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21840559 | The ethanol extract from the dried exudate of Bursera fagaroides (Burseraceae) showed significant cytotoxic activity in the HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) test system. The extract provided four podophyllotoxin related lignans, identified as (7'R,8R,8'R)-(-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin (3), (7'R,8R,8'R)-(-)-morelensin (4), (8R,8'R)-(-)-yatein (5), and (8R,8'R)-(-)-5'-desmethoxyyatein (6), whose spectroscopic and chiroptical properties were compared with those of (7R,7'R,8R,8'R)-(-)-podophyllotoxin (1) and its acetyl derivative (2). Their absolute configurations were assigned by comparison of the vibrational circular dichroism spectra of 1 and 3 with those obtained by density functional theory calculations. | [
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46,
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66,
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8183725 | The action of fresh minced garlic and garlic oil on aflatoxin B1- (AFB1) induced carcinogenesis in the toad Bufo regularis was studied. Feeding toads with AFB1 induced tumors in 19% of the animals. Animals given AFB1 together with fresh garlic or garlic oil showed a significant reduction in tumor incidence. The tumor incidences were 3% and 9% in animals given AFB1 plus garlic and AFB1 plus garlic oil, respectively. In all three groups, the tumors were located in the liver (hepatocellular carcinomas), in addition to the kidney in animals treated with AFB1 alone and together with garlic. The kidney tumors were diagnosed as metastatic deposits from the primary liver tumors. It is speculated that one or more constituents of garlic may be responsible for inhibition of AFB1-induced carcinogenesis in B. regularis. | [
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237,
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393,
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585,
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730,
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7597024 | BACKGROUND: Coffee consumption has been brought to focus as a possible risk factor for pancreas cancer. After having reviewed the available evidence, an International Agency for Research on Cancer working group concluded in 1991 that the evidence in humans that coffee drinking is carcinogenic in the pancreas is "inadequate," since the available data were considered suggestive of a weak relationship with high levels of coffee consumption, but the possibility that this was due to bias or confounding was judged tenable. METHODS: The association between coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk was examined in a case-referent study in Finland. Data on coffee consumption 20 years prior to the diagnosis of cancer were obtained from the next of kin of 662 cases of pancreas cancer and 1,770 referent (stomach, colon, and rectum) cancers. The results were expressed as crude and age-, gender-, and tobacco smoking-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for three daily coffee dose categories 20 years prior to cancer diagnosis. RESULTS: The data failed to demonstrate any association between coffee consumption and risk for pancreas cancer. The crude odds ratios varied between 0.7 (95% confidence interval 0.3-1.5) and 1.3 (0.7-2.6), the adjusted ones between 0.5 (0.2-1.2) and 1.1 (0.6-2.1) in the different daily dose categories of coffee and between contrasts with the three referent cancers. The highest odds ratios were associated with the contrast between pancreas and colon cancer, the lowest between pancreas and rectum cancer. Adjustment for gender, age, and tobacco smoking slightly decreased the values of the odds ratios. The power of the study was low, however, to detect possible weak increases associated with coffee consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The results are unlikely to be negatively biased, and are compatible with the majority of epidemiologic results advanced, suggesting no positive association between coffee consumption and the risk of pancreas cancer. | [
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1974,
1989
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12,
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262,
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984,
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1107,
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"coffee"
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[
1350,
1356
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"coffee"
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"id": "7597024_T30",
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"offsets": [
[
1584,
1591
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"tobacco"
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[
1741,
1747
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"text": [
"coffee"
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},
{
"id": "7597024_T34",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1939,
1945
]
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"text": [
"coffee"
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"risk"
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1966,
1970
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"risk"
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71,
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19994684 | OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect of the combined method of acupuncture and ginger-partition moxibustion with that of routine western medicine on the patients with cardiac arrhythmia. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with cardiac arrhythmia were randomly divided into an observation group (38 cases) and a control group (37 cases). In the observation group, the patients were treated at Neiguan (PC 6) with acupuncture, and Xinshu (BL 15), Pishu (BL 20), Gongsun (SP 4) etc. with ginger-partition moxibustion. In the control group, the patients were given the routine western medicine for cardiac arrhythmia, such as Metoprolol, Propafenone and Aspirin (enteric solubility). Through the 2-4 courses of treatment and 1 year follow-up survey, the therapeutic effect, recurrence and complication on the patients were observed and compared between the both groups. RESULTS: The total effective rate of 97.4% in the observation group was better than that of 81.1% in the control group (P < 0.05). The serious recurrence rate and complication occurred in the observation group were lower than those of the control group (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The therapeutic effect of the combined method of acupuncture and ginger-partition moxibustion on the patients with cardiac arrhythmia is obviously better than that of routine western medicine. | [
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175,
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231,
249
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598,
616
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"offsets": [
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1267,
1285
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"id": "19994684_T5",
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87,
93
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489,
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11440071 | BACKGROUND: The Goals for Health project is designed to change the cancer-related behaviors of tobacco use and dietary fat and fiber consumption. The intervention teaches health and life skills to rural, minority sixth and seventh graders in rural Virginia and New York. This article presents the results of the pilot. METHODS: Participants were 129 sixth graders at one rural middle school who were surveyed prior to and following delivery of the pilot sixth-grade intervention. RESULTS: Results include significant changes from pre- to post-intervention in several diet and smoking attitude and self-efficacy variables, dietary fat and fiber knowledge, high-fat snack consumption, and dietary fat scores. Multivariate analyses reveal important contributions of personal control over food choices and family and friend influence on change in dietary fat score from pre- to post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS: These pilot program results suggest avenues for dietary and cancer prevention interventions in high-risk, rural adolescents. | [
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12223422 | Cumulative evidence suggests a possible interaction of cooking methods with diet in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Studies, however, are few and inconsistent. We evaluated the association of animal food intake and degree of browning by deep-frying with breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study conducted during 1996-1998 among Chinese women in Shanghai, a population with a traditionally low risk of breast cancer. Included in the study were 1459 cases and 1556 age-frequency-matched controls with response rates of 91.1 and 90.3%, respectively. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information on usual intake of animal foods and cooking oils and usual cooking methods. Increasing intake of red meat and freshwater fish was related to a moderately elevated risk of breast cancer risk. Stratified analyses showed that the positive association with red meat intake was primarily restricted to those who used deep-frying cooking method, particularly among those who deep-fried foods to well-done (odds ratio, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-2.83 for the highest versus the lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.002). On the other hand, high intake of nonhydrogenated soybean cooking oil was related to a reduced risk of breast cancer among women who never deep-fried animal foods (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.82 for the highest versus the lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.02). The positive association of breast cancer risk with red meat intake, especially well-done red meat, was more pronounced among women with a high body mass index than those without this risk factor, and the test for multiplicative interaction was statistically significant. This study suggests that high intake of deep-fried, well-done red meat may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the positive association may be modified by body weight. This study also suggests that nonhydrogenated soybean oil, if not used in high-temperature cooking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. | [
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1827,
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2044,
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1209,
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[
1949,
1956
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"text": [
"soybean"
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}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "12223422_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduced"
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1246,
1253
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"ref_id": "12223422_T5"
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"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12223422_T10"
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"id": "12223422_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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"text": [
"reduced"
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2028,
2035
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10485439 | BACKGROUND: Dietary wheat bran protects against colon cancer, but the mechanism(s) of this effect is not known. Butyrate, produced by colonic bacterial fermentation of dietary polysaccharides, such as wheat bran, induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation in colon cancer cell lines. Whether similar effects occur in vivo is not well defined. We hypothesized that wheat bran's antineoplastic effects in vivo may be mediated in part by butyrate's modulation of apoptosis and proliferation. METHODS: Male F344 rats were fed wheat bran-supplemented or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous fiber-free diet. Rats were treated with one dose of the carcinogen azoxymethane or vehicle with sacrifice after 5 days (tumor initiation); or two doses (days O and 7) with sacrifice after 56 days (tumor promotion). Study variables included fecal butyrate levels and the intermediate biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and changes in crypt cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS: During tumor initiation, wheat bran produced greater apoptosis (p = .01), a trend toward less proliferation, and preserved the normal zone of proliferation (p = .01). At tumor promotion, wheat bran decreased the number of ACF (proximal colon, p = .005; distal colon, p = .047) and maintained the normal proliferative zone. The fiber-free diet shifted the zone of proliferation into the premalignant pattern in both studies. Wheat bran produced significantly higher fecal butyrate (p = .01; .004, .00001) levels than the fiber-free diet throughout the tumor promotion study. CONCLUSIONS: Wheat bran increased apoptosis and controlled proliferation during tumor initiation and resulted in decreased ACF. Wheat bran's antineoplastic effects occurred early after carcinogen exposure, and were associated with increased fecal butyrate levels. | [
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18560338 | Lonicera caerulea is a species of bush native to the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East) whose berries have been extensively studied due to their potential high antioxidant activity. The aim of our work was to investigate the in vivo effects of the antioxidant action of Lonicera caerulea berry extracts on the dynamics of experimentally-induced tumors. Our data showed that aqueous Lonicera caerulaea extracts reduced the tumor volume when administered continuously during the tumor growth and development stages, but augmented the tumor growth when the administration of extracts started three weeks before tumor grafting. Prolonged administration of Lonicera caerulaea berry extracts induced the antioxidant defense mechanism in the tumor tissues, while surprisingly amplifying the peripheral oxidative stress. | [
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19487113 | BACKGROUND: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which has been shown to have potent antioxidant effect, comprises 80% of catechins in Chinese green tea. This study was to investigate whether cigarette smoke (CS) exposure would induce lung morphological changes and oxidative stress in the CS-exposed rat model, and whether Chinese green tea (Lung Chen tea with EGCG as its main active ingredient) consumption would alter oxidative stress in sera and lung leading to protection of CS-induced lung damage. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, i.e. sham air (SA), 4% CS, 2% Lung Chen tea plus SA or 4% CS. Exposure to SA or 4% CS was performed for 1h/day for 56 days in ventilated smoking chambers. Sera and lung tissues were collected 24h after last CS exposure for histology and all biochemical assays. RESULTS: Airspace enlargement and goblet cell hyperplasia were observed after 56-day CS exposure alone, which were abolished in the presence of green tea consumption. Serum 8-isoprostane level was significantly elevated (p<0.01) as well as lung superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in CS-exposed rats compared to SA-exposed rats (p<0.05), which returned to the levels of SA-exposed rats after Chinese green tea consumption. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that increased levels of systemic oxidative stress after CS exposure play an important role in the induction of lung damage. Chinese green tea may have the ability to suppress CS-induced oxidative stress that leads to protection of lung injury. | [
