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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pump

Electromagnetic pump

Working Principle

Electromagnetic pump / Working Principle

An electromagnetic pump is a pump that moves liquid metal using electromagnetism. A magnetic field is set at right angles to the direction the liquid moves in, and a current is passed through it. This causes an electromagnetic force that moves the liquid. Applications include pumping liquid metal through a cooling system.

A magnetic field (brc) always exists around the current (I) carrying conductor. When this current carrying conductor is subjected to an external magnetic field (Bₐₚ), the conductor experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of I and Bₐₚ. This is because the magnetic field produced by the conductor and the applied magnetic field attempt to align with each other. A similar effect can seen between two ordinary magnets. This principle is used in an electromagnetic pump. The current is fed through a conducting liquid. Two permanent magnets are arranged to produce a magnetic field Bₐₚ as shown in the figure. The supplied current has a current density (J) and the magnetic field associated with this current can be called as 'Reaction magnetic Field (brc)'. The two magnetic fields Bₐₚ and brc attempt to align with each other. This causes mechanical motion of the fluid.

Schematic of Electromagnetic Pump

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Front

Romanian Front

Stagnation

Romanian Front / History / Stagnation

English: Nameplate of the Romanian nationalist newspaper, Gazeta Transilvaniei, Issue 46 (June 14), 1936; featuring the electoral symbol of Alexandru Vaida-Voevod's Romanian Front. The masthead also urges Romanians to boycott the "Judaeo-communist newspapers Dimineața, Adevărul, Zorile [and] Lupta".

The Romanian Front was a moderate fascist party created in Romania in 1935. Led by former Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, it originated as a right-wing splinter group from the mainstream National Peasants' Party. While in power, Vaida had an ambiguous approach to the Iron Guard, and constructed his own radical ideology; the FR had a generally xenophobic program of positive discrimination, being implicitly antisemitic. It was subsumed to the policies of King Carol II, maneuvering between the mainstream National Liberals, the PNȚ's left-wing, and the more radically fascist Guardists. Vaida tried to compete with the former two and appease the latter, assuming fascist trappings such as the black-shirted uniform. Like the Guard, he supported aligning Romania with the Axis powers, though he also hoped to obtain their guarantees for Greater Romania's borders. The FR's lower echelons included Viorel Tilea and other opponents of Vaida's approach, who believed in Romania's attachments to the League of Nations and the Little Entente.

A reshuffled Tătărescu government took over in mid-1936. The Front still held rallies, boasting that 20,000 affiliates heard Ioanițescu speaking at Galați in March. However, according to the regional journal Viața Ardealului, summer 1936 was a "period of stagnation" for the FR and "the nationalist current as a whole". The Front was still "sure of its destiny", but "organizing in depth" and keeping secret about it. Vaida and Angelescu now advanced the notion of a PNȚ–FR reconciliation, arguing that it could successfully bring down the PNL cabinet. One other option, advanced by Carol and journalist Pamfil Șeicaru, was for the FR to join efforts with the breakaway Radical Peasants' Party. Meanwhile, revelations about German re-armament, pushed the FR closer to Nazism. During March 1936, Vaida declared that the League of Nations was powerless against the "victorious discipline" of the Italian Empire and the Hitlerian "unity of sentiment and willpower". In June, following the Rhineland crisis, L'Humanité reported that the "racist parties" (the Front, the Iron Guard and the PNC) staged a march outside the French embassy in Bucharest, with chants of "Long live Hitler!" With this, Vaida declared that Germany was marching toward realizing the Anschluss, pleading for France to discard its Popular Front and rejoin the "nationalist" camp. Speaking at Oradea in October, he saluted both Axis powers. According to Vaida, the Locarno Treaties were naturally obsolete, and Germany was right to ignore them; however, he cautioned that the borders of Greater Romania needed to be guaranteed by both Germany and France. Vaida's stance was ridiculed by the PNȚ youth: in a September communique, it noted that Vaida, "that old fascist parrot", was silent on the issue of Italian support for Hungarian irredentism, though this would have entailed the loss of Transylvania to Hungary. From the PNȚ's left, Nicolae L. Lupu described the FR as stoking "racial [and] Germanophile violence"; in response, the FR played down such incidents as "the excesses of certain youths", while noting brawls started by the PNȚ's own Voinici. In November, as Benito Mussolini expressed full support for a Hungarian expansion, Vaida joined other Romanian politicians in voicing his indignation. He and his party sought to tone down the "hysteria", informing their partisans that Mussolini would never risk going to war over Hungarian demands in Transylvania. Vaidists pledged themselves to combat propaganda by the Hungarian Unity Party, arguing that it "falsifies the most obvious truths". The FR also noted that Mihalache's anti-revisionism was a diversion used by communist and Jewish infiltrators. On September 4, the FR and PNC had agreed on another collaboration, and presented a single list for the local elections of that year. Brătianu's Georgist Liberal Party also collaborated with the two parties in places such as Brașov; though invited to join this "purely Romanian list", the PNȚ declined. In Ilfov County, the two-party list was headed by Ioanițescu, with the PNC man Stan Ghițescu taking the second eligible seat. The Front's registered logo, "two concentric circles and a dot", doubled as the alliance symbol. Called "target" or "wheel" in party documents, this drawing symbolized Greater Romania as an outside circle, and, within, "the belt strap tightening around The Black Dot, namely the xenophile". According to Gazeta Transilvaniei, the symbolism was poorly understood by illiterate sympathizers, who mistakenly voted with the PNȚ's circle (which had been intensely popularized by Ioanițescu before his defection).

Nameplate of Gazeta Transilvaniei on June 14, 1936, with FR logo and a condemnation of the "Judaeo-communist" press, including Adevărul

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maersk_Air

Maersk Air

Decline

Maersk Air / History / Decline

Maersk Air A/S was a Danish airline which operated between 1969 and 2005. Owned by the A. P. Møller–Mærsk Group, it operated a mix of scheduled and chartered passenger and cargo services. Headquartered at Dragør, its main operating bases were Copenhagen Airport, Billund Airport and Esbjerg Airport. The airline had offshore helicopter operations from 1975 to 1999 and had three airline subsidiaries: Maersk Air UK, Maersk Commuter, and Star Air. The airline was founded on the foundations on the purchase of Falck Air on 21 February 1969. Fokker F27s were bought and domestic services from Copenhagen to Odense and Stauning. From 1971 to 1995 Maersk participated in Danair, which held a monopoly on all domestic services. Maersk Air was heavily involved in the inclusive tours market during the 1970s, operating the Boeing 720B and 737-200. From 1981 Maersk started international flights, first out of Billund and from the 1990s out of Copenhagen. Maersk Air gradually invested in new aircraft, including the Fokker 50, Boeing 737 Classic, and later the 737-700. During the 1990s the number of international services increased, often codesharing with foreign airlines.

Maersk was struck by a series of labor disputes in 1998 and 1999. At the turn of the century Maersk Air fell into financial distress. The airline was struck hard by the 2001 airline recession, making a loss that year of DKK 341 million. Ridership increased in 2002, largely through the increased sale of discounted tickets. Maersk Air therefore turned to divest its non-core activities. Estonian Air was sold to SAS in 2003. The British subsidiary lost an accumulative DKK 325 million from 2000 through 2002. The company was therefore sold in a management buyout in 2003, with the airline becoming Duo Airways. The Maersk Group was forced to issue more than DKK 700 million in the airline from 2002 to 2005. In late 2003 the Maersk Aircraft A/S was established to own the fleet, spurring speculation in the media that Maersk was planning of liquidating the company. The year gave a net loss of DKK 841 million. In the years following the cartel case, almost the entire executive management of the airline was replaced. A large portion of the new management was without experience from the aviation industry. On 1 November 2003 Ipsen was replaced as CEO by Finn Øelund, who came from the same position in Air Greenland. He devised a new strategy, in which the airline would better utilize tis fleet by placing flights closer to each other and flying throughout the day. He also proposed competing head-on with SAS, as he believed that Maersk Air with the new strategy could operate with lower costs than the consortium. Aircraft received a new white and dark blue livery, replacing the old light-blue Maersk colors. The airline adopted the slogan "fly as you like" and focused its route production on typical holiday destinations and cheap fares. Since 2002 Maersk had seen competition in the scheduled market from Sterling, which had reorganized itself as a low-cost carrier targeting the Mediterranean leisure market. In 2005 Fred. Olsen & Co. sold the airline to FL Group. The Maersk Group announced on 30 June 2005 that it would sell Maersk Air to Sterling. Star Air and the corporate jet were kept out of the deal. Ownership of the 737 was also not included, and instead, there were leased to Sterling. The sales price of Maersk Air was never made public.

Boeing 737-300

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheraw

Cheraw

18th century

Cheraw / History / 18th century

English: "Map of the Several Nations of Indians to the Northwest of South Carolina" or the "Catawba Deerskin Map", an annotated copy of hand-painted deerskin original made by a Catawba chieftain to Governor Francis Nicholson "This map describing the scituation [sic] of the several nations of Indians to the NW of South Carolina was coppyed [sic] from a draught [sic] drawn & painted on a deer skin by an Indian Cacique and presented to Francis Nicholason Esqr. Governor of South Carolina by whom it is most humbly dedicated to his Royal Highness George, Prince of Wales."

The Cheraw people, also known as the Saraw or Saura, were a Siouan-speaking tribe of indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, in the Piedmont area of North Carolina near the Sauratown Mountains, east of Pilot Mountain and north of the Yadkin River. They lived in villages near the Catawba River. Their first European and African contact was with the Hernando De Soto Expedition in 1540. The early explorer John Lawson included them in the larger eastern-Siouan confederacy, which he called "the Esaw Nation." After attacks in the late 17th century and early 18th century, they moved to the southeast around the Pee Dee River, where the Cheraw name became more widely used. They became extinct as a tribe, although some descendants survived as remnant peoples.

In 1710, due to attacks by the Seneca of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) from the north (whose empire by then extended along the colonial frontier northward, with hunting grounds in the Ohio River valley and the St. Lawrence River valley), the Cheraw moved southeast and joined the Keyauwee tribe. The Saura Indian villages, one known as Lower Sauratown and the other, Upper Sauratown, were at that time abandoned. Lower Sauratown was situated below the present town of Eden, near the mouth of Town Creek in northeastern Rockingham County, North Carolina, while Upper Sauratown was located in Stokes County, N.C. The Saura nation were recorded in The Journal of Barnwell as maintaining a village on the east bank of the upper branches of the Pee Dee River circa the Tuscarora War in 1712. Some Cheraw fought with South Carolina in the Tuscarora War. In 1712, John Barnwell led a force of 400-500 troops against the Tuscarora in North Carolina. Almost all his forces were Indians, organized into four companies, based in part on tribal and cultural factors. The 1st and 2nd companies were made up of Indians with strong ties to South Carolina. The 3rd company was of "northern Indians" who lived farther from Charles Town and whose allegiance was not as strong. They included the Catawba, Waxaw, Wateree, and Congaree, among others. The 4th company was of northern Indians who lived even farther away and whose allegiance was still weaker. Among this group were the Saraw, Saxapahaw, Peedee, Cape Fear, Hoopengs, and others. This 4th company was noted for high levels of desertion. Historian Alan Gallay has speculated that the Saura and Saxapahaw people deserted Barnwell's army because their villages were likely to be attacked by the Tuscarora in vengeance for assisting South Carolina in the war. Gallay described the approximate location of the Saura homeland as "about 60 miles upriver from the Peedees", whose home is described as "on the Peedee River about 80 miles west of the coast". This puts the Saura in the general vicinity of the upper Dan and Yadkin rivers. In 1715, Cheraw warriors joined other Southeastern tribes in the Yamasee War to fight against European enslavement of Indians, mistreatment, and encroachment on their territory. On July 18, 1715, a Cheraw delegation represented the Catawban tribes in Williamsburg, Virginia and negotiated peace. They were out of the war by October of 1715. In 1728, William Byrd conducted an expedition to survey the North Carolina and Virginia boundary, and reported finding two Saura villages on the Dan River, known as Lower Saura Town and Upper Saura Town. The towns had been abandoned by the time of Byrd's visit. He noted in his writing that the Saura had been attacked and nearly destroyed by the Seneca 30 years before, who had been raiding peoples on the frontier from their base in present-day New York. The Saura were known to have moved south to the Pee Dee River area. When the Council of Virginia offered tribes protection in 1732, the Cheraw asked to join the Saponis. In 1738, a smallpox epidemic decimated both the Cheraw and the Catawba. In 1755, the Cheraw were persuaded by South Carolina Governor James Glen to join the Waccamaw, Pedee, and Catawba, led by King Haigler. The remnants of the tribes combined. Some of the tribe may have moved north and founded the "Charraw Settlement" along Drowning Creek, (present-day Robeson County) North Carolina. The tribe was mostly destroyed before the middle of the 18th century and European encroachment on their old territory. By 1754, racially mixed families lived along the Lumber River. Cheraw women with the surname Grooms married into this group, which later became known as the Lumbee people. They were last noted as a distinct tribe among the Catawba in 1768. During the Revolutionary War, they and the Catawba removed their families to the same areas near Danville, Virginia, where they had lived earlier. Their warriors served the Patriot cause under General Thomas Sumter.

A c. 1724 English copy of a deerskin Catawba map of the tribes between Charleston (left) and Virginia (right) following the displacements of a century of disease and enslavement and the 1715–7 Yamasee War. The Cheraw are labelled as "Charra".

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio_de_San_L%C3%A1zaro,_Havana

Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana

Antonio Maceo

Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana / Antonio Maceo

English: General Antonio Maceo Monument, Centro Habana

Barrio de San Lázaro is a former neighbourhood in Havana, Cuba. It occupied the area bounded by Calle Infanta to the west, Calle Zanja to the south, Calle Belascoáin to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the north, forming the western edge of Centro Habana. According to the 1855 Ordenanzas Municipales of the city of Havana, Barrio San Lázaro was in the Tercer Distrito and was Barrio No. 8.

The 1916 statue of General Antonio Maceo by the Italian sculptor Doménico Boni and subsequent park, La Casa de Beneficencia, the hotel Manhattan on Calle Belascoáin, by the U.S. Engineering firm of Purdy and Henderson, and the Hotel Vista Alegre also at the beginning of Calle Belascoáin, anchored a geographically important corner close to the sea of the large expanse of land known as El Barrio San Lazaro and within it and immediately to the north was the Caleta de San Lazaro. Cayo Hueso was also a part of El Barrio de San Lazaro. Cayo Hueso ("bone cay"), its name derives from its location near the Espada Cemetery. it was demolished in 1908. Among the oldest institutions in the area were the leprosy hospital (demolished in 1916), the Casa de Beneficencia orphanage (currently the Hermanos Ameijeiras hospital). Buildings in the Barrio San Lazaro that were important to the early development of the city were the Hospital de San Dionisio for the mentally insane, the Cementerio General known as the Campo Santo and more commonly referred to as the Espada Cemetery was the precursor to the Colon Cemetery, and a room for the treatment of the mentally ill located on the side of the Real Casa de Beneficencia on Calle Belascoáin. The monument to Antonio Maceo was located near a place previously occupied by the Batería de la Reina, (1861), located in front of the La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad, at the intersection of Belascoaín and San Lázaro. In 1916 the monument was placed but the park was not built, many voices were raised in a protest demanding that a greater tribute be paid to the figure of Antonio Maceo.

Doménico Boni's sculpture of Antonio Maceo, 1916.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_Club

Rota Club

Social composition

Rota Club / Social composition

English: A wood cut of a seventeenth century English coffee house

The Rota Club was a debate society of learned gentlemen who debated republican ideology in London between November 1659 and February 1660. The Club was founded and dominated by James Harrington. It began during the English Interregnum and lasted until the early months of the Restoration.

The Rota Club as an institution seems to have had a wide variety of social classes in attendance. It was open to all, ranging from bohemians, aristocrats, officers, soldiers, merchants and other parts of society. The only stipulation for attendance was a fee to be paid, which did limit attendance to those who could afford it but also allowed for a wide range of persons who would not usually have access to such venues. This freedom of attendance allowed for the Rota Club no truly fixed membership as there was a free flow of individuals, those who sat in one meeting would not necessarily be there at the next one. For instance Samuel Pepys, a known member of the Rota Club through his diary, records a fairly sparse attendance. In some periods he records attending the debates once every third or fourth night, followed by long periods of time with no mention of the society at all. This freedom of attendance and membership did however allow a very large groups of men to meet, filling the Rota Club's room at Miles' Coffeehouse on any given night. The size of the group allowed that many of these men were spectators to the debate which would have had relatively few direct participants. For these spectators the Rota Club was a novelty, and a popular one at that. This high attendance operated as a stage for Harrington's republican ideas to play and gain ground. However, there was a core group who carried out most of the debate between themselves. Among these more notable and regularly attending members of the Rota Club were John Aubrey, Samuel Pepys, Henry Neville, Major Wildman, Francis Cradoc, Edward Bagshaw, William Croon, Philip Carteret, Maximilian Petty, Sir John Hoskyns, and Roger Coke. These were men from a wide array of backgrounds, much like the general attendance themselves. They were antiquarians, authors, members of parliament, Justices of the Peace, military officers, theologians, future New World governors, and aristocrats. In general they were Harrington's republican disciples and the virtuosi, well educated and attracted to the free flow of ideas and intellectual debate. They, like the mass of spectators, would not have attended every night, with the exception of Harrington himself, but they did play significant parts. Those of differing views on any topic were encouraged to attend, and Harrington himself sought out men of every kind of viewpoint.

A 17th century coffeehouse

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/17th_century_coffee_house.jpg

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolkovo_Innovation_Center

Skolkovo Innovation Center

History and scheme of the work

Skolkovo Innovation Center / History and scheme of the work

English: “Presentation by Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology”. President of Skolkovo Foundation Viktor Vekselberg during a presentation by the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology. Русский: «Презентация Сколковского института науки и технологий». Глава фонда "Сколково" Виктор Вексельберг во время презентации Сколковского института науки и технологий. Россия , Московская область

The Skolkovo Innovation Center is a high technology business area at Mozhaysky District in Moscow, Russia. Although historically Russia has been successful with development of science and technology, its lack of entrepreneur spirit led to government intervention of patents and nonproliferation of Russian tech companies beyond the scope of regional service. As corporations and individuals become "residents" of the city, with proposed projects and ideas receiving financial assistance. Skolkovo was first announced on 12 November 2009 by then Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. The complex is headed by Viktor Vekselberg and co-chaired by former Intel CEO Craig Barrett.

In March 2010, Vekselberg announced the necessity of developing a special legal order in Skolkovo and emphasized the need to offer a tax holiday lasting 5–7 years. In April 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev charged the government with working out specific legal, administrative, tax and customs regulations on Skolkovo. In May 2010, Dmitry Medvedev introduced two bills regulating working conditions in Skolkovo. The bills were adopted by the State Duma in September of that year and, on 28 September 2010, the President of the Russian Federation signed the bills into federal law. In August 2010, Dmitry Medvedev introduced a bill easing migratory policies in regards to Skolkovo.

Viktor Vekselberg, head of the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_arrondissement_of_Paris

10th arrondissement of Paris

Map

10th arrondissement of Paris / Map

The 10th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as dixième. The arrondissement, called Entrepôt, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. The arrondissement contains two of Paris's six main railway stations: the Gare du Nord and the Gare de l'Est. Built during the 19th century, these two termini are among the busiest in Europe. The 10th arrondissement also contains a large portion of the Canal Saint-Martin, linking the northeastern parts of Paris with the River Seine.

Map of the 10th arrondissement

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Paris_10th.png

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Menzies

Gavin Menzies

Writing and research

Gavin Menzies / 1421: The Year China Discovered The World / Writing and research

Shenwumen Gate (神武门) of Forbidden City, Beijing

Rowan Gavin Paton Menzies was a British author and retired submarine lieutenant-commander who has written books promoting claims that the Chinese sailed to America before Columbus. Historians have rejected Menzies' theories and assertions and have categorised his work as pseudohistory. He was best known for his controversial book 1421: The Year China Discovered the World, in which he asserts that the fleets of Chinese Admiral Zheng He visited the Americas prior to European explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492, and that the same fleet circumnavigated the globe a century before the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan. Menzies' second book, 1434: The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance extended his discovery hypothesis to the European continent. In his third book, The Lost Empire of Atlantis, Menzies claims that Atlantis did exist, in the form of the Minoan Civilization, and that it maintained a global seaborne empire extending to the shores of America and India, millennia before actual contact in the Age of Discovery.

