rabbis
French Tosafists
1295 deaths
Year of birth unknown |
7854630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20the%20Musical%3A%20A%20Portrait%20of%20Love | Leonardo the Musical: A Portrait of Love | Leonardo the Musical: A Portrait of Love is a musical with music and lyrics by Russell Dunlop, Duke Minks, Greg Moeller and Tommy Moeller and a book by John Kane.
The musical enjoyed critical acclaim while at Oxford and looked set to be a hit when it transferred to the West End, but the 1993 London production, under new management, is considered one of the biggest disasters in the history of London theatre. The management changed the original music and scripts after the Oxford shows, resulting in its failure. At least one of the leading actors had to have singing lessons, and it was said the director did not like musicals.
Plot
The musical's rambling plot — which started and ended with its protagonist on his deathbed, his completed masterpiece at his side — centered on the struggling artist Leonardo's commission to paint a young woman named Lisa, betrothed to nobleman Francesco Del Giocondo. The artist and his model engage in a passionate affair resulting in her pregnancy, and she returns to her fiancé, pretending the child is his to avoid public scandal and his private wrath. Eventually she returns to beg for forgiveness from the now successful Leonardo, who accidentally is murdered by her husband when he confronts the two in a jealous rage. A subplot hinting at Leonardo's homosexuality involved his close friendship with his young assistant, a painter named Melzi.
Production history
The project, a highly fictionalized account of Leonardo da Vinci's creation of the Mona Lisa, was developed by Duke Minks, an advisor to the Republic of Nauru and former road manager for the 1960s pop group, Unit 4 + 2, along with the group's lead singer, Tommy Moeller. At Moeller's suggestion, Minks convinced government officials to invest £2 million in the production, in an attempt to diversify the country's wealth from its historic major export, marine deposits rich in phosphates. The phosphate resources were derived primarily from bird droppings (guano), a fact that would be incorporated in critical reviews of the production.
The production, plagued by problems with sets, costumes, and —most significantly— the script throughout its development, opened at the Strand Theatre on June 3, 1993. By the time the performance ended, nearly four hours after the curtain first rose, most of the audience had departed. A victim of critical disdain and audience indifference, the show closed five weeks later on July 10. The cast included Paul Collis, Jane Arden, James Barron, Hal Fowler and Rebecca Pearce.
Partial song list
"Renaissance"
"Who The Hell Are You?"
"Firenza Mia"
"Part Of Your Life"
"Just A Dream Away"
"Her Heart Beats"
"Endless As My Love"
"Just One More Time"
"Goodbye And No One Said A Word"
"Forever Child"
"Portrait Of Love"
"She Lives With Me"
Legacy
In February 2022, an episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme The Political Butterfly Effect told the story of the musical's production and discussed its links with Nauru's decision to act as an off-shore asylum seeker processing centre for Australia.
References
The Encyclopedia of Popular Music by Colin Larkin, published by Grove's Dictionaries, November 1998.
1993 musicals
West End musicals
Works about Leonardo da Vinci |
8002991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali%20Air | Karnali Air | Karnali Air Pvt. Ltd. was a helicopter airline based at Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Nepal, operating chartered helicopter services. It merged with Necon Air in 2001 but kept operating under its name.
History
In 2001 Karnali Air was, along with Shangri-La Air, part of an ‘operational merge’ with Necon Air. The Executive Chairman of Karnali Air, Narayan Singh Pun took on the position of Executive Chairman and managing director of Necon Air.
Fleet
At the time of closure, Karnali Air operated the following aircraft:
Accidents and incidents
19 September 2002 – A Karnali Air Eurocopter Ecureuil on a medivac mission was attacked in Jubu, Solukhumbu and set on fire by members of the People's Liberation Army, Nepal during the Nepalese Civil War. The pilot and one passenger were abducted but let go one day later.
8 August 2006 – A Karnali Air Mil Mi-8MTV-1 crashed at Tribhuvan International Airport during a ground check-up. Seven people were injured.
References
Defunct airlines of Nepal
Airlines disestablished in 2003
Defunct helicopter airlines |
8013929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharavi | Bharavi | Bharavi () was a 6th-century Indian poet known for his epic poem Kirātārjunīya, one of the six mahakavyas in classical Sanskrit.
Time and place
As with most Sanskrit poets, very few concrete details are available about Bharavi's life, and inferences must be made from references to him. His name, along with great poet and dramatist in the Sanskrit language Kālidāsa's name, is mentioned in a Chalukya stone inscription dated 634 C.E. found at Aihole, located in present day Karnataka. In another inscription, the king Durvinita of the Western Ganga Dynasty mentions having written a commentary on the fifteenth canto of Bharavi's Kirātārjunīya. The Western Ganga Dynasty ruled from about the middle of the fourth century, and Durvinita is usually believed to have lived in the later half of the sixth century.
Avanti-sundara-katha-sara description
In Avanti-sundari-katha-sara, a work attributed to the 7th-century Dandin, it is mentioned:
The Vishnuvardhana mentioned in this legend is unlikely to be Kubja Vishnuvardhana (624–641 CE): he was probably Yasodharman Vishnuvardhana, placing Bharavi's floruit in .
The above legend suggests that Bharavi was a court poet of Simhavishnu and Durvinita. It also suggests that Dāmodara "associated himself" with Bharavi (literally "lustre of the sun"), which means Dāmodara and Bhāravi are different people. Avanti-sundari-katha, the prose text ascribed to Dandin, states that Damodara was another poet who became a friend of prince Vishnuvardhana, after Bharavi introduced the two men.
Work
Bharavi's only known work is Kirātārjunīya, an eighteen canto epic poem, the story for which comes from the Mahābhārata. Kirātārjunīya "is regarded to be the most powerful poem in the Sanskrit language". A. K. Warder considers it the "most perfect epic available to us", over Aśvaghoṣa's Buddhacharita, noting his greater force of expression, with more concentration and polish in every detail. Despite using extremely difficult language and rejoicing in the finer points of Sanskrit grammar, he achieves conciseness and directness. His alliteration, "crisp texture of sound", and choice of metre closely correspond to the narrative.
His poetry is characterised by its intricate styles and ethereal expressions. Like Kalidasa for his similes (upamā) and Daṇḍin for his wordplay (padalālityam), Bharavi is known for his "weight of meaning" (arthagauravam).
It is thought that Bharavi's Kiratarjuniya influenced the 8th century CE poet Magha's Shishupala Vadha.
Notes
Sources
Indian male poets
Sanskrit poets
6th-century Indian poets
6th-century Indian writers |
8018099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel%20Henry%20Strousberg | Bethel Henry Strousberg | Bethel Henry Strousberg (20 November 1823 – 31 May 1884) was a German Jewish industrialist and railway entrepreneur during Germany's rapid industrial expansion in the 19th century. He cemented his social standing with the construction of the Palais Strousberg in Berlin's Wilhelmstrasse, built in 1867–1868 according to plans designed by August Orth, which later became the seat of the British Embassy.
Life
Baruch Hirsch Strausberg was born at Neidenburg (present-day Nidzica, Poland) in the Province of East Prussia, he changed his first names to Barthel Heinrich whilst attending the Gymnasium (Secondary School) in Königsberg. After the early death of his father, he moved to London in September 1839, where he initially lived with his mother's brother Peter Gottheimer, who jointly owned a fancy goods business with his brother Lesser. A third brother, Berton Gottheimer, was also in London in the same business. Strousberg anglicized his name to Bethel Henry and converted to Christianity. On 13 March 1845, he married Mary Ann Swan at St Bride's Church in Fleet Street.