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15199009 | The relationship between acculturation and smoking behavior was examined in four Asian-American groups that included recent immigrants and US-born Koreans, Chinese, Vietnamese and Cambodians residing in the Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The study was part of a community-based, comprehensive cross-sectional study designed to assess a broad array of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on tobacco use and tobacco-related cancer issues in the target multi-ethnic and multi-lingual Asian-American community. The sample of 1374 respondents was selected using a stratified-cluster proportional sampling technique, with a response rate of 83%. Findings indicated that acculturation had a variable effect on smoking behavior: more acculturated youth and less acculturated male adults had higher smoking rates than the less acculturated youth and the more acculturated male adults. Smoking rates for all females were generally lower than those of males regardless of acculturation status; however, acculturated adult females had a higher smoking rate than the less acculturated. | [
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17913418 | THE AIM OF THIS STUDY: was to assess the anti-inflammatory and mechanism of action of Allanblackia monticola (Guttiferae). The anti-inflammatory activity "in vivo" of the methylene chloride/methanol extract, methanol and methylene chloride fractions of stem barks of Allanblackia monticola, administered orally at doses of 37.5; 75; 150 and 300 mg/kg, was evaluated on carrageenan-induced oedema in rats to determine the most active fraction. Indomethacin, inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase was used as reference drug. The effects of the most active fraction were then examined on the rat paw oedema caused by histamine, serotonin, arachidonic acid and dextran followed by its ulcerogenic effect. The results showed that the methylene chloride fraction of Allanblackia monticola was more effective on the oedema caused by the carrageenan. The anti-nociceptive activity of the methylene chloride fraction was assessed using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction model, formalin test and hot plate test. At 150 mg/kg, Allanblackia monticola caused maximum inhibitions of inflammation induced by carrageenan (83.33%), by histamine (42.10%), by dextran (40.29%) and by arachidonic acid (64.28%). Allanblackia monticola (75-300 mg/kg) did not cause significant modification of the oedema induced by serotonin. Concerning the anti-nociceptive properties of the plant, the methylene chloride fraction (75-300 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent inhibition on abdominal contractions induced by acetic acid (32.34-77.37%) and significantly inhibited the inflammatory pain caused by formalin (40.71-64.78%). Allanblackia monticola did not increase the latency time in the hot plate test. Like indomethacin (10mg/kg), the fraction at the dose of 150 mg/kg caused ulceration of the gastric mucous membrane in treated rats. These results show that Allanblackia monticola has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities with gastric ulcerative side effects. | [
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] |
11765176 | AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To update data and statistics on cancer death certification in Italy to 1997. METHODS: Data and statistics for 1997 subdivided into 31 cancer sites are presented. Trends in age-standardized rates for major cancer sites are plotted from 1955 to 1997. RESULTS: The age-standardized (world standard) death certification rates from all neoplasms steadily declined from the peak of 199.2/100,000 males in 1988 to 174.7 in 1997 and for females from 102.5 to 93.0. The decline was larger in truncated rates, by about 26% for males since 1983 and by 24% for females since the top rate of the early 1960's. A major component of the favorable trend in males was lung cancer, which showed a 16% decline from the peak of 1987-88, to reach 50.6/100,000 in 1997, corresponding to about 5,000 avoided deaths. The decline in lung cancer was about 34% at age 35 to 64. For females, in contrast, both the absolute number of lung cancer deaths and the age-standardized rate of 7.9/100,000 were among the highest values ever registered, reflecting the different pattern of spread of the tobacco-related lung cancer epidemic in the two sexes. Intestinal cancer rates were stable for males but declined by approximately 10% for females, mostly in middle age, as did breast cancer mortality. Among neoplasms showing favorable trends, there were other tobacco-related neoplasms in men, plus the continuing fall in stomach and cervix uteri. Upward trends were observed for non Hodgkin's lymphomas. CONCLUSIONS: The fall in cancer mortality observed over the last decade in Italy is attributable to a decline in lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms in males, together with a persistent fall in stomach and uterine (cervical) cancer. In women, there were also recent falls in intestinal and breast cancer rates, and declines in both sexes in rarer neoplasms influenced by therapeutic advancements. | [
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9091843 | The effectiveness of Sabal serrulata (dwarf palm) extract was evaluated in the treatment of 38 patients with symptomatic prostatic hyperplasia. During a 12-month treatment controlled by investigations the subjective symptoms decreased in nearly three fourth of the patients. Side effects were not observed. According to uroflowmetric investigations the average peak flow value increased from 10.36 ml/sec to 14.44 ml/sec (p < 0.0001) and the average mean flow value from 0.02 ml/sec to 7.45 ml/sec (p < 0.001). After treatment residual urine volume decreased or was nil in more than 9/10 of the cases. The average decrease of residue was 47 ml (p < 0.001). The average decrease in prostatic volume was 10.6% (p < 0.02). On the basis of their favorable experience the authors recommend the administration of Sabal serrulata extract in the treatment of patients with mild or moderate symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia. | [
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20331351 | INTRODUCTION: Garlic (Allium sativum), traditionally being used as a spice worldwide, has different applications and is claimed to possess beneficial effects in several health ailments such as tumor and atherosclerosis. Garlic is also an immunomodulator and its different components are responsible for different properties. The present work aimed to assess the effect of protein fractions of garlic on peritoneal macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 14-kDa and 47-kDa protein fractions of garlic were purified. Mice peritoneal macrophages were lavaged and cultured in a microtiter plate and exposed to different concentrations of garlic proteins. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the viability of macrophage. The amount of nitric oxide (NO) was detected in culture supernatants of macrophages by Griess reagent and furthermore, the cytotoxicity study of culture supernatants was carried out on WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cell line as tumor necrosis factor-a bioassay. RESULTS: MTT assay results for both 14-kDa and 47-kDa protein fractions of stimulated macrophages were not significant (P > 0.05). Both 14-kDa and 47-kDa fractions significantly suppressed production of NO from macrophages (P = 0.007 and P = 0.003, respectively). Cytotoxicity of macrophages' supernatant on WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells was not affected by garlic protein fractions (P = 0.066 for 14-kDa and P = 0.085 for 47-kDa fractions). CONCLUSION: according to our finding, 14-kDa and 47-kDa fractions of aged garlic extract are able to suppress NO production from macrophages, which can be used as a biological advantage. These molecules had no cytotoxic effect on macrophages and do not increase tumoricidal property of macrophages. | [
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7676710 | This study was designed to investigate the optimal dose of garlic during long-term feeding and its preventive and therapeutic effects on colon cancer in rats induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). A total of 240 male Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped and fed with either a basal or a garlic diet of different concentration, and some groups were subcutaneously injected with DMH 20 mg/kg once a week for 20 weeks. The incidence of colon tumor was significantly decreased in the groups fed with 2.5%, 5%, and 10% garlic diets (p < 0.001). There was no distinct difference among these concentrations (p > 0.05). Therefore the minimal optimal dose of garlic to inhibit colon cancer was 2.5%. The equivalent dose of this concentration in humans is 4.76 g/m2 body surface/day. In a therapeutic study, the tumor-inducing interval in nude mice subcutaneously injected with colon cancer cells (CC-M2) was prolonged by a 2.5% garlic diet (p < 0.01). Thus smaller tumor volume and longer survival time were found in the garlic group than in the controls (p < 0.01). However, the growth rate of tumors was not markedly inhibited by garlic. All rats finally died within 18 weeks. This study suggested that a 2.5% garlic dose may be used mainly as an inhibitor to prevent colon cancers and improve survival time. | [
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21688009 | BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) consist of an uncontrolled intestinal inflammation leading to mucosal disruption. This inflammation is accompanied by an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polyphenols are micronutrients with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and may play an interesting role in the prevention of intestinal inflammation. Lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) infusion is a popular herbal infusion rich in polyphenols (flavones and verbascoside). AIMS: This study evaluated the preventive effects of lemon verbena infusion consumption against mild-to-moderate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats drank water or lemon verbena infusion for 14 days. On day 15, half of the rats received DSS (4%) in their drink for 7 days. At the end of the experimental period, the colon was taken for histopathological examination and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione reductase [GR], catalase [CAT]), glutathione and lipid peroxidation. Lymphocyte populations were determined in blood, mesenteric nodes and Peyer's patches. RESULTS: Rats ingested daily 5.6 mol of polyphenols. DSS reduced food intake and induced colitis, as reflected by histological lesions and increased MPO activity. Although these alterations were not significantly counteracted by lemon verbena consumption, the herbal infusion increased colonic SOD activity and decreased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde). Other oxidative stress markers (GPx, GR, CAT, glutathione) were not significantly modified. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the preventive consumption of lemon verbena infusion offered some antioxidative protection during experimental colitis by stimulating SOD activity and decreasing lipid peroxidation. | [
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}
] |
1466630 | In a follow-up study the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and changes in ventilatory capacity were followed over a period of three years in 38 female and 28 male hemp workers in a textile industry. The prevalence of all respiratory symptoms was found to be increased. Significant acute reductions of ventilatory capacity were recorded during the work shift. The measured ventilatory capacity values were significantly decreased in comparison to predicted normal values. The mean annual decline of FVC (range: 0.014-0.065 L), FEV1 (range: 0.041-0.068 L), FEF50 (range: 0.020-0.220 L/s) and FEF25 (range: 0.030-0.140 L/s) was considerably greater than in healthy non-exposed subjects. The mean annual decline of all tests was considerably larger in workers with the symptoms of byssinosis than in those without such symptoms. Our data suggest that long-term exposure to hemp dust may cause the development of chronic respiratory symptoms and impairment of ventilatory capacity. | [
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8415125 | Here we report that genistein, a soybean isoflavone, strongly inhibits tumor promoter-induced H2O2 formation both in vivo and in vitro. Genistein suppressed H2O2 production by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate- (TPA) stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner over the concentration range 1-150 microM. Human PMNs were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of genistein than HL-60 cells (50% inhibitory concentration 14.8 and 30.2 microM, respectively). In addition, genistein moderately inhibited superoxide anion formation by HL-60 cells and scavenged exogenously added H2O2 under the same conditions as in cell culture. However, the H2O2-scavenging effect of genistein was about 50% lower than its inhibition of cell-derived H2O2 formation at all concentrations. In the CD-1 mouse skin model, genistein strongly inhibited TPA-induced oxidant formation, edema, and PMN infiltration in mouse skin. Inhibition of TPA-mediated H2O2 in vivo may result from decreased cell-derived H2O2 formation, scavenging of H2O2 produced, and/or suppression of PMN infiltration into the dermis. The antioxidant properties of genistein may be responsible for its anticarcinogenic effects, and the dietary availability of genistein makes it a promising candidate for the prevention of human cancers. | [
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9625398 | BACKGROUND: Garlic powder tablets have been reported to lower serum cholesterol levels. There is widespread belief among the general public that garlic powder tablets aid in controlling cholesterol levels. However, much of the prior data demonstrating the cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic tablets involved studies that were inadequately controlled. OBJECTIVE: To determine the lipid-lowering effect of garlic powder tablets in patients with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week, parallel treatment study carried out in 2 outpatient lipid clinics. Entry into the study after 8 weeks of diet stabilization required a mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level on 2 visits of 4.1 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) or lower and a triglyceride level of 4.0 mmol/L (350 mg/dL) or lower. The active treatment arm received tablets containing 300 mg of garlic powder (Kwai) 3 times per day, given with meals (total, 900 mg/d). This is equivalent to approximately 2.7 g or approximately 1 clove of fresh garlic per day. The placebo arm received an identical-looking tablet, also given 3 times per day with meals. The main outcome measures included levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (43% male; mean +/- SD age, 58 +/- 14 years) received garlic powder treatment and 22 (68% male; mean +/- SD age, 57 +/- 13 years) received placebo treatment. There were no significant lipid or lipoprotein changes in either the placebo- or garlic-treated groups and no significant difference between changes in the placebo-treated group compared with changes in the garlic-treated patients. CONCLUSION: Garlic powder (900 mg/d) treatment for 12 weeks was ineffective in lowering cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. | [
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19353489 | Passiflora edulis, commonly known as "maracuj ", is widely cultivated in Brazil for the industrial production of juice. The species of Passiflora are popularly used as a sedative or tranquillizer, and also against intermittent fever and skin inflammation. In this study we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of four sub-fractions and three isolated compounds from the butanolic fraction of P. edulis var. flavicarpa leaves, using the mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan. The butanolic fraction obtained from an aqueous extract of P. edulis (50 and 100 mg/kg, I. P.) showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting leukocytes and neutrophils (p < 0.01). Sub-fraction C showed itself to be more effective than the other sub-fractions (p < 0.01). Isoorientin ( 1), vicenin-2 ( 2) and spinosin ( 3) were isolated from the active sub-fraction C derived from the butanolic fraction. The sub-fraction C (50 mg/kg, I. P.), as well as its major isolated compounds (25 mg/kg, I. P.), inhibited leukocytes and neutrophils (p < 0.05). Additionally, the butanolic fraction and isoorientin also inhibited myeloperoxidase activity (p < 0.05). The present study showed that the C-glucosylflavones isolated from P. edulis leaves can be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of P. edulis on the mouse model of pleurisy. | [