Gavin Menzies had the idea to write his first book after he and his wife Marcella visited the Forbidden City for their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary. Menzies noticed that they kept encountering the year 1421 and, concluding that it must have been an extraordinary year in world history, decided to write a book about everything that happened in the world in 1421. Menzies spent years working on the book and, by the time it was finished, it was a massive volume spanning 1,500 pages. Menzies sent the manuscript to an agent named Luigi Bonomi, who told him it was unpublishable, but was intrigued by a brief section of the book in which Menzies speculated about the voyages of Chinese admiral Zheng He and recommended that he rewrite the book, focusing it on Zheng He's voyages. Menzies agreed to rewrite it, but admitted that he was "not a natural writer" and requested Bonomi to rewrite the first three chapters for him. Bonomi contacted the firm Midas Public Relations to convince a major newspaper to run a promotional article for Menzies's book. Menzies hired a room at the Royal Geographical Society, which convinced The Daily Telegraph to publish an article about his speculations. Publishers immediately began courting Menzies for the publishing rights to his book. Bantam Press, a division of Transworld Publishers, offered him £500,000 for the world publishing rights to it. At this point, Menzies's rewritten manuscript was only 190 pages. Bantam Press stated that the book possessed enormous marketing potential, but considered it to be poorly written and sloppily presented. According to Menzies, they told him, "You know, if you want to get your story over, you've got to make it readable, and you can't write, basically." During the revision process that followed, over 130 different people worked on the manuscript, with a large part being written by a ghostwriter named Neil Hanson. The authors relied entirely on Menzies for factual information and never brought in any fact checkers or reputable historians to make sure that the information in the book was accurate. After the rewriting process was complete, the book was at a publishable length of 500 pages.

Menzies was inspired to write 1421 after a visit to the Forbidden City in Beijing, China with his wife Marcella for their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary.[15]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Swept_Lands_and_Seas_of_Red

Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red

Form

Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red / Form

Tower of London Remembers. To mark the centenary anniversary of the First World War the Tower of London is creating an evolving art installation "Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red". Formed of 888,246 ceramic poppies by artist Paul Cummins, with setting by stage designer Tom Piper, each poppy represents a British military fatality during the war. The installation was officially unveiled on 5 August 2014, one hundred years since the first full day of Britain's involvement in the First World War and will be in place until 11 November 2014. On 24 August I helped to build a just a little more of the installation by constructing and planting a batch of poppies. I believe it is now (as in these photos) about a quarter completed. Each poppy is a life lost - when it is completed maybe it will help to demonstrate the scale of those numbers which we really cannot imagine.

Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red was a public art installation created in the moat of the Tower of London, England, between July and November 2014. It commemorated the centenary of the outbreak of World War I and consisted of 888,246 ceramic red poppies, each intended to represent one British or Colonial serviceman killed in the War. The ceramic artist was Paul Cummins, with conceptual design by the stage designer Tom Piper. The work's title was taken from the first line of a poem by an unknown soldier in World War I.

The work consisted of a sea of ceramic red poppies, in a design which appeared to flow out of the Tower itself and ripple across the moat. There were a series of designed elements which added drama, height and movement to the installation: the "Weeping Window" flowing out of a window in Legge's Mount in the West Moat, (which became the iconic image), "Over the Top", a cascade of poppies down the wall on the wharf side of the moat and the "Wave", a free-standing twisted metal sculpture covered in poppies which curled over the main causeway into the Tower. The ceramic poppies were individually hand-made at Cummins' ceramics works in Derbyshire and at Johnson Tiles in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. The poppies were added to the installation progressively by volunteers. The 497,000 kg of the Etruria Marl-based Etruscan red earthenware used, as well as the majority of the manufacturing equipment and materials, were supplied by Potclays Limited in Stoke-on-Trent. There were eventually 888,246 of the flowers, representing one count of the number of British and Colonial military fatalities in World War I. The first poppy was "planted" on 17 July 2014, and the work was unveiled on 5 August (the day following the centenary of Britain's entry into the war). A team of about 17,500 volunteers put the poppies in place, overseen by Tom Piper and Yeoman Warder Jim Duncan, making this a true public artwork. The last one was planted on 11 November 2014 (Remembrance Day), by a 13-year-old cadet, Harry Hayes, from the Combined Cadet Force (CCF) of Reading Blue Coat School. After that day a team of about 8,000 volunteers began removing the flowers. Members of the public had been able to pre-order the ceramic poppies for £25 each, with a share of the proceeds (estimated at more than £15 million) going to six service charities: COBSEO, Combat Stress, Coming Home, Help for Heroes, the Royal British Legion and SSAFA. At around sunset each day between 1 September and 10 November, the names of 180 World War I service personnel, nominated by members of the public to appear on a Roll of Honour, were read aloud by a Yeoman Warder or guest reader, followed by the Last Post bugle call.

Volunteer planting poppies

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locofocos

Locofocos

Locofocos

Political cartoon celebrating the defeat of "Loco Foco"

The Locofocos were a faction of the United States Democratic Party that existed from 1835 until the mid-1840s.

The Locofocos (also Loco Focos or Loco-focos) were a faction of the United States Democratic Party that existed from 1835 until the mid-1840s.

Cartoon celebrating 1840 defeat of Locofocoism

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Michigan

U.S. Route 41 in Michigan

Business loops

U.S. Route 41 in Michigan / Business loops

from left to right: the Old State Savings Bank Building (in red sandstone), the Wells Fargo Bank Main Branch (combining the First National Bank of Marquette Building and the Kaufman Building) and various store fronts along Washington Street, Marquette, Michigan, US

US Highway 41 is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Miami, Florida, to the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. In Michigan, it is a state trunkline highway that enters the state via the Interstate Bridge between Marinette, Wisconsin, and Menominee, Michigan. The 278.769 miles of US 41 that lie within Michigan serve as a major conduit. Most of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. Various sections are rural two-lane highway, urbanized four-lane divided expressway and the Copper Country Trail National Scenic Byway. The northernmost community along the highway is Copper Harbor at the tip of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The trunkline ends at a cul-de-sac east of Fort Wilkins State Park after serving the Central Upper Peninsula and Copper Country regions of Michigan. US 41 passes through farm fields and forest lands, and along the Lake Superior shoreline. The highway is included in the Lake Superior Circle Tour and the Lake Michigan Circle Tour and passes through the Hiawatha National Forest and the Keweenaw National Historical Park.

There have been three business loops for US 41: Ishpeming–Negaunee, Marquette and Baraga. Only the business loop serving Ishpeming and Negaunee is still a state-maintained trunkline, but it is no longer designated Bus. US 41. US 41/M-28 was relocated to bypass the two cities' downtowns in 1937. The highway through downtown Ishpeming and Negaunee later carried the ALT US 41/ALT M-28 designation before being designated Bus. M-28 in 1958. The western end of the business loop was transferred to local government control when Bus. M-28 was moved along Lakeshore Drive in 1999. Bus. US 41 in Marquette was first shown on a map in 1964 after the construction of the Marquette Bypass. It was later designated Bus. US 41/Bus. M-28 on a map in 1975; this second designation was removed from maps by 1982. The entire business loop was turned back to local control in a "route swap" between the City of Marquette and MDOT announced in early 2005. The proposal transferred jurisdiction on the unsigned M-554 and the business route from the state to the city. The state would take jurisdiction over a segment of McClellan Avenue to be used to extend M-553 to US 41/M-28. In addition, MDOT would pay $2.5 million (equivalent to $3.2 million in 2018) for reconstruction work planned for 2007. The transfer would increase Marquette's operational and maintenance liability expenses by $26,000 (equivalent to $32,832 in 2018) and place the financial burden of the future replacement of a stop light on the city. On October 10, 2005, MDOT and Marquette transferred jurisdiction over the three roadways. As a result, Bus. US 41 was decommissioned when the local government took control over Washington and Front streets. As a result of the decommissioning, the 2006 maps did not show the former business loop. The third business loop was in Baraga in the early 1940s. As shown on the maps of the time, US 41 was relocated in Baraga between the publication of the December 1, 1939, and the April 15, 1940, MSHD maps. A business loop followed the old routing through downtown. The last map that shows the loop was published on July 1, 1941. Bus. US 41 is shown under local control on the June 15, 1942, map.

The former Bus. US 41 along Washington Street in downtown Marquette

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numantia

Numantia

Development threat to the historic landscape

Numantia / Excavation and conservation of Numantia / Development threat to the historic landscape

Español: Cruce de calles en las ruinas de Numancia, Soria, España. English: Street crossing in the ruins of Numantia, Soria, Spain.

Numantia was an ancient Celtiberian settlement, whose remains are located 7 km north of the city of Soria, on a hill known as Cerro de la Muela in the municipality of Garray. Numantia is famous for its role in the Celtiberian Wars. In the year 153 BC Numantia experienced its first serious conflict with Rome. After 20 years of hostilities, in the year 133 BC the Roman Senate gave Scipio Aemilianus Africanus the task of destroying Numantia. He laid siege to the city, erecting a nine kilometre fence supported by towers, moats, impaling rods and so on. After 13 months of siege, the Numantians decided to burn the city before surrendering.

The province of Soria is sparsely populated, and Numantia is mainly surrounded by land used for low intensity agriculture. However, the regional government of Castilla y Leon and the city of Soria have planned various construction projects which if completed would affect the landscape surrounding the site of Numantia. The proposed developments in the vicinity of Numantia have met widespread opposition from a number of quarters, including the Instituto de España, the Real Academia de la Historia, the Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology, the Spanish Section of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and a number of Ancient History Departments in Spain. In 2008 a petition organised to have Numantia declared a World Heritage Site, in the hope that this would deter the local authorities from developing the area.

A street corner in the ruins of Numantia.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_francolin

Grey francolin

Behaviour and ecology

Grey francolin / Behaviour and ecology

English: A decoy grey francolin used by a trapper, Chikballapur

The grey francolin is a species of francolin found in the plains and drier parts of the Indian subcontinent. This species was formerly also called the grey partridge, not to be confused with the European grey partridge. They are found in open cultivated lands as well as scrub forest and their local name of teetar is based on their calls, a loud and repeated Ka-tee-tar...tee-tar which is produced by one or more birds. The term teetar can also refer to other partridges and quails. During the breeding season calling males attract challengers, and decoys were used to trap these birds especially for fighting.

The loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings. Pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet. The female call is a tee...tee...tee repeated and sometimes a kila..kila..kila and the challenge call kateela..kateela..kateela is a duet. They are usually seen in small groups. The main breeding season is April to September and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground. The nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock. The clutch is six to eight eggs, but larger clutches, potentially reflecting intraspecific brood parasitism, have been noted. Food includes seeds, grains as well as insects, particularly termites and beetles (especially Tenebrionidae and Carabidae). They may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes. They roost in groups in low thorny trees. Several species of feather mites, helminth and blood parasites have been described from the species.

A captive decoy

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhay_Moor

Westhay Moor

Ecology

Westhay Moor / Ecology

English: Westhay Moor National Nature Reserve These former commercial peat workings have been very successfully turned into a major wildlife reserve. Here the reed beds are the night time roost for large flocks of starlings which spectacularly swoop down at dusk.

Westhay Moor is a 513.7-hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest 2.5 kilometres north-east of Westhay village and 4 kilometres from Wedmore in Somerset, England, notified in 1971. Westhay Moor is also notified as part of the Somerset Levels and Moors Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive and as a Ramsar Site, and a National Nature Reserve. The low-lying swampy area of Westhay Moor has had peat laid down over older rocks for the last 10,000 years. The Neolithic people lived on the areas of slightly higher ground but exploited the reed beds for materials and built wooden trackways to cross the raised bog. Peat extraction on the Somerset Levels has occurred since the area was first drained by the Romans. Measures to improve the drainage were carried out in the Middle Ages largely by Glastonbury Abbey. In the 17th and 18th centuries further drainage work was undertaken including digging a series of rhynes, or ditches and larger drainage canals. Peat extraction peaked in the 1960s but has since declined. The geology of the moor and prolonged peat extraction has provided a unique environment which provides a habitat for a range of flora and fauna.

Westhay Moor supports a nationally outstanding community of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. At least 28 nationally notable invertebrate species also occur on the moor. The meadows, ditches, abandoned peat workings and hedgerows provide suitable breeding habitats for a diverse and nationally important breeding bird community. It is part of the Brue Valley Living Landscape conservation project. The project commenced in January 2009 and aims to restore, recreate and reconnect habitats; joining together protected areas into a network to enable plant and animal movement. It aims to ensure that wildlife is enhanced and capable of sustaining itself in the face of climate change while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably. It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK. Part of the moor has been designated as a nature reserve, covering 106 hectares (261 acres), which is managed by the Somerset Wildlife Trust. In addition to open water and reedbeds, it contains a fragment of acid mire, the largest to have survived in the south west of England. The reserve provides habitat for many varieties of birds, which includes millions of starlings between November and January, along with bittern and migrating ospreys. Otters and banded demoiselles are among other species which have made their home on the moor. A large bird hide, reached via a raised boardwalk, has been erected. Westhay Moor is also notified as part of the Somerset Levels and Moors Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive and as a Ramsar Site, and a National Nature Reserve.

Flooded peat workings at the Westhay Moor National Nature Reserve.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Israel

Racism in Israel

Efforts against racism and discrimination

Racism in Israel / Efforts against racism and discrimination

English: Pardes Hanna Against Racism, Law of Israel עברית: הפגנות תושבים נגד הרב צדקה - הרב של פרדס חנה - שחתם על מכתב הרבנים האוסר מכירה או השכרה של דירות לערבים, Original Image Name:הפגנה בפרדס חנה , Location:פרדס חנה

Racism in Israel encompasses all forms and manifestations of racism experienced in Israel, irrespective of the colour or creed of the perpetrator and victim, or their citizenship, residency, or visitor status. More specifically in the Israeli context, however, racism in Israel refers to racism directed against Israeli Arabs by Israeli Jews, intra-Jewish racism between the various Jewish ethnic divisions, historic and current racism towards Mizrahi Jews and Jews of color, and racism on the part of Israeli Arabs against Israeli Jews. Racism on the part of Israeli Jews against Muslim Arabs in Israel exist in institutional policies, personal attitudes, the media, education, immigration rights, housing, social life and legal policies. Some elements within the Ashkenazi Israeli Jewish population have also been described as holding discriminatory attitudes towards fellow Jews of other backgrounds, including against Ethiopian Jews, Indian Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews, etc. Although intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Sephardim/Mizrahim is increasingly common in Israel, and social integration is constantly improving, disparities continue to persist.

Israel has a law that prohibits incitement to racism. According to the State Department, Israel's anti-discrimination law "prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status, or sexual orientation. The law also prohibits discrimination by both government and nongovernment entities on the basis of race, religion, political beliefs, and age." Israel is a signatory of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination treaty since 1966, and has ratified the treaty in 1979. The treaty forbids any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life. The Anti Defamation League states: "There is no Israeli ideology, policy or plan to segregate, persecute or mistreat its Israeli Arab citizens, nor Palestinian Arabs," it goes on in saying that Israel is a democracy which encourages vibrant debate, which has a flourishing free press and which shares with other liberal democracies a core value: the equality of all its citizens before the law. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that "Arab Israelis are citizens of Israel with equal rights" and states that "The only legal distinction between Arab and Jewish citizens is not one of rights, but rather of civic duty. Since Israel's establishment, Arab citizens have been exempted from compulsory service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)."

Israeli protest in Pardes Hana against racism, 2010. The sign reads "No to racism".

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumbies

Brumbies

Stadium

Brumbies / Stadium

English: Canberra Stadium 19 March 2005, Canberra Raiders (green) vs. Canterbury Bulldogs (white), NSWRL Premier League

The Brumbies is an Australian professional rugby union based in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, The team competes in Super Rugby and named for the wild horses which inhabit the capital's hinterland. The team represents the ACT and southern New South Wales regions. The Brumbies were formed in 1996 to provide a third Australian franchise for the newly formed Super 12 competition. It was predicted that the Brumbies, made up of so-called 'reject' – players not wanted by the other two teams – would perform poorly. Since then, they have enjoyed more success than all the other Australian teams combined, reaching six finals and winning two. The Brumbies play in navy blue, white and gold kits. The team plays at GIO Stadium in Canberra and is currently coached by former Wallabies fly-half Stephen Larkham. Larkham shared the coaching duties with Laurie Fisher as Director of Football, after the unexpected departure of Jake White in September 2013, who had two years left on his contract, until Fisher left to become head coach of Gloucester Rugby after the 2014 season.

The Brumbies play all their home fixtures at GIO Stadium, located adjacent to the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra. They share the ground with the Canberra Raiders rugby league team. Also, the Canberra Vikings, the Brumbies' affiliate in the short-lived Australian Rugby Championship, played one of their four regular-season home matches there. In 2003 matches from the 2003 Rugby World Cup were played at the stadium. Capacity is a nominal all-seated 25,011, however the largest crowd is actually 28,753, which was for the 2004 Super 12 Final. The Brumbies team did not use Canberra Stadium for their post-season APC games, instead taking their home fixtures to Canberra's Viking Park, which has a smaller capacity.

Canberra Stadium, the home of the Brumbies

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_flow

Traffic flow

Traffic stream properties

Traffic flow / Traffic stream properties

English: Traffic flow time-space diagram showing vehicle velocity, headway, and spacing.

In mathematics and transportation engineering, traffic flow is the study of interactions between travellers and infrastructure, with the aim of understanding and developing an optimal transport network with efficient movement of traffic and minimal traffic congestion problems.

Traffic flow is generally constrained along a one-dimensional pathway (e.g. a travel lane). A time-space diagram shows graphically the flow of vehicles along a pathway over time. Time is displayed along the horizontal axis, and distance is shown along the vertical axis. Traffic flow in a time-space diagram is represented by the individual trajectory lines of individual vehicles. Vehicles following each other along a given travel lane will have parallel trajectories, and trajectories will cross when one vehicle passes another. Time-space diagrams are useful tools for displaying and analyzing the traffic flow characteristics of a given roadway segment over time (e.g. analyzing traffic flow congestion). There are three main variables to visualize a traffic stream: speed (v), density (indicated k; the number of vehicles per unit of space), and flow (indicated q; the number of vehicles per unit of time).

Figure 1. Time Space diagram

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_D._Synhorst

Melvin D. Synhorst

Melvin D. Synhorst

English: Melvin D. Synhorst, who served as Secretary of State of Iowa between 1949 and 1965, and again between 1967 and 1980.

Melvin D. Synhorst was the Iowa Secretary of State from 1949 to 1965 and from 1967 to 1980. Elected on November 2, 1948 and on November 8, 1966, he was a native of Sioux County. Serving for the two years between his terms was Gary L. Cameron. Synhorst's second term ended at his resignation; he was replaced by Mary Jane Odell. From 1959 to 1960, Synhorst was the president of the National Association of Secretaries of State.

Melvin D. Synhorst (January 21, 1914 – March 28, 1999) was the Iowa Secretary of State from 1949 to 1965 and from 1967 to 1980. Elected on November 2, 1948 and on November 8, 1966, he was a native of Sioux County. Serving for the two years between his terms was Gary L. Cameron. Synhorst's second term ended at his resignation; he was replaced by Mary Jane Odell. From 1959 to 1960, Synhorst was the president of the National Association of Secretaries of State.

Synhorst in 1967

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Tiptoft

Robert de Tiptoft

Robert de Tiptoft

Robert de Tiptoft, Lord of Nettlestead, Carbrooke and Langar, was an Anglo-Norman landowner and soldier. Robert was appointed governor of Porchester Castle in 50 Henry III. He accompanied Edward I on Lord Edward's crusade to the Holy Land in 1270. He was made governor of Nottingham Castle in 1275. In 9 Edward I he was appointed justice of South Wales and governor of Cardigan and Carmarthen Castles. Tiptoft was responsible for the compulsory introduction of "English customs" in South Wales which then prompted the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd in 1287–8. Tiptoft took a leading part in the suppression of the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd. Robert took Rhys's chief castle of Newcastle Emlyn, captured him in 1291, and sent him to York, where Rhys was hanged and drawn. Tiptoft was appointed one of John of Brittany's counsellors and lieutenants in the expedition to Gascony in 1294. Robert was sent to negotiate an alliance with Sancho IV of Castile, and placed in command of Rions. Tiptoft was forced to surrender Rions, after a siege by a French army, led by Charles, Count of Valois, on 7 April 1295.

Robert de Tiptoft (also Tibetot) (c.12??, Wymondham - 1298 Nettlestead), Lord of Nettlestead, Carbrooke and Langar, was an Anglo-Norman landowner and soldier. Robert was appointed governor of Porchester Castle in 50 Henry III (1265–6). He accompanied Edward I on Lord Edward's crusade to the Holy Land in 1270. He was made governor of Nottingham Castle in 1275. In 9 Edward I (1280–1) he was appointed justice of South Wales and governor of Cardigan and Carmarthen Castles. Tiptoft was responsible for the compulsory introduction of "English customs" in South Wales which then prompted the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd in 1287–8. Tiptoft took a leading part in the suppression of the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd. Robert took Rhys's chief castle of Newcastle Emlyn, captured him in 1291, and sent him to York, where Rhys was hanged and drawn. Tiptoft was appointed one of John of Brittany's counsellors and lieutenants in the expedition to Gascony in 1294. Robert was sent to negotiate an alliance with Sancho IV of Castile, and placed in command of Rions. Tiptoft was forced to surrender Rions, after a siege by a French army, led by Charles, Count of Valois, on 7 April 1295. Tiptoft took part in Edward I's Scottish expedition of 1296, and died at his manor of Nettlestead on 22 May 1298.