In July 1847, Strousberg was working as an agent for several building societies and entrusted to handle member's payments. For some reason, he took an amount of money and booked a passage to America, but was found out when the steamer had to return to Southampton having loaded the wrong grade of coal. Strousberg was tried, found guilty, and served six months imprisonment with hard labour. A year after his release, the Strousberg's first son, Bethel Henry Jun., was born; and in January 1849, the three of them travelled to the USA returning in April 1850. Their second son Arthur was born in the autumn of that year. By 1854, Strousberg had become a successful publisher and journalist and was also a manager of an insurance company. Socially he was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
By the early 1860s, he had gone back to Germany and embarked on a second career as a railway entrepreneur and industrialist. With good contacts to the Prussian state government and backed by British financiers, he acquired the licence to build the East Prussian Southern Railway line from Tilsit to Insterburg in 1862, followed by the Berlin–Görlitz railway line opened in 1866/1867. He also founded the Hanover-Altenbeken Railway and the Halle-Sorau-Guben Railway companies in 1868. Strousberg engaged general contractors responsible for the construction of the railway lines, whom he paid with block of shares in instalments according to the building progress. He himself had to raise less capital while Strousberg's stockholders initially generated high profits, however, the nominal value of the shares reached dubious heights with regard to the actual costs of constructing. In 1868, he also purchased the iron foundry and engineering works of Georg Egestorff in Hanover, predecessor of Hanomag, and operated the Berlin cattle market.
Strousberg was generally known as a fair and caring employer. From 1867 to 1871, he was a member of the North German Reichstag for the constituency Königsberg 9, also including Allenstein and Rössel. Though a member of the Prussian Conservative Party, he did not join any faction in the Reichstag. In 1868, he acquired the castle of Mirošov (Miröschau) and the fiefdom of Zbiroh (Sbirow) in Bohemia. August Orth, engaged to build his Berlin city palace, was Strousberg's favoured architect and was also responsible for the Görlitzer Bahnhof entrance building and the renovation work at Zbiroh Castle. The castle is now an hotel and conference venue with guided tours of the restored building.
His business empire began a terminal decline during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). Strousberg suffered a first setback after he reached a licence by the Hohenzollern prince Karl Eitel Friedrich, ruler of the Romanian United Principalities as Carol I since 1866, for another railway project bypassing the navigation on the Danube river largely controlled by Austria. The settlement with the Romanian government turned out to be ruinous, as Strousberg, due to several technical and financial difficulties, was not able to fulfil the railway contracts. He had to withdraw from Romania with major losses and was forced into liquidation in 1872.
His political opponents, led by the National Liberal Eduard Lasker, openly denounced his financing methods and his ties with the state government, enforcing the Prussian trade minister Count Itzenplitz to resign in 1873. Though Strousberg came out of the Panic of 1873 unscathed, he was declared bankrupt in 1875, with Adolph von Hansemann and Gerson von Bleichröder snapping up the majority of his railways for fractions of their worth. After having fled to Saint Petersburg, he had to stand trial in Russia for alleged fraudulent transactions with the cashing of due bills and granting of credits in 1876. He was deported and returned to Berlin, dividing his time between London and the manor of his son-in-law in Bromberg, whilst attempting his social rehabilitation with various projects and writing his memoirs.
Strousberg died of a heart attack in Berlin, in hard economic circumstances. His mausoleum is preserved on the Protestant Old St. Matthew's Cemetery in the Schöneberg district of Berlin.
Bibliography
Der europäische Eisenbahnkönig Bethel Henry Strousberg, Joachim Borchart, C.H. Beck, Munich 1991,
Der Eisenbahnkönig Bethel Henry Strousberg, Manfred Ohlsen, Verlag der Nation, Berlin 1987,
Der Eisenbahnkönig, oder, Rumänien lag in Linden : Materialien zur Sozialgeschichte des Arbeiterwohnungsbaus, Wolfgang Voigt, AG SPAK, München SPAK, 1982,
Hanomag Lokomotiven, Lothar Spielhoff, Podszun Motorbücher, Berlin 2004,
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947, Christopher Clark, Allen Lane, London,
Aufstieg und Fall des "Eisenbahnkönigs" Bethel Henry Strousberg (Nº 5 in the series Miniaturen zur Geschichte, Kultur und Denkmalpflege Berlins), Horst Mauter, Interessengemeischaft für Denkmalpflege, Kultur und Geschichte der Hauptstadt Berlin, Kulturbund der DDR, Berlin 1981
The Amazing Dr. Strousberg, Richard Hunt, 2009,
References
1823 births
1884 deaths
People from Nidzica
People from East Prussia
19th-century German Jews
Converts to Christianity from Judaism
German railway entrepreneurs
German emigrants to the United Kingdom
British railway entrepreneurs
19th-century philanthropists
19th-century English businesspeople |
8213262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocated%20shoulder | Dislocated shoulder | A dislocated shoulder is a condition in which the head of the humerus is detached from the shoulder joint. Symptoms include shoulder pain and instability. Complications may include a Bankart lesion, Hill-Sachs lesion, rotator cuff tear, or injury to the axillary nerve.
A shoulder dislocation often occurs as a result of a fall onto an outstretched arm or onto the shoulder. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and confirmed by X-rays. They are classified as anterior, posterior, inferior, and superior with most being anterior.
Treatment is by shoulder reduction which may be accomplished by a number of techniques. These include traction-countertraction, external rotation, scapular manipulation, and the Stimson technique. After reduction X-rays are recommended for verification. The arm may then be placed in a sling for a few weeks. Surgery may be recommended in those with recurrent dislocations.
Not all patients require surgery following a shoulder dislocation. There is moderate quality evidence that patients who receive physical therapy after an acute shoulder dislocation will not experience recurrent dislocations. It has been shown that patients who do not receive surgery after a shoulder dislocation do not experience recurrent dislocations within two years of the initial injury.
About 1.7% of people have a shoulder dislocation within their lifetime. In the United States this is about 24 per 100,000 people per year. They make up about half of major joint dislocations seen in emergency departments. Males are affected more often than females. Most shoulder dislocations occur as a result of sports injuries.
Signs and symptoms
Significant pain, sometimes felt along the arm past the shoulder.
Sensation that the shoulder is slipping out of the joint during abduction and external rotation.
Shoulder and arm held in external rotation (anterior dislocation), or adduction and internal rotation (posterior dislocation). Resistance of all movement.
Numbness of the arm.
Visibly displaced shoulder. Some dislocations result in the shoulder appearing unusually square.
No palpable bone on the side of the shoulder.
Diagnosis
A diagnosis of shoulder dislocation is often suspected based on the person's history and physical examination. Radiographs are made to confirm the diagnosis. Most dislocations are apparent on radiographs showing incongruence of the glenohumeral joint. Posterior dislocations may be hard to detect on standard AP radiographs, but are more readily detected on other views. After reduction, radiographs are usually repeated to confirm successful reduction and to detect bone damage. After repeated shoulder dislocations, an MRI scan may be used to assess soft tissue damage. In regards to recurrent dislocations, the apprehension test (anterior instability) and sulcus sign (inferior instability) are useful methods for determining predisposition to future dislocation.
There are three main types of dislocations: anterior, posterior, and inferior.
Anterior (forward)
In over 95% of shoulder dislocations, the humerus is displaced anteriorly. In most of those, the head of the humerus comes to rest under the coracoid process, referred to as sub-coracoid dislocation. Sub-glenoid, subclavicular, and, very rarely, intrathoracic or retroperitoneal dislocations may also occur.
Anterior dislocations are usually caused by a direct blow to, or fall on, an outstretched arm. The person typically holds his/her arm externally rotated and slightly abducted.
A Hill–Sachs lesion is an impaction of the head of the humerus left by the glenoid rim during dislocation. Hill-Sachs deformities occur in 35–40% of anterior dislocations. They can be seen on a front-facing X-ray when the arm is in internal rotation. Bankart lesions are disruptions of the glenoid labrum with or without an avulsion of bone fragment.
Damage to the axillary artery and axillary nerve (C5, C6) may result. The axillary nerve is injured in 37% making it the most commonly injured structure with this type of injury. Other common, associated, nerve injuries include injury to the suprascapular nerve (29%) and the radial nerve (22%). Axillary nerve damage results in a weakened or paralyzed deltoid muscle and as the deltoid atrophies unilaterally, the normal rounded contour of the shoulder is lost. A person with injury to the axillary nerve will have difficulty in abducting the arm from approximately 15° away from the body. The supraspinatus muscle initiates abduction from a fully adducted position.