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20138903 | Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of coffee and tea is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic and degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative disorders. Both coffee and tea are a rich source of phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acids in coffee; and flavan-3-ols as well as complex theaflavins and thearubigens in tea. Coffee and tea are two of the most commonly consumed beverages in the world and thus represent a significant opportunity to positively affect disease risk and outcomes globally. Central to this opportunity is a need to better understand factors that may affect the bioavailability of specific phenolic components from coffee and tea based beverages. An overview of the phenolic composition of coffee and tea is discussed in the context of how processing and composition might influence phenolic profiles and bioavailability of individual phenolic components. Specifically, the impact of beverage formulation, the extent and type of processing and the influence of digestion on stability, bioavailability and metabolism of bioactive phenolics from tea and coffee are discussed. The impact of co-formulation with ascorbic acid and other phytochemicals are discussed as strategies to improve absorption of these health promoting phytochemicals. A better understanding of how the beverage composition impacts phenolic profiles and their bioavailability is critical to development of beverage products designed to deliver specific health benefits. | [
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"tea"
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20699592 | Agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis, Aquilaria crasna) is well known as an incense in the oriental region such as Thailand, Taiwan, and Cambodia, and is used as a digestive in traditional medicine. We investigated the laxative effects and mechanism of agarwood leaves extracted with ethanol (EEA-1, Aquilaria sinensis; EEA-2, Aquilaria crasna). EEA-1, EEA-2, the main constituents of EEAs (mangiferin, and genkwanin-5-O-primeveroside), and senna increased the frequency and weight of stools in loperamide-induced constipation model mice. EEA-1 and EEA-2 did not induce diarrhea as a side effect, but senna induced severe diarrhea. EEA-1 and senna increased gastro-intestinal (GI) transit in the model mice. EEA-1, but not senna, also increased the intestinal tension of isolated jejunum and ileum in guinea pigs, and the tension increase was blocked by atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, but not by other inhibitors (granicetron, pyrilamine, or bradykinin-antagonist peptide). Furthermore, the increase in frequency and weight of stools induced by EEA-1 were blocked by pre-administration of atropine in the model mice. These findings indicate that EEAs exerted a laxative effect via acetylcholine receptors in the mouse constipation model. | [
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] | [] | [
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8805113 | The effect of a locally applied peppermint oil preparation on tension-type headache was examined in the design of a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study for the first time. The preparation was tested against both the reference substance acetaminophen and to the corresponding placebo. The liquid test preparation contained 10 g of peppermint oil and ethanol (90%) ad 100 (test preparation LI 170, Lichtwer Pharma, Berlin); the placebo was a 90% ethanol solution to which traces of peppermint oil were added for blinding purposes. The reference preparation contained 500 mg acetaminophen; the placebo tablet was identical to the verum in size and appearance. The study included the analysis of 164 headache attacks of 41 patients of both sexes ranging between 18 and 65 years of age, suffering from tension-type headache in accordance with the IHS classification. Four headache episodes per patient were treated in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Each headache attack was treated by the application of 2 capsules of the oral medication (1,000 mg of acetaminophen or placebo) and the cutaneous application of the oil preparation (peppermint oil or placebo solution). The oil was spread largely across forehead and temples which was repeated after 15 and 30 minutes. Using a headache diary, the headache parameters were assessed after 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Compared to the application of placebo, a 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution significantly reduced the clinical headache intensity already after 15 minutes (p < 0.01). This significant clinical reduction of the pain intensity continued over the one hour observation period. Acetaminophen, too, proved to be efficient compared to placebo (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the efficacy of 1,000 mg of acetaminophen and 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution. Simultaneous application of 1,000 mg of acetaminophen and 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution leads to an additive effect which remains below the significance threshold, however. The patients reported no adverse events. This controlled study showed for the first time that a 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution efficiently alleviates tension-type headache. Peppermint oil thus proves to be a well-tolerated and cost-effective alternative to usual therapies. | [
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],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1441,
1451
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1842,
1852
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1940,
1950
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2160,
2170
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2241,
2251
]
],
"text": [
"Peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
720,
728
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
891,
899
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T19",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
987,
995
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T20",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1308,
1316
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T21",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1328,
1336
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1511,
1519
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8805113_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduced"
],
"offsets": [
[
1490,
1497
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8805113_T10"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8805113_T11"
}
]
},
{
"id": "8805113_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"alleviates"
],
"offsets": [
[
2207,
2217
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8805113_T16"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8805113_T3"
}
]
}
] | [] |
16500554 | OBJECTIVE: The effects of different dietary oils on the development of colitis-associated colon cancer have not been studied. The present study examined the effect of different dietary oils on the severity of chronic colitis, development of colitis-associated premalignant changes, and colonic expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10-/-) mice. METHODS: IL-10-/- mice were fed chow supplemented with corn oil (CO; control, n=28), olive oil (OO; n=29), or fish oil (FO; n=35) for 12 wk and their colons were studied for colitis score, premalignant changes, and COX-2 expression. RESULTS: The average colitis score was higher in the FO than in the CO group. Similarly, the incidence of severe colitis (score>or=3) was significantly higher in the FO than in the CO and OO groups (50% versus 7.7% and 3.7%, respectively, P<0.05). Dysplasia was more frequent in the FO and less frequent in the OO than in the CO group (47% and 4% versus 15%, respectively, P<0.05). Conversely, aberrant crypt foci and crypt index were significantly higher in the FO than in the CO group. Colitis score, aberrant crypt foci, and crypt index did not differ between the OO and CO groups. COX-2 immunostaining was significantly lower in the OO than in CO group (P<0.05) but not different between the FO and CO groups. CONCLUSIONS: In IL-10-/- mice, fish oil exacerbates chronic colitis and colitis-associated premalignant changes. Conversely, olive oil inhibits COX-2 immunostaining and decreases the risk of neoplasia associated with chronic colitis. | [
{
"id": "16500554_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
71,
102
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"text": [
"colitis-associated colon cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
209,
224
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"text": [
"chronic colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T3",
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"offsets": [
[
241,
248
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"text": [
"colitis"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
551,
558
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T5",
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"offsets": [
[
631,
638
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
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"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
723,
730
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],
"text": [
"colitis"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
858,
867
]
],
"text": [
"Dysplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1098,
1105
]
],
"text": [
"Colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1376,
1391
]
],
"text": [
"chronic colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1396,
1403
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1515,
1524
]
],
"text": [
"neoplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1541,
1556
]
],
"text": [
"chronic colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
432,
436
]
],
"text": [
"corn"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
462,
467
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1449,
1454
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "16500554_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"decreases"
],
"offsets": [
[
1493,
1502
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "16500554_T15"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "16500554_T11"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "16500554_T12"
}
]
}
] | [] |
20155621 | Pomegranate fruit from the tree Punica granatum has been dubbed as the "nature's power fruit." Dating back to Biblical times, the tree itself is attributed to possess extraordinary medicinal properties. The geographical distribution of the tree, being native to the Middle East and some Asian countries, is generally attributed to a lack of interest in its medicinal properties by many western scientists. However, the unique biochemical composition of the pomegranate fruit being rich in antioxidant tannins and flavonoids has recently drawn attention of many investigators to study its exceptional healing qualities. Recent research has shown that pomegranate extracts selectively inhibit the growth of breast, prostate, colon and lung cancer cells in culture. In preclinical animal studies, oral consumption of pomegranate extract inhibited growth of lung, skin, colon and prostate tumors. An initial phase II clinical trial of pomegranate juice in patients with prostate cancer reported significant prolongation of prostate specific antigen doubling time. This review focuses on recent investigations into the effects of pomegranate fruit on cancer. | [
{
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705,
744
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"text": [
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966,
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1146,
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32,
47
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457,
474
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650,
661
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814,
825
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931,
942
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1125,
1142
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},
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"offsets": [
[
0,
17
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],
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},
{
"id": "20155621_T6",
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"offsets": [
[
87,
92
]
],
"text": [
"fruit"
],
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},
{
"id": "20155621_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
27,
31
]
],
"text": [
"tree"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
130,
134
]
],
"text": [
"tree"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
240,
245
]
],
"text": [
"tree,"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
854,
891
]
],
"text": [
"lung, skin, colon and prostate tumors"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20155621_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"inhibit"
],
"offsets": [
[
683,
690
]
]
},
"arguments": [
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"role": "Cause",
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{
"role": "Theme",
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]
},
{
"id": "20155621_E2",
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"text": [
"inhibited"
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834,
843
]
]
},
"arguments": [
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"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20155621_T17"
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{
"role": "Theme",
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}
]
},
{
"id": "20155621_E3",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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"text": [
"effects"
],
"offsets": [
[
1114,
1121
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20155621_T22"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20155621_T4"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8865119 | While it is well-established that smoking is the predominant risk factor for lung cancer, it is clear that factors other than smoking and occupational exposure play a role in some lung cancers, and particularly adenocarcinoma. Data from a large, hospital-based case-control study are used to examine the association of smoking-related risk factors (amount smoked, filter status, mentholation, and differences in smoking habits between blacks and whites) and selected factors other than smoking (environmental tobacco smoke, previous primary cancer and radiotherapy, reproductive and endocrine factors, and body mass index) with lung cancer. Although smoking shows a dose-response relationship with all major lung cancer cell types, the strength of the relationship is weaker for adenocarcinoma, suggesting that other risk factors must play an important role for this cell type. In blacks and whites of both sexes, odds ratios for lung cancer increased with increasing cumulative tobacco tar intake and decreased with years since quitting smoking. Use of mentholated cigarettes was associated with no greater risk for lung cancer than that associated with the use of nonmentholated cigarettes. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke generally showed little relation to lung cancer risk. In particular, exposure of nonsmoking wives to a husband's smoking showed no increase in risk. A history of a reproductive primary cancer and a history of radiotherapy were each associated with a fourfold increase in risk in female nonsmokers. An association of lean body mass with lung cancer was observed in current smokers, ex-smokers, and female never smokers. These results are discussed in the context of existing studies. In conclusion, variation in lung cancer rates between populations may be due to: (1) differences in effective exposure to tobacco smoke carcinogens; (2) differences in factors which modify the effect of tobacco smoke, including differences in host susceptibility and metabolism of carcinogens, or (3) differences in exposure to other independent risk factors for lung cancer. | [