Arms of Robert Tibetot: Argent, a saltire engrailed gules, as shown in the Segar Roll (c.1282).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Material_Handling,_U.S.A.,_Inc.

Toyota Material Handling, U.S.A., Inc.

History

Toyota Material Handling, U.S.A., Inc. / History

Dark red Toyota 8-series lift truck

Toyota Material Handling, U.S.A., Inc., headquartered in Columbus, Indiana, is the U.S. distributor of Toyota lift trucks and tow tractors. TMHU also is the sole United States distributor for Aichi aerial work platforms, which include scissor lifts, crawler and wheeled boom lifts. TMHU is a subsidiary of Toyota Industries Corporation. Toyota has been the number one lift truck supplier in North America since 2002. One in five forklifts sold in the U.S.A. is a Toyota.

In 1967, Toyota established its first forklift dealership and sold its first forklift in the U.S. Over the years, Toyota has continued to evolve its lift truck product line. In 1990, Toyota started producing lift trucks in Columbus, Indiana at Toyota Industrial Equipment Manufacturing (TIEM). The majority of Toyota lift trucks sold in the U.S. are manufactured at Toyota Industrial Equipment Manufacturing (TIEM) in Columbus, Indiana.

Toyota 8-Series

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_for_Citizen_Kane

Sources for Citizen Kane

Susan Alexander Kane

Sources for Citizen Kane / Susan Alexander Kane

English: Polish-born American opera singer Ganna Walska (1887-1984)

The sources for Citizen Kane, the 1941 American motion picture that marked the feature film debut of Orson Welles, have been the subject of speculation and controversy since the project's inception. With a story spanning 60 years, the quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane, played by Welles, a fictional character based in part upon the American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst and Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick. A rich incorporation of the experiences and knowledge of its authors, the film earned an Academy Award for Best Writing for Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles.

It was a real man who built an opera house for the soprano of his choice, and much in the movie was borrowed from that story, but the man was not Hearst. Susan, Kane's second wife, is not even based on the real-life soprano. Like most fictional characters, Susan's resemblance to other fictional characters is quite startling. To Marion Davies she bears no resemblance at all. — Orson Welles The assumption that the character of Susan Alexander Kane was based on Marion Davies was a major reason Hearst tried to destroy Citizen Kane. Davies's nephew Charles Lederer insisted that Hearst and Davies never saw Citizen Kane, but condemned it based on the outrage expressed by trusted friends. Lederer believed that any implication that Davies was a failure and an alcoholic distressed Hearst more than any unfavorable references to himself. In his foreword to Davies's posthumously published autobiography, Welles drew a sharp distinction between his fictional creation and Davies: "That Susan was Kane's wife and Marion was Hearst's mistress is a difference more important than might be guessed in today's changed climate of opinion. The wife was a puppet and a prisoner; the mistress was never less than a princess. … The mistress was never one of Hearst's possessions: he was always her suitor, and she was the precious treasure of his heart for more than 30 years, until his last breath of life. Theirs is truly a love story. Love is not the subject of Citizen Kane." Welles called Davies "an extraordinary woman—nothing like the character Dorothy Comingore played in the movie." He cited Insull's building of the Chicago Opera House, and McCormick's lavish promotion of the opera career of his second wife, Ganna Walska, as direct influences on the screenplay. Contemporaries said Walska had a terrible voice; The New York Times headlines of the day read, "Ganna Walska Fails as Butterfly: Voice Deserts Her Again When She Essays Role of Puccini's Heroine" and "Mme. Walska Clings to Ambition to Sing". "According to her 1943 memoirs, Always Room at the Top, Walska had tried every sort of fashionable mumbo jumbo to conquer her nerves and salvage her voice," reported The New York Times in 1996. "Nothing worked. During a performance of Giordano's Fedora in Havana she veered so persistently off key that the audience pelted her with rotten vegetables. It was an event that Orson Welles remembered when he began concocting the character of the newspaper publisher's second wife for Citizen Kane." Lederer said that the script he read "didn't have any flavor of Marion and Hearst." Lederer noted that Davies drank and did jigsaw puzzles, but this behavior was exaggerated in the film to help define the characterization of Susan Alexander. Others thought to have inspired the character are film tycoon Jules Brulatour's second and third wives, Dorothy Gibson and Hope Hampton, both fleeting stars of the silent screen who later had marginal careers in opera. The interview with Susan Alexander Kane in the Atlantic City nightclub was based on a contemporary interview with Evelyn Nesbit Thaw in the run-down club where she was performing. Susan Alexander's last name was taken from Mankiewicz's secretary, Rita Alexander.

Ganna Walska after her marriage to Harold F. McCormick, who lavishly promoted her lackluster opera career

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Ganna_Walska.jpg

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia

Fauna of Australia

Birds

Fauna of Australia / Birds

Emu, Carlton South, Melbourne

The fauna of Australia consists of a huge variety of animals; some 83% of mammals, 89% of reptiles, 90% of fish and insects and 93% of amphibians that inhabit the continent are endemic to Australia. This high level of endemism can be attributed to the continent's long geographic isolation, tectonic stability, and the effects of an unusual pattern of climate change on the soil and flora over geological time. A unique feature of Australia's fauna is the relative scarcity of native placental mammals. Consequently, the marsupials – a group of mammals that raise their young in a pouch, including the macropods, possums and dasyuromorphs – occupy many of the ecological niches placental animals occupy elsewhere in the world. Australia is home to two of the five known extant species of monotremes and has numerous venomous species, which include the platypus, spiders, scorpions, octopus, jellyfish, molluscs, stonefish, and stingrays. Uniquely, Australia has more venomous than non-venomous species of snakes. The settlement of Australia by Indigenous Australians between 48,000 and 70,000 years ago, and by Europeans from 1788, has significantly affected the fauna.

Australia and its territories are home to around 800 species of bird; 45% of these are endemic to Australia. The fossil record of birds in Australia is patchy; however, there are records of the ancestors of contemporary species as early as the Late Oligocene. Birds with a Gondwanan history include the flightless ratites (the emu and southern cassowary), megapodes (the malleefowl and Australian brush-turkey), and a huge group of endemic parrots, order Psittaciformes. Australian parrots comprise a sixth of the world's parrots, including many cockatoos and galahs. The kookaburra is the largest species of the kingfisher family, known for its call, which sounds uncannily like loud, echoing human laughter. The passerines of Australia, also known as songbirds or perching birds, include wrens, robins, the magpie group, thornbills, pardalotes, the huge honeyeater family, treecreepers, lyrebirds, birds of paradise and bowerbirds. The satin bowerbird has attracted the interest of evolutionary psychologists; it has a complex courtship ritual in which the male creates a bower filled with blue, shiny items to woo mates. Relatively recent colonists from Eurasia are swallows, larks, thrushes, cisticolas, sunbirds, and some raptors, including the large wedge-tailed eagle. A number of bird species have been introduced by humans; some, like the European goldfinch and greenfinch, coexist happily with Australian species, while others, such as the common starling, common blackbird, house sparrow and Indian mynah, are destructive of some native bird species and thus destabilise the native ecosystem. About 200 species of seabird live on the Australian coast, including many species of migratory seabird. Australia is at the southern end of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway for migratory water birds, which extends from Far-East Russia and Alaska through Southeast Asia to Australia and New Zealand. About two million birds travel this route to and from Australia each year. One very common large seabird is the Australian pelican, which can be found in most waterways in Australia. The little penguin is the only species of penguin that breeds on mainland Australia.

The emu is the second largest surviving species of bird. It is a heraldic bird, appearing on the coat of arms of Australia.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Giordano

Daniele Giordano

Daniele Giordano

English: Daniele Giordano and Nadine Hadamik

Daniele Giordano is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Città di Gragnano.

Daniele Giordano (born 4 March 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Città di Gragnano.

Daniele Giordano and Nadine Hadamik (2015) PLEASE CHECK whether this is the right Daniele

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolhampton

Woolhampton

Geography

Woolhampton / Geography

English: Douai Abbey, a Benedictine Abbey at Woolhampton, near Reading, Berkshire

Woolhampton is a village and civil parish in West Berkshire, England. The village straddles the London to Bath road between the towns of Reading and Newbury. The village homes are clustered and are on the northern side of the plain of the River Kennet, with the Berkshire Downs rising through the fields and woods of the village northwards.

Besides the A4, the London to Exeter (via Taunton) railway line and the Kennet and Avon Canal also pass through the village. Woolhampton is served by Midgham railway station in the village. The railway station was originally known as Woolhampton railway station but, according to local legend, was renamed Midgham railway station (after the village of Midgham, one mile west-northwest) in order to avoid possible confusion with the similarly named Wolverhampton railway station. The A4 road forms the main street of the village. An unclassified road runs to the south, towards the village of Brimpton. This crosses the railway line by the station on a level crossing, followed shortly afterwards by a swing bridge across the river and canal (which share a common channel at this point). Woolhampton Lock lies just to the west. Two other unclassified roads leave the village to the north, climbing into the Berkshire Downs. Because of its location on the Bath road, Woolhampton was well known for its coaching inns. Only one of these survive on the main road, the Angel after the Falmouth Arms closed in 2014 and converted to residential property. A second public house, the Rowbarge, is, as its name suggests, situated alongside the Kennet and Avon Canal next to the swing bridge. On the higher land some half mile to the north of the village is the adjacent settlement of Upper Woolhampton, which contains both Woolhampton (St Peter's) Church and the village school. A further half mile to the north, but still within the civil parish, is the Benedictine Douai Abbey community, and its now-closed Douai School. Between Douai Abbey and the village is the historic Woolhampton House, which now houses Elstree School, a preparatory school that moved to Woolhampton from the London suburb of Elstree during the Second World War. The civil parish of Woolhampton includes the village of Woolhampton, the adjacent settlement of Upper Woolhampton, and the rural area to the north, east and south of the village. It has a parish council, and also lies in the West Berkshire local government district and the Newbury parliamentary constituency. The Woolhampton Reed Bed, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, lies alongside the River Kennet within the parish and to the south east of the village. The dense reed bed, with smaller areas of tall fen vegetation and carr woodland, is notable for its nesting passerine bird populations and for the diversity of insects it supports. Upper Woolhampton in Bucklebury has long been in that larger parish ecclesiastically and secularly. it is on the same wide escarpment and has approximately the same amount of housing and population as Woolhampton itself. The war memorial in Woolhampton was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer in 1920.

Douai Abbey

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxton_Panorama_Elite

Plaxton Panorama Elite

Design features

Plaxton Panorama Elite / Design features

Bedford VAL / Plaxton Panorama Elite II coach used on the "Magical Mystery Tour", a tour of Beatles-related sights in south and central Liverpool.

The Plaxton Panorama Elite was a successful design of coach bodywork built between 1968-1975 by Plaxton of Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. A wide-doorway variant called the Plaxton Elite Express was also built. Collectively, they are commonly referred to as the Plaxton Elite. It was preceded by the Plaxton Panorama I, and replaced by the Plaxton Supreme. Around 6,000 Elites were built.

The Panorama Elite has continuously bowed sides, front and rear ends. It has large, bowed, round-cornered side windows mounted in rubber (the Panorama series had flat side windows mounted in metal frames with square corners) and double-curvature windscreens which are the same at front and rear of the coach. There is a shallow ridged area above the front windscreen. Extensive use is made of brightwork. Up to four beaded chrome strips run along the side of the vehicle, as well as ribbed skirt panels. The front grille and headlights are contained within a distinctive chrome surround which merges with the side brightwork. A destination box was sometimes fitted. Usually this was just below the windscreen, above the level of the headlights; on some models, mainly front-engined Bedfords and Fords, the destination box was mounted between the headlights. In either position, difficulties were found with some chassis having a high-set front-mounted radiator (in particular those manufactured by Bristol), where the position was needed for the radiator grille, so on these the destination box was above the windscreen, and this was known as the Bristol Dome.

A Bedford VAL Panorama replica of the one used in The Beatles 1967 film Magical Mystery Tour

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drielaker_See

Drielaker See

Drielaker See

Fotoflug von Nordholz-Spieka nach Oldenburg und Papenburg This photo was taken by Alchemist-hp. If you use one of my photos, an email (account needed) or a message or direct to: my email account would be greatly appreciated. Please note the license terms. Other licensing terms can get discussed, too. This file is copyrighted and has been released under a license which is incompatible with Facebook's licensing terms. It is not permitted to upload this file to Facebook.

The Drielaker See is a coastal lake in Osternburg subdistrict of Drielake in the municipal area of Oldenburg, Niedersachsen.

The Drielaker See is a coastal lake in Osternburg subdistrict of Drielake in the municipal area of Oldenburg, Niedersachsen.

Aerial View of the Drielaker See from the North, May 2013

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stinye_Park

İstinye Park

İstinye Park

English: İstinye Park Shopping Center in Istanbul, Turkey. Türkçe: İstinye Park Alışveriş Merkezi, İstanbul, Türkiye.

İstinye Park is a shopping center in the İstinye quarter of Istanbul, Turkey with 291 stores, 85,250 m² of retail area, and four levels of underground parking. The center features both enclosed and open-air sections. The open-air section has a green central park and offers street-side shopping. The center includes an authentic Turkish food bazaar- a traditional market place, inspired by Turkish architecture and history.

İstinye Park is a shopping center in the İstinye quarter of Istanbul, Turkey with 291 stores, 85,250 m² (917,600 sq ft) of retail area, and four levels of underground parking. The center features both enclosed and open-air sections. The open-air section has a green central park and offers street-side shopping. The center includes an authentic Turkish food bazaar- a traditional market place, inspired by Turkish architecture and history.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_rotation

Stellar rotation

Stellar rotation

Stellar rotation is the angular motion of a star about its axis. The rate of rotation can be measured from the spectrum of the star, or by timing the movements of active features on the surface. The rotation of a star produces an equatorial bulge due to centrifugal force. As stars are not solid bodies, they can also undergo differential rotation. Thus the equator of the star can rotate at a different angular velocity than the higher latitudes. These differences in the rate of rotation within a star may have a significant role in the generation of a stellar magnetic field. The magnetic field of a star interacts with the stellar wind. As the wind moves away from the star its rate of angular velocity slows. The magnetic field of the star interacts with the wind, which applies a drag to the stellar rotation. As a result, angular momentum is transferred from the star to the wind, and over time this gradually slows the star's rate of rotation.

Stellar rotation is the angular motion of a star about its axis. The rate of rotation can be measured from the spectrum of the star, or by timing the movements of active features on the surface. The rotation of a star produces an equatorial bulge due to centrifugal force. As stars are not solid bodies, they can also undergo differential rotation. Thus the equator of the star can rotate at a different angular velocity than the higher latitudes. These differences in the rate of rotation within a star may have a significant role in the generation of a stellar magnetic field. The magnetic field of a star interacts with the stellar wind. As the wind moves away from the star its rate of angular velocity slows. The magnetic field of the star interacts with the wind, which applies a drag to the stellar rotation. As a result, angular momentum is transferred from the star to the wind, and over time this gradually slows the star's rate of rotation.

This illustration shows the oblate appearance of the star Achernar caused by rapid rotation.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Modular

Nord Modular

Nord Modular G2

Nord Modular / Overview / Nord Modular G2

Clavia  Nord Modular G2

The Clavia Nord Modular series is a line of synthesizers produced by Clavia, a Swedish digital synthesizer manufacturer. The Nord Modular series, in common with their sister range the Nord Lead series, are analogue modelling synthesizers, producing sounds which approximate those produced by conventional analogue synths by using DSP chips to digitally model analogue circuitry.

Clavia introduced the first generation in 1998. The series was discontinued in 2004 upon the release of the next generation Nord Modular G2 series. The G2 is an updated and more powerful version of the original Modular (the G2 uses a new version of the Editor software as well), with greater polyphony and a large number of new modules to address the perceived limitations of the first generation, most notably a range of MIDI sequencing and output modules (the first generation's sequencing capabilities were limited to control of internal parameters, a restriction which many users felt to be the system's biggest limitation), time-based effects (reverb, delay, etc.), and physical modelling oscillators. However, there has been some debate in the NM community as to which generation produces the best raw sound, with many users feeling, for example, that the original series' filters had a more subjectively pleasing, grittier sound. The first G2 Modular serial number 001 was presented to Derek Sherinian by Bengt Lilja in 2004 to honor Sherinian for his high profile usage of Nord/Clavia products. G2 series was discontinued in 2009.

Nord Modular G2

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcazar_(group)

Alcazar (group)

Break and line-up changes

Alcazar (group) / Break and line-up changes

English: Alcazar at Sommarkrysset 2009 Svenska: Alcazar på Sommarkrysset 2009

Alcazar is a Swedish nu-disco group. Alcazar is one of Sweden's most successful music groups both nationally and internationally with a string of hits since their debut single in 1999. Worldwide, Alcazar sold over 12 million records between 2001 and 2004. Alcazar also had success globally with their song "Crying at the Discoteque", having charted in USA, Brazil, Australia, Japan and most countries in Europe. Alcazar disbanded in August 2011 after a concert at Stockholm Pride. They reunited again in 2013 ahead of Melodifestivalen 2014.

The band announced that they needed a break during March 2005. Lundstedt stated that the band would be back in the summer of 2007. In the meantime the male members launched solo careers. Lundstedt had appeared in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, as a member of six4one, a multinational band founded for the sole purpose of representing Switzerland at the contest, whilst Carlsson has twice taken part individually in the Swedish Melodifestivalen. Lina Hedlund was announced as the replacement for Annikafiore. The band now includes Tess Merkel and Hedlund as female vocalists, and Lundstedt as male vocalist.

Alcazar's most recent line-up performing in 2009

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art

Modern art

Modern art

Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation. Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or postmodern art. Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art.

Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation. Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or postmodern art. Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubists Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Jean Metzinger and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Matisse's two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting. It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism. At the start of 20th-century Western painting, and Initially influenced by Toulouse-Lautrec, Gauguin and other late-19th-century innovators, Pablo Picasso made his first cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere and cone. With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by Synthetic cubism, practiced by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject matter. The notion of modern art is closely related to modernism.

Georges Seurat, Models (Les Poseuses) 1886–88, Barnes Foundation

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrada_of_Laon

Bertrada of Laon

Queen of the Franks

Bertrada of Laon / Biography / Queen of the Franks

English: Bertha Broadfoot by Eugène Oudiné. Luxembourg Garden, Paris. Français : Berthe au Grand Pied par Eugène Oudiné. Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris.

Bertrada of Laon, also known as Bertrada the Younger or Bertha Broadfoot, was a Frankish queen. She was the wife of Pepin the Short and the mother of Charlemagne, Carloman and Gisela.

In 751, Pepin and Bertrada became King and Queen of the Franks, following Pepin's successful coup against the Frankish Merovingian monarchs. Pepin was crowned in June 754, and Bertrada, Charlemagne, and Carloman were blessed by Pope Stephen II. After Pepin's death in 768, Bertrada lost her title as Queen of the Franks. Charlemagne and Carloman inherited the two halves of Pepin's kingdom. Bertrada stayed at the court and often tried to stop arguments between the two brothers. Some historians credit Bertrada's support for her elder son Charlemagne over her younger son Carloman, and her diplomatic skills, for Charlemagne's early success. Although her influence over Charlemagne may have diminished in time, she lived at his court, and, according to Einhard, their relationship was excellent. Bertrada recommended that Charlemagne set aside his legal wife, Himiltrude, and marry Desiderata, a daughter of the Lombard king Desiderius, but Charlemagne soon divorced Desiderata. Einhard claims this was the only episode that ever strained relations between mother and son.

A statue of Bertrada of Laon by Eugène Oudiné, one of the twenty Reines de France et Femmes illustres in the Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Fortescue_(1665%E2%80%931719)

Hugh Fortescue (1665–1719)

Marriages and children

Hugh Fortescue (1665–1719) / Marriages and children

Hugh Fortescue of Filleigh and Weare Giffard Hall in Devon and of Ebrington Manor in Gloucestershire, was a British landowner and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1689 and 1713.