Posterior (backward)
Posterior dislocations are uncommon, and are typically due to the muscle contraction from electric shock or seizure. They may be caused by strength imbalance of the rotator cuff muscles. People with dislocated shoulders typically present holding their arm internally rotated and adducted, and exhibiting flattening of the anterior shoulder with a prominent coracoid process.
Posterior dislocations may go unrecognized, especially in an elderly person and in people who are in the state of unconscious trauma. An average interval of 1 year was noted between injury and diagnosis in a series of 40 people.
Inferior (downward)
Inferior dislocation is the least likely, occurring in less than 1%. This condition is also called luxatio erecta because the arm appears to be permanently held upward or behind the head. It is caused by a hyper abduction of the arm that forces the humeral head against the acromion. Such injuries have a high complication rate as many vascular, neurological, tendon, and ligament injuries are likely to occur from this mechanism of injury.
Treatment
Prompt medical treatment should be sought for suspected dislocation.
Usually, the shoulder is kept in its current position by use of a splint or sling. A pillow between the arm and torso may provide support and increase comfort. Strong analgesics are needed to allay the pain of a dislocation and the distress associated with it.
Reduction
Shoulder reduction may be accomplished with a number of techniques including traction-countertraction, external rotation, scapular manipulation, Stimson technique, Cunningham technique, or Milch technique. Pain can be managed during the procedures either by procedural sedation and analgesia or injected lidocaine into the shoulder joint. Injecting lidocaine into the joint may be less expensive and faster. If a shoulder cannot be relocated in the emergency room, relocation in the operating room may be required. This situation occurs in about 7% of cases.
Stimson procedure is the least painful, widely used shoulder reduction technique. In this procedure a weight is attached to the wrist while the injured arm is hanging off an examination table for between 20 and 30 minutes. The arm is then slowly rotated until the shoulder is relocated. Sedatives are used in Stimson procedure and first time Stimson reduction for acute shoulder dislocation requires wearing arm slings for between 2 and 4 weeks.
Post-reduction
There is no strong evidence of a difference in outcomes when the arm is immobilized in internal versus external rotation following an anterior shoulder dislocation. A 2008 study of 300 people for almost six years found that conventional shoulder immobilisation in a sling offered no benefit.
Surgery
In young adults engaged in highly demanding activities shoulder surgery may be considered. Arthroscopic surgery techniques may be used to repair the glenoidal labrum, capsular ligaments, biceps long head anchor or SLAP lesion or to tighten the shoulder capsule.
Arthroscopic stabilization surgery has evolved from the Bankart repair, a time-honored surgical treatment for recurrent anterior instability of the shoulder. However, the failure rate following Bankart repair has been shown to increase markedly in people with significant bone loss from the glenoid (socket). In such cases, improved results have been reported with some form of bone augmentation of the glenoid such as the Latarjet operation.
Although posterior dislocation is much less common, instability following it is no less challenging and, again, some form of bone augmentation may be required to control instability. Damaged ligaments, including labral tears, occurring as a result of posterior dislocations may be treated arthroscopically.
There remains those situations characterized by multidirectional instability, which have failed to respond satisfactorily to rehabilitation, falling under the AMBRI classification previously noted. This is usually due to an overstretched and redundant capsule which no longer offers stability or support. Traditionally, this has responded well to a 'reefing' procedure known as an open inferior capsular shift. More recently, the procedure has been carried out as an arthroscopic procedure, rather than open surgery, again with comparable results. Most recently, the procedure has been carried out using radio frequency technology to shrink the redundant shoulder capsule (thermal capsular shrinkage); while long-term results of this development are currently unproven, recent studies show thermal capsular shrinkage have higher failure rates with the highest number of cases of instability recurrence and re-operation.
Prognosis
After an anterior shoulder dislocation, the risk of a future dislocation is about 20%. This risk is greater in males than females.
See also
Shoulder problems
References
External links
Injuries of shoulder and upper arm
Shoulder
Dislocations, sprains and strains
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate |
8226982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial%20Court%20of%20Saskatchewan | Provincial Court of Saskatchewan | The Provincial Court of Saskatchewan is the provincial court of record for the province of Saskatchewan. It hears matters relating to criminal law, youth law, civil law, family law, traffic law and municipal bylaws.
Jurisdiction
The Provincial Court is a creation of statute, and as such its jurisdiction is limited to those matters permitted by statute. It has no inherent jurisdiction, other than to the limited degree in which it may control its own procedures.
In criminal matters, it is a trial court for all summary conviction offences. For indictable
criminal offences, it can be a trial court if an accused person elects to have his or her trial in that court. When an accused charged with an indictable offence elects trial by a superior court (the Saskatchewan Court of King's Bench), the preliminary inquiry will be held in the Provincial Court. The Provincial Court is also designated as the Youth Justice Court under the Youth Criminal Justice Act of Canada.
In civil matters, the Small Claims division of the court is limited to claims for up to $30,000. The Provincial Court also has limited family law jurisdiction, except for divorce proceedings and the division of matrimonial property.
Judges of the Court
The Court is composed of the Chief Judge and 48 other judges. The judges are appointed by the provincial government. To be eligible for appointment, a person must have at least 10 years' experience as a lawyer, or have other legal experience which is satisfactory to the Judicial Council of Saskatchewan. Once appointed, judges are independent of the government, and can only be removed from office following the procedure set out in the Act. The judges serve until age 65, although the Chief Judge may grant an extension up to age 70.
Current Judges
Sittings of the Court
The Provincial Courts has permanent offices in 13 towns and cities: Estevan, La Ronge, Lloydminster, Meadow Lake, Melfort, Moose Jaw, North Battleford, Prince Albert, Regina, Saskatoon, Swift Current, Wynyard and Yorkton. The Court also sits in almost 70 smaller centres across the province. Judges of the Provincial Court are addressed as "Your Honour", or "His/Her Honour".
History
The Provincial Court superseded the former Magistrate's Court, at which time the stipendiary magistrates were replaced by qualified lawyers.
Courts of Saskatchewan
There are three main courts in Saskatchewan:
Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan appellate court; highest court of Saskatchewan.
Court of King's Bench for Saskatchewansuperior trial court of Saskatchewan with inherent and general jurisdiction
Provincial Court of Saskatchewan – court of first instance; trial court with jurisdiction defined by statute
Notes
External links
Courts of Saskatchewan
Provincial Court Act 1998
Saskatchewan Archives Board | Court Records
Saskatchewan courts
Saskatchewan
1978 establishments in Canada
Courts and tribunals established in 1978 |
8280968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20of%20Silver | Sound of Silver | Sound of Silver is the second studio album by American rock band LCD Soundsystem. The album was released jointly through DFA and Capitol Records in the United States and EMI elsewhere, first on March 12, 2007, in the United Kingdom. Sound of Silver was produced by the DFA and recorded during 2006 at Long View Farm in North Brookfield, Massachusetts and DFA Studios in New York, New York. Upon release, Sound of Silver received acclaim from music critics, and it was later nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards. The group's later released an EP, entitled A Bunch of Stuff, which was composed entirely of covers, alternative versions, and remixes of songs from this album.
Recording and composition
James Murphy recorded Sound of Silver at the Long View Farm in Massachusetts, where he had previously recorded LCD Soundsystem's eponymous debut album. Murphy was uncomfortable recording his own vocals, calling the experience "horrifying". Murphy covered the entire studio in silver fabric and tin foil. For the recording of LCD Soundsystem's following album This Is Happening, Murphy brought one of the original pieces of silver fabric to the album's recording studio in Los Angeles and hung it in Rick Rubin's recording den, the Mansion.
Musically, Sound of Silver has been described as dance-punk, dance-rock, electronica, electronic rock, and indie rock. Some songs use instrumentals from the band's six-part, 46-minute long 2006 composition "45:33".
The album was dedicated to "the memory of Dr. George Kamen (1942–2006), one of the great minds of his or any generation." The Bulgarian-born doctor was a pioneer of group therapy and had opened a practice in New York City. It is insinuated the loss of 'someone' in the track "Someone Great" is Kamen.