{
"id": "8865119_T1",
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"offsets": [
[
77,
88
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],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T3",
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"offsets": [
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211,
225
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"text": [
"adenocarcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
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{
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541,
547
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"text": [
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{
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628,
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{
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"offsets": [
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779,
793
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"text": [
"adenocarcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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[
1117,
1128
]
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"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
1269,
1280
]
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"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
1418,
1424
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"text": [
"cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T12",
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[
1569,
1580
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"text": [
"lung cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T13",
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"offsets": [
[
1744,
1755
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2067,
2090
]
],
"text": [
"factors for lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
509,
516
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T16",
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"offsets": [
[
979,
986
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
1219,
1226
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
1838,
1845
]
],
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"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T19",
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[
1919,
1926
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
180,
192
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T6",
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"offsets": [
[
708,
719
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
930,
941
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8865119_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"increased"
],
"offsets": [
[
942,
951
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8865119_T16"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8865119_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
19638245 | BACKGROUND: Interest is rising in smokeless tobacco as a safer alternative to smoking, but published reviews on smokeless tobacco and cancer are limited. We review North American and European studies and compare effects of smokeless tobacco and smoking. METHODS: We obtained papers from MEDLINE searches, published reviews and secondary references describing epidemiological cohort and case-control studies relating any form of cancer to smokeless tobacco use. For each study, details were abstracted on design, smokeless tobacco exposure, cancers studied, analysis methods and adjustment for smoking and other factors. For each cancer, relative risks or odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were tabulated. Overall, and also for USA and Scandinavia separately, meta-analyses were conducted using all available estimates, smoking-adjusted estimates, or estimates for never smokers. For seven cancers, smoking-attributable deaths in US men in 2005 were compared with deaths attributable to introducing smokeless tobacco into a population of never-smoking men. RESULTS: Eighty-nine studies were identified; 62 US and 18 Scandinavian. Forty-six (52%) controlled for smoking. Random-effects meta-analysis estimates for most sites showed little association. Smoking-adjusted estimates were only significant for oropharyngeal cancer (1.36, CI 1.04-1.77, n = 19) and prostate cancer (1.29, 1.07-1.55, n = 4). The oropharyngeal association disappeared for estimates published since 1990 (1.00, 0.83-1.20, n = 14), for Scandinavia (0.97, 0.68-1.37, n = 7), and for alcohol-adjusted estimates (1.07, 0.84-1.37, n = 10). Any effect of current US products or Scandinavian snuff seems very limited. The prostate cancer data are inadequate for a clear conclusion.Some meta-analyses suggest a possible effect for oesophagus, pancreas, larynx and kidney cancer, but other cancers show no effect of smokeless tobacco. Any possible effects are not evident in Scandinavia. Of 142,205 smoking-related male US cancer deaths in 2005, 104,737 are smoking-attributable. Smokeless tobacco-attributable deaths would be 1,102 (1.1%) if as many used smokeless tobacco as had smoked, and 2,081 (2.0%) if everyone used smokeless tobacco. CONCLUSION: An increased risk of oropharyngeal cancer is evident most clearly for past smokeless tobacco use in the USA, but not for Scandinavian snuff. Effects of smokeless tobacco use on other cancers are not clearly demonstrated. Risk from modern products is much less than for smoking. | [
{
"id": "19638245_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
134,
140
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
428,
434
]
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"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
540,
547
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],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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[
629,
635
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
897,
904
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1311,
1331
]
],
"text": [
"oropharyngeal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1365,
1380
]
],
"text": [
"prostate cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1695,
1710
]
],
"text": [
"prostate cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1861,
1868
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1991,
2000
]
],
"text": [
"US cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2246,
2266
]
],
"text": [
"oropharyngeal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2408,
2415
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
44,
51
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
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22706885 | INTRODUCTION: People who continue to smoke after a cancer diagnosis have an increased risk for recurrences or development of new malignancies. These risks may be even higher among tobacco-related cancer survivors (TRCS). We describe tobacco use behaviors among TRCS, other cancer survivors, and people without a history of cancer. METHODS: We used 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to describe demographic characteristics, smoking history, current smoking prevalence, and smokeless tobacco use among TRCS, other cancer survivors, and people without a history of cancer (cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use were calculated after adjusting for age, sex, race, and insurance status). Tobacco-related cancers were defined as lung/bronchial, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, stomach, pancreatic, kidney/renal, urinary bladder, cervical, and acute myeloid leukemia. RESULTS: A total of 20 % of all cancer survivors were TRCS. TRCS were primarily female (68 %) and white (78 %). Smoking prevalence was higher among TRCS (27 %) compared with other cancer survivors (16 %) and respondents without a history of cancer (18 %). Smokeless tobacco use was higher among respondents without a history of cancer (4 %) compared with TRCS (3 %) and other cancer survivors (3 %). CONCLUSIONS: The self-reported smoking prevalence among TRCS is higher than among other cancer survivors and people without a history of cancer. Targeted smoking prevention and cessation interventions are needed for cancer survivors, especially those diagnosed with a tobacco-related cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: We recommend all cancer survivors be made aware of the health risks associated with smoking after a cancer diagnosis, and smoking cessation services be offered to those who currently smoke. We provide the first population-based report on demographic characteristics and tobacco use behaviors among self-reported tobacco-related cancer survivors. | [
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22013392 | INTRODUCTION: Smoking-attributable risks for lung, esophageal, and head and neck (H/N) cancers range from 54% to 90%. Identifying areas with higher than average cancer risk and smoking rates, then targeting those areas for intervention, is one approach to more rapidly lower the overall tobacco disease burden in a given state. Our research team used spatial modeling techniques to identify areas in Florida with higher than expected tobacco-associated cancer incidence clusters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Geocoded tobacco-associated incident cancer data from 1998 to 2002 from the Florida Cancer Data System were used. Tobacco-associated cancers included lung, esophageal, and H/N cancers. SaTScan was used to identify geographic areas that had statistically significant (P<0.10) excess age-adjusted rates of tobacco-associated cancers. The Poisson-based spatial scan statistic was used. Phi correlation coefficients were computed to examine associations among block groups with/without overlapping cancer clusters. The logistic regression was used to assess associations between county-level smoking prevalence rates and being diagnosed within versus outside a cancer cluster. Community-level smoking rates were obtained from the 2002 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Analyses were repeated using 2007 BRFSS to examine the consistency of associations. RESULTS: Lung cancer clusters were geographically larger for both squamous cell and adenocarcinoma cases in Florida from 1998 to 2002, than esophageal or H/N clusters. There were very few squamous cell and adenocarcinoma esophageal cancer clusters. H/N cancer mapping showed some squamous cell and a very small amount of adenocarcinoma cancer clusters. Phi correlations were generally weak to moderate in strength. The odds of having an invasive lung cancer cluster increased by 12% per increase in the county-level smoking rate. Results were inconsistent for esophageal and H/N cancers, with some inverse associations. 2007 BRFSS data also showed a similar results pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial analysis identified many nonoverlapping areas of high risk across both cancer and histological subtypes. Attempts to correlate county-level smoking rates with cancer cluster membership yielded consistent results only for lung cancer. However, spatial analyses may be most useful when examining incident clusters where several tobacco-associated cancer clusters overlap. Focusing on overlapping cancer clusters may help investigators identify priority areas for further screening, detailed assessments of tobacco use, and/or prevention and cessation interventions to decrease risk. | [
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24672557 | BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the combination of vitex agnus castus extract, as a source of phytoestrogens, plus magnesium supplementation on osteogenic and angiogenic factors and callus formation in women with long bone fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial, 64 women with long bone fracture, 20-45 years old, were randomly allocated to receive 1) one Agnugol tablet (4 mg dried fruit extract of vitex agnus castus) plus 250 mg magnesium oxide (VAC + Mg group (n = 10)), 2) one Agnugol tablet plus placebo (VAC group (n = 15)), 3) placebo plus 250 mg magnesium oxide (Mg group (n = 12)), or 4) placebo plus placebo (placebo group (n = 14)) per day for 8 weeks. At baseline and endpoint of the trial, serum alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured together with radiological bone assessment. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the characteristic aspects of concern between the four groups at baseline. Despite the increased level of alkaline phosphatase in the VAC group (188.33 16.27 to 240.40 21.49, P = 0.05), administration of VAC + Mg could not increase alkaline phosphatase activity. However, treatment with VAC + Mg significantly enhanced the osteocalcin level. The serum concentration of VEGF was increased in the VAC group (269.04 116.63 to 640.03 240.16, P < 0.05). Callus formation in the VAC + Mg group was higher than the other groups but the differences between the four groups were not significant (P = 0.39). No relevant side effect was observed in patients in each group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that administration of vitex agnus castus plus magnesium may promote fracture healing. However, more studies need to further explore the roles of vitex agnus castus in fracture repair processes. | [
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] | [] |
11577746 | A coffee extract significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatitis in D-galactosamine-sensitized rats, as assessed by the plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities, when it was added to the diet (30 g/kg) and fed to rats for 14 days. Its effect was as strong as that of a green tea extract. The coffee extract suppressed LPS-induced hepatitis when singly force-fed (1.2 g/kg) 1.5 h prior to the injection of the drugs, whereas a decaffeinated coffee extract had no significant effect. The hepatoprotective effect of caffeine was stronger than that of theobromine. These results indicate that coffee can protect animals from LPS-induced hepatitis, and that the effect of coffee might be mainly due to caffeine. | [
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] | [] |
23801107 | PRINCIPLES: Switzerland is divided into 26 cantons of variable population size and cultural characteristics. Although a federal law to protect against passive smoking and a national tobacco control programme exist, details of tobacco-related policies are canton-specific. This study aimed to project gender-specific tobacco-related cancer mortality in Switzerland at different geographical levels for the periods 2009-2013 and 2014-2018. METHODS: In this analysis, data on Swiss tobacco-related cancer mortality from 1984 until 2008 were used. Bayesian age-period-cohort models were formulated to assess past trends of gender-specific tobacco-related cancer mortality and to project them up to 2018 at cantonal and language region levels. Furthermore, estimates are provided on a national scale by age categories of 50-69 and >= 70 years. RESULTS: Model-based estimates at cantonal level identified regions with low and high tobacco-related cancer mortality rates for the observed and projected periods. Our analysis based on language regions showed the lowest mortality in the German-speaking part. Projections at national level, between younger (age 50-69) and older (age >= 70) males, indicated an ongoing decreasing trend for males but an upward trend for females. The gap in tobacco-related cancer mortality rates between younger and older males seems to be shrinking. In females, a stronger rise was obtained for the younger age group. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate region-, sex- and age-related differences in tobacco-related cancer mortality in Switzerland and this could be useful for healthcare planning and for evaluating the impact of canton-specific tobacco-related policies and interventions. | [