Fortescue married twice: Firstly on 19 October 1692 to Bridget Boscawen (d. 1708), a daughter and eventual heiress of Hugh Boscawen, (1625–1701) by his wife Margaret Clinton, a daughter of Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln, and one of the co-heiresses of the Barony of Clinton upon the death of Edward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln in 1692. Bridget was the only child (out of eight sons and two daughters) to outlive her father Hugh Boscawen, (1625–1701); she brought money with her marriage thus increasing Fortescue's fortune. By Bridget Boscawen he had four children as follows: Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Clinton (1696–1751), summoned to Parliament in 1721 as Baron Clinton, and in 1746 created Baron Fortescue of Castle Hill (with special remainder) and Earl of Clinton (with normal remainder). He rebuilt his ancestral manor house at Filliegh as a magnificent Palladian mansion which he called Castle Hill. He died leaving no sons when the earldom became extinct, but in accordance with the special remainder the Barony of Fortescue devolved on his younger half-brother Matthew Fortescue, 2nd Baron Fortescue (1719–1785). Boscawen Fortescue, died unmarried; Theophilus Fortescue, died unmarried; Margaret Fortescue (d. 14 March 1760), died unmarried. Secondly, after 1708, he married Lucy Aylmer, a daughter of Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer (circa 1650–1720). A stone relief-sculpted heraldic cartouche erected by him survives above the entrance door of his seat of Ebrington Manor House in Gloucestershire, displaying the arms of Fortescue impaling Aylmer. By Lucy Aylmer he had two further children: Matthew Fortescue, 2nd Baron Fortescue (1719–1785), who in 1751 inherited the Barony of Fortescue by the special remainder following the death without male children of his elder half brother Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Clinton (1696–1751). His eldest son was Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Fortescue (1753–1841), of Castle Hill. Lucy Fortescue (died 1747), married George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton (1709–1773)

Arms of Aylmer: Argent, a cross sable between four Cornish choughs proper[7]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathing_machine

Bathing machine

Use

Bathing machine / Use

The bathing machine was a device, popular from the 18th century until the early 20th century, to allow people to change out of their usual clothes, change into swimwear, and wade in the ocean at beaches. Bathing machines were roofed and walled wooden carts rolled into the sea. Some had solid wooden walls, others canvas walls over a wooden frame, and commonly walls at the sides and curtained doors at each end. The use of bathing machines as part of the etiquette for sea-bathing was more rigorously enforced upon women than men, but it was to be observed by both sexes among those who wished to behave respectably. Especially in Britain, men and women were usually segregated, so that people of the opposite sex should not see them in their bathing suits, which were not considered proper clothing in which to be seen in public.

The bathing machines in use in Margate, Kent, were described by Walley Chamberlain Oulton in 1805 as: [F]our-wheeled carriages, covered with canvas, and having at one end of them an umbrella of the same materials which is let down to the surface of the water, so that the bather descending from the machine by a few steps is concealed from the public view, whereby the most refined female is enabled to enjoy the advantages of the sea with the strictest delicacy. People entered the small room of the machine while it was on the beach, wearing their street clothing. In the machine they changed into their bathing suit, although men were allowed to bathe nude until the 1860s, placing their street clothes into a raised compartment where they would remain dry. Probably all bathing machines had small windows, but one writer in the Manchester Guardian of May 26, 1906 considered them "ill-lighted" and wondered why bathing machines were not improved with a skylight. The machine would then be wheeled or slid into the water. The most common machines had large wide wheels and were propelled in and out of the surf by a horse or a pair of horses with a driver. Less common were machines pushed in and out of the water by human power. Some resorts had wooden rails into the water for the wheels to roll on; a few had bathing machines pulled in and out by cables propelled by a steam engine. Once in the water, the occupants disembarked from the sea side down steps into the water. Many machines had doors front and back; those with only one door would be backed into the sea or need to be turned around. It was considered essential that the machine blocked any view of the bather from the shore. Some machines were equipped with a canvas tent lowered from the seaside door, sometimes capable of being lowered to the water, giving the bather greater privacy. Some resorts employed a dipper, a strong person of the same sex who would assist the bather in and out of the sea. Some dippers were said to push bathers into the water, then yank them out, considered part of the experience. Bathing machines would often be equipped with a small flag which could be raised by the bather as a signal to the driver that they were ready to return to shore.

Sea bathing in mid Wales c.1800. Several bathing machines can be seen

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazquez_Hermanos_Circus

Vazquez Hermanos Circus

Vazquez Hermanos Circus

English: Logo actual del Circo Hermanos Vazquez, 2019

Circo Hermanos Vazquez was established in the year 1969. The brothers Jose Guillermo and Rafael Vazquez opened for the first time Circo Hermanos Vazquez in Mexico City; along with Aurora Vázquez, Rafael Vázquez, Antonia De Vazquez y José G. Vázquez.

Circo Hermanos Vazquez was established in the year 1969. The brothers Jose Guillermo and Rafael Vazquez opened for the first time Circo Hermanos Vazquez in Mexico City; along with Aurora Vázquez, Rafael Vázquez, Antonia De Vazquez y José G. Vázquez.

Logo 2019

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_players_in_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame

List of players in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Players

List of players in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame / Players

Yao Ming playing against the Washington Wizards

The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, located in Springfield, Massachusetts, honors players who have shown exceptional skill at basketball, all-time great coaches, referees, and other major contributors to the sport. It is named after Dr. James Naismith, who conceived the sport in 1891; he was inducted into the Hall as a contributor in 1959. The Player category has existed since the beginning of the Hall of Fame. For a person to be eligible on the ballot for Hall of Fame honors as a player, he or she must be fully retired for three years. If a player retired for a short period, then "his/her case and eligibility is reviewed on an individual basis". As part of the inaugural class of 1959, four players were inducted; over 150 more individuals have been inducted as players since then. Four players have also been inducted as coaches: John Wooden in 1973, Lenny Wilkens in 1998, Bill Sharman in 2004, and Tom Heinsohn in 2015. Of the inducted players, 25 were also members of teams that have been inducted into the Hall as units. William "Pop" Gates and John Isaacs were members of the New York Renaissance.

Yao Ming, inducted in 2016

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_coccinea

Banksia coccinea

Ecology

Banksia coccinea / Ecology

English: Banksia coccinea at Gull Rock National Park

Banksia coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet banksia, waratah banksia or Albany banksia, is an erect shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae. Its distribution in the wild is along the south west coast of Western Australia, from Denmark to the Stokes National Park, and north to the Stirling Range, growing on white or grey sand in shrubland, heath or open woodland. Reaching up to 8 m in height, it is a single-stemmed plant that has oblong leaves, which are 3–9 cm long and 2–7 cm wide. The prominent red and white flower spikes appear mainly in the spring. As they age they develop small follicles that store seeds until opened by fire. Though widely occurring, it is highly sensitive to dieback and large populations of plants have succumbed to the disease. Collected and described by Robert Brown in the early 19th century, Banksia coccinea appears to be most closely related to Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri. Banksia coccinea plants are killed by bushfire, and regenerate from seed. The flowers attract nectar- and insect-feeding birds, particularly honeyeaters, and a variety of insects.

A field study conducted around Albany found the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus) sometimes visit Banksia coccinea, as do the New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), white-cheeked honeyeater (P. nigra), and western spinebill (Acanthorhynchus superciliosus). Banksia coccinea flowers are visited by colletid bees Hylaeus alcyoneus and H. sanguinipictus. The short-billed black cockatoo breaks off old cones with follicles to eat the seed, often doing so before the seed is ripe. B. coccinea is killed by fire and regenerates afterwards from seed released from burnt follicles. It has is some degree of serotiny, that is, it has an aerial seed bank in its canopy in the form of the follicles of the old flower spikes. However, numbers of seed are less than other co-occurring species of banksia on the southern plains and peak several years after a fire. Unusually for banksias, B. coccinea can release seed with resulting seedlings growing in the absence of a bushfire trigger. Plants flower and fruit three years after germination and are shorter-lived than other banksias, appearing in poor health or dying before 20 years of age. They hence appear to be suited to fire intervals of less than 20 years. Manipulating growing conditions on plants in cultivation showed that longer daylight (16 hours vs 8 hours) led to development of more flower spikes, indicating that flower initiation was related to day length. Extremely sensitive to dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Banksia coccinea is an indicator species for the presence of the disease. There is no known means of eradicating dieback. Much of the Stirling Range National Park is infested, though Fitzgerald River National Park has been largely spared. Applying phosphite to infested areas has been shown to reduce the mortality rates to around 50%. B. coccinea has shown some symptoms of toxicity to application of phosphite, with some patchy necrosis of leaves, but the plant's uptake of the compound is somewhat lower compared with uptake by other shrub species. Unusually, the symptoms do not appear to be proportional to exposure levels. Dying stands of B. coccinea were observed in 1989, and the fungus Cryptodiaporthe melanocraspedia isolated as the cause in 1995. The disease, a form of aerial canker, manifested initially as dead dry brown leaves and the tips of new growth. Plants would die from the top downwards, with larger branches affected over time. Under the outer bark, orange and brown patches of necrosis spread out from leaf nodes until they encircle the stem, which then dies. Flower spikes may be affected during flowering season. In humid spells during warm weather, white or pink spore tendrils are produced on dead wood. One affected stand monitored over three years from October 1989 to June 1992 showed a 97% mortality of plants (compared with a baseline 40%). Investigators Bryan Shearer and colleagues isolated another virulent pathogen that they identified as a species of Zythiostroma, however it appeared to invoke an immune response in the plant. This immune response, coupled with the fact that it had not been observed in the wild, led them to believe it was not a major pathogen of the species. This species has since been reclassified and named as Luteocirrhus shearii. B. coccinea is a host for the gall midge Dasineura banksiae, a species of fly that attacks and lays eggs on the leaves between late October and early December. The round white hairy galls are 5–7 mm in diameter and generally contain one larva, or up to five on severely infested plants. The larvae moult and feed until January to March, when they reduce activity until early October. Although these are not harmful to the plant, they disfigure the cut foliage and hence reduce its value.

Banksia coccinea at Gull Rock National Park

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RVAH-12

RVAH-12

Operational history

RVAH-12 / Operational history

A U.S. Navy North American RA-5C Vigilante of heavy reconnaissance squadron RVAH-12 Speartips beginning its reconnaissace flight off North Vietnam in 1967. RVAH-12 was assigned to Attack Carrier Air Wing 14 (CVW-14) aboard the aircraft carrier USS Constellation (CVA-64) for a deployment to Vietnam from 29 April to 4 December 1967.

RVAH-12 was a Reconnaissance Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established on 1 July 1965 and disestablished on 2 July 1979.

RVAH-12 RA-5C Vigilante offshore of Vietnam in 1967

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Tour_de_France,_Stage_1_to_Stage_11

2017 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11

Stage 4

2017 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11 / Stage 4

Le Tour à Laloeuf !

The 2017 Tour de France is the 104th edition of the cycle race, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The race started in Düsseldorf, Germany on 1 July, with stage 11 occurring on 12 July with a stage finish in Pau. The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 23 July.

4 July 2017 — Mondorf-les-Bains to Vittel, 207.5 km (129 mi) This flat stage departed east from Mondorf-les-Bains in Luxembourg and crossed the border, heading south, from Schengen to Contz-les-Bains. The riders then headed south-west to Thionville, turned south for Maizières-lès-Metz and then west for Saint-Privat-la-Montagne. The race continued south through Ars-sur-Moselle, Pont-à-Mousson, Dieulouard and Toul. An intermediate sprint took place at Goviller, before the category 4 climb of the Col des Trois Fontaines. The race continued through Gironcourt-sur-Vraine to the finish line in Vittel. Peter Sagan (Bora–Hansgrohe), who finished second to FDJ's Arnaud Démare, was initially demoted to 115th after contact with Mark Cavendish (Team Dimension Data) during the sprint, which resulted in Cavendish, Ben Swift (UAE Team Emirates) and John Degenkolb (Trek–Segafredo) hitting the ground. Sagan was also penalised 30 seconds in the general classification – dropping him out of the top-ten overall – and 80 points in the points classification: a 50-point penalty plus the 30 he had initially gained for second place on the stage. Later at a press conference, Sagan was disqualified from the race.

The peloton passing through Lalœuf, 45 km (28 mi) from the stage finish

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%27s_delayed-choice_experiment

Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment

Simple interferometer

Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment / Simple interferometer

Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment is actually several thought experiments in quantum physics, proposed by John Archibald Wheeler, with the most prominent among them appearing in 1978 and 1984. These experiments are attempts to decide whether light somehow "senses" the experimental apparatus in the double-slit experiment it will travel through and adjusts its behavior to fit by assuming the appropriate determinate state for it, or whether light remains in an indeterminate state, neither wave nor particle until measured. The common intention of these several types of experiments is to first do something that, some interpretations of theory say, would make each photon "decide" whether it was going to behave as a particle or behave as a wave, and then, before the photon had time to reach the detection device, create another change in the system that would make it seem that the photon had "chosen" to behave in the opposite way. Some interpreters of these experiments contend that a photon either is a wave or is a particle, and that it cannot be both at the same time.

One way to investigate the question of when a photon decides whether to act as a wave or a particle in an experiment is to use the interferometer method. Here is a simple schematic diagram of an interferometer in two configurations: If a single photon is emitted into the entry port of the apparatus at the lower-left corner, it immediately encounters a beam-splitter. Because of the equal probabilities for transmission or reflection the photon will either continue straight ahead, be reflected by the mirror at the lower-right corner, and be detected by the detector at the top of the apparatus, or it will be reflected by the beam-splitter, strike the mirror in the upper-left corner, and emerge into the detector at the right edge of the apparatus. Observing that photons show up in equal numbers at the two detectors, experimenters generally say that each photon has behaved as a particle from the time of its emission to the time of its detection, has traveled by either one path or the other, and further affirm that its wave nature has not been exhibited. If the apparatus is changed so that a second beam splitter is placed in the upper-right corner, then part of the beams from each path will travel to the right, where they will combine to exhibit interference on a detection screen. Experimenters must explain these phenomena as consequences of the wave nature of light. Each photon must have traveled by both paths as a wave, because if each photon traveled as a particle along just one path then the many photons sent during the experiment would not produce an interference pattern. Since nothing else has changed from experimental configuration to experimental configuration, and since in the first case the photon is said to "decide" to travel as a particle and in the second case it is said to "decide" to travel as a wave, Wheeler wanted to know whether, experimentally, a time could be determined at which the photon made its "decision." Would it be possible to let a photon pass through the region of the first beam-splitter while there was no beam-splitter in the second position, thus causing it to "decide" to travel, and then quickly let the second beam-splitter pop up into its path? Having presumably traveled as a particle up to that moment, would the beam splitter let it pass through and manifest itself as would a particle were that second beam splitter not to be there? Or, would it behave as though the second beam-splitter had always been there? Would it manifest interference effects? And if it did manifest interference effects then to have done so it must have gone back in time and changed its decision about traveling as a particle to traveling as a wave. Note that Wheeler wanted to investigate several hypothetical statements by obtaining objective data. Albert Einstein did not like these possible consequences of quantum mechanics. However, when experiments were finally devised that permitted both the double-slit version and the interferometer version of the experiment, it was conclusively shown that a photon could begin its life in an experimental configuration that would call for it to demonstrate its particle nature, end up in an experimental configuration that would call for it to demonstrate its wave nature, and that in these experiments it would always show its wave characteristics by interfering with itself. Furthermore, if the experiment was begun with the second beam-splitter in place but it was removed while the photon was in flight, then the photon would inevitably show up in a detector and not show any sign of interference effects. So the presence or absence of the second beam-splitter would always determine "wave or particle" manifestation. Many experimenters reached an interpretation of the experimental results that said that the change in final conditions would retroactively determine what the photon had "decided" to be as it was entering the first beam-splitter. As mentioned above, Wheeler rejected this interpretation.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asilidae_species:_P

List of Asilidae species: P

Genus Prolatiforceps

List of Asilidae species: P / List of Species / Genus Prolatiforceps

English: Female adult of the robber fly species Prolepsis lucifer photographed in Reserva Natural Parque San Martin, Cordoba, Argentina

This page lists described species of the family Asilidae start with letter P. A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K • L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • S • T • U • V • W • Y • Z

Prolatiforceps fenestella (Martin, 1975) Prolatiforceps thulia (Martin, 1975)

Female adult of Prolepsis lucifer photographed in Reserva Natural Parque San Martin, Cordoba, Argentina

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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin

Kelvin

Definition

Kelvin / Definition

Lord_Kelvin

The Kelvin scale is the SI unit of temperature. It is named in honour of the physicist William Thomson, the first Lord Kelvin.

The Kelvin scale is defined by a specific relationship between the pressure of a gas and the temperature. This says that "the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin". This means that Kelvin is an absolute temperature scale, and scientists use this scale more than any other. The kelvin is a base SI unit of measurement, defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the temperature of the triple point of water, which is the temperature at which water in solid, liquid, and gaseous state coexist in equilibrium. The temperature of the triple point of water is a hundredth of a degree Celsius above the freezing point, or 0.01 °C. The coldest possible temperature is called absolute zero and is equal to -273.15 degrees Celsius, or zero kelvin (0 K). By writing temperatures in kelvins one does not need to use negative numbers. The absolute temperature scale was designed so that a change in temperature of 1 kelvin is equal to a change of 1 degree Celsius. This means that it is easy to convert a temperature from degrees Celsius to kelvin. To change a temperature in degrees Celsius into Kelvins you must add 273.15 units. For example, 0 degrees Celsius (0 °C), which is the temperature at which water freezes, is 273.15 kelvins (273.15 K). To change a temperature in Kelvins into degrees Celsius you must subtract 273.15 units. For example, 310 kelvins is 36.85 degrees Celsius, which is roughly the normal temperature of a human body. It is important to notice that the name of this unit is simply kelvin (with a lowercase initial), not "degree Kelvin". In English, it undergoes normal plural inflection as kelvins. For example, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is 77 kelvins. In everyday use, the kelvin is most commonly used to measure very low or very high temperatures, such as the temperature of liquid nitrogen or the temperature of a light bulb filament.

Lord Kelvin

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Lord_Kelvin_gravure.jpg

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Shadow

Dodge Shadow

Options

Dodge Shadow / Options

English: Plymouth Sundance Rallye Sport coupe, 1989

The Dodge Shadow and Plymouth Sundance are economical 3-door and 5-door hatchbacks that were introduced for the 1987 model year by the Chrysler Corporation. For 1991, a 2-door convertible variant was added to the Shadow lineup; but not the Sundance lineup. The 3-door hatchback model replaced the Dodge Charger model, while the 5-door hatchback model replaced the Dodge Omni model; of their respective marque. The first vehicle rolled out of Sterling Heights Assembly on August 25, 1986. In late 1988, production of the Mexican market version called the Chrysler Shadow began at Toluca Car Assembly. The Shadow/Sundance was also sold in Europe from 1988 to 1991 as the Chrysler ES. Production ended on March 9, 1994, with the Shadow/Sundance being replaced by the Chrysler Neon.

Features varied over the years, but some features included: power windows, power adjustable mirrors, power door locks, power adjustable driver seat, cruise control, tilt steering wheel, variable intermittent delay windshield wipers, overhead console with map lights and compass/temperature display, upgraded "highline" instrument cluster with tachometer, "light package" that added lighting in the trunk, glove box, under-hood mounted light and rear door dome light switches (4 door models), remote trunk release, rear window defroster, Fog lights, mag wheels, Four wheel disc brakes, Infinity sound system, a cassette player, a sunroof, anti-lock brake systems and on turbocharger equipped cars, there was also a vacuum/boost gauge and a message center that monitored four vehicle functions, door ajar, washer fluid level, etc..

1989 Plymouth Sundance RS

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brook

Tom Brook

Tom Brook

English: Headshot of BBC's Tom Brook

Tom Brook is a New York-based journalist working primarily for BBC News. He is mainly seen on BBC World News, and also the BBC News Channel. He is the main presenter of its flagship cinema programme Talking Movies. He has presented every episode of the show since it was first broadcast in February 1999.

Tom Brook (born 16 June 1953) is a New York-based journalist working primarily for BBC News. He is mainly seen on BBC World News, and also the BBC News Channel. He is the main presenter of its flagship cinema programme Talking Movies. He has presented every episode of the show since it was first broadcast in February 1999.

Tom Brook in 2013

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_B._McCandless

Ray B. McCandless

Ray B. McCandless

Raymond Beebe McCandless was an American football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. He served as the head football coach at Chadron State College in 1919, at Nebraska Wesleyan University from 1920 to 1922, at Bowling Green State Normal School—now known as Bowling Green State University—in 1923, and at Bethany College in Bethany, West Virginia for the 1924 season, and compiling a career college football record of 24–24–4. McCandless was also the head basketball coach at Nebraska Wesleyan from 1920 to 1923, at Bowling Green State Normal during the 1923–24 season, and at Bethany for the 1924–25 season, amassing a career college basketball record of tallying a mark of 60–43. In addition, he was the head baseball coach at Bowling Green State Normal in the spring of 1924, tallying a mark of 2–2–2. McCandless played football at Nebraska Wesleyan. He died on January 8, 1931, in York, Nebraska.

Raymond Beebe McCandless (October 6, 1889 – January 8, 1931) was an American football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. He served as the head football coach at Chadron State College in 1919, at Nebraska Wesleyan University from 1920 to 1922, at Bowling Green State Normal School—now known as Bowling Green State University—in 1923, and at Bethany College in Bethany, West Virginia for the 1924 season, and compiling a career college football record of 24–24–4. McCandless was also the head basketball coach at Nebraska Wesleyan from 1920 to 1923, at Bowling Green State Normal during the 1923–24 season, and at Bethany for the 1924–25 season, amassing a career college basketball record of tallying a mark of 60–43. In addition, he was the head baseball coach at Bowling Green State Normal in the spring of 1924, tallying a mark of 2–2–2. McCandless played football at Nebraska Wesleyan. He died on January 8, 1931, in York, Nebraska.

McCandless pictured in The Key 1924, Bowling Green yearbook

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco

Namco

Origins (1955–1972)

Namco / History / Origins (1955–1972)

English: A photograph of the rocking horses installed by Masaya Nakamura in the roof garden of a Japanese department store.