Release
For several weeks before and after the album's release the entire album was available for streaming on the band's MySpace page. The video for the track "North American Scum" was also posted to the band's MySpace on February 8, 2007. On March 12, 2007, to coincide with its official UK release, an underground remix version of the album was released online in aid of charity.
Reception
Sound of Silver received widespread critical acclaim and holds a score of 86 out of 100 on the review aggregation website Metacritic, based on reviews from 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". The Guardians Dorian Lynskey singled out the "devastating emotional punch" of "Someone Great" and "All My Friends" for praise and described the album as "dance-rock for grown-ups: extraordinary." Andy Kellman of AllMusic felt that Sound of Silver, compared to LCD Soundsystem, was "less silly, funnier, less messy, sleeker, less rowdy, more fun, less distanced, more touching." Los Angeles Times critic Ann Powers wrote that Murphy "succeeds by stretching in two directions -- finding a new musical center, and showing his humanity beyond the laughs." Mark Pytlik of Pitchfork complimented Murphy's production sense and the album's "deep, spacious, and full-blooded" sound, concluding that "it's an absolute joy to listen to, for every possible reason, not the least of which is because, these days, those epiphanies feel like they're coming fewer and farther between."
Tim Jonze of NME wrote that while "Murphy's wise enough never to let his showing off spoil the fun, he can't avoid investing these songs with heart and soul ... that's what'll keep you hooked long after the beats have worn you out". Uncuts John Mulvey stated that "Murphy's talent is to proudly flaunt his influences, and to mix them up with belligerence, an exhilarating grasp of rock and dance dynamics, and a powerfully snarky sense of humour." Robert Christgau, writing in MSN Music, remarked that the album contained "one song so irresistible it makes you think the other tracks are songs too, which sometimes they are," later assigning it a two-star honorable mention rating.
By the end of 2007, it was ranked by Metacritic as the tenth best-reviewed album of the year.
Commercial
James Murphy stated that he would like the album to be in the top 40 on the U.S. Billboard Charts. It debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 46. As of January 2016, the album has sold about 225,000 copies in United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. About 123,000 of those are physical copies, and about 101,000 of those are digital copies. The album reached number 28 on the UK charts.
Accolades
In December 2007, Sound of Silver was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album, eventually losing to We Are the Night by The Chemical Brothers. The album was also nominated for the 2007 Shortlist Prize, where it lost out to The Reminder by Feist.
It was also named album of the year by The Guardian, Uncut and Drowned in Sound. Pitchfork named two of the album's tracks ("Someone Great" and "All My Friends") in the top ten tracks of 2007 and the album itself was named the second best album of 2007. Entertainment Weekly and Rolling Stone both ranked it as the 7th best album of 2007. In 2008 Entertainment Weekly ranked it as one of the top 50 albums of the last 25 years. In January 2008, it was named the album of the year in both the 2007 Village Voice Pazz & Jop and Idolator Pop '07 polls. Time magazine named "All My Friends" one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007, ranking it at #4. The album placed fifth in The Wires annual critics' poll.
In 2009, Pitchfork named the track "All My Friends" as the second best song of the decade, while a month later Sound of Silver was ranked at number 17 in the website's list of the best albums of the 2000s. Rhapsody ranked the album at number five on its "100 Best Albums of the Decade" list. It was also named the twenty-third best album of the decade by Resident Advisor.
In 2012, Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 395 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
In 2019, The Guardian ranked the album at number 5 on its list of 'The 100 best albums of the 21st century'.
On October 27, 2022, the song New York, I Love You but You're Bringing Me Down, was the final song played on WNYL Alt 92.3 before flipping to a simulcast of heritage all-news radio station WINS.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
LCD Soundsystem
James Murphy – vocals , drums , percussion , bass , programming , piano , synthesizers , claps , guitar , organ , Casio , guitar bass , Clavinet , glockenspiel , electronic percussion , fun machine , kalimba
Patrick Mahoney – drums , percussion , claps , vocals
Tyler Pope – guitars , bass , fun machine , claps
Nancy Whang – vocals
Phillip Mossman
Additional musicians
Eric Broucek – claps , vocals
Marcus Lambkin – claps
Morgan Wiley – piano
Justin Chearno – guitar
Jane Scarpantoni – cello
Lorenza Ponce – violin 1
Amy Kimball – violin 2
David Gold – viola
Production
The DFA – production
James Murphy – mixing
Dave Sardy – mixing
Geoff Pesche – mastering
Eric Broucek – assistance
Matthew Thornley – engineering assistance
Ian Neil – engineering assistance
Jimmy Robertson – mix assistance
Daniel Morrison – mix assistance
Release
Michael Vadino – art direction, photos
Keith Wood – management
Craig Averill – legal
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
A Bunch of Stuff
A few months after the release of Sound of Silver, the band released the digital-only compilation EP A Bunch of Stuff, released on . It is a US-only release as all the songs on the EP were included on the Someone Great" single which was released in all other territories (excluding the Franz Ferdinand cover of "All My Friends", which since became a B-side to their 2008 single "Can't Stop Feeling").
Track listing
"All My Friends" (Franz Ferdinand version)
"Get Innocuous!" (Soulwax remix)
"Sound of Silver" (Carl Craig's c2 rmx rev.3)
"Us v Them" (Any Color U Like remix by Windsurf)
"Time to Get Away" (Gucci Soundsystem remix)
"Us v Them" (live on KCRW's "Morning Becomes Eclectic")
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
2007 albums
LCD Soundsystem albums
DFA Records albums
Capitol Records albums
Albums recorded at Long View Farm |
8418742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Borwick | George Borwick | George Borwick may refer to:
George Borwick (umpire) (1896–1981), Australian cricket test match umpire
George Borwick (politician) (1879–1964), British Conservative MP for Croydon North 1918–1922 |
8468991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Nicholson%20%28Canadian%20administrator%29 | Bill Nicholson (Canadian administrator) | Bill Nicholson is a Canadian farmer and administrator, and is one of ten elected directors on the Canadian Wheat Board. Nicholson supports the CWB's single-desk marketing approach as the best option for farmers, and has opposed efforts to introduce open market competition to wheat and barley sales.
Nicholson operates a farming business in Shoal Lake, Manitoba. He was first elected to the Canadian Wheat Board's Advisory Committee in 1994, defeating incumbent candidate Larry Maguire in the western Manitoba region. This election was fought along clear ideological lines, with Maguire opposing the CWB's monopoly status and Nicholson supporting it. Nicholson, who was 38 years old at the time, was a delegate with the Manitoba Pool Elevators and a member of the National Farmers Union.
Nicholson criticized the group Farmers For Justice in 1995, after some of its members tried to market their own wheat in the United States in contravention of Canadian law. He argued that these farmers were conducting private transactions "at the expense of all other farmers", and said that costs would be higher and returns lower if the Wheat Board were forced out of existence.
The Wheat Board was restructured in 1998, and Nicholson was elected as a director for the western Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan region. He defended the Wheat Board's monopoly status in a 2000 interview with the Winnipeg Free Press, arguing that single-desk marketing allowed farmers to look after their interests and avoid exploitation from grain merchants and railways. He was re-elected in 2002, defeating former Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba cabinet minister Jim Downey after two rounds of voting. Downey had opposed the single-desk approach.
Nicholson has recently criticized Conservative Agriculture Minister Chuck Strahl's efforts to reduce the Wheat Board's monopoly status. He was re-elected to a third term as director in 2006.
References
Canadian farmers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
8500637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northridge%20Academy%20High%20School | Northridge Academy High School | Northridge Academy High School is a public high school located in Northridge, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Overview
Northridge Academy High School is administered by the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). The school opened as a partnership between LAUSD and California State University, Northridge.
The school contains three academies: Health & Human Development, Arts, Media & Communication, and Careers in Education. 9th grade students "explore" the various academies. The students select one for focusing for grades 10 through 12.
As of 2010, Western Association of Schools and Colleges accredits the school.