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] | [] | [
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] | [] |
21199169 | Green tea is now recognized as the most effective cancer preventive beverage. In one study, 10 Japanese-size cups of green tea daily supplemented with tablets of green tea extract limited the recurrence of colorectal polyps in humans to 50%. Thus, cancer patients who consume green tea and take anticancer drugs will have double prevention. We studied the effects of combining (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and anticancer drugs, focusing on inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Numerous anticancer drugs, such as tamoxifen, COX-2 inhibitors, and retinoids were used for the experiments, and the combination of EGCG and COX-2 inhibitors consistently induced the enhancement of apoptosis. To study the mechanism of the enhancement, we paid special attention to the enhanced expressions of DDIT3 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 153, GADD153), GADD45A, and CDKN1A (p21/WAF1/CIP1) genes, based on our previous evidence that a combination of EGCG and sulindac specifically induced upregulated expression of GADD153 and p21 genes in PC-9 lung cancer cells. The synergistic enhancements of apoptosis and GADD153 gene expression in human non-small cell lung cancer cells by the combination of EGCG and celecoxib were mediated through the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. This article reviews the synergistic enhancement of apoptosis, gene expression, and anticancer effects using various combinations of EGCG and anticancer drugs, including the combination of (-)-epicatechin (EC) and curcumin. Based on the evidence, we present a new concept: green tea catechins as synergists with anticancer drugs. | [
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162,
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276,
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{
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206,
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{
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1062,
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1175,
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}
] | [] | [
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}
] | [] |
22489319 | Oxyresveratrol is a potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenger found in mulberry wood (Morus alba L.) with demonstrated protective effects against cerebral ischemia. We analyzed the neuroprotective ability of oxyresveratrol using an in vitro model of stretch-induced trauma in co-cultures of neurons and glia, or by exposing cultures to high levels of glutamate. Cultures were treated with 25 M, 50 M or 100 M oxyresveratrol at the time of injury. Trauma produced marked neuronal death when measured 24 h post-injury, and oxyresveratrol significantly inhibited this death. Microscopic examination of glia suggested signs of toxicity in cultures treated with 100 M oxyresveratrol, as demonstrated by elevated S-100B protein release and a high proportion of cells with condensed nuclei. Cultures exposed to glutamate (100 M) for 24 h exhibited ~ 37% neuronal loss, which was not inhibited by oxyresveratrol. These results show that the two pathologies of high glutamate exposure and trauma are differentially affected by oxyresveratrol treatment in vitro. Further studies using oxyresveratrol in trauma models are warranted, as toxicity to glia could be beneficial by inhibiting reactive gliosis, which often occurs after trauma. | [
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"gliosis"
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}
] | [] | [
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] | [
{
"id": "22489319_1",
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] |
8187734 | We examined the risk of obstructive respiratory disease associated with tobacco smoke in indoor air, independent of active smoking, ambient air pollution, and some of the other sources of residential indoor air pollution. Data came from a probability sample survey of nine neighborhoods in Philadelphia conducted in 1985-1986, leading to information on approximately 4200 individuals. While for never-smokers the prevalence of obstructive respiratory conditions was proportional to the level of environmental tobacco smoke, this second-hand smoke was not a factor in the frequency of such problems among current smokers. In a series of analyses restricted to never-smokers, each of the 219 index cases of obstructive respiratory disease was matched by age, gender, and neighborhood to three randomly selected controls where matching by neighborhood effectively controlled for ambient air pollution. Both matched and unmatched two-sample analyses showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.019 and 0.016, respectively) between cases and controls with respect to the level of tobacco smoke in the indoor environment. A conditional logistic regression-matched analysis revealed that heating and cooking as sources of indoor air pollution were not associated with the case/control status. However, the odds ratio for passive smoking at a level of more than one pack per day in the house environment was 1.86 (95% CI, 1.21-2.86). The results show that passive smoking is a significant risk factor for obstructive respiratory disease for never-smokers in an industrialized urban population. | [
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1084,
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}
] | [] | [] | [] |
15358907 | With the highest tobacco abuse prevalence among all minorities, American Indians incur high rates of tobacco-related cancers. As a people, we have the poorest survival rate from cancer of any racial or ethnic group, due to a lack of access to specialist care and to low socioeconomic status (http://info.his.gov). With such epidemic abuse of commercial tobacco, we continuously lose our elders, adults, and children to disease and premature death. Therefore, it is essential to investigate theories of prevention, addiction, and cessation specifically related to our ethnicity. The authors of this article discuss past research wrongs and highlight culturally competent research strategies to aid Native communities in tobacco abuse prevention and education. The authors hope to contribute to bridging the gap between culturally relevant research and culturally relevant health promotion. | [
{
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19897839 | Effective tobacco control efforts have resulted in substantial declines in tobacco use and tobacco-related cancer deaths in the United States. Nearly 40% of reductions in male lung cancer deaths between 1991 and 2003 can be attributed to smoking declines in the last half century. Nevertheless, tobacco use still remains the single, largest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the United States. Each year, smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke result in nearly half a million premature deaths of which nearly one-third are due to cancer. In a previous report, we described youth and adult smoking prevalence and patterns and discussed policy measures that had proven effective in comprehensive tobacco control. In this report, we update trends in youth and adult smoking prevalence. We find that while adult smoking prevalence has declined overall, socioeconomic gradients in smoking still persist within race and ethnic subgroups. In addition, we describe the diffusion of tobacco-control strategies at the national, state, and community level. Although recent developments, such as the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulation of tobacco products, hold promise for tobacco control, there continues to be a need for broader dissemination of sustainably funded comprehensive national and state tobacco-control programs. | [
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17894889 | BACKGROUND: Tobacco use remains the leading preventable cause of death in the US. The risk of dying from smoking-related diseases remains elevated for former smokers years after quitting. The identification of irreversible effects of tobacco smoke on airway gene expression may provide insights into the causes of this elevated risk. RESULTS: Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we measured gene expression in large airway epithelial cells obtained via bronchoscopy from never, current, and former smokers (n = 104). Linear models identified 175 genes differentially expressed between current and never smokers, and classified these as irreversible (n = 28), slowly reversible (n = 6), or rapidly reversible (n = 139) based on their expression in former smokers. A greater percentage of irreversible and slowly reversible genes were down-regulated by smoking, suggesting possible mechanisms for persistent changes, such as allelic loss at 16q13. Similarities with airway epithelium gene expression changes caused by other environmental exposures suggest that common mechanisms are involved in the response to tobacco smoke. Finally, using irreversible genes, we built a biomarker of ever exposure to tobacco smoke capable of classifying an independent set of former and current smokers with 81% and 100% accuracy, respectively. CONCLUSION: We have categorized smoking-related changes in airway gene expression by their degree of reversibility upon smoking cessation. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms leading to reversible and persistent effects of tobacco smoke that may explain former smokers increased risk for developing tobacco-induced lung disease and provide novel targets for chemoprophylaxis. Airway gene expression may also serve as a sensitive biomarker to identify individuals with past exposure to tobacco smoke. | [
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8824512 | Previous work has shown that the efficacy of cancer prevention by selenium-enriched garlic (Se-garlic) is primarily dependent on the action of selenium. An aqueous extract containing 43 micro Se/ml was prepared from lyophilized Se-garlic powder by the Soxhlet method. The activity of this Se-garlic extract was evaluated in a transformed mammary epithelial cell culture model for its effect on cell morphology, cell growth, cell cycle progression and the induction of single and double stranded breaks in DNA. Comparisons were also made with a similarly prepared extract from regular garlic, Se-methylselenocysteine (a major water-soluble seleno-amino acid identified in Se-garlic) and selenite (used for fertilizing Se-garlic). In contrast to the regular garlic extract which produced little or no modulation of the above parameters, treatment with the Se-garlic extract resulted in growth inhibition, GI phase cell cycle arrest and apoptotic DNA double strand breaks in the absence of DNA single strand breaks. This pattern of cellular responses was duplicated with exposure to Se-methylselenocysteine. Selenite, on the other hand, induced cell cycle blockage in the S/G2-M phase, and a marked increase in DNA single strand breaks (a measure of genotoxicity) in addition to growth suppression. The chemopreventive efficacy of the two garlic extracts was also investigated in the rat methylnitrosourea mammary tumor model. Both extracts were supplemented in the diet for 1 month immediately following carcinogen administration. Significant cancer protection was observed with treatment by the Se-garlic extract (at 3 p.p.m. Se in the diet), while little benefit was noted with treatment by the regular garlic extract. Based on the above in vitro and in vivo findings, it is hypothesized that the Se-garlic extract, in part via the action of Se-methylselenocysteine, is able to inhibit tumorigenesis by suppressing the proliferation and reducing the survival of the early transformed cells. Furthermore, the data also support the concept that the modulation of certain in vitro markers may be of value in predicting the effectiveness of novel forms of selenium for cancer prevention. | [
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23830446 | Gliadin from wheat is a common food allergen that can induce baker's asthma, wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and celiac disease. This gliadin assay focuses on rapidly screen and check for gluten contamination in raw materials and in the gluten-free food production process, not only for wheat-sensitive patients but also for the industries producing gluten-free foodstuffs. The developed assay incorporates the use of anti-gliadin antibody-conjugated immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) to capture the gliadin in samples and fluorescent dyes-loaded immunoliposomal nanovesicles (IMLNs) to produce and enhance the detection signal. Hence, a sandwich complex is formed as "IMBs-gliadin-IMLNs". Experimental results indicate that this detection platform exhibits good sensitivity for gliadin with a detection limit as low as 0.6 g mL(-1) of gliadin; as the polyclonal antibody showed slight cross-reactions with barley and rye. Excellent recovery rates were found ranging from 83.5 to 102.6% as testing the spiked samples. Moreover, the CV (%) of intra- and inter-assay of this developed assay are 4.8-10.6% and 3.5-9.9%, respectively. Based on a parallel analysis of twenty food samples, the results of this developed assay provide a good consistency with those of an AOAC-approved ELISA kit without any false-negative results. The proposed assay method is thus a highly promising alternative method for detecting the contamination of gliadin in the food industry. | [
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17661225 | Tobacco smoke is a known human carcinogen that primarily produces malignant lesions in the respiratory tract, although it also affects multiple other sites. A reliable and practical animal model of tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer would be helpful for in studies of product modification and chemoprevention. Over the years, many attempts to reproduce lung cancer in experimental animals exposed to tobacco smoke have been made, most often with negative or only marginally positive results. In hamsters, malignant lesions have been produced in the larynx, but not in the deeper lung. Female rats and female B6C3F1 mice, when exposed over lifetime to tobacco smoke, develop tumors in the nasal passages and also in the lung. Contrary to what is seen in human lung cancers, most rodent tumors are located peripherally and only about half of them show frank malignant features. Distant metastases are extremely rare. Male and female strain A mice exposed to 5 months to tobacco smoke and then kept for another 4 months in air respond to tobacco smoke with increased lung tumor multiplicities. However, the increase over background levels is comparatively small, making it difficult to detect significant differences when the effects of chemopreventive agents are evaluated. On the other hand, biomarkers of exposure and of effect as well as evaluation of putative carcinogenic mechanisms in rats and mice exposed to tobacco smoke allow detection of early events and their modification by different smoke types or chemopreventive agents. The challenge will be to make such data broadly acceptable and accepted in lieu of having to do more and more long term studies involving larger and larger number of animals. | [
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}
] | [] |
1423310 | In 10 separate experiments, mice with established chemically induced or UV light-induced skin papillomas were treated continuously with green tea in the drinking water or with i.p. injections of a green tea polyphenol fraction or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate three times a week for 4-10 weeks. Partial tumor regression or > 90% inhibition of tumor growth, as measured by changes in tumor volume per mouse, was observed in 5 experiments, and marked inhibition of tumor growth (46-89%) was observed in 5 additional experiments. Treatment of the mice with green tea or green tea constituents had an inhibitory effect on body weight increases in several but not all of the studies. Examination of the data from all ten experiments revealed that complete tumor regression occurred in 14 of 346 papilloma-bearing mice (4%) that were treated with green tea in the drinking water or with i.p. injections of green tea constituents, whereas none of the 220 papilloma-bearing control mice treated with only vehicle exhibited complete tumor regression. These observations indicate that oral administration of green tea, i.p. administration of a green tea polyphenol fraction, or i.p. administration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibited the growth and/or caused the regression of established experimentally induced skin papillomas. | [