Namco Ltd. was a Japanese developer and publisher of arcade and home console video games, originally headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo. Several international divisions were established, including Namco America in Santa Clara, California, Shanghai Namco in mainland China, and Namco Enterprises Asia in Hong Kong. Namco was founded by Masaya Nakamura as Nakamura Seisakusho on June 1, 1955, beginning as a producer of coin-operated amusement rides for Japanese department store roof gardens, seeing success with making children's rides for the Mitsukoshi chain. Renamed Nakamura Manufacturing in 1959, the company purchased the struggling Japanese division of Atari from Nolan Bushnell in 1974 and began releasing their games in Japan, where they quickly became one of the leading game companies in Asia. The acquisition inspired Namco to produce their own video games in-house, beginning with Gee Bee in 1978. Namco released their first major hit Galaxian a year later, followed by Pac-Man in 1980 — the latter has since become the most successful arcade game of all time and one of the highest-grossing video games of all time.

On June 1, 1955, Japanese businessman Masaya Nakamura founded Nakamura Seisakusho in Tokyo. Nakamura used US$3,000 to purchase two mechanical rocking horse rides and install them in the roof garden of a Yokohama department store. Each day Nakamura cleaned up and repaired the rides if needed, and greeted the mothers of the children that visited. Nakamura also created a "goldfish scooping" game for the same store, however the fish were killed during a typhoon. Nakamura Seisakusho was renamed to Nakamura Manufacturing Company in 1959, and a few years later in the early 1960s Nakamura made a deal with the Mitsukoshi chain to install a children's ride atop their store in Nihonbashi, Tokyo. The ride, named the "Roadaway Race", was a moving mechanical train that proved to be very popular among children, leading Mitsukoshi to request that Nakamura and his company install similar rides for all their stores. With business doing well, Nakamura Manufacturing began constructing different types of mechanical games. One such game was Periscope in 1965, which Nakamura claimed to be the first he designed himself. A new manufacturing plant was opened up in 1966 so that the company could construct their own mechanical rides; the same year, Nakamura struck a deal with Walt Disney Productions to produce children's rides using the likenesses of their characters. In 1971, Nakamura Manufacturing began releasing games under the name "Namco", an acronym of their name, and began production of several coin-operated electro-mechanical arcade games, such as Racer in 1970 and Formula-X in 1972. Nakamura Manufacturing also created a robotics division, led by Shigeki Toyama, that produced robots for use in entertainment centers and other locations.

Two mechanical rocking horses installed by Nakamura Seisakusho in 1955.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar

Military career of Simón Bolívar

The Republic restored and lost

Military career of Simón Bolívar / Exile and the Second Republic (1812-1814) / The Republic restored and lost

The military and political career of Simón Bolívar, which included both formal service in the armies of various revolutionary regimes and actions organized by himself or in collaboration with other exiled patriot leaders during the years from 1811 to 1830, was an important element in the success of the independence wars in South America. Given the unstable political climate during these years, Bolívar and other patriot leaders, such as Santiago Mariño, Manuel Piar, José Francisco Bermúdez and Francisco de Paula Santander often had to go into exile in the Caribbean or nearby areas of Spanish America that at the moment were controlled by those favoring independence, and from there, carry on the struggle. These wars resulted in the creation of several South American states out of the former Spanish colonies, the currently existing Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and the now defunct Gran Colombia. In his 21-year career, Bolívar faced two main challenges. First was gaining acceptance as undisputed leader of the republican cause.

Bolívar's push towards Caracas was aided by the fact that the general population, which had welcomed Monteverde a year earlier, had become disillusioned by his failure to implement the terms of the San Mateo Capitulation or the Spanish Constitution of 1812, which the capitulation promised. Monteverde also faced attacks on two fronts, since Santiago Mariño had already opened a front on the east in January 1813. Bolívar's forces easily defeated the overtaxed and underpaid royalist army in a series of battles, entered Caracas on August 6, 1813, and laid siege to Monteverde, who had retreated to Puerto Cabello. In Caracas Bolívar announced the restoration of the Venezuelan Republic, but placed himself at the head of a military government, since the situation did not allow for the restoration of the old authorities or new elections. Bolívar would base his subsequent and enduring claim to be the sole head of the Venezuelan republic and commander-in-chief of its forces on this accomplishment, although even at this time he was not universally acknowledged as head of the state or the republican forces. Mariño, based in Cumaná, did not recognize Bolívar's claim, but did collaborate with him militarily. Reprisals were carried out against Peninsular royalists that were captured. It was during this period that the republican city fathers of Caracas, following the example of Mérida, granted Bolívar the title of Liberator and office of captain general in the Church of San Francisco (the more appropriate site, the Cathedral of Caracas, was still damaged from the 1812 earthquake). Bolívar and Mariño's success, like Monteverde's a year earlier, was short-lived. The new Republic failed to convince the common people that it was not a tool of the urban elite. Lower-class people, especially the southern, rural llaneros (cowboys), flocked to the royalist cause. Llaneros played a key military role in the region's struggle. Turning the tide against independence, these highly mobile, ferocious fighters made up a formidable military force that pushed Bolívar out of his home country once more. By 1814, the regular royalist army headed by Governor and Captain General Juan Manuel Cajigal was overshadowed by a large, irregular force of llaneros recruited and led by José Tomás Boves. With the royalist irregulars displaying the same passion and violence that Bolívar had demonstrated in his "war to the death" decree, the republicans suffered their first major setback at the Battle of La Puerta on June 15, 1814, and Boves took Caracas on July 16. The republicans and Criollo royalists in Caracas, who also feared Boves's llanero hoards, had to flee en masse to Mariño's strongholds in the east. The combined forces of Mariño's and Bolívar were defeated again at Aragua de Barcelona on August 18, at a cost of 2,000 royalist casualties of the 10,000 troops they fielded, most of the 3,000 combatants in the republican army, in addition to many civilian casualties. Due to their series of repeated reverses both Bolívar and Mariño were arrested and removed from power by José Félix Ribas and Manuel Piar, each representing the two republican commands then in place in Venezuela. A few days later Ribas and Piar decided not to try them and instead released them into exile. On September 8, Bolívar and Mariño set sail for Cartagena de Indias, leaving Piar and Ribas to lead the increasingly encircled republicans.

Portrait of Bolívar made in Haiti in 1816.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_1816.jpg

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_50_metre_rifle_three_positions

Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions

Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions

Português: Centro Nacional de Tiro Esportivo

The Women's 50 metre rifle three positions event at the 2016 Olympic Games took place on 11 August 2016 at the National Shooting Center. The event consisted of two rounds: a qualifier and a final. In the qualifier, each shooter fired 60 shots with a .22 Long Rifle at 50 metres distance. 20 shots were fired each from the standing, kneeling, and prone positions. Scores for each shot were in increments of 1, with a maximum score of 10. The top 8 shooters in the qualifying round moved on to the final round. There, they fired an additional 20 shots, all from the standing position. These shots scored in increments of .1, with a maximum score of 10.9.

The Women's 50 metre rifle three positions event at the 2016 Olympic Games took place on 11 August 2016 at the National Shooting Center. The event consisted of two rounds: a qualifier and a final. In the qualifier, each shooter fired 60 shots with a .22 Long Rifle at 50 metres distance. 20 shots were fired each from the standing, kneeling, and prone positions. Scores for each shot were in increments of 1, with a maximum score of 10. The top 8 shooters in the qualifying round moved on to the final round. There, they fired an additional 20 shots, all from the standing position. These shots scored in increments of .1, with a maximum score of 10.9.

Aerial view of the National Shooting Center in Deodoro, where the women's 50 metre rifle three positions event took place.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda

Arch of Galerius and Rotunda

Sculptural program of the Arch

Arch of Galerius and Rotunda / Location and description of the Arch / Sculptural program of the Arch

Sacrifice on Arch of Galerius

The Arch of Galerius or Kamara and the Rotunda are neighbouring early 4th-century AD monuments in the city of Thessaloniki, in the region of Central Macedonia in northern Greece.

Understanding of the sculptural program of the arch is limited by the loss of the majority of the marble panels, but the remains give an impression of the whole. Four vertically stacked registers of sculpted decoration were carved on each pillar, each separated by elaborate moldings. A label for the Tigris River indicates that there were likely labels on other representations as the builders deemed necessary. Artistic license was taken in the representations, for instance, the Caesar Galerius is shown in personal combat with the Sassanid Shah Narses in one of the panels; although they never met in battle. On the arch a mounted Galerius attacks a similarly mounted Narses with a lance as an eagle bearing a victory wreath in its talons approaches Galerius. The Caesar sits securely on his rearing horse, while the Persian king appears nearly unhorsed. Terrified Persians cower under the hooves of the Caesar's horse in the chaos of battle. The panel expresses the power of the Caesar Galerius. The relief of the imperial family conjoined in a sacrifice of thanksgiving owes its distant prototype to the Augustan reliefs on the Ara Pacis in Rome. Galerius' wife, Diocletian's daughter Valeria, is shown at his side, helping authenticate his connection to his predecessor. Here as elsewhere all the faces have been carefully chiselled off, whether as damnatio memoriae or in later cultural intolerance of images. In another panel, the tetrarchs are all arrayed in the toga as a Victoria holds a victory wreath out to the heads of the two Augusti. A third panel celebrates the unity of the tetrarchy, with a depiction of the tetrarchs standing together; the depersonalized manner in which the tetrarchs are portrayed is reminiscent of the schematic statues of the tetrarchs in porphyry at St. Mark's Basilica in Venice. Only Galerius is dressed in armor, and he makes the offering upon the altar. What remains of the arch asserts the glory of the tetrarchy and the prominence of Galerius within that system. The arch celebrates the Roman Empire as part of Galerius’ victory over the Sassanid king. Galerius is also pictured on his horse at the right, while attacking a Sassanid guard.

The imperial family at the sacrifice of thanksgiving.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Spitta

Philipp Spitta

Philipp Spitta

Philipp Spitta (27th Dezember 1841 - 13th April 1894)

Julius August Philipp Spitta was a German music historian and musicologist best known for his 1873 biography of Johann Sebastian Bach.

Julius August Philipp Spitta (27 December 1841 – 13 April 1894) was a German music historian and musicologist best known for his 1873 biography of Johann Sebastian Bach.

Philipp Spitta

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoist_anarchism

Egoist anarchism

United States and United Kingdom

Egoist anarchism / Influence and expansion / Early development / United States and United Kingdom

English: Photographic portrait of Emma Goldman, facing left. Cropped and restored from original Library of Congress version.

Egoist anarchism or anarcho-egoism, often shortened as simply egoism, is a school of anarchist thought that originated in the philosophy of Max Stirner, a 19th-century existentialist philosopher whose "name appears with familiar regularity in historically orientated surveys of anarchist thought as one of the earliest and best known exponents of individualist anarchism".

Some American individualist anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker abandoned natural rights positions and converted to Max Stirner's egoist anarchism. Rejecting the idea of moral rights, Tucker said that there were only two rights, "the right of might" and "the right of contract". He also said after converting to egoist individualism: "In times past...it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land. It was a bad habit, and I long ago sloughed it off....Man's only right to land is his might over it". In adopting Stirnerite egoism, Tucker rejected natural rights which had long been considered the foundation of his beliefs. This rejection galvanized the movement into fierce debates, with the natural rights proponents accusing the egoists of destroying individualist anarchism itself. So bitter was the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of Liberty in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors. Thereafter, Liberty championed egoism although its general content did not change significantly. Several periodicals were undoubtedly influenced by Liberty's presentation of egoism. They included the following: I published by Clarence Lee Swartz, edited by William Walstein Gordak and J. William Lloyd (all associates of Liberty); and The Ego and The Egoist, both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German Der Eigene, edited by Adolf Brand; and The Eagle and The Serpent, issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology. American anarchists who adhered to egoism include Benjamin Tucker, John Beverley Robinson, Steven T. Byington, Hutchins Hapgood, James L. Walker, Victor Yarros and Edward H. Fulton. John Beverley Robinson wrote an essay called "Egoism" in which he states: "Modern egoism, as propounded by Stirner and Nietzsche, and expounded by Ibsen, Shaw and others, is all these; but it is more. It is the realization by the individual that they are an individual; that, as far as they are concerned, they are the only individual". Steven T. Byington was a one-time proponent of Georgism who later converted to egoist Stirnerist positions after associating with Benjamin Tucker. He is known for translating two important anarchist works into English from German: Stirner's The Ego and Its Own and Paul Eltzbacher's Anarchism: Exponents of the Anarchist Philosophy (also published by Dover with the title The Great Anarchists: Ideas and Teachings of Seven Major Thinkers). James L. Walker (sometimes known by the pen name Tak Kak) was one of the main contributors to Benjamin Tucker's Liberty. He published his major philosophical work called Philosophy of Egoism in the May 1890 to September 1891 in issues of the publication Egoism. James L. Walker published the work The Philosophy of Egoism in which he argued that egoism "implies a rethinking of the self-other relationship, nothing less than "a complete revolution in the relations of mankind" that avoids both the "archist" principle that legitimates domination and the "moralist" notion that elevates self-renunciation to a virtue. Walker describes himself as an "egoistic anarchist" who believed in both contract and cooperation as practical principles to guide everyday interactions". For Walker, the egoist rejects notions of duty and is indifferent to the hardships of the oppressed whose consent to their oppression enslaves not only them, but those who do not consent. The egoist comes to self-consciousness, not for the God's sake, not for humanity's sake, but for his or her own sake. For him, "[c]ooperation and reciprocity are possible only among those who are unwilling to appeal to fixed patterns of justice in human relationships and instead focus on a form of reciprocity, a union of egoists, in which person each finds pleasure and fulfillment in doing things for others". Walker thought that "what really defines egoism is not mere self-in

Emma Goldman was greatly influenced by Stirner's egoism

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursuit_of_Goeben_and_Breslau

Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau

Escape

Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau / Escape

English: Image captioned Commodore Sir B. Milne. Archibald Berkeley Milne, 2nd Baronet, served on and later commanded the royal Yacht. Despite the caption, the Image shows an officer wearing insignia of a Rear Admiral, which Milne became in 1904. In 1906 he was transferred elsewhere.

The pursuit of Goeben and Breslau was a naval action that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea at the outbreak of the First World War when elements of the British Mediterranean Fleet attempted to intercept the German Mittelmeerdivision consisting of the battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau. The German ships evaded the British fleet and passed through the Dardanelles to reach Constantinople, where they were eventually handed over to the Ottoman Empire. Renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midili, the former Goeben and Breslau were ordered by their German commander to attack Russian positions, in doing so bringing the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers. Though a bloodless "battle," the failure of the British pursuit had enormous political and military ramifications. In the short term it effectively ended the careers of the two British Admirals who had been in charge of the pursuit.

Milne ordered Gloucester to disengage, still expecting Souchon to turn west, but it was apparent to Gloucester′s captain that Goeben was fleeing. Breslau attempted to harass Gloucester into breaking off—Souchon had a collier waiting off the coast of Greece and needed to shake his pursuer before he could rendezvous. Gloucester finally engaged Breslau, hoping this would compel Goeben to drop back and protect the light cruiser. According to Souchon, Breslau was hit, but no damage was done. The action then broke off without further hits being scored. Finally, Milne ordered Gloucester to cease pursuit at Cape Matapan. Shortly after midnight on 8 August Milne took his three battlecruisers and the light cruiser HMS Weymouth east. At 14:00 he received an incorrect signal from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria; war would not be declared until 12 August and the order was countermanded four hours later, but Milne chose to guard the Adriatic rather than seek Goeben. Finally, on 9 August, Milne was given clear orders to "chase Goeben which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north-east." Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles, and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean, unaware that Goeben did not intend to come out. Souchon had replenished his coal off the Aegean island of Donoussa on 9 August, and the German warships resumed their voyage to Constantinople. At 17:00 on 10 August, he reached the Dardanelles and awaited permission to pass through. Germany had for some time been courting the Committee of Union and Progress of the imperial government, and it now used its influence to pressure the Turkish Minister of War, Enver Pasha, into granting the ship′s passage, an act that would outrage Russia, which relied on the Dardanelles as its main all-season shipping route. In addition, the Germans managed to persuade Enver to order any pursuing British ships to be fired on. By the time Souchon received permission to enter the straits, his lookouts could see smoke on the horizon from approaching British ships. Turkey was still a neutral country bound by treaty to prevent German ships from passing the straits. To get around this difficulty it was agreed that the ships should become part of the Turkish navy. On 16 August, having reached Constantinople, Goeben and Breslau were transferred to the Turkish Navy in a small ceremony, becoming respectively Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midilli, though they retained their German crews with Souchon still in command. The initial reaction in Britain was one of satisfaction, that a threat had been removed from the Mediterranean. On 23 September, Souchon was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman Navy.

Admiral Milne

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballona_Creek

Ballona Creek

Watershed and course

Ballona Creek / Watershed and course

English: map of the Ballona Creek Watershed - Los Angeles County, southern California.

Ballona Creek is an 8.8-mile-long urbanized river in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, whose watershed includes a portion of the western Los Angeles basin, from the Santa Monica Mountains on the north, the Harbor Freeway on the east, and the Baldwin Hills on the south. The urban river begins in the historical Rancho Las Cienegas, then passes into the historical Rancho La Ballona, while flowing through Culver City and suburbaninzed Del Rey before merging with the ocean at Santa Monica Bay between Marina del Rey and suburban Playa del Rey.

The Ballona Creek watershed totals about 130 square miles (340 km²). Its land use consists of 64% residential, 8% commercial, 4% industrial, and 17% open space. The major tributaries to the Ballona Creek and Estuary include Centinela Creek, Sepulveda Canyon Channel and Benedict Canyon Channel; most of the creek's minor tributaries have been destroyed by development or paved over and flow into Ballona Creek as a network of underground storm drains. At the time of Spanish settlement, the Los Angeles River turned to the west just south of present-day Bunker Hill, joining Ballona Creek just to the west of its current channel. However, during a major flood in 1825, the Los Angeles River's course changed to its present channel, and Ballona Creek became a completely distinct waterway. Much of the above-ground section of the creek was lined with concrete as part of the flood-control project undertaken by the United States Army Corps of Engineers following the Los Angeles Flood of 1938. Ballona Creek Watershed climate can be characterized as Mediterranean with average annual rainfall of approximately 15 inches per year over most of the developed portions of the watershed. The flow rate in the Creek varies considerably from a trickle flow of about 14 cubic feet (0.40 m³) per second during dry weather to 71,400 cubic feet (2,020 m³) per second during a 50-year storm event. Ballona Wetlands and Del Rey Lagoon are connected to the Ballona Estuary through tide gates.

Map of Ballona Creek watershed, 2010.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)

NCIS (TV series)

Production

NCIS (TV series) / Production

NCIS Filming

NCIS is an American action police procedural television series, revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The concept and characters were initially introduced in two episodes of the CBS series JAG. The show, a spin-off from JAG, premiered on September 23, 2003, on CBS. To date it has entered into the seventeenth full season and has gone into broadcast syndication on the USA Network. Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill are co-creators and executive producers of the premiere member of the NCIS franchise. As of 2020, it is the second-longest-running scripted, non-animated U.S. primetime TV series currently airing, surpassed only by Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and is the 7th-longest-running scripted U.S. primetime TV series overall. The series originally had the redundant title Navy NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service; this was later shortened to NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service and then to NCIS. In season six, a two-part episode led to a spin-off series, NCIS: Los Angeles. A two-part episode during the eleventh season led to a second spin-off series, NCIS: New Orleans.

The filming crew in 2009.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Martinho_do_Porto

São Martinho do Porto

Points of interest

São Martinho do Porto / Points of interest

English: The village of São Martinho do Porto, west coast of Portugal. View from the wharf.

São Martinho do Porto is a freguesia in Alcobaça Municipality, in Oeste Subregion of Portugal. The population in 2011 was 2,868, in an area of 14.64 km². It was a town and county seat until 1855.

Viewpoint - Located on the Santo António hill, offers a privileged view to the bay. Lighthouse of the Santo António hill - In remote times next to a fort that defended the entrance of the bay, it is part of an orientation system for the sailors that includes two headlights located in the dunes, in front of the bar. Tunnel - It is a pleasant walk and the contemplation of the opposite sides of the tunnel provides a sublime experience. On one side, the calm waters of the Bay, on the other the rough waters of the Atlantic Ocean that hit with violence in the rocks. Garden of the Engineer Frederico Ulrich Square - Green leisure space dedicated to children. José Bento da Silva School - Inaugurated in 1883 with the purpose of training primary and secondary education, today it is the seat of Town Council, Culture House José Bento da Silva, Library and Environmental Defense Association of São Martinho do Porto. Viewpoint of the José Bento da Silva Square - Privileged view over the Bay and direct access to the Outeiro Elevator. Ruins (Salir do Porto) - Ruins of the artisanal Customs where the caravels that participated in the discoveries and conquests were built, in the reigns of D. Afonso V and D. João II. Here were also built part of the ships that took D. Sebastião to Alcácer Quibir. Little Slop (Salir do Porto) - It is a spring of fresh water that is born near the ocean. It is believed to be a miraculous water for many diseases, namely to have properties beneficial to skin problems. Dune (Salir do Porto) - Once the largest of Europe, the Dune of Salir stands out in the landscape of São Martinho Bay, with an altitude of approximately 50m and 200m in length. The core of the Dune consists in part of a red sandstone, vestige of an older fossil dune.