History
The school opened on September 10, 2004 with 614 students in grades 9 and 10 and currently serves approximately 1,070 students in grades 9-12.
Before the school opened, LAUSD referred to the school as Valley New High School #1. The school relieved overcrowding at Monroe, Cleveland High School, and Granada Hills Charter High School.
Northridge Academy does not have its own attendance boundary. Rather, it shares the attendance boundary of four neighboring high schools (Cleveland, Granada Hills Charter High School, Monroe High School, and John F. Kennedy High School). Eighth graders who live in the attendance areas for these schools have the option of applying to attend Northridge Academy.
Northridge Academy maintains a Block Schedule in which students go to 110-minute classes. Students also have a 30-minute Advisory (homeroom).
References
External links
Los Angeles Unified School District schools
High schools in the San Fernando Valley
High schools in Los Angeles
Educational institutions established in 2004
Public high schools in California
Northridge, Los Angeles
2004 establishments in California |
8568842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Tomppert | Philip Tomppert | Philip Tomppert (June 21, 1808 – October 29, 1873) was the sixteenth and eighteenth Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky in 1865 and 1867 to 1868.
Early life
Philip Tomppert was born on June 21, 1808, in Württemberg, Germany and immigrated to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1831, and moved to Louisville in 1837.
Career
Tomppert was elected to the Kentucky General Assembly in 1849 and the Louisville City Council in 1861, serving until 1864. He was elected mayor April 1, 1865 over Unionist K.P. Thixton. Tomppert was a Democrat who advocated an end to the Civil War and return to the pre-war Union, with slavery intact.
Tomppert's election occurred ten years after Bloody Monday, an election day race riot in Louisville involving Protestant mobs attacking Irish and German Catholic immigrants. The nativist Know-Nothing Party ultimately won the election in 1855 only to have German-born Tomppert elected as mayor one decade later.
A controversy erupted just after Tomppert was sworn in, as it was revealed that a council member, N.S. Glore, had accepted a $5,000 bribe from the president of Louisville & Portland Railroad, Isham Henderson, to approve a street railway along Market Street. Though the council approved it, Tomppert refused to sign the law because of the bribe. As a result, the council impeached him for "neglect of duty" and voted him out by a 10-2 margin on December 28, 1865.
The post was filled by James S. Lithgow until the State Court of Appeals reinstated Tomppert on February 14, 1867, to fill the remainder of the term. Tomppert was subsequently re-elected.
Personal life
Tomppert was a Freemason, holding the position of master. Toppert had one daughter, Barbara, who married German newspaperman George Philip Doern.
Tomppert died of typhoid fever and is buried in Louisville's Eastern Cemetery.
See also
Louisville in the American Civil War
References
1808 births
1873 deaths
Mayors of Louisville, Kentucky
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
Deaths from typhoid fever
19th-century American politicians
Impeached mayors removed from office
Impeached United States officials removed from office |
8857334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5lsundsbron | Pålsundsbron | Pålsundsbron (Swedish: "The Pole Sound/Strait Bridge") is a bridge in central Stockholm, Sweden. Stretching over the small water course Pålsundet, the bridge connects the major island Södermalm to the minor island Långholmen.
The name Pålsundet, on old maps called Påhl Sundet, or Pålsund, refers to the poles blocking the canal from ships trying to reach central Stockholm without paying the required duty. Also, an iron chain served the same purpose of forcing the ships pay a visit to the custom house (Winter Tullen) demolished during the 1930s. The bridge was known as Mälarvarvsbron ("The Mälaren Shipyard Bridge") or more locally Varvsbron until 1948 when it received its present name.
The original bridge on this location, after Långholmsbron the second bridge stretching over Pålsundet, was built in 1907 as a wooden truss bridge. It was 3.8 metres in width, with a total length of 56 metres stretching over eight 7 metres long spans, of which the central span was a hand-driven flip bascule extending the horizontal clearance of 3.7 metres.
In 1947, the wooden bridge was replaced by a steel arch bridge stretching 52.5 metres in a single span over the sound, with a width of 4.5 metres. Its steel arches were used five years earlier for the casting of the concrete arch of Kungsbron.
References
See also
List of bridges in Stockholm
Reimersholmsbron
Långholmsbron
Västerbron
Bridges in Stockholm
Bridges completed in 1947 |
8971053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A630%20autoroute | A630 autoroute | The A630 autoroute is a motorway in south west France. It is the bypass for Bordeaux, also called Rocade, and forms part of the European routes E5 E70.
It has 2 lanes each way and currently is being widened to 3 lanes. The construction of the bypass was started in 1972 and completed in 1983, however works on the Bridge of Aquitaine started in 1961. It was completed in 1993 with the opening of the section between the François Mitterrand Bridge and the RD936. It is long and toll free.
Junctions
Listed counter-clockwise:
Interchange N230-A10-A630 Junction with A10 to Paris, Poitiers and N230.
01 (Cenon-Artigues) Areas served: Cenon, Artigues
02 (Bordeaux-Bastides) Areas served: Lormont, Port et ZI d'Ambès, ZI Bec d'Ambès, Carbon-Blanc, Bassens
03 (Vieux Lormont) Closed
Pont d'Aquitaine
Speed Radar (Limit: 70 km/h)
04 (Bordeaux-Centre) Areas served: Parc des expositions, Bordeaux-Lac, ZI Blanquefort, Bordeaux-North, Bordeaux City Centre, Bruges-Le Tasta
05 (Bordeaux-Fret) Areas served: Bordeaux-Fret, ZI Bruges
06 (Bruges) Areas served: Bruges, Blanquefort, ZI Campilleau
07 (Eysines-Le Vigean) Areas served: Le Taillan-Médoc, Le Bouscat, Eysines-Le Vigean, Médoc
08 (Le Verdon) Areas served: Lacanau, Eysines, St Médard en J., Le Verdon
09 (Le Haillan) Areas served: Bordeaux-Caudéran, Mérignac-Capeyron, St Médard en J., Le Haillan
10 (Mérignac-Centre) Areas served: Andernos, Cap-Ferret, Mérignac-Pichey/Centre
Speed Radar (Limit 90 km/h)
11a (Parc d'activités) Areas served: Centre Hôtelier, Parc d'activités
11b (Aéroport) Areas served Bordeaux Airport, Mérignac, Mérignac-Chemin Long
12 (St-Jean) Areas served: Saint-Jean-d'Illac, Parc Cimetière
13 (Pessac-Centre) Towns served: Pessac-L'Alouette
14 (Pessac-Saige) Towns served: ZI Pessac, Hôpitaux Haut-Lêveque Xavier Arzonan
Interchange A630-A63 Junction with the A63 to Arcachon, Mont-de-Marsan, Bayonne, San Sebastián, Canéjan, Cestas, Spain
16 (Gradignan-Centre) Towns served: Gradignan, Talence, Domaine Universitaire
17 (Talence) Areas served: Talence, Thouars, Gradignan, Malartic
18a (Léognan) Areas served: Cadaujac, Villenave-d'Ornon, Pont de la Maye
18b (Villenave) Areas served: Villenave-Centre, Pont de La Maye
Interchange A630-A62 Junction with A62 to Toulouse, Pau, Agen
20 (Bègles) Areas served: Cadaujac, Bègles
Speed Radar (Limit 90 km/h)
21 (Bordeaux-Centre) Areas served: City Centre, St Jean Railway Station, A631 spur to docks and City Centre.
Road becomes the RN230 over the Pont François Mitterrand (Pont d'Arcins)
22 (Latresne-Floirac-La Souys)
23 (Bouillac) Areas served: Floirac-Centre, Bouillac
24 (Bergerac) Areas served: Bergerac, Tresses, Haut-Floirac
25 (Artigues) Areas served: Artigues-Centre, Cenon, ZI Artigues
26 (Libourne) Areas served: N89, Libourne, Périgueux, Yvrac
27 (Lormont) Areas served: Lormont, Carbon-Blanc
Interchange N230-A10-A630 Junction with A10 to Paris, Poitiers and A630.