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20011028 | Panaxytriol is a nutraceutical-based active constituent of Korean red ginseng and is reported to exhibit potent anti-tumor properties. Its activity may be in part due to its induction of phase 2 chemoprotective enzymes. Its unique properties may have important implications in cancer therapeutics. | [
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9806160 | Male and female strain A/J mice were exposed to a mixture of cigarette sidestream and mainstream smoke at a chamber concentration of total suspended particulates of 82.5 mg/m3. Exposure time was 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 months. The animals were allowed to recover for another 4 months in filtered air before sacrifice and lung tumor count. Male animals were fed either 0.2% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or 0.05% phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) in diet AIN-76A with 5% corn oil added. Female animals received normal laboratory chow and were given a 1.25% extract of green tea in the drinking water. Corresponding control groups were fed diets without NAC or PEITC or given plain tap water. Exposure to tobacco smoke increased lung tumor multiplicity to 1.1-1.6 tumors/lung, significantly higher than control values (0.5-1.0 tumors/lung). None of the putative chemopreventive agents (NAC, PEITC or green tea extract) had a protective effect. In positive control experiments, PEITC significantly reduced both lung tumor multiplicity and incidence in mice treated with the tobacco smoke-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). In mice treated with three different doses of urethan and fed NAC in the diet, a significant reduction in lung tumor multiplicity was found only at one dose level. Green tea extract did not reduce lung tumor multiplicity in animals treated with a single dose of NNK. It was concluded that successful chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-induced lung tumorigenesis might require administration of several chemopreventive agents rather than just a single one. | [
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8391063 | PURPOSE: Vitamin A and retinoids are strong inhibitors of epithelial cancer promotion and progression in experimental carcinogenesis. This study examined whether they may prevent the occurrence of upper aerodigestive cancer in subjects heavily exposed to tobacco smoking, such as patients already cured of an early-stage lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The adjuvant effect of high-dose vitamin A was tested on 307 patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. After curative surgery, patients were randomly assigned to either a group prescribed retinol palmitate administration (orally 300,000 IU daily for 12 months) or a control group prescribed no treatment. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 46 months, the number of patients with either recurrence or new primary tumors was 56 (37%) in the treated arm and 75 (48%) in the control arm. Eighteen patients in the treated group developed a second primary tumor, and 29 patients in the control group developed 33 second primary tumors. A statistically significant difference in favor of treatment was observed concerning time to new primary tumors in the field of prevention (P = .045, log-rank test). The treatment difference in terms of disease-free interval was close to statistical significance (P = .054, log-rank test) and just significant when adjusted for primary tumor classification (P = .038, Cox regression model). CONCLUSION: Daily oral administration of high-dose vitamin A is effective in reducing the number of new primary tumors related to tobacco consumption and may improve the disease-free interval in patients curatively resected for stage I lung cancer. The impact of such a treatment on survival needs to be further explored. | [
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] | [] |
23972241 | Extract of Myrica cerifera bark has long been fruitfully used as a hepato-protective and anti-cancer drug in various complementary and alternative systems of medicine. Myricanone, its principal bioactive compound, had also been reported to have apoptosis-promoting ability. We evaluated its anti-cancer potential in vitro in HepG2 liver cancer cells and tried to understand the signal cascades involved in accomplishing apoptosis. Further, we ascertained by using a (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) assay if it had cytotoxic effects on normal noncancerous liver cells (WRL-68). We deployed various tools and protocols, like phase contrast, scanning electron and fluorescence microscopies, performed an annexinV-FITC/PI assay and cell cycle analysis, and estimated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization through flow cytometry. Further, analyses of cytochrome-c translocation and of HSP70 and caspase expressions were also done by using immunoblota and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results revealed that myricanone induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through generation of ROS, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, early release of cytochrome-c, down-regulation of HSP70 and activation of a caspase cascade; it had no, or insignificant, cytotoxic effects in WRL-68 cells in vitro and in mice in vivo. Thus, myricanone has great potential for use in formulating an effective drug against both hepatotoxicity and hepatocellular cancer. | [
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21894150 | Anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract, a plant-derived antioxidant, has been utilized as a popular supplement for ocular health worldwide. However, it is unclear whether this extract has any biological effect on visual function, and the mechanism for such an effect is completely unknown. In this study, we generated a mouse model of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) that shows retinal inflammation, as well as uveitis, by injecting lipopolysaccharide. We pretreated the mice with anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract and analyzed the effect on the retina. Anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract prevented the impairment of photoreceptor cell function, as measured by electroretinogram. At the cellular level, we found that the EIU-associated rhodopsin decreased and the shortening of outer segments in photoreceptor cells were suppressed in the bilberry-extract-treated animals. Moreover, the extract prevented both STAT3 activation, which induces inflammation-related rhodopsin decrease, and the increase in interleukin-6 expression, which activates STAT3. In addition to its anti-inflammatory effect, the anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract ameliorated the intracellular elevation of reactive oxygen species and activated NF-kB, a redox-sensitive transcription factor, in the inflamed retina. Our findings indicate that anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract has a protective effect on visual function during retinal inflammation. | [
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1523784 | Fungal infections of the nasal cavity are a common cause of nasal disease in the dog and cat. Aspergillus fumigatus most commonly affects the dog; Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common fungus isolated from the cat. Rhinosporidium infection causes obstructive nasal polyps in the dog but has not been reported in the cat. Several other miscellaneous fungi, including Exophiala, Alternaria, Trichosporon, Blastomyces, and Histoplasma, and the alga Prototheca occasionally cause nasal disease in dogs and cats. | [
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7884559 | There is much evidence suggesting that compounds present in soybeans can prevent cancer in many different organ systems. The evidence for specific soybean-derived compounds having a suppressive effect on carcinogenesis in animal model systems is limited, however. There is evidence that the following isolated soybean derived products suppress carcinogenesis in vivo: a protease inhibitor, the Bowman-Birk inhibitor, inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid) and the sterol beta-sitosterol. Other compounds that may be able to suppress carcinogenesis in animals are the soybean isoflavones. Soybean compounds reported to have other types of anticarcinogenic activity include soybean trypsin inhibitor, saponins and genistein. There is much evidence to suggest that diets containing large amounts of soybean products are associated with overall low cancer mortality rates, particularly for cancers of the colon, breast and prostate. It is believed that supplementation of human diets with certain soybean products shown to suppress carcinogenesis in animals could markedly reduce human cancer mortality rates. | [
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11117612 | Coffee consumption was recently shown to protect against symptomatic gallbladder disease in men. The authors examined the relation of ultrasound-documented gallbladder disease with coffee drinking in 13,938 adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. The prevalence of total gallbladder disease was unrelated to coffee consumption in either men or women. However, among women a decreased prevalence of previously diagnosed gallbladder disease was found with increasing coffee drinking (p = 0.027). These findings do not support a protective effect of coffee consumption on total gallbladder disease, although coffee may decrease the risk of symptomatic gallstones in women. | [
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2996118 | Fasting and postprandial intragastric bile acid concentrations were determined in healthy subjects and in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer. The results showed great interindividual variation and wide overlapping between groups. Mean bile acid concentrations, fasting and postprandially, were significantly higher in patients with gastric ulcer than in healthy subjects. The differences between gastric and duodenal ulcer patients and between duodenal ulcer patients and healthy subjects were not significant. Fiber-enriched wheat bran reduced bile acid concentrations significantly in patients with gastric ulcer disease. | [
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120,
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23317220 | Onions (Allium cepa L.) are widely used in the food industry for its nutritional and aromatic properties. Our studies showed that ethyl acetate extract of onion (EEO) had potent inhibitory effects on animal fatty acid synthase (FAS), and could induce apoptosis in FAS over-expressing human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, this apoptosis was accompanied by reduction of intracellular FAS activity and could be rescued by 25 mM or 50 mM exogenous palmitic acids, the final product of FAS catalyzed synthesis. These results suggest that the apoptosis induced by EEO occurs via inhibition of FAS. We also found that EEO could suppress lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which was also related to its inhibition of intracellular FAS activity. Since obesity is closely related to breast cancer and obese patients are at elevated risk of developing various cancers, these findings suggested that onion might be useful for preventing obesity-related malignancy. | [
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19552815 | BACKGROUND: Garlic or Allium sativum (As) shows therapeutic effects such as reduction of blood pressure or hypercholesterolemia but side-effects on reproductive functions remain poorly investigated. Because of garlic's chemical complexity, the processing methods and yield in preparations differ in efficacy and safety. In this context, we clarify the mechanisms of action of crushed crude garlic on testicular markers. METHODS: During one month of treatment, 24 male rats were fed 5%, 10% and 15% crude garlic. RESULTS: We showed that crude garlic-feeding induced apoptosis in testicular germ cells (spermatocytes and spermatids). This cell death process was characterized by increased levels of active CASP3 but not CASP6. Expression of the caspase inhibitors BIRC3 and BIRC2 was increased at all doses of As while expression of XIAP and BIRC5 was unchanged. Moreover, expression of the IAP inhibitor DIABLO was increased at doses 10% and 15% of As. The germ cell death process induced by As might be related to a decrease in testosterone production because of the reduced expression of steroidogenic enzymes (Star, Cyp11a, Hsd3b5 and Hsd17b). Evaluation of Sertoli markers showed that TUBB3 and GSTA2 expression was unchanged. In contrast, AMH, RHOX5 and CDKN1B expression was decreased while GATA4 expression was increased. CONCLUSION: In summary, we showed that feeding with crude garlic inhibited Leydig steroidogenic enzyme expression and Sertoli cell markers. These alterations might induce apoptosis in testicular germ cells. | [
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] | [] |
20001818 | Tobacco use exerts a huge toll on persons with mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders, accounting for 200,000 of the annual 443,000 annual tobacco-related deaths in the United States. Persons with chronic mental illness die 25 years earlier than the general population does, and smoking is the major contributor to that premature mortality. This population consumes 44% of all cigarettes, reflecting very high prevalence rates plus heavy smoking by users. The pattern reflects a combination of biological, psychosocial, cultural, and tobacco industry-related factors. Although provider and patient perspectives are changing, smoking has been a historically accepted part of behavioral health settings. Additional harm results from the economic burden imposed by purchasing cigarettes and enduring the stigma attached to smoking. Tailored treatment for this population involves standard cessation treatments including counseling, medications, and telephone quitlines. Further progress depends on clinician and patient education, expanded access to treatment, and the resolution of existing knowledge gaps. | [
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"text": [
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}
] | [] |
17012261 | The use of tobacco products is associated with an increased incidence of periodontal disease, poor response to periodontal therapy, and a high risk for developing head and neck cancer. Nicotine and tobacco-derived nitrosamines have been shown to exhibit their pathobiologic effects due in part to activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs), mainly alpha7 nAChR, expressed by oral keratinocytes (KCs). This study was designed to gain mechanistic insight into alpha7-mediated morbidity of tobacco products in the oral cavity. We investigated the signaling pathways downstream of alpha7 nAChR in monolayers of oral KCs exposed for 24 h to aged and diluted sidestream cigarette smoke (ADSS) or an equivalent concentration of pure nicotine. By both real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and In-cell Western, the KCs stimulated with ADSS or nicotine showed multifold increases of STAT-3. These effects could be completely blocked or significantly (P<0.05) diminished if the cells were pretreated with the alpha7 antagonist alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBTX) or transfected with anti-alpha7 small interfering RNA (siRNA-alpha7). The use of pathway inhibitors revealed that signaling through the Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK steps mediated alpha7-dependent up-regulation of STAT-3. Targeted mutation of the alpha7 gene prevented ERK1/2 activation by nicotine. Using the gel mobility shift assay, we demonstrated that an increased protein binding activity of STAT-3 caused by ADSS or pure nicotine was mediated by janus-activated kinase (JAK)-2. Activation of JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway could be prevented by alphaBTX or siRNA-alpha7. Thus, nuclear transactivation of STAT-3 in KCs exposed to tobacco products is mediated via intracellular signaling downstream from alpha7, which proceeds via two complementary pathways. The Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK cascade culminates in up-regulated expression of the gene encoding STAT-3, whereas recruitment and activation of tyrosine kinase JAK-2 phosphorylates it. Elucidation of this novel mechanism of nicotine-dependent nuclear transactivation of STAT-3 identifies oral alpha7 nAChR as a promising molecular target to prevent, reverse, or retard tobacco-related periodontal disease and progression of head and neck cancer by receptor inhibitors. | [