São Martinho do Porto: Panoramic view of the beach and village

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corkaree

Corkaree

Places of interest

Corkaree / Places of interest

English: Wilson's Hospital, Multyfarnham. Andrew Wilson founded Wilson's Hospital in 1761 as a school for young Protestant boys and a hospital for old men, hence the name. In 1969, Preston School from Navan amalgamated with Wilson's. Preston's pupils included girls so coeducation was introduced. The link with Preston School was given permanent expression in 1993 when the new teaching block was named the Preston Building It operates as a seven-day boarding school, operating a five-day teaching week. This allows boarders the option of returning home at weekends or remaining at school to avail of our weekend programme. Day pupils are drawn from surrounding areas and participate fully in the life of the school.

Corkaree is a barony in north County Westmeath, in the Republic of Ireland. It was formed by 1672. It is bordered by three other baronies: Fore, Moyashel and Magheradernon and Moygoish.

Knockdrin Castle, mainly an early 19th-century neo-Gothic structure. Multyfarnham Friary, a Franciscan friary founded in the 15th century. Wilson's Hospital School, founded in 1761 by Andrew Wilson as a school for young Protestant boys and also as a hospital for old men, some of whom were retired soldiers; now a co-educational boarding school.

Wilson's Hospital School

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Lyceum

Warsaw Lyceum

Warsaw Lyceum

English: Saxon Palace in Warsaw as seen from the Saxon Garden.

The Warsaw Lyceum was a secondary school that existed in Warsaw, under the Kingdom of Prussia and under the Kingdom of Poland, from 1804 to its closing in 1831 by Imperial Russia following the Polish November 1830 Uprising.

The Warsaw Lyceum (Polish: Liceum Warszawskie; German: Königlich-Preußisches Lyzäum zu Warschau) was a secondary school that existed in Warsaw, under the Kingdom of Prussia and under the Kingdom of Poland, from 1804 to its closing in 1831 by Imperial Russia following the Polish November 1830 Uprising.

Saxon Palace in 1765, before its 1842 remodeling

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling

J. K. Rowling

Birth and family

J. K. Rowling / Life and career / Birth and family

English: Wall in King's Cross station, London, showing the sign "Platform 9 3/4" and a half trolley with luggage, pushed halfway through the wall. The trolley with owl and cage are additions of 2013 or 2014. Reference to Harry Potter.

A sign reading "Platform 9¾" with half of a luggage trolley installed beneath, at the interior of King's Cross railway station.

Joanne Rowling CH, OBE, HonFRSE, FRCPE, FRSL, better known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author, screenwriter, producer, and philanthropist. She is best known for writing the Harry Potter fantasy series, which has won multiple awards and sold more than 500 million copies, becoming the best-selling book series in history. The books are the basis of a popular film series, over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films. She also writes crime fiction under the pen name Robert Galbraith. Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. There were six sequels, of which the last, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released in 2007.

Joanne Rowling was born on 31 July 1965 in Yate, Gloucestershire, the daughter of science technician Anne (née Volant) and Rolls-Royce aircraft engineer Peter James Rowling. Her parents first met on a train departing from King's Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964. They married on 14 March 1965. One of Rowling's maternal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was a Scottish man from Lamlash. Her mother's French paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was awarded the War Cross for exceptional bravery in defending the village of Courcelles-le-Comte during World War I. Rowling originally believed Volant had won the Legion of Honour during the war, as she said when she received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth when featured in an episode of the UK genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are? in which she found out it was a different Louis Volant who won the Legion of Honour. When she heard her grandfather's story of bravery and discovered that the War Cross was for "ordinary" soldiers like her grandfather, who had been a waiter, she stated the War Cross was "better" to her than the Legion of Honour.

Rowling's parents met on a train from King's Cross Station. After Rowling used King's Cross as a gateway into the Wizarding World it became a popular tourist spot.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_Kwu_Ling

Ta Kwu Ling

Ta Kwu Ling

中文（香港）‎: 坪源天后古廟

Ta Kwu Ling is an area in the North District, New Territories, Hong Kong, located northeast of Sheung Shui, close to the border with mainland China. Ta Kwu Ling is one of three new development areas currently being planned for North District, in parallel with Fanling North and Kwu Tung North. Its name is frequently heard in weather reports, since it often experiences the highest and lowest daily temperatures in Hong Kong, due to its inland location. Temperatures near 0 °C occur once every few years, while daily minimum temperatures of 5 °C or less are not uncommon during winter. One of the three strategic landfills in use in Hong Kong is located in Ta Kwu Ling. Before 4 January 2016 parts of Ta Kwu Ling fell within the Frontier Closed Area and a Closed Area Permit was required.

Ta Kwu Ling is an area in the North District, New Territories, Hong Kong, located northeast of Sheung Shui, close to the border with mainland China. Ta Kwu Ling is one of three new development areas currently being planned for North District, in parallel with Fanling North and Kwu Tung North. Its name is frequently heard in weather reports, since it often experiences the highest and lowest daily temperatures in Hong Kong, due to its inland location. Temperatures near 0 °C (32 °F) occur once every few years, while daily minimum temperatures of 5 °C (41 °F) or less are not uncommon during winter. One of the three strategic landfills in use in Hong Kong is located in Ta Kwu Ling. Before 4 January 2016 parts of Ta Kwu Ling fell within the Frontier Closed Area and a Closed Area Permit was required.

Tin Hau Temple in Ping Che, Ta Kwu Ling

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiq_Mosque_(Benghazi)

Atiq Mosque (Benghazi)

Atiq Mosque (Benghazi)

English: Huriya Sqaure or Baladiya Square in Benghazi's Italian Quarter houses the former Municipality Building (left) and the Atiq Mosque (centre).

The Atiq Mosque in Benghazi, Libya, is one of the oldest and best known in the city. The mosque, also known as Al-Jami al-Kabir, forms the north side of Freedom Square. The original structure dates to the early fifteenth century, and since then received many renovations. The present central-domed structure is Ottoman in design.

The Atiq Mosque in Benghazi, Libya, is one of the oldest and best known in the city. The mosque, also known as Al-Jami al-Kabir (the Great Mosque), forms the north side of Freedom Square. The original structure dates to the early fifteenth century, and since then received many renovations. The present central-domed structure is Ottoman in design.

The mosque in Maydan al Baladiya square

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modern_period

Late modern period

World War II

Late modern period / European decline and the 20th century / World War II

In many periodizations of human history, the late modern period followed the early modern period. It began approximately in the mid-18th century and depending on the author either ended with the beginning of contemporary history after World War II, or includes that period up to the present day. Notable historical milestones included the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Great Divergence, and the Russian Revolution. It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world's population to reach 1 billion; the next billion came just over a century later, in 1927.

The Second World War was a global military conflict that took place in 1939–1945. It was the largest and deadliest war in history, culminating in the Holocaust and ending with the dropping of the atom bomb. Even though Japan had been invading in China since 1937, the conventional view is that the war began on September 1, 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, the Drang nach Osten. Within two days the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany, even though the fighting was confined to Poland. Pursuant to a then-secret provision of its non-aggression Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union joined with Germany on September 17, 1939, to conquer Poland and to divide Eastern Europe. The Allies were initially made up of Poland, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, as well as British Commonwealth countries which were controlled directly by the UK, such as the Indian Empire. All of these countries declared war on Germany in September 1939. Following the lull in fighting, known as the "Phoney War", Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940. Six weeks later, France, in the meantime, attacked by Italy as well, surrendered to Germany, which then tried unsuccessfully to conquer Britain. On September 27, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a mutual defense agreement, the Tripartite Pact, and were known as the Axis Powers. Nine months later, on June 22, 1941, Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, which promptly joined the Allies. Germany was now engaged in fighting a war on two fronts. This proved to be a mistake by Germany – Germany had not successfully carried out the invasion of Britain and the war turned against the Axis. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the "Four Policemen" or "Four Sheriffs" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan. Italy surrendered in September 1943 and was split into a northern Germany-occupied puppet state and an Allies-friendly state in the South; Germany surrendered in May 1945. Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered, marking the end of the war on September 2, 1945. It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died. The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as in the Kristallnacht (Nigh

World War II at the height of Axis expansion (black) fighting against the Allies (blue) and Comintern (red). It is important to note that the Empire of Japan was not at war with the Soviet Union despite being part of the Tripartite Pact.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Ww2_allied_axis_1942_jun.png

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas

Pancreas

Microanatomy

Pancreas / Structure / Microanatomy

English: Visualised using double immunostaining Colours: red = glucagon antibody, blue = insulin antibody Generated in Laboratory of nervous system development, FSBI Human Morphology SRI RAMS, Moscow

The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach and functions as a gland. The pancreas has both an endocrine and a digestive exocrine function. As an endocrine gland, it functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. This juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid entering the duodenum from the stomach; and digestive enzymes, which break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food entering the duodenum from the stomach. Inflammation of the pancreas is known as pancreatitis, with common causes including chronic alcohol use and gallstones. Because of its role in the regulation of blood sugar, the pancreas is also a key organ in diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic cancer can arise following chronic pancreatitis or due to other reasons, and carries a very poor prognosis, as it is often identified when it has spread to other areas of the body.

The pancreas contains tissue with an endocrine and exocrine role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope. The majority of pancreatic tissue has a digestive role. The cells with this role form clusters (Latin: acini) around small ducts, and are arranged in lobes that have thin fibrous walls. The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive enzymes called zymogens into the small intercalated ducts which they surround. In each acinus, the cells are pyramid-shaped and situated around the intercalated ducts, with the nuclei resting on the basement membrane, a large endoplasmic reticulum, and a number of zymogen granules visible within the cytoplasm. The intercalated ducts drain into larger intralobular ducts within the lobule, and finally interlobular ducts. The ducts are lined by a single layer of column-shaped cells. There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the ducts increases. The tissues with an endocrine role within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans) that are distributed throughout the pancreas. Pancreatic islets contain alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells, each of which releases a different hormone. These cells have characteristic positions, with alpha cells (secreting glucagon) tending to be situated around the periphery of the islet, and beta cells (secreting insulin) more numerous and found throughout the islet. Enterochromaffin cells are also scattered throughout the islets. Islets are composed of up to 3,000 secretory cells, and contain several small arterioles to receive blood, and venules that allow the hormones secreted by the cells to enter the systemic circulation.

A pancreatic islet that uses fluorescent antibodies to show the location of different cell types in the pancreatic islet. Antibodies against glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, show their peripheral position. Antibodies against insulin, secreted by beta cells, show the more widespread and central position that these cells tend to have.[4]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosnensky_District

Tosnensky District

Culture and recreation

Tosnensky District / Culture and recreation

This is a photo of a cultural heritage object in Russia, number: 4710156000 This template and pages using it are maintained by the Russian WLM team. Please read the guidelines before making any changes that can affect the monuments database!

Tosnensky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central southwestern part of the oblast and borders with Kirovsky District in the north, Kirishsky District in the east, Chudovsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southeast, Novgorodsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the south, Luzhsky District in the southwest, Gatchinsky District in the west, and Pushkinsky and Kolpinsky Districts of the federal city of Saint Petersburg in the northwest. The area of the district is 3,585.4 square kilometers. Its administrative center is the town of Tosno. Population: 83,898; 77,194; 78,500.

The district contains twenty-two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally eighty-one objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments include the Maryino Estate of Stroganovs, currently in the village of Andrianovo, and the ensemble of the Forest School in the settlement of Lisino-Korpus. The only state museum in the district is the Tosnensky District Museum, located in the town of Tosno.

The Maryino Estate

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildpollneset

Sildpollneset

Sildpollneset

English: Sildpollneset (peninsula) and Higravtindan (1146m), Vågan, Lofoten, Norway. Norsk bokmål: Sildpollneset og Higravtindan (1146m), Vågan, Lofoten, Norway.

View of the peninsula with the church

Sildpollneset is a peninsula in the Austnesfjorden on the island of Austvågøya in the Lofoten archipelago. It is located in Vågan Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located just east of the European route E10 highway. Sildpollnes Church is located at the end of the peninsula.

Sildpollneset is a peninsula in the Austnesfjorden on the island of Austvågøya in the Lofoten archipelago. It is located in Vågan Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located just east of the European route E10 highway. Sildpollnes Church is located at the end of the peninsula.

View of the peninsula with the church

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaston,_Derbyshire_Dales

Osmaston, Derbyshire Dales

Points of interest

Osmaston, Derbyshire Dales / Points of interest

The house was designed by w:Henry Isaac Stevens for Francis Wright of the Butterley Iron Company and completed in 1849 it was demolished c1969. - Copy photo

Osmaston is a small village and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales in the county of Derbyshire in England. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 Census was 140. Located two and a half miles south of Ashbourne, Osmaston is an archetypal English village with thatched cottages and a village pond.

The war memorial situated at the side of the road, near the church, commemorates those lost in the First World War. The only pub in the village is the Shoulder of Mutton. There is also a village hall and a primary school. Osmaston Manor was designed by Henry Isaac Stevens for Francis Wright of the Butterley Iron Company and completed in 1849. The house was demolished in 1964. The estate was sold in 1888 to Sir Ian Walker's family, who had the house demolished when they moved to Okeover and adopted the Okeover name. The Walker-Okeovers still own the land; the estate hosts popular horse trials and the Ashbourne Shire Horse Show. The terraces of the house's gardens are still apparent today. Osmaston Manor was used as a Red Cross hospital during World War II.

The Winter Garden, Osmaston Manor, just before demolition

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_meditation

Christian meditation

Saint Francis de Sales

Christian meditation / Approaches to meditation / Saint Francis de Sales

Christian meditation is a form of prayer in which a structured attempt is made to become aware of and reflect upon the revelations of God. The word meditation comes from the Latin word meditārī, which has a range of meanings including to reflect on, to study, and to practice. Christian meditation is the process of deliberately focusing on specific thoughts and reflecting on their meaning in the context of the love of God. Christian meditation aims to heighten the personal relationship based on the love of God that marks Christian communion. Both in Eastern and Western Christianity meditation is the middle level in a broad three-stage characterization of prayer: it involves more reflection than first level vocal prayer, but is more structured than the multiple layers of contemplative prayer. Teachings in both the Eastern and Western Christian churches have emphasized the use of Christian meditation as an element in increasing one's knowledge of Christ.

Saint Francis de Sales (1576–1622) used a four-part approach to Christian meditation based on "preparation", "consideration", "affections and resolutions" and "conclusions": In the preparation part, one places oneself in the presence of God and asks the Holy Spirit to direct the prayer, as in the Epistle to the Romans: "The Spirit helps us in our weakness, for we do not know what to pray for, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with sighs too deep for words." In the consideration part, one focuses on a specific topic, e.g. a passage from the Bible. In the affections and resolutions part, one focuses on feelings and makes a resolution or decision. For instance, when meditating on the Parable of the Good Samaritan one may decide to visit someone sick and be kind to them. In the conclusion part, one gives thanks and praise to God for the considerations and asks for the grace to stand by the resolution.

Saint Francis de Sales

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Romania

Demographic history of Romania

7 January 1992 census

Demographic history of Romania / 7 January 1992 census

Română: Harta etnica (1992).

See Demographics of Romania for a more detailed overview of the country's present-day demographics. The 1930 census was the only one to cover Greater Romania. Censuses in 1948, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, 2002, and 2011 covered Romania's present-day territory. All but the 1948 census, which asked about mother tongue, had a question on ethnicity. Moldavia and Wallachia each held a census in 1859. The Romanian Old Kingdom conducted statistical estimates in 1884, 1889, and 1894, and held censuses in 1899 and 1912. Ion Antonescu's regime also held two: a general one in April 1941, and one for those with "Jewish blood" in May, 1942.

Ethnic map (1992 census)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon

Chinook salmon

Aquaculture

Chinook salmon / Fishing industry / Aquaculture

English: Aquacultural production of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, by country in thousand tonnes in 2010, as reported by the FAO. Based on data sourced from the FishStat database

The Chinook salmon is the largest species in the Pacific salmon genus Oncorhynchus. The common name refers to the Chinookan peoples. Other vernacular names for the species include king salmon, Quinnat salmon, spring salmon, chrome hog, and Tyee salmon. The scientific species name is based on the Russian common name chavycha. Chinook are anadromous fish native to the North Pacific Ocean and the river systems of western North America, ranging from California to Alaska, as well as Asian rivers ranging from northern Japan to the Palyavaam River in the Arctic northeast Siberia. They have been introduced to other parts of the world, including New Zealand, the Great Lakes of North America, and Patagonia. A large Chinook is a prized and sought-after catch for a sporting angler. The flesh of the salmon is also highly valued for its dietary nutritional content, which includes high levels of important omega-3 fatty acids. Some populations are endangered; however, many are healthy. The Chinook salmon has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List.

The world's largest producer and market supplier of the Chinook salmon is New Zealand. Marketed as King salmon, in 2009, New Zealand exported 5,088 tonnes of salmon equating to a value of NZ$61 million in export earnings. For the year ended March 2011, this amount had increased to NZ$85 million. New Zealand accounts for about half of the global production of Chinook salmon, and about half of New Zealand's production is exported. Japan is New Zealand's largest export market, with stock also being supplied to other countries of the Pacific Rim, including Australia. Farming of the species in New Zealand began in the 1970s, when hatcheries were initially set up to enhance and support wild fish stocks with the first commercial operations initiating in 1976. After some opposition against their establishment by societal groups, including anglers, the first sea cage farm was established in 1983 at Big Glory Bay in Stewart Island by British Petroleum NZ Ltd. Today, the salmon are hatched in land-based hatcheries (several of which exist) and transferred to sea cages or freshwater farms, where they are grown out to harvestable size of 3–4 kilograms (6.6–8.8 lb). The broodstock for the farms is usually selected from existing farm stock or sometimes sourced from wild populations. Eggs and milt are stripped manually from sexually mature salmon and incubated under conditions replicating the streams and rivers where the salmon would spawn naturally (around 10–12 °C (50–54 °F)). After hatching, the baby salmon are typically grown to smolt stage (around six-months of age) before they are transferred to the sea cages or ponds. Most sea cage farming occurs in the Marlborough Sounds, Stewart Island, and Akaroa Harbour, while freshwater operations in Canterbury, Otago, and Tasman use ponds, raceways, and hydrocanals for growout operations. Low stocking densities, ranging between less than 1 kg/m3 and around 25 kg/m3 (depending on the life stage of the salmon) and the absence of disease in the fish means New Zealand farmers do not need to use antibiotics or vaccines to maintain the health of their salmon stocks. The salmon are fed food pellets of fish meal specially formulated for Chinook salmon (typical proportions of the feed are: 45% protein, 22% fat, and 14% carbohydrate plus ash and water) and contain no steroids or other growth enhancers. Regulations and monitoring programmes ensure salmon are farmed in a sustainable manner. The planning and approval process for new salmon farms in New Zealand considers the farm's potential environmental effects, its effects on fishing activities (if it is a marine farm), and any possible cultural and social effects. In the interest of fish welfare, a number of New Zealand salmon farming operations anaesthetise salmon before slaughter using Aqui-S™, an organically based anaesthetic developed in New Zealand that is safe for use in food and that has been favourably reported on by the British Humane Slaughter Association. In recognition of the sustainable, environmentally conscious practices, the New Zealand salmon farming industry has been acknowledged as the world's greenest by the Global Aquaculture Performance Index. Chile is the only country other than New Zealand currently producing significant quantities of farmed Chinook salmon. The United States has not produced farmed Chinook in commercial quantities since 1994. In Canada, most commercial salmon production ceased by 2009.