External links
A630 Motorway in Saratlas
A630 |
9065078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Could%20You%20Be%20the%20One%3F%20%28H%C3%BCsker%20D%C3%BC%20song%29 | Could You Be the One? (Hüsker Dü song) | "Could You Be the One?" is a song by Hüsker Dü from their Warehouse: Songs and Stories. The song was released as a single and an EP, both in the United Kingdom.
Allmusic wrote that the song is "Hüsker Dü at its melodic best ... the last real gasp from a band that was about to hit the wall."
A video was filmed for the song, and it was the band's only video that had them performing on a sound stage as opposed to featuring live clips of them playing.
"Could You Be the One?" was performed with "She's A Woman (And Now He Is a Man)" during the band's appearance on The Late Show with Joan Rivers. The song was performed on the Today Show while the show was taping from Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The song was written by Bob Mould. A live version of the B-side "Everytime" (written by Greg Norton) appears on the live album The Living End.
Single track listing
Side One
"Could You Be the One?" (Mould)
Side Two
"Everytime" (Norton)
EP track listing
Side One
"Could You Be the One?" (Mould)
Side Two
"Everytime" (Norton)
"Charity, Chastity, Prudence, and Hope" (Hart)
References
External links
[ Review] by Allmusic
Lyrics of this song - Could You Be the One
Hüsker Dü songs
1987 songs
Song recordings produced by Bob Mould
Songs written by Bob Mould
1987 singles
Warner Records singles |
9085842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted%20tilapia | Spotted tilapia | The spotted tilapia (Pelmatolapia mariae), also known as the spotted mangrove cichlid or black mangrove cichlid, is a species of fish of the cichlid family. It is native to fresh and brackish water in West and Central Africa, but has been introduced to other regions where it is considered invasive.
Spotted tilapia have high fecundity, simple food requirements and extensive tolerance of environmental variables such as water temperature, salinity, and pollution. These characteristics allow spotted cichlids to rapidly populate many areas that have an appropriate habitat. Typically spotted tilapia tend to be an aggressive and territorial species, and research has found that internal reproductive androgenic factors can overrule the effect of size on dominance encounters in this species.
Appearance
Spotted tilapia have a short rounded snout and three anal spines. They are dark olive green to light yellowish in colour and have eight or nine dark bars on their sides which are more evident in young spotted tilapia than adults. They also have two to six dark spots between the bars on the middle of their side and they reach a maximum standard length of . Spotted tilapia have a rapid growth rate and maturation time.
Habitat
Spotted tilapia are native to Africa from the Côte d'Ivoire to Ghana, and Benin to Cameroon. They have also established large feral populations outside of their native ranges, such as in Florida and Australia. Spotted tilapia live in a variety of habitats. They have been found in both still and flowing waters, in shallow and deep water, in places where there is both little or no coverage and in rocky and debris-strewn areas.
Breeding and parental care
Like several other tilapiine cichlids, the spotted tilapia is notable for its adaptability and prolific breeding. spotted tilapia breed when they are about long and generally breed year long with peaks in November, March–April and July–September. They lay up to 1800 eggs usually on submerged logs, rocks or plants and the eggs hatch after approximately three days.
Spotted tilapia are monogamous fish who engage in biparental care, and research has found that the size of the eggs tend to increase with the amount of parental care. The males and females both have very specific roles in parenting and work together to ensure the well being of their offspring. The females prepare the nest by clearing an area on rocky substrate. After spawning, the females take care of all embryo tending while males stay about away and remain mostly inactive except for an occasional feeding or chasing away of predators. When the offspring become two to three days old they rise off the nest and form a school. This causes a dramatic change in parental role as the male becomes active and the female begins to spend more time away from the young, guarding ahead of the school by chasing away predators. Parental care continues until the fish are about . This biparental behaviour could help explain why black tilapia are able to live in many different habitats and become dominant over other fish populations in the same area.
Ecology
Spotted tilapia feed mainly on plant matter and males and females never feed at the same time. Instead, one will feed while the other stays close by and then they will switch. There are a number of factors that contribute to the natural mortality of spotted tilapia. Their predators include the electric catfish Malapterurus electricus which preys on the eggs of spotted tilapia, and African pike and obscure snakehead which prey on the adults. Spotted tilapia are also prone to heavy intestinal infection caused by nematode parasites which causes death. Also, they sometimes get swept away from their streams by flooding caused by rain into small residual pools over the banks of the stream where they become stranded. Then, when the rain stops the pools dry out they die. Spotted tilapia are important ecologically as well as commercially and as a result are commonly exploited and cultured.
As an invasive species
In the regions where the spotted tilapia has been introduced it is considered invasive. One main problem with spotted tilapia in their introduced range is that they tend to become the dominant fish in many lakes, rivers and canals. They have even been found to at times comprise over half of the total fish biomass and therefore, they cause other previously dominant fish populations to decrease. Spotted tilapia are strong, aggressive and very territorial and have the ability to disturb the habitat of other fish populations.
In Australia
It is believed that spotted tilapia got to Australia through a series of events. First it is thought that all tilapia populations derived from the importation of small numbers of individuals for the freshwater aquarium industry from Singapore or Indonesia. Captive individuals were then dispersed throughout Australia by the industry of fish fanciers. Then, some spotted tilapia escaped or were released and self-sustaining populations arose. The expansion of the spotted tilapia species in Australia has potential adverse effects on the native fish faunas that currently exist in Australia. Since they tend to become the dominant fish where they live, their expansion into Australia could be harmful to the other existing fish populations. Another way in which spotted tilapia have become a pest in Australia is that they have been found living in the cooling pondage of the Hazelwood Power Station in Victoria, Australia as well as in the creek just below the pondage. The water temperature in Victoria is far too low for them to survive outside this habitat they have created, however it is a nuisance for the power station that they live here.
Reaction in Australia
Since spotted tilapia are considered to be a class 3 noxious fish in Australia it is illegal to possess, sell or buy this species in New South Wales, Australia without a permit. NSW fisheries are closely monitoring the populations of spotted tilapia and heavy fines of up to AU$11,000 apply for being in possession or caught buying or selling this species. The NSW fisheries have the right to seize the fish and destroy them if necessary.
Etymology
The specific name honours the English writer and explorer Mary Henrietta Kingsley (1862-1900), who had gained possession of the type of this cichlid .
References
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.170160
Cichlidae
Fish described in 1899 |
9128774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Atlantic%20High | South Atlantic High | South Atlantic High is a semipermanent pressure high centered at about 25°S, 15°W, in the Atlantic Ocean. It is also called the St. Helena High, Saint Helena island being the only land in the area. It can stretch thousands of miles across the South Atlantic. This does not mean that the position and the intensity of this anticyclone are permanent, but just that there is an anticyclone on the maps describing the average monthly pressure. This area of high pressure is part of the great subtropical belt of anticyclones called the subtropical ridge. The centre of the high pressure region tends to follow the seasonal variation in position of the sun, moving south in the southern summer and north in the southern winter. This affects the climate of the adjacent continental areas, bringing seasonal changes to the climate and weather as the position of the high oscillates.
Formation
In the Horse latitudes, generally in the region between 30 and 35 degrees of north and south latitude, there are more or less permanent highs. This is the subsiding part of Hadley cells. Indeed, near the equator, where the Coriolis force is quite weak, a direct circulation of air is established. In the lower levels of the atmosphere, the difference in temperature between the equator and the northerly warmer regions gives rise to the intertropical convergence zone where the warmer air rises because of convergence and relatively lower density. Subsequently, this air spreads north and south and cools at higher altitude and descends further north and south.
Associated weather
This system greatly affects sailing because the associated winds are generally not strong and sailing vessels have to go far north or south of the centre of the high pressure region depending on the direction of travel to find winds that are favourable in strength and direction.
Climatic influence on economy
The anticyclonic circulation produces a dry climate, contributing to the aridity of the Namib and Kalahari deserts, but its influence does not stop there: the South Atlantic High brings warm weather from the east coast of South America to Africa in summer as it carries tropical air to its southern flank. On its northern flank, where the winds are easterly trade winds, there is the intertropical convergence zone that controls the African monsoon and the rainy season in the Guianas.