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19579948 | In this study, the neuroprotective effect of the extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) was investigated against MSG-induced neurotoxicity of male albino rat. The daily dose (4 mg kg(-1) b.wt.) i.p. injection of pure monosodium glutamate (MSG) for 30 days and subsequent withdrawal caused a significant decrease in epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) content all tested areas (cerebellum, brainstem, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus) at most of the time intervals studied. This is may be due to activation of glutamate receptors, which led to increased the intracellular concentration of Ca(+2) ions, so the release of neurotransmitters is increased and the content of monoamines is decreased. After the withdrawal, the decrease in monoamines levels remained in striatum, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus, this may be due to the region specific effect of monosodium glutamate whereas, daily dose (100 mg kg(-1) b.wt.) i.p., injection of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) root extract for 30 days and subsequent withdrawal caused a significant increased in epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) content all tested areas at most of the time intervals studied. This is may be due to inhibition of 5HT-3-receptor effects at the same time the extract blockade of Ca(+2) channel, as result the release of neurotransmitter is decreased and the content is increased. After the extract withdrawal, the increase in monoamine levels remained in brainstem, striatum and hippocampus, this may be due to the region specific effect of the extract. The coadminisration of monosodium glutamate and ginger root extract caused increased in monoamine content in most of the tested brain areas at different time intervals. This is may be due to partly attributable to an antagonistic action of ginger root extracts on monosodium glutamate effect, so the monoamines content was increased. From these results, we can say that the ginger extract has a neuroprotective role against monosodium glutamate toxicity effect. | [
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126,
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998,
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1998,
2004
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] | [] |
7586181 | We reported previously that garlic cultivated with selenite fertilization showed powerful chemopreventive activity in the rat dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor model (Carcinogenesis 15, 573-576, 1994). In order to ascertain that the efficacy of the high-selenium garlic in cancer protection is primarily dependent on the action of selenium we compared the effects of two batches of garlic powder with marked differences in their level of selenium enrichment, 112 or 1355 p.p.m. Se dry weight. Both products were added to the diet to achieve the same final concentration of 2 p.p.m. Se. The supplementation protocol was designed to evaluate the efficacy during either the initiation phase or post-initiation phase of DMBA mammary carcinogenesis. Significant tumor reduction was observed with either treatment protocol. Furthermore, the magnitude tumor suppression, as well as the extent of DMBA-DNA adduct inhibition, were very similar with the two batches of garlic, even though the amounts of garlic in the diet varied considerably between them (1.8% for the 112 p.p.m. Se garlic versus 0.15% for the 1355 p.p.m. Se garlic). This suggests that the anti-cancer activity of the high-selenium garlic was likely to be accounted for by the effect of selenium, rather than the effect of garlic per se. A continuous feeding of the high-selenium garlic produced a modest increase in total selenium in various tissues. In general the profile of selenium accumulation was comparable in rats ingesting either the 112 or the 1355 p.p.m. Se garlic. Thus, based on the results of several biological responses, it appears that the ability of the high-selenium garlic to protect against tumorigenesis is primarily dependent on increased intake of selenium provided by the vegetable. Future research will be focused on the chemical form of selenium in the garlic. | [
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1667,
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1861,
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"text": [
"garlic"
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}
] | [] | [
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"id": "7586181_E1",
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] | [] |
22648725 | BACKGROUND: Olive oil consumption is associated with a decreased risk of several chronic diseases, in particular cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, data on the effects of olive oil on overall mortality are scarce. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between olive oil and overall and cause-specific mortality in the Spanish population in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). DESIGN: A total of 40,622 participants (62% female) aged 29-69 y were recruited from 5 Spanish regions in 1992-1996. The association between olive oil (analyzed as a categorical and continuous variable) and overall and cause-specific mortality (CVD, cancer, and other causes) was analyzed by using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 1915 deaths were reported during 13.4 y of follow-up: 416 CVD deaths, 956 cancer deaths, and 417 deaths from other causes (for 126 deaths the cause was not available). In comparison with nonconsumers, the highest quartile of olive oil consumption was associated with a 26% (95% CI: 13%, 36%) reduction in risk of overall mortality and a 44% (95% CI: 21%, 60%) reduction in CVD mortality. For each increase in olive oil of 10 g 2000 kcal d , there was a 7% (95% CI: 3%, 10%) decreased risk of overall mortality and a 13% (95% CI: 6%, 20%) decreased risk of CVD mortality. No significant association was observed between olive oil and cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Olive oil was associated with a decreased risk of overall mortality and an important reduction in CVD mortality in this large Mediterranean cohort. This provides further evidence on the beneficial effects of one of the key Mediterranean dietary components. | [
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175,
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266,
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566,
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1047,
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1231,
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1501,
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390,
396
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],
"text": [
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}
] | [] | [
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] | [] |
15042305 | Chronic consumption of alcohol is an accepted social custom worldwide. In the upper aerodigestive tract, local morphologic, metabolic and functional alterations can be present due such consumption. Gastroesophageal reflux or alterations in sleep structure are typical examples of functional disorders. While alcohol was initially described as a risk enhancer only in smokers, a number of epidemiological studies have now shown that chronic alcohol consumption increases the risk of head and neck cancer independently of exposure to tobacco smoke. In addition, alcohol leads to an accumulation of pathologic microbes within the mucosa, leading to chronic infection. Susceptibility to carcinogens and cell proliferation in the mucosa are increased, resulting in genetic changes with the development of dysplasia, leucoplakia and carcinoma. Chronic alcohol consumption is correlated with an increased risk of cancer and increased mortality in a dose-dependent relationship. A number of biologically plausible mechanisms exist by which alcohol may cause cancer. | [
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198,
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906,
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532,
539
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"text": [
"tobacco"
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}
] | [] | [] | [] |
8634537 | As part of a comprehensive risk assessment study for fumonisins, reliable data on exposure of populations to these dietary toxins must be obtained. To assess the extent of worldwide exposure, the published literature on the contamination of food and feed supplies has been reviewed and supplemented with unpublished material from various international sources. Fumonisin contamination of corn and corn-based products occurs in many countries. Animal mycotoxicoses such as equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema are caused by heavily contaminated animal feeds. For example, as much as 330 micrograms/g fumonisin B1 (FB1) has been found in swine feed. Although commercially available refined corn products for human consumption are generally contaminated at levels below 1 microgram/g FB1, individual products in certain countries can reach far higher levels. Health risks associated with consumption of these products depend on the extent to which they are consumed in a varied diet. Home-grown corn in certain rural areas, where it also constitutes the staple diet, can be contaminated at > 100 micrograms/g. Consumption of corn contaminated at these high levels has been associated with a high incidence of esophageal cancer in these areas. | [
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443,
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523,
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397,
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708,
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1012,
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] | [] |
10743678 | Based on the previously suggested hypothesis that the generation of free radicals leading to lipid peroxidation is involved in the genesis of vasospasm and vasculopathy following subarachnoid hemorrhage, the therapeutic effect of EGb 761 as an antioxidant on experimental vasospasm and vasculopathy was evaluated in a double hemorrhage dog model of chronic cerebral vasospasm. For this study 14 dogs were randomly assigned to two groups, a control and a Ginkgo biloba group. The control group was only administered saline in a volume equivalent to a dose of 100 mgEGb 761/kg while the treatment group was given 100 mg EGb 761/kg. The diameter of the basilar artery decreased from 1.95 +/- 0.16 mm at day 0 to 1.11 +/- 0.07 mm at day 8 in the control group, while in the treatment group the vessel diameter decreased from 2.01 +/- 0.17 mm at day 0 to 1.72 +/- 0.16 mm at day 8. These results correspond a decrease in vessel diameter of 15.1% in the treatment group and of 43.1% in the control group (P < 0.05). Histopathological studies of the specimens obtained from basilar arteries showed that pathological signs of proliferative vasculopathy, including narrowing of the vessel lumen, corrugation of the lamina elastica and subendothelial thickening, were present in all the animals in the control group, while they could not be demonstrated in the Ginkgo biloba group. These results suggest that Ginkgo biloba may have a protective effect against subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm and vasculopathy as a result of antioxidants. | [
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142,
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272,
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349,
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1118,
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1450,
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454,
467
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1351,
1364
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1399,
1412
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1482,
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"vasospasm"
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1496,
1508
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"text": [
"vasculopathy"
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{
"id": "10743678_T10",
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"offsets": [
[
325,
335
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"text": [
"hemorrhage"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
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"effect"
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1435,
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"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "10743678_T7"
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{
"role": "Theme3",
"ref_id": "10743678_T9"
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]
}
] | [] |
15308586 | Increased consumption of tomato products is associated with a decreased risk of cancer. The present study was performed to investigate whether consumption of a tomato oleoresin extract for 2 weeks can affect endogenous levels of DNA single strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes in healthy non-smokers and smokers. We also assessed, the effect of the tomato oleoresin extract on various immunological functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study design was used. Over a period of 2 weeks 15 non-smokers and 12 smokers were given three tomato oleoresin extract capsules daily (each containing 4.88 mg lycopene, 0.48 mg phytoene, 0.44 mg phytofluene and 1.181 mg alpha-tocopherol). The control group received placebos. The baseline level of endogenous DNA damage for non-smokers was slightly (13%) and non-significantly (P = 0.44) lower than that of smokers. Placebo supplementation of non-smokers and smokers for 2 weeks did not significantly affect lycopene plasma levels or DNA damage in either group. Intervention with tomato oleoresin extract resulted in significant increases in total plasma lycopene and resulted in decreased levels of DNA strand breaks of approximately 32 (non-smokers) and 39% (smokers). However, this effect was not statistically significant in either group (P = 0.09 for non-smokers and P = 0.12 for smokers). Analysis of the distribution pattern of DNA strand breaks showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase in the number of comets in class 0 (undamaged) and a decrease in classes 1 and 2 (damaged) after the tomato oleoresin extract intervention in non-smokers. The changes in the smoker group were not statistically significant. Treatment with the tomato extract had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, interleukin (IL)-2 production and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha production, but it significantly reduced IL-4 production in smokers (P = 0.009). | [
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80,
86
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25,
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358,
364
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601,
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1087,
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1616,
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1757,
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"text": [
"tomato"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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"associated"