Aquaculture production as reported by the FAO for 2010[21]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whidden%E2%80%93Kerr_House_and_Garden

Whidden–Kerr House and Garden

Whidden–Kerr House and Garden

The Whidden–Kerr House and Garden, located in the Portland (Oregon) metropolitan area, in the unincorporated Dunthorpe area just south of the city of Portland, is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The house overlooks the Willamette River, which can be seen in the background of the photo. This is an image of a place or building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the United States of America. Its reference number is 88001039

Photograph of a large house with landscaped grounds

The Whidden–Kerr House and Garden, also known as High Hatch Estate, is a historic property located in the unincorporated communities of Riverwood and Dunthorpe in Multnomah County, Oregon, south of Portland and north of Lake Oswego, Oregon. William M. Whidden of Whidden & Lewis designed the house in 1901, to be his own residence, and it was built the same year. Whidden and his family lived in the house until 1911, when he sold it to businessman Thomas Kerr, Sr. It later passed to Kerr's son, Thomas Kerr, Jr., and ultimately remained with the Kerr family until 1987. The house is the "best expression" of Prairie School architecture by Whidden & Lewis, one of Portland's most prominent architectural firms of the period. A separate carriage house, now in use as a garage, is included as a contributing feature in the historic designation. The property includes a formal garden, which was "further developed by Kerr and his wife, the former Mabel Macleay", after Kerr acquired the estate in 1911. The site overlooks the Willamette River. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

The Whidden–Kerr House and Garden, also known as High Hatch Estate, is a historic property located in the unincorporated communities of Riverwood and Dunthorpe in Multnomah County, Oregon, south of Portland and north of Lake Oswego, Oregon. William M. Whidden of Whidden & Lewis designed the house in 1901, to be his own residence, and it was built the same year. Whidden and his family lived in the house until 1911, when he sold it to businessman Thomas Kerr, Sr. (1896–1925). It later passed to Kerr's son, Thomas Kerr, Jr., and ultimately remained with the Kerr family until 1987. The house is the "best expression" of Prairie School architecture by Whidden & Lewis, one of Portland's most prominent architectural firms of the period. A separate carriage house, now in use as a garage, is included as a contributing feature in the historic designation. The property includes a formal garden, which was "further developed by Kerr and his wife, the former Mabel Macleay", after Kerr acquired the estate in 1911. The site overlooks the Willamette River. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

The Whidden–Kerr House and Garden in 2013

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_sturgeon

Russian sturgeon

Description

Russian sturgeon / Description

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii

The Russian sturgeon, also known as the diamond sturgeon or Danube sturgeon, is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae. It is found in Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. It is also found in the Caspian Sea. This fish can grow up to about 235 cm and weigh 115 kg. Russian sturgeon mature and reproduce slowly, making them highly vulnerable to fishing. It is distinguished from other Acipenser species by its short snout with a rounded tip as well as its lower lip which is interrupted at its center.

The Russian sturgeon can grow to 210 cm (83 in) but a more normal size is 110 to 140 cm (43 to 55 in). It has a relatively short and rounded snout with three pairs of unfringed barbels closer to the tip of the snout that to the mouth. The dorsal fin has 27 to 48 soft rays and the anal fin has 16 to 35. The number of scales along the lateral line varies from 21 to 50. This fish can be distinguish from the otherwise similar starry sturgeon by the shape of its snout, its barbels and scale arrangement. The upper surface is greyish-green, the lateral scales are pale and the belly white.

Upper and lower side of head

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_McCardell

Claire McCardell

1930s and 1940s

Claire McCardell / 1930s and 1940s

English: Sunburn-brown jersey beachware designed by Claire McCardell, 1948 Identifier: ladieshomejourna65janwyet (find matches) Title: The Ladies' home journal Year: 1889 (1880s) Authors: Wyeth, N. C. (Newell Convers), 1882-1945 Subjects: Women's periodicals Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive Publisher: Philadelphia : (s.n.) Contributing Library: Internet Archive Digitizing Sponsor: Internet Archive View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: ' Text Appearing After Image: BEAUTY AND DISTINCTION OF CUSTOM CAR STYLING Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Claire McCardell was an American fashion designer of ready-to-wear clothing in the twentieth century. She is credited with the creation of American sportswear.

Late in 1930, McCardell began working as an assistant designer for Robert Turk. Soon afterward, Turk moved to a larger company, Townley Frocks, and brought McCardell with him. In 1932, Turk drowned and Claire was asked to finish his fall line. The 27-year-old chief designer soon traveled to Paris for inspiration, as did most American designers. Not interested in copying European high fashion, McCardell searched for inspiration in art and street fashion. During the 1930s, began to show innovations such as sashes, spaghetti string ties, and the use of menswear details that would become part of her design signature. In 1938, she modernized the dirndl. She also pioneered matching separates. In 1938, Claire McCardell introduced the Monastic Dress, a bias-cut tentlike dress. It had no seamed waist and hung loosely, but with a versatile belt it could be adapted to hug a woman's curves gracefully. Best & Co. exclusively sold the dress for $29.95 and it sold out in a day. The "Monastic Dress" was widely copied and the cost of trying to stop knock-offs drove Townley Frocks out of business. After the closure of Townley Frocks, Hattie Carnegie hired McCardell to work for her famed dressmaking firm, but her designs were not successful with Carnegie's clients, who were in search of more elaborate merchandise. While working for Hattie Carnegie, McCardell met Diana Vreeland (then at Harper's Bazaar). She would become McCardell's lifelong friend and champion. In 1940, just before leaving Carnegie, McCardell attended her last Parisian fashion show, preferring from then on to avoid any French influence on her clothing. Townley Frocks reopened in 1940 under new management and McCardell returned to the brand. The company's labels then read, "Claire McCardell Clothes by Townley", making her one of the first American designers to have name recognition. World War II cut American designers off from European inspiration and limited the availability of some materials. McCardell flourished under these restrictions. Although many designers considered them too basic, McCardell already worked with fabrics such as denim, calico, and wool jersey that were easily available during the war. She popularized the ballet flat when, responding to the shortage of leather, McCardell commissioned Capezio to produce a range of ballet flats to match her designs. When the government announced a surplus of weather balloon cotton materials in 1944, McCardell quickly bought them up, using them to design clothes that patriotic American women wore with pride. In 1941, McCardell produced a line of separates that made nine outfits from five pieces. The pieces included a taffeta skirt, a jersey top, and a jersey jacket. That same year, she showed her first "Kitchen Dinner Dress". Made of cotton, the "Kitchen Dinner Dress" had a full skirt with an attached apron. In 1942, McCardell created her famed "Popover Dress". It was a response to a Harper's Bazaar challenge to create something fashionable one could wear to clean the house and then, wear to a cocktail party. The simple grey dress came with a matching potholder that fit into the dress pocket. The "Popover Dress" sold for $6.95 and more than 75,000 were sold in the first season alone. These dresses became a staple of McCardell collections and over time, she made versions in different lengths and fabrics. The "Popover Dress" received a citation from the American Fashion Critics Association and in 1943, McCardell won a Coty Award. Beginning in 1945, McCardell was featured as an "American Look" designer by Lord & Taylor's department store. In 1946, McCardell won the Best Sportswear Designer Award and in 1948 she won the Neiman-Marcus Award.

Beachwear designed by McCardell circa 1948

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_Headlands_State_Park

Mendocino Headlands State Park

Big River Unit

Mendocino Headlands State Park / Big River Unit

Big River, in the Big River Unit of Mendocino Headlands State Park, Mendocino, California.

Mendocino Headlands State Park is a California State Park in Mendocino, California. It consists of 347 acres of undeveloped seaside bluffs and islets surrounding the town of Mendocino, two beaches, and the much larger Big River Unit stretching for eight miles along both banks of the nearby Big River. The park began operation in 1974, after several years of concern and discussion from citizens about the possibility of blufftop development. The Big River Unit was added in 2002.

The Big River Unit of Mendocino Headlands State park consists of 7,334 acres (30 km²) of land along the banks of the Big River, south of Mendocino. It includes 1500 acres (6 km²) of wetlands and the longest undeveloped estuary in Northern California. The park was created on July 30, 2002 after a group of donors, nonprofit organizations, and agencies, led by the Mendocino Land Trust, collected over 25 million dollars to purchase the property from the Hawthorne Timber Company and conveyed it to the California State Park system. The park includes remnants of the historic Mendocino Lumber Company sawmill. The unit can be reached by State Route 1, south of Mendocino. Amenities are few, but include hiking paths on both sides of the river. Canoes and kayaks are available for rent from the Stanford Inn by the Sea on the south side of the river, and lead to a gentle paddle through eight miles (13 km) of forest. At the mouth of the river, a footpath leads north under the Highway 1 bridge to Big River beach and the town of Mendocino. Inland, north of the river, the unit abuts Mendocino Woodlands State Park; the hiking path on the north bank of the river leads from one park to the other. On the south side of the river Van Damme State Park is nearby, across the Comptche-Ukiah Road. There is also a "Big River State Park" in Illinois.

The Big River Unit of Mendocino Headlands State Park, from the path on the north bank of the river.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins,_Mississippi

Collins, Mississippi

Collins, Mississippi

English: Covington County Courthouse - War Memorial Entrance

Covington County Courthouse in Collins

Collins is a city in Covington County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 2,586 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Covington County.

Collins is a city in Covington County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 2,586 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Covington County.

Covington County Courthouse in Collins

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vico

Giambattista Vico

The Scienza Nuova

Giambattista Vico / The Scienza Nuova

Italiano: Giovambattista Vico, Principj di Scienza Nuova - copertina dell'edizione 1744

Giambattista Vico was an Italian political philosopher and rhetorician, historian and jurist of the Age of Enlightenment. He criticized the expansion and development of modern rationalism, was an apologist for Classical Antiquity, finding Cartesian analysis and other types of reductionism impractical to daily life, and was the first expositor of the fundamentals of social science and of semiotics. The Latin aphorism Verum esse ipsum factum coined by Vico is an early instance of constructivist epistemology. He inaugurated the modern field of the philosophy of history, and, although the term philosophy of history is not in his writings, Vico spoke of a "history of philosophy narrated philosophically." Although he was not an historicist, contemporary interest in Vico usually has been motivated by historicists, such as Isaiah Berlin, a philosopher and historian of ideas, Edward Said, a literary critic, and Hayden White, a metahistorian. Vico's intellectual magnum opus is the book Scienza Nuova, which attempts a systematic organization of the humanities as a single science that recorded and explained the historical cycles by which societies rise and fall.

The New Science (1725, Scienza Nuova) is his major work and has been highly influential in the philosophy of history, and for historicists such as Isaiah Berlin and Hayden White.

Title page of Principj di Scienza Nuova (1744 ed.)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackforth

Hackforth

Governance

Hackforth / Governance

Hackforth and Hornby Church of England Primary School, Hackforth, North Yorkshire

Hackforth is a small village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England, about 4 miles north of Bedale. Nearby settlements include Langthorne and Crakehall.

The village lies within the Richmond (Yorks) parliamentary constituency, which is under the control of the Conservative Party. The current Member of Parliament, since the 2015 general election, is Rishi Sunak. Hackforth also lies within the Bedale ward of Hambleton District Council.

Hackforth and Hornby Church of England Primary School

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg

Elections in Luxembourg

Eligibility

Elections in Luxembourg / Chamber of Deputies / Eligibility

A map of the Chamber of Deputies circonscriptions (circonscriptions électorales) of Luxembourg.

Elections in Luxembourg are held to determine the political composition of the representative institutions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a liberal representative democracy, with universal suffrage guaranteed under the constitution. Elections are held regularly, and are considered to be fair and free. Separate elections are held to elect representatives at communal, national, and European levels. The main institution to which members are elected is the Chamber of Deputies, the national legislature and the sole source of membership, confidence, and supply of the government. Luxembourg is represented by six MEPs to the European Parliament, who are elected simultaneously with elections held in other European Union member states. The country has a multi-party system, traditionally defined by the existence of three large political parties: the Christian Social People's Party, the Democratic Party, and the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party.

To be eligible to vote in elections to the Chamber of Deputies, one must fulfil the following criteria: One must be a Luxembourgish citizen. One must be eighteen years of age on election day. One must never have been convicted of a criminal offence. One must otherwise be in full possession of one's political rights (e.g. not be certified as insane). In addition to the criteria outlined above, to stand for election to the Chamber of Deputies, one must be resident in Luxembourg. Furthermore, one cannot be a candidate if one is a judge or a member of the Council of State.

The four legislative circonscriptions of Luxembourg are the constituencies for elections to the Chamber of Deputies.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Legislative_circonscriptions_of_Luxembourg.png

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarai

Quarai

Quarai

Quarai Ruins in Salinas Pueblo Mission National Monument, New Mexico

Quarai, also known historically as Quarai State Monument, is a prehistoric and historic unit of the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument located north of Mountainair, New Mexico. A National Historic Landmark District, it encompasses the archaeological remains of prehistoric Native American settlements, historic remains of a pueblo that was abandoned in the 1670s during the Spanish colonial period, the ruins of a 17th-century Spanish mission compound, and 19th-century Spanish ranching artifacts. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, and was added to the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument in 1980.

Quarai, also known historically as Quarai State Monument, is a prehistoric and historic unit of the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument located north of Mountainair, New Mexico. A National Historic Landmark District, it encompasses the archaeological remains of prehistoric Native American settlements, historic remains of a pueblo that was abandoned in the 1670s during the Spanish colonial period, the ruins of a 17th-century Spanish mission compound, and 19th-century Spanish ranching artifacts. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, and was added to the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument in 1980.

Quarai Ruins in Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenriddell_Manuscripts

Glenriddell Manuscripts

History of the manuscripts

Glenriddell Manuscripts / History of the manuscripts

English: The Frontispiece by John Beugo 1791 In the 1914 Glenriddel Manuscript facsimile.

The Glenriddell Manuscripts is an extensive collection written in holograph by Robert Burns and an amanuensis of his letters, poems and a few songs in two volumes produced for his then friend Captain Robert Riddell, Laird of what is now Friars Carse in the Nith Valley, Dumfries and Galloway. The two volumes of the manuscript were handsomely bound in calf leather. The first volume of poems and songs was completed by April 1791 and was presented to Robert Riddell, however their friendship ceased due to the unfortunate 'The Rape of the Sabine Women' incident and Robert Riddell died shortly after before any reconciliation could take place. The first volume is partly in Burns's hand with one main amanuensis contributing much of the text in a far neater hand than the author himself and a possible third person contributing to the text. The second volume is entirely in Burns's hand.

Robert Riddell provided Burns with two attractive quarto sized volumes embossed with his armorial crest and bound in calf leather. They were slightly different sizes. Work started in May 1789 on adding the poems and songs. The 'stock and horn' of Burns's armorial bearing is placed on the frontispiece of the second volume. Burns went to considerable efforts to get the first volume returned after Robert Riddell's death on 20 April 1794 and added extra material once it was back in his hands. The second volume had not been ready in time to be presented to Riddell. Burns wrote in 1794 to Robert Riddell's unmarried sister Eleanor, asking that she and her married sister Elizabeth would either return or destroy the manuscripts, saying that "I made a collection of all my trifles in verse which I had ever written. They are many of them local, some puerile and silly, and all of them unfit for the public eye. As I have some little fame at stake ... I am uneasy now for the fate of those manuscripts. ... As a pledge of friendship they were bestowed; and that circumstance, indeed, was all their merit." Burns was still working on the second volume in late 1793. One of the additions he made to Volume One upon its return was the blunt and angry epigram upon Maria Riddell on page 161 "If you rattle along like your mistress's tongue." After Burns's death the manuscripts were put into the hands of James Currie at Liverpool, his biographer, however they were not automatically returned to the Burns family after his biography of Burns was published and he died before he could publish an improved biography. After Currie's death they passed into the possession of his son William Wallace Currie. In 1853 when William died his widow, without permission, offered them to a private gentlemen's club known as the Liverpool Athenaeum where they resided, forgotten in a box for circa twenty years, until in 1873 Mr. Henry A. Bright, uncovered them, wrote an account of them and put on display for 6 months. The club eventually decided to sell the manuscripts in what is likely to have been an illegal transaction, despite vociferous objections and the establishment of a 'Scots Committee' under the chairmanship of Lord Rosebery who intended to take action in the courts. The Liverpool Athenaeum added 'insult to injury' by revealing that they would use the proceeds of the sale to establish a 'Currie Memorial Fund'. Dr. James Currie had however signed a letter in 1797 that stated "..that whatever was done as to the returning any letters, papers, etc., should be considered as the act of the widow and transacted in her name." Messrs. Sotheby & Co. exercised their option to purchase the manuscripts on 3 June 1913 and paid £5000. Miss Annie Burns Burns of Cheltenham, the poet's only surviving grandchild, was appointed the Executrix Dative of Robert Burns with a strong legal case for the manuscripts return to the family, however the Liverpool Athenaeum refused. Sotheby's agreed however to abide with any court decision. Joseph W. Hornstein, a London bookdealer, purchased the manuscripts for £5000 by private treaty from Sotheby's and sold them to an American client, who was not however as is sometimes stated, J. Pierpoint Morgan. Hornstein reportedly tried to have them returned however he died very soon after the sale. Another reference gives J. Pierpoint Morgan being involved in a proposed purchase in 1903 that fell through due to adverse publicity, explaining the extreme secrecy of the 1913 affair. Additionally it is said that Hornstein's agent approached several prospective purchasers in America without success due to the adverse reaction in Scotland. Some clarity to the confusion comes from the fact that the Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury reminded its readers that circa 10 years before the paper had taken the lead in preventing the Athenaneum from selling the manuscripts on that occasion, probably to J.P.Morgan. In late 1913 the businessman and antiquarian collector John Gribbel was approached with a view to a sale to him of the Glenriddell Manuscripts. On 21 Novembe

John Beugo engraving of Robert Burns.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylation

Carboxylation

Carboxylation in biochemistry

Carboxylation / Carboxylation in biochemistry

Structure of Carboxyglutamic acid, drawn by me.

Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid group is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation. In chemistry, the term carbonation is sometimes used synonymously with carboxylation, especially when applied to the reaction of carbanionic reagents with CO₂. More generally, carbonation usually describes the production of carbonates.

Carbon-based life originates from carboxylation that couples atmospheric carbon dioxide to a sugar. The process is usually catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes this carboxylation, is possibly the single most abundant protein on Earth. Carboxylation in biochemistry includes a posttranslational modification of glutamate residues, to γ-carboxyglutamate, in proteins. It occurs primarily in proteins involved in the blood clotting cascade, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X, protein C, and protein S, and also in some bone proteins. This modification is required for these proteins to function. Carboxylation occurs in the liver and is performed by γ-glutamyl carboxylase. The carboxylase requires vitamin K as a cofactor and performs the reaction in a processive manner. γ-carboxyglutamate binds calcium, which is essential for its activity. For example, in prothrombin, calcium binding allows the protein to associate with the plasma membrane in platelets, bringing it into close proximity with the proteins that cleave prothrombin to active thrombin after injury.

Carboxyglutamic acid

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Carboxyglutamic_acid.png

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla_rabbit

Chinchilla rabbit

Chinchilla rabbit

My bunny Ninja eats a leaf during the fall.

Chinchilla rabbits are a group of three rabbit breeds that have been bred for a coat that resembles that of chinchillas. Despite their name, they are not related to and cannot interbreed with chinchillas, which are a species of rodent. Rabbits are lagomorphs. A mutation diluted the yellow pigment in the hairs to almost white, changing in this way the color of the fur of the wild rabbit into chinchilla. There are three breeds of Chinchilla rabbit recognized by the ARBA,"American Rabbit Breeders Association".

Chinchilla rabbits are a group of three rabbit breeds that have been bred for a coat that resembles that of chinchillas. Despite their name, they are not related to and cannot interbreed with chinchillas, which are a species of rodent. Rabbits are lagomorphs. A mutation diluted the yellow pigment in the hairs to almost white, changing in this way the color of the fur of the wild rabbit (agouti) into chinchilla. There are three breeds of Chinchilla rabbit recognized by the ARBA ,"American Rabbit Breeders Association".

A Chinchilla Rabbit eating a leaf during the fall.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.rex_Discovery_Centre

T.rex Discovery Centre

Scotty the T. rex

T.rex Discovery Centre / Scotty the T. rex

English: Life-size cast of Scotty the T.rex Discovery Centre in Eastend, SK.

The T.rex Discovery Centre is a natural history museum located in Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada, and housed in a building designed by Stantec. The T.rex Discovery Centre was opened to the public in 2001, and was intended house a number of fossils, including the remains of a Tyrannosaurus nicknamed "Scotty" which was found nearby in 1991. Management of the T.rex Discovery Centre was assumed by the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in 2013.

Originally discovered by Royal Saskatchewan Museum research team in Saskatchewan's Frenchman River Valley on August 16, 1991, the fossilized remains of specimen [RSM P2523.8], nicknamed Scotty, were painstakingly removed – almost completely by hand – over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, a 65% complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton was revealed. "Scotty" the T. rex was found on August 16, 1991 by local high school principal Robert Gebhardt. Gebhardt had joined palaeontologists Tim Tokaryk and John Storer from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (RSM) on a prospecting expedition alongside the Frenchman River Valley. Gebhardt stumbled across a tail vertebra of the T. rex on a cattle trail he was walking along. They later found a piece of the jaw with teeth still attached sticking out of the side of a hill. Today, about 65% of Scotty's bones have been recovered. A cast of Scotty was first to go on display at the T.rex Discovery Centre on March 15, 2013, followed by a second in an exhibit developed by the Australian Museum in November 2013. On March 21, 2019 Scotty was described to be the largest and oldest T. rex in the world, with an estimated weight of 8870 kg, length of 13 m and age of over 28 years. On May 17, 2019 a cast of Scotty was unveiled at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum.

Life-size cast of Scotty the T.rex Discovery Centre in Eastend, SK.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_doors

Swan doors

Swan doors

English: A Jaguar C-X75 concept car at the 2010 Paris Motor Show.