References
External links
Anticyclones
Atlantic Ocean
Regional climate effects
Climate of Argentina |
9142623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Kosovar%20parliamentary%20election | 2007 Kosovar parliamentary election | Parliamentary elections were held in Kosovo on 17 November 2007 alongside Municipal elections. Voters elected the 120 members of the unicameral Assembly, the legislative branch of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government that the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo created. The elections were scheduled by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Joachim Rücker (head of the UNMIK) on 1 September 2007.
Results
Of the ten seats reserved for Serbs, six were won by four parties which decided to form a coalition on 5 December: Slaviša Petković's Serb Democratic Party of Kosovo and Metohija, Dragiša Mirić's Serb Kosovo-Metohija Party, Mihajl Šćepanović's Serb People's Party and Nebojša Živić's Union of Independent Social Democrats of Kosovo and Metohija.
References
Elections in Kosovo
Parliamentary
Kosovo
November 2007 events in Europe |
10679052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography%20of%20Piedmont | Geography of Piedmont | The Geography of Piedmont is that of a territory predominantly mountainous, 43.3%, but with extensive areas of hills which represent 30.3% of the territory, and of plains (26.4%).
To the north and to the west Piedmont is surrounded by the Alps, to the south by the Apennines, and to the east by the Po plain.
To the west Piedmont borders with France, to the north with Valle d'Aosta and Switzerland, to the east with Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, and to the south with Liguria.
Piedmont is the second largest of the 20 administrative regions of Italy, after Sicily. It is broadly contiguous with the upper part of the drainage basin of the Po which rises from the slopes of Monviso in the west of the region and is Italy’s largest river. The Po collects all the waters provided within the semicircle of mountains (Alps and Apennines) which surround the region on three sides.
From the highest peaks the land slopes down to hilly areas (not always, though, sometimes there is a brusque transition from the mountains to the plains), and then to the upper, and then the lower Pianura Padana. The boundary between the first and the second is characterised by risorgive, springs typical of the pianura padana which supply fresh water both to the rivers and to a dense network of irrigation canals.
Lago Maggiore and the line of the rivers Ticino and Sesia separate Piedmont from Lombardy.
The countryside, then, is very varied: one passes from the rugged peaks of the massifs of Monte Rosa and of Gran Paradiso (national park), to the damp rice paddies of the Vercellese and Novarese; from the gentle hillsides of the Langhe and of Monferrato to the plains, often polluted and studded with a mixture of farms and industrial concerns.
Orography
Mountains
Principal mountains:
Monte Rosa 4634 m
Gran Paradiso 4061 m
Monviso 3841 m
Uia di Ciamarella 3676 m
Monte Leone 3552 m
Rocciamelone 3538 m
Pierre Menue 3505 m
Corno Bianco 3320 m
Punta Ramiere 3303 m
Bric Bouchet 3216 m
Monte Matto 3097 m
Monte Albergian 3041 m
Rocca la Meia 2831 m
Monte Giavino 2766 m
Punta Marguareis 2651 m
Monte Bram 2357 m
Monte Barone 2044 m
Monte Antola 1597 m
Mottarone 1492 m
Monte Musinè 1150 m
Valleys
As Piedmont is bounded to the north and to the west by the Alps, and to the south by the Apennines it is rich in valleys of very varied dimensions. There follows a list of some of the valleys of the region starting at the north of the boundary with Lombardy and proceeding anti-clockwise:
Val d'Ossola
Valle Anzasca
Valle Antrona
Val Bognanco
Val Divedro
Valle Antigorio
Val Formazza
Val Vigezzo
Valsesia
Val Mastallone
Val d'Otro
Val Vogna
Val Sessera
Valle Strona di Mosso
Valle Cervo
Valchiusella
Valle dell'Orco
Valli di Lanzo
Val grande di Lanzo
Val d'Ala
Valle di Viù
Val Ceronda
Val di Susa
Val Sangone
Val Chisone
Val Germanasca
Val Pellice
Valle Po
Valle Maira
Val Varaita
Valle Stura di Demonte
Valle Gesso
Val Bormida
Val Curone
Valle Scrivia
Val Borbera
Hydrography
Rivers
The largest river in Piedmont is the Po.
Other important rivers, in order of their mean rate of discharge, include:
Lakes
The principal lakes of Piedmont are:
Lago Maggiore 212 km²
Lago d'Orta 18.2 km²
Lago di Viverone 5.8 km²
Lago di Mergozzo 1.85 km²
Lago di Candia 1.52 km²
The five lakes of the Serra di Ivrea
Lago Sirio 1.4 km²
Lago San Michele
Lago Nero
Lago Pistono
Lago di Campagna (or Lago di Cascinette)
References |
10694510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20Tripp | Wallace Tripp | Wallace Whitney Tripp (June 26, 1940 – September 9, 2018) was an American illustrator, anthologist and author. He was known for creating anthropomorphic animal characters of emotional complexity and for his great visual and verbal humor. He was one of several illustrators of the Amelia Bedelia series of children's stories. He has illustrated over 40 books, including Marguerite, Go Wash Your Feet (1985), Wallace Tripp's Wurst Seller (1981), Casey at the Bat (1978) and A Great Big Ugly Man Came Up and Tied His Horse to Me (1973). Tripp also drew many greeting cards for the Pawprints line.
Biography
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Tripp grew up in rural New Hampshire and New York City. He attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (SMFA) where he studied graphic arts. He received a bachelor's degree in education from Keene State College and studied English at the University of New Hampshire. He then taught English for three years until choosing to devote himself full-time to illustration.
For a time, Tripp's ex-wife Marcy ran a publishing house, Sparhawk Books, that published two of his books, Wallace Tripp's Wurst Seller and an illustrated edition of Hilaire Belloc's The Bad Child's Book of Beasts. During the 1980s, Tripp worked on an animation project with Richard Purdom's British studio. Throughout his career he created many greeting cards for Pawprints, a family-owned business, whose publisher was then wife, Marcy Tripp. A lover of classical music and a pilot, Tripp frequently included airplanes and musical references in his illustrations. For many years, he built and flew radio-controlled model planes. He lived in Peterborough, New Hampshire and had three children, two sons and a daughter. He had been retired for over 20 years due to Parkinson's disease.
On September 9, 2018, the official Wallace Tripp Facebook page announced his death.
Bibliography
The Tale of a Pig: A Caucasian Folktale, McGraw, 1968.
A Great Big Ugly Man Came Up and Tied His Horse to Me: A Book of Nonsense Verse, Little, Brown, 1973.
My Uncle Podger: A Picture Book (based on a passage from Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome), Little, Brown, 1975.
Granfa' Grig Had a Pig and Other Rhymes without Reason from Mother Goose (verse), Little, Brown, 1976.
Sir Toby Jingle's Beastly Journey (Junior Literary Guild selection), Coward, 1976.
Rhymes without Reason from Mother Goose, World's Work, 1980.
Wallace Tripp's Wurst Seller, Sparhawk, 1981.
Marguerite, Go Wash Your Feet! (verse), Houghton, 1985.
Rose's Are Red, Violet's Are Blue and Other Silly Poems, Little Brown & Co., 1999
Bibliography as illustrator
Reginald B. Hegarty, Rope's End, Houghton, 1965.
Lisa Tsarelka, Stay Away From My Lawnmower, Houghton, 1965.
Ruth Christoffer Carlsen, Henrietta Goes West, Houghton, 1966.
Carlsen, Hildy and the Cuckoo Clock, Houghton, 1966.
Ilse Kleberger, Grandmother Oma, Atheneum, 1967.
Andrew Lang, editor, Read Me Another Fairy Tale, Grosset, 1967.
Katherine E. Miller, Saint George: A Christmas Mummers' Play, Houghton, 1967.
Gerald Dumas, Rabbits Rafferty, Houghton, 1968.
Carlsen, Sam Bottleby, Houghton, 1968.
Felice Holman, The Holiday Rat, and the Utmost Mouse (short stories), Norton, 1969.
John Erwin, Mrs. Fox, Simon & Schuster, 1969.
Scott Corbett, The Baseball Bargain, Little, Brown, 1970.
Tom Paxton, Jennifer's Rabbit, Putnam, 1970.
Rene Guillot, Little Dog Lost, translated by Joan Selby-Lowndes, Lothrup, 1970.
Betty Brock, No Flying in the House, Harper, 1970.
Ferdinand N. Monjo, Pirates in Panama, Simon & Schuster, 1970.
Robert Sidney Bigelow, Stubborn Bear, Little, Brown, 1970.
Julian Bagley, Candle-Lighting Time in Bodidalee (folktales), foreword by Alfred V. Frankenstein, American Heritage Publishing Co., 1971.
Peggy Parish, Come Back, Amelia Bedelia, Harper, 1971.
Victor Sharoff, The Heart of the Wood, Coward, 1971.
Marguerita Rudolph, adapter, The Magic Egg, and Other Folk Stories of Rumania, Little, Brown, 1971.
Peter Hallard, Puppy Lost in Lapland, F. Watts, 1971.
Patricia Thomas, "Stand Back," Said the Elephant, "I'm Going to Sneeze!," Lothrup, 1971.
Miriam Anne Bourne, Tigers in the Woods, Coward, 1971.
Tony Johnston, The Adventures of Mole and Troll, Putnam, 1972.
Cynthia Jameson, adapter, Catofy the Clever (folktale), Coward, 1972.
Liesel Moak Skorpen, Old Arthur, Harper, 1972.
Peggy Parish, Play Ball, Amelia Bedelia, Harper, 1972.
Carolyn Lane, The Voices of Greenwillow Pond, Houghton, 1972.
Boris Vladimirovich Zakhoder, The Crocodile's Toothbrush, translated by Marguerita Rudolph, McGraw, 1973.
Malcolm Hall, Headlines, (Junior Literary Guild selection), Coward, 1973.
Johnston, Mole and Troll Trim the Tree, (Junior Literary Guild selection), Putnam, 1974, revised edition, 1980.
Jan Wahl, Pleasant Fieldmouse's Halloween Party, Putnam, 1974.
Robert Fremlin, Three Friends, Little, Brown, 1975.
Ernest Lawrence Thayer, Casey at the Bat: A Ballad of the Republic, Sung in the Year 1888 (verse), Coward, 1978.
Hilaire Belloc, The Bad Child's Book of Beasts, revised edition, Sparhawk, 1982.
Awards
Granfa' Grig Had a Pig and Other Rhymes without Reason from Mother Goose (Little, Brown, 1976), which Tripp both wrote and illustrated, won the 1977 Boston Globe–Horn Book Award for Picture Books.
A Great Big Ugly Man Came Up and Tied His Horse to Me: A Book of Nonsense Verse (Little, Brown, 1973) appeared on the ALA Notable Book for Children list.
References
Sources
Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2009. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009.
Kingman, L. et al. (1978). Illustrators of Children's Books 1967-1976, Horn Book, p. 164.
Silvey, A., ed (1995). Children's Books and Their Creators, p. 651-653.
External links
Obituary. The Monadnock Ledger-Transcript. Sept. 18, 2018
Exhibit at Hancock Town Library, Hancock, NH
1940 births
2018 deaths
American children's book illustrators
American children's writers
American humorists
Artists from Boston
People from Peterborough, New Hampshire |
10863383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudus | Kudus | Kudus may refer to
Merhawi Kudus (born 1994), Eritrean cyclist
Mohammed Kudus (born 2000), Ghanaian footballer
Sunan Kudus (died 1550), founder of:
Kudus, Indonesia, capital city of:
Kudus Regency in Central Java, Indonesia
Persiku Kudus, football team from Kudus, Kudus
Koedoes Residency, a Residency in Central Java, Dutch East Indies from 1925 to 1931
Menara Kudus Mosque in Kudus, Kudus
Gereja Kristen Kalam Kudus, proselytic mission of the Evangelize China Fellowship in Indonesia
See also
Kudos (disambiguation)
Kudu (disambiguation) |
11013777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Mills%20%28Shortland%20Street%29 | Steve Mills (Shortland Street) | Steve Mills (previously Kennedy) is a fictional character on the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street. He was portrayed by Andrew Binns and was part of the original core cast.
The character appeared in the first ever episode and stayed on the soap for two years, leaving the show in a dramatic fashion, exploding in a car crash alongside best friend Sam's (Rene Naufahu) wife T.P Aleni (Elizabeth Skeen). His death is remembered as one of the most iconic deaths on the soap's history. The character was largely used for comedic relief, developing into more dramatic storylines as he neared his death. Initial storylines saw the clumsy Steve fall head over heels for beautiful nurse Sarah Donnelly (Madeleine Lynch) and his subsequent depression at her death. His final storyline saw Steve try to overcome the growing attraction to his step mother and boss Carrie Burton (Lisa Crittenden) and denial that her children were not his.
Steve has been described as "lovable" and a Shortland Street "favorite". His comedy has since set a benchmark on the soap, with many characters based on his original sensitive new age characterisation including; Lionel Skeggins (John Leigh). Mike Galloway (Oliver Driver) and Kip Denton (Will Hall).
Storylines
Steve is introduced in May 1992 as the prankster nurse and flatmate to Sam Aleni (Rene Naufahu). Steve works under the reign of the mercilessly bossy Carrie Burton (Lisa Crittenden) and has a huge crush on Alison Raynor (Danielle Cormack). Steve is thrilled when Alison moves in but after the two share a kiss, they remain friends. Always loyal to Steve is his pet dog Killer, but disaster strikes in late 1992 when Killer is diagnosed with diabetes. Steve falls for Sarah Donnelly (Madeleine Lynch) and the two start to date. Sarah reveals she has cancer however and dies in Steve's arms at her birthday party.
In 1993, Steve grows depressed over Sarah's death and is shocked when his father Declan Kennedy (Kevin J. Wilson) arrived in town. The estranged father and son were at odds with Steve believing Declan had murdered his mother. Steve donated sperm to polar opposite Carrie, so she could have children. Carrie and Declan ended up falling in love and getting married but when the babies were born, Declan was too busy to father them and Steve willingly gave up his time to help his possible kids. Spending time with the Burtons, Steve fell in love with Carrie, but she was receiving threats from Declan's criminal past and with Declan having fled the country, Carrie grew close to Steve. Carrie decided to flee however and she and Steve shared a kiss in late 1993.
In 1994, Steve grew suspicious of Chris Warner (Michael Galvin) spending time with close friend Jo Jordan (Greer Robson), who was in a relationship with Stuart Neilson (Martin Henderson). After catching Chris out he learnt that Chris had really been visiting Carrie as he was the father of the babies. Steve was infuriated and while driving back from Leonard (Marton Csokas) and Gina's (Josephine Davison) farewell party, the two got into an argument and Steve accidentally drove the car off the road. Steve, Chris and Kirsty (Angela Dotchin) escaped but Steve went back for T.P (Elizabeth Skeen), only to be caught in the car as it violently exploded.
Steve and TP's death weighed heavily on Sam from the rest of his time on the soap, with his personality and appearance changing to a more ruthless and selfish persona gradually. Sam would gain the ownership to Steve's old house, and a dual funeral would be held a few days later for Steve and TP, where eulogies were given by Dr McKenna (Paul Gittins), Nick (Karl Burnett), Sam and Sam's brother Nat (Joseph Naufahu). Steve's good friend Carmen (Theresa Healey) spent some of her lottery winnings on a memoriam for Steve and TP When Shortland Street clinic had a renovation, a memorial plaque was placed on piece of the decor stating "dedicated to Steve Mills."
Reception
The scene featuring Steve and TP's death as voted by fans as one of the most iconic scenes of the soap. Steve was described at the time of his death as "One of Shortland Street's favourite characters".
References
Shortland Street characters
Fictional nurses
Television characters introduced in 1992
Male characters in television |
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