Swan doors are a type of door sometimes seen on high performance cars or concept cars. Swan doors operate in a similar way to conventional car doors but unlike regular doors, they open at an upward angle. This design helps the doors to clear curbs, especially on lower sports cars, by opening slightly upward and away from the curb. The name comes from a car's resemblance with its doors open to a swan with its wings open. Aston Martin have used the design on many of their models, including the DB9, DB10, DB11, DBS V12, One-77, Rapide, Vantage, Vanquish, Virage, CC100 and the Vulcan. The design was also used by Aston Martin's sister company, Lagonda, on the Lagonda Taraf, as well as by other manufacturers on the Hennessey Venom GT, Vencer Sarthe and Pagani Huayra Roadster. Concept cars have used Swan doors as well, including the Jaguar C-X75 concept, Nissan URGE, Bertone Nuccio, Lamborghini Asterion, Toyota NS4 and more.

Swan doors are a type of door sometimes seen on high performance cars or concept cars. Swan doors operate in a similar way to conventional car doors but unlike regular doors, they open at an upward angle. This design helps the doors to clear curbs, especially on lower sports cars, by opening slightly upward and away from the curb. The name comes from a car's resemblance with its doors open to a swan with its wings open. Aston Martin have used the design on many of their models, including the DB9, DB10, DB11, DBS V12, One-77, Rapide, Vantage, Vanquish, Virage, CC100 and the Vulcan. The design was also used by Aston Martin's sister company, Lagonda, on the Lagonda Taraf, as well as by other manufacturers on the Hennessey Venom GT, Vencer Sarthe and Pagani Huayra Roadster. Concept cars have used Swan doors as well, including the Jaguar C-X75 concept, Nissan URGE, Bertone Nuccio, Lamborghini Asterion, Toyota NS4 and more.

Jaguar C-X75 concept

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century

19th century

Culture

19th century / Culture

English: McNeven, J., The Foreign Department, viewed towards the transept, coloured lithograph, 1851, Ackermann (printer), V&A. The interior of the Crystal Palace in London during the Great Exhibition of 1851.

The 19th century was a century that began on January 1, 1801, and ended on December 31, 1900. The 19th century saw large amounts of social change; slavery was abolished, and the First and Second Industrial Revolutions led to massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit and prosperity. The Islamic gunpowder empires were formally dissolved and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia and almost all of Africa under colonial rule. It was marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Zulu Kingdom, First French, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, the Russian Empire, the United States, the German Empire, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Italy and Meiji Japan, with the British boasting unchallenged dominance after 1815. After the defeat of the French Empire, and its Indian allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the British and Russian empires expanded greatly, becoming the world's leading powers. The Russian Empire expanded in the Caucasus, central and far eastern Asia.

1808: Beethoven composes Fifth Symphony 1813: Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice 1818: Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein. 1819: John Keats writes his odes of 1819. 1819: Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre. 1824: Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. 1829: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres. 1837: Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist. 1841: Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes Self-Reliance. 1845: Frederick Douglass publishes Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 1847: The Brontë sisters publish Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey. 1849: Josiah Henson publishes The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself. 1851: Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick. 1851: Sojourner Truth delivers the speech Ain't I a Woman?. 1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin. 1855: Walt Whitman publishes the first edition of Leaves of Grass. 1855: Frederick Douglass publishes the first edition of My Bondage and My Freedom. 1862: Victor Hugo publishes Les Misérables. 1865: Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. 1869: Leo Tolstoy publishes War and Peace. 1875: Georges Bizet's opera Carmen premiers in Paris. 1876: Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle is first performed in its entirety. 1883: Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island is published. 1884: Mark Twain publishes the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 1886: "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published. 1887: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet. 1889: Vincent van Gogh paints Starry Night. 1889: Moulin Rouge opens in Paris. 1892: Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite premières in St Petersberg. 1894: Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book is published 1895: Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play The Importance of Being Earnest. 1897: Bram Stoker writes Dracula. 1900: L. Frank Baum publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

The Great Exhibition in London. Starting during the 18th century, the United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell

Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell

Scouting Movement

Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell / Scouting Movement

English: (l. to r.) Unknown, Archibald Butt, Robert Baden-Powell, William Taft, James Bryce. (Original title: "BADEN-POWELL, SIR ROBERT, [WILLIAM H. TAFT], BUTT, ARCHIBALD WILLINGHAM FOUNDER OF BOY SCOUTS [WITH TAFT]"). 1 negative: glass; 5 x 7 in. or smaller

Lieutenant General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB, KStJ, DL, was a British Army officer, writer, founder and first Chief Scout of the world-wide Scout Movement, and founder, with his sister Agnes, of the world-wide Girl Guide / Girl Scout Movement. Baden-Powell authored the first editions of the seminal work Scouting for Boys, which was an inspiration for the Scout Movement. Educated at Charterhouse School, Baden-Powell served in the British Army from 1876 until 1910 in India and Africa. In 1899, during the Second Boer War in South Africa, Baden-Powell successfully defended the town in the Siege of Mafeking. Several of his books, written for military reconnaissance and scout training in his African years, were also read by boys. In 1907, he held a demonstration camp, the Brownsea Island Scout camp, which is now seen as the beginning of Scouting. Based on his earlier books, particularly Aids to Scouting, he wrote Scouting for Boys, published in 1908 by Sir Arthur Pearson, for boy readership. In 1910 Baden-Powell retired from the army and formed The Scout Association. The first Scout Rally was held at The Crystal Palace in 1909.

On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, Aids to Scouting, had become a best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations, including Charlotte Mason's House of Education. Following his involvement in the Boys' Brigade as a Brigade Vice-President and Officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from his friend, William Alexander Smith, Baden-Powell decided to re-write Aids to Scouting to suit a youth readership. In August 1907 he held a camp on Brownsea Island to test out his ideas. About twenty boys attended: eight from local Boys' Brigade companies, and about twelve public school boys, mostly sons of his friends. Baden-Powell was also influenced by Ernest Thompson Seton, who founded the Woodcraft Indians. Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians and they met in 1906. The first book on the Scout Movement, Baden-Powell's Scouting for Boys was published in six instalments in 1908, and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the fourth best-selling book of the 20th century. Boys and girls spontaneously formed Scout troops and the Scouting Movement had inadvertently started, first as a national, and soon an international phenomenon. A rally of Scouts was held at Crystal Palace in London in 1909, at which Baden-Powell met some of the first Girl Scouts. The Girl Guides were subsequently formed in 1910 under the auspices of Baden-Powell's sister, Agnes Baden-Powell. In 1912, Baden-Powell started a world tour with a voyage to the Caribbean. Another passenger was Juliette Gordon Low, an American who had been running a Guide Company in Scotland, and was returning to the U.S.A. Baden-Powell encouraged her to found the Girl Scouts of the USA. In 1920, the 1st World Scout Jamboree took place in Olympia in West Kensington, and Baden-Powell was acclaimed Chief Scout of the World. Baden-Powell was created a Baronet in 1921 and Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell, in the County of Essex, on 17 September 1929, Gilwell Park being the International Scout Leader training centre. After receiving this honour, Baden-Powell mostly styled himself "Baden-Powell of Gilwell". In 1929, during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree, he received as a present a new 20-horsepower Rolls-Royce car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles Caravan. This combination well served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945. Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007. Recently it has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, B-P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car. Baden-Powell also had a positive impact on improvements in youth education. Under his dedicated command the world Scouting Movement grew. By 1922 there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939 the number of Scouts was in excess of 3.3 million. Some early Scouting "Thanks Badges" (from 1911) and the Scouting "Medal of Merit" badge had a swastika symbol on them. This was undoubtedly influenced by the use by Rudyard Kipling of the swastika on the jacket of his published books, including Kim, which was used by Baden-Powell as a basis for the Wolf Cub branch of the Scouting Movement. The swastika had been a symbol for luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazi Party in 1920, and when Nazi use of the swastika became more widespread, the Scouts stopped using it. Nazi Germany banned Scouting, a competitor to the Hitler Youth, in June 1934, seeing it as "a haven for young men opposed to the new State". Based on the regime's view of Scouting as a dangerous espionage organisation, Baden-Powell's name was included in "The Black Book", a 1940 list of people to be detained following the planned conquest of the United Kingdom. A drawing by Baden-Powell depicts Scouts ass

Reviewing the Boy Scouts of Washington, D.C. from the portico of the White House: Baden-Powell, President Taft, British ambassador Bryce (1912)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Butt%2C_Baden-Powell%2C_Taft%2C_Bryce2.jpg

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Halifax)

The Daily News (Halifax)

The Daily News (Halifax)

Daily News building (Halifax NS, April 1 2007)

The Daily News was a tabloid newspaper in Halifax, Nova Scotia, that was published from 1974 until ceasing operations in February 2008.

The Daily News was a tabloid newspaper in Halifax, Nova Scotia, that was published from 1974 until ceasing operations in February 2008.

Daily News sign (2007)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus

Codex Sinaiticus

Recent history

Codex Sinaiticus / History / Recent history

Codex Sinaiticus or "Sinai Bible" is one of the four great uncial codices, ancient, handwritten copies of a Christian Bible in Greek. The codex is a historical treasure. The codex is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in uncial letters on parchment and dated paleographically to the mid-4th century. Scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the most important Greek texts of the New Testament, along with the Codex Vaticanus. Until Constantin von Tischendorf's discovery of the Sinaiticus text, the Codex Vaticanus was unrivaled. The Codex Sinaiticus came to the attention of scholars in the 19th century at Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula, with further material discovered in the 20th and 21st centuries. Although parts of the codex are scattered across four libraries around the world, most of the manuscript is held today in the British Library in London, where it is on public display. Since its discovery, study of the Codex Sinaiticus has proven to be useful to scholars for critical studies of biblical text. While large portions of the Old Testament are missing, it is assumed that the codex originally contained the whole of both Testaments.

In the early 20th century Vladimir Beneshevich (1874–1938) discovered parts of three more leaves of the codex in the bindings of other manuscripts in the library of Mount Sinai. Beneshevich went on three occasions to the monastery (1907, 1908, 1911) but does not tell when or from which book these were recovered. These leaves were also acquired for St. Petersburg, where they remain. For many decades, the Codex was preserved in the Russian National Library. In 1933, the Soviet Union sold the codex to the British Museum (after 1973 British Library) for £100,000 raised by public subscription (worth £7.2 million in 2020). After coming to Britain it was examined by Skeat and Milne using an ultra-violet lamp. In May 1975, during restoration work, the monks of Saint Catherine's Monastery discovered a room beneath the St. George Chapel which contained many parchment fragments. Kurt Aland and his team from the Institute for New Testament Textual Research were the first scholars who were invited to analyse, examine and photograph these new fragments of the New Testament in 1982. Among these fragments were twelve complete leaves from the Sinaiticus, 11 leaves of the Pentateuch and 1 leaf of the Shepherd of Hermas. Together with these leaves 67 Greek Manuscripts of New Testament have been found (uncials 0278 – 0296 and some minuscules). In June 2005, a team of experts from the UK, Europe, Egypt, Russia and USA undertook a joint project to produce a new digital edition of the manuscript (involving all four holding libraries), and a series of other studies was announced. This will include the use of hyperspectral imaging to photograph the manuscripts to look for hidden information such as erased or faded text. This is to be done in cooperation with the British Library. More than one quarter of the manuscript was made publicly available at The Codex Sinaiticus Website on 24 July 2008. On 6 July 2009, 800 more pages of the manuscript were made available, showing over half of the entire text, although the entire text was intended to be shown by that date. The complete document is now available online in digital form and available for scholarly study. The online version has a fully transcribed set of digital pages, including amendments to the text, and two images of each page, with both standard lighting and raked lighting to highlight the texture of the parchment. Prior to 1 September 2009, the University of the Arts London PhD student, Nikolas Sarris, discovered the previously unseen fragment of the Codex in the library of Saint Catherine's Monastery. It contains the text of Book of Joshua 1:10.

A two-thirds portion of the codex was held in the National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg from 1859 until 1933

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_people

Papel people

Demography

Papel people / Demography

Postcard: CI No 09 - Guiné Portuguesa - Luta da Mantampa "Papeis"

Papels, also called Moium, Oium, Papei, Pepel or Pelels, are an ethnic group established in Casamance, Guinea Bissau and Guinea. Its population in Guinea Bissau is 115,000, according to the 2012 estimate. They traditionally engaged in hunting and agriculture.

The Papel people live traditionally around the city of Bissau, in the Biombo Region. They are linguistically and culturally close to mankagnes and Manjack or Manjacas. They are traditionally farmers. So, they have one of the most suitable land for rice cultivation. Like the Manjacks, their names are Portuguese because of the Portuguese occupation of the country from the late 15th century until 1973. Surnames characteristic of this ethnic group are: Pereira, Lopes, Vieira, Correia, Monteiro, Ca, etc. Their language is the Papel, which is one of the Niger–Congo languages. The estimated number of speakers was 136,000 in Guinea Bissau in 2006.

Mantampa Fight of two Papel men (60s).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_Airways

Samoa Airways

History

Samoa Airways / History

English: Percival Prince 3E executive aircraft of Standard Motor Co at Croydon Airport

Samoa Airways, formerly Polynesian Airlines, is the state-owned flag carrier airline of Samoa. The airline was founded in 1959 as "Polynesian Airlines", providing domestic and international flights throughout the South Pacific. International operations were temporarily halted in 2005 and taken over by new airline Polynesian Blue, before resuming international flights under the new name of "Samoa Airways" in late 2017. Samoa Airways is wholly owned by the government of Samoa and is based in the capital city of Apia, with its headquarters located in the Samoa National Provident Fund Building on Beach Road and its primary hub at Faleolo International Airport. The airline presently operates short-haul flights within Samoa and American Samoa, as well as long-haul flights to Australia and New Zealand.

The airline was established in 1959 as "Polynesian Airlines", and started operations in August that year with services between Apia and Pago Pago in American Samoa using a Percival Prince aircraft. The government of Western Samoa acquired a controlling interest in 1971. In 1982 Ansett Airlines of Australia signed a five-year management contract with the government to run the airline. This was extended for a further ten years in 1987. In February 1995 a commercial alliance with Air New Zealand was signed to develop marketing, sales and operational relationships. In 2005, the airline's international jet flights were taken over by Polynesian Blue, a new airline established as a joint venture between the government of Samoa and Australian low-cost carrier Virgin Blue. Both the Samoan government and Virgin Blue each held 49% ownership of the new airline with the remaining 2% held by a Samoan investment group. The government of Samoa cited rising operating costs for Polynesian Airlines, which accounted for more than half of the government's annual budget, as one of the main reasons for suspending its international operations. However, Polynesian Airlines continued to operate turboprop flights in Samoa and American Samoa. In 2011, Virgin Blue announced a rebranding of its airline group, with its Samoan subsidiary being renamed "Virgin Samoa". In 2017, the Samoan government announced that it was closing down Virgin Samoa, citing a lack of competitive fare pricing and disappointing performance. In its place, Polynesian Airlines would resume international flights with the new name of "Samoa Airways". The state-owned Samoa Airways partnered with Fiji Airways to assist with international flight operations, and wet-leased a Boeing 737-800 from Italian airline Neos in a deal brokered by Icelandair. International flights recommenced on 14 November 2017, with Samoa Airways flying from Apia to Auckland.

Polynesian Airlines Percival Prince

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Beach,_North_Carolina

Carolina Beach, North Carolina

Carolina Beach, North Carolina

English: Carolina Beach Pier

Carolina Beach Pier

Carolina Beach is a town in New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 5,052 at the 2000 census and 5,706 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Wilmington metropolitan area. The community of Wilmington Beach was annexed by the town in 2000.

Carolina Beach is a town in New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 5,052 at the 2000 census and 5,706 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Wilmington metropolitan area. The community of Wilmington Beach was annexed by the town in 2000.

Carolina Beach Pier

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinguicula_orchidioides

Pinguicula orchidioides

Botanical history

Pinguicula orchidioides / Botanical history

English: Pinguicula orchidioides in habitat in Oaxaca, Mexico.

Pinguicula orchidioides is a perennial rosette-forming insectivorous herb native to Mexico and Guatemala. A species of butterwort, it forms summer rosettes of flat, succulent leaves up to 5 centimeters long, which are covered in mucilaginous glands that attract, trap, and digest arthropod prey. Nutrients derived from the prey are used to supplement the nutrient-poor substrate that the plant grows in. Uniquely among Pinguicula species from the Americas, p. orchidioides produces gemma-like basal buds which elongate into stolons and serve as a means of asexual reproduction. In the winter the plant forms a non-carnivorous rosette of small, fleshy leaves that conserves energy while food and moisture supplies are low. Single purple flowers appear between July and September on upright stalks up to 22 centimeters long. The species was first described in 1844 by Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle, but following an unfortunate misidentification by his contemporary William Jackson Hooker, was relegated to the ranks of botanical synonymy and generally forgotten until it was rediscovered through the works of botanists in the 1990s.

Pinguicula orchidioides was first described by French-Swiss botanist Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle in 1844 based on collections by G. Andrieux (130). De Candolle, in subdividing the genus Pinguicula, included the species in the newly created section Orcheosanthus along with other species with purple, deeply bilabiate corollas with 5 sub-equal lobes, a short floral tube, and a large spur not protruding past this tube. Two years later, Hooker described a plant he saw growing at Kew Botanical Gardens and, thinking it to be similar to Candolle's P. orchidioides, applied that name. Unfortunately, this specimen was actually a P. moranensis var. neovolcanica, causing great confusion for taxonomists who thereafter treated P. orchidioides as a synonym of P. caudata or P. macrophylla. Recognition of the species was only maintained by Sprague (1928), who contended that De Candolle's species was discrete from the plant described by Hooker. Casper, while omitting the species from his revision of the genus in 1966, noted that P. orchidioides auct. non A.DC.: Hook. was probably a nomen dubium vel ambiguum. However, the identification of P. orchidioides A.DC. was left unaddressed and was forgotten, so that when Hans Luhrs described stoloniferous Pinguicula specimens in 1995, he did so under a new name: P. stolonifera. It wasn't until 1998 that the species was re-described under the name P. orchidioides by Mexican Pinguicula specialist Sergio Zamudio. He noted its distinction from other species based on leaf shape, stolon production, flower morphology and geographical isolation (from P. oblongiloba).

Capable of asexual reproduction, P. orchidioides tends to be clump-forming.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin

Led Zeppelin

1980s

Led Zeppelin / History / Post-breakup / 1980s

English: Jimmy Page at the Cow Palace, San Francisco, California. December 2, 1983. Canon AE-1, 80-200 Toyo lens. 400 ASA.

A colour photograph of Jimmy Page performing on stage with a double-necked guitar

Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, although their style drew from a variety of influences, including blues and folk music. After changing their name from the New Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom. Although the group were initially unpopular with critics, they achieved significant commercial success with eight studio albums released over ten years, from Led Zeppelin to In Through the Out Door. Their untitled fourth studio album, commonly known as Led Zeppelin IV, and featuring the song "Stairway to Heaven", is among the most popular and influential works in rock music, and helped to secure the group's popularity. Page wrote most of Led Zeppelin's music, particularly early in their career, while Plant generally supplied the lyrics.

Following Zeppelin's dissolution, the first significant project for the members was the Honeydrippers, which Plant initially formed in 1981, and which released its only album in 1984. The group featured Page on lead guitar, along with studio musicians and friends of the pair, including Jeff Beck, Paul Shaffer, and Nile Rodgers. Plant focused on a different direction from Zeppelin, playing standards and in a more R&B style, highlighted by a cover of "Sea of Love" that peaked at number three on the Billboard chart in early 1985. Coda – a collection of Zeppelin outtakes and unused tracks – was issued in November 1982. It included two tracks from the Royal Albert Hall in 1970, one each from the Led Zeppelin III and Houses of the Holy sessions, and three from the In Through the Out Door sessions. It also featured a 1976 Bonham drum instrumental with electronic effects added by Page, called "Bonzo's Montreux". On 13 July 1985, Page, Plant, and Jones reunited for the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia, playing a short set featuring drummers Tony Thompson and Phil Collins, and bassist Paul Martinez. Collins had contributed to Plant's first two solo albums while Martinez was a member of Plant's solo band. The performance was marred by a lack of rehearsal with the two drummers, Page's struggles with an out-of-tune guitar, poorly functioning monitors, and Plant's hoarse voice. Page described the performance as "pretty shambolic", while Plant characterised it as an "atrocity". The three members reunited again on 14 May 1988, for the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert, with Bonham's son Jason on drums. The result was again disjointed: Plant and Page had argued immediately prior to taking the stage about whether to play "Stairway to Heaven", and Jones' keyboards were absent from the live television feed. Page described the performance as "one big disappointment" and Plant said "the gig was foul".

Page performs at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California in 1983.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Grivolas

Pierre Grivolas

Pierre Grivolas

English: Peasants at Sunset

Pierre Grivolas was a French painter; known for landscapes, portraits and genre scenes.

Pierre Grivolas (2 September 1823, Avignon - 5 February 1906, Avignon) was a French painter; known for landscapes, portraits and genre scenes.

Peasants at Sunset

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oland_(Frisian_island)

Oland (Frisian island)