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44,
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{
"role": "Theme",
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}
]
}
] | [] |
15770206 | We investigated whether tobacco use causes cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in a large cohort study with complete and long-term follow-up. A total of 756 incident cases occurred in a cohort of 337,311 men during a 30-year follow-up period, but no association was found between any kind of smoking tobacco use and CSCC risk, nor any risk change with increasing dose, duration or time since smoking cessation. Snuff use was associated with a decreased risk of CSCC. Overall, our study provides no evidence that tobacco use increases the risk of CSCC. | [
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"id": "15770206_T1",
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"offsets": [
[
43,
76
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"text": [
"cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma"
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},
{
"id": "15770206_T2",
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"offsets": [
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24,
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},
{
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"offsets": [
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305,
312
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"text": [
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},
{
"id": "15770206_T4",
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"offsets": [
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517,
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"text": [
"tobacco"
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},
{
"id": "15770206_T6",
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"offsets": [
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551,
555
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"text": [
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},
{
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"offsets": [
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466,
470
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"text": [
"CSCC"
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},
{
"id": "15770206_T8",
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[
321,
325
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],
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},
{
"id": "15770206_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
78,
82
]
],
"text": [
"CSCC"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [] | [
{
"id": "15770206_1",
"entity_ids": [
"15770206_T1",
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}
] |
16011289 | OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effect of Lespedeza Michx in experimental rat model of minimal change nephropathy (MCN). METHOD: The rat MCN model was reproduced by tail-intravenous injection of Adriamycin. The treatment effect of Lespedeza Michx was determined by the detection of urine protein collection for 24 hours, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ATCO, IL-8, TNF-alpha in serum, and renal histopathological changes were observed by microscope. RESULT: Lespedeza Michx could decrease the contents of urine proteinuria, MDA, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in serum, increase SOD level and improved the pathological change of glomeruli. CONCLUSION: Lespedeza Michx was effective on MCN. | [
{
"id": "16011289_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
528,
545
]
],
"text": [
"urine proteinuria"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16011289_T4",
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"offsets": [
[
46,
61
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"text": [
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235,
250
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"text": [
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},
{
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"offsets": [
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481,
496
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"text": [
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
664,
679
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"text": [
"Lespedeza Michx"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16011289_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
91,
117
]
],
"text": [
"minimal change nephropathy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16011289_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
119,
122
]
],
"text": [
"MCN"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "16011289_E1",
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24,
45
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]
},
{
"id": "16011289_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"decrease"
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503,
511
]
]
},
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},
{
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}
]
}
] | [
{
"id": "16011289_1",
"entity_ids": [
"16011289_T1",
"16011289_T3"
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}
] |
10971235 | BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies suggest that coffee use might protect against colorectal cancer. Inconsistencies as to the effect of coffee use and colorectal cancer between epidemiologic studies might be related to the type of coffee brew. OBJECTIVE: We studied the effect of unfiltered coffee consumption on putative biomarkers for colonic cancer risk. DESIGN: A total of 64 healthy volunteers (31 men and 33 women), with a mean age of 43 +/- 11 years were randomly assigned to two groups in a crossover design, with two intervention periods of 2 weeks separated by a washout period of 8 weeks. Treatments were 1 L of cafeti re (French press) coffee daily or no coffee. At the end of each intervention period, fasting blood samples, colorectal biopsies and 48 h faeces were collected. RESULTS: No effect of coffee on colorectal cell proliferation, assayed by estimating the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen labelling index, was seen. Additionally, no effects were seen on the concentrations of faecal soluble bile acids and colorectal mucosal glutathione S-transferase activity. However, unfiltered coffee significantly increased the glutathione content in the colorectal mucosa by 8% and in plasma by 15%. Other aminothiols in plasma also increased on coffee. CONCLUSION: Unfiltered coffee does not influence the colorectal mucosal proliferation rate, but might increase the detoxification capacity and anti-mutagenic properties in the colorectal mucosa through an increase in glutathione concentration. Whether this effect indeed contributes to a lower colon cancer risk remains to be established. | [
{
"id": "10971235_T1",
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"offsets": [
[
80,
97
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],
"text": [
"colorectal cancer"
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},
{
"id": "10971235_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
150,
167
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"text": [
"colorectal cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10971235_T3",
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"offsets": [
[
336,
350
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],
"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10971235_T5",
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"offsets": [
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1562,
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
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47,
53
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],
"text": [
"coffee"
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"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
135,
141
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],
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"coffee"
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},
{
"id": "10971235_T10",
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"offsets": [
[
230,
236
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],
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},
{
"id": "10971235_T12",
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290,
296
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},
{
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"offsets": [
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648,
654
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},
{
"id": "10971235_T16",
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667,
673
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},
{
"id": "10971235_T18",
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"offsets": [
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812,
818
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},
{
"id": "10971235_T20",
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1106,
1112
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"coffee"
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},
{
"id": "10971235_T22",
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"offsets": [
[
1260,
1266
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"coffee"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10971235_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1291,
1297
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "10971235_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protect"
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64,
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{
"id": "10971235_E3",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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"effect"
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269,
275
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{
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}
] | [] |
21105694 | To investigate the preventive effects of tea on hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, male C57BL/6J mice were given a high-fat diet containing 29% lard and also green or black tea ad libitum for 14 weeks. Both teas suppressed body weight gain and deposition of white adipose tissue caused by the diet. In addition, they improved hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance by stimulating glucose uptake activity accompanied by the translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 to the plasma membrane in muscle. Long-term consumption of the high-fat diet reduced levels of insulin receptor b-subunit, GLUT4 and AMP-activated protein kinase a in muscle, and green and black tea suppressed these decreases. The results strongly suggest that green and black tea suppress high-fat diet-evoked hyperglycemia and insulin resistance by retaining the level of GLUT4 and increasing the level of GLUT4 on the plasma membrane in muscle. | [
{
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48,
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329,
342
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347,
366
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{
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782,
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161,
179
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650,
669
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
732,
751
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"text": [
"green and black tea"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "21105694_E1",
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{
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]
}
] | [] |
8983097 | We have undertaken an autopsy-based study to evaluate the etiologic importance of active and passive smoking, as well as socio-demographic variables, in the development of pathologic precursors of lung cancer. Lung specimens were taken at autopsy from 531 persons who had died within four hours from a cause other than respiratory or cancer in Athens (Greece) or the surrounding area. Specimens were examined blindly for basal cell hyperplasia, squamous cell metaplasia, cell atypia and mucous cell metaplasia, i.e., pathological entities considered as epithelial, possibly precancerous, lesions (EPPL). Interviews were conducted with next of kin of the deceased. Suitable autopsy specimens as well as completed interviews were eventually available for 275 subjects. EPPL score was regressed on the available independent variables. EPPL score was higher among active smokers than among nonsmokers, while ex-smokers occupied an intermediate position. Conditional on smoking habits, EPPL score was higher among women than among men and higher among manual than among non-manual workers, in agreement with the corresponding patterns with respect to lung cancer. Nonsmoking women married to ever smokers had significantly higher EPPL score than those married to never smokers. The overall findings of this study suggest that EPPL is a valuable indicator of lung cancer risk and that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with higher EPPL levels and therefore with higher lung cancer risk. | [
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1146,
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1353,
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1483,
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] | [] |
21933433 | BACKGROUND: Ginger is one of the most important spice crops and traditionally has been used as medicinal plant in Bangladesh. The present work is aimed to find out antioxidant and anticancer activities of two Bangladeshi ginger varieties (Fulbaria and Syedpuri) at young age grown under ambient (400 mol/mol) and elevated (800 mol/mol) CO2 concentrations against two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). METHODS: The effects of ginger on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were determined using TBA (thiobarbituric acid) and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide] assays. Reversed-phase HPLC was used to assay flavonoids composition among Fulbaria and Syedpuri ginger varieties grown under increasing CO2 concentration from 400 to 800 mol/mol. RESULTS: Antioxidant activities in both varieties found increased significantly (P <= 0.05) with increasing CO2 concentration from 400 to 800 mol/mol. High antioxidant activities were observed in the rhizomes of Syedpuri grown under elevated CO2 concentration. The results showed that enriched ginger extract (rhizomes) exhibited the highest anticancer activity on MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 values of 34.8 and 25.7 g/ml for Fulbaria and Syedpuri respectively. IC50 values for MDA-MB-231 exhibition were 32.53 and 30.20 g/ml for rhizomes extract of Fulbaria and Syedpuri accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: Fulbaria and Syedpuri possess antioxidant and anticancer properties especially when grown under elevated CO2 concentration. The use of ginger grown under elevated CO2 concentration may have potential in the treatment and prevention of cancer. | [
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221,
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448,
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704,
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54,
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95,
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239,
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"offsets": [
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252,
260
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"normalized": []
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"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
682,
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"offsets": [
[
695,
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{
"id": "21933433_T16",
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"offsets": [
[
990,
998
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"rhizomes"
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "21933433_T17",
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"offsets": [
[
1002,
1010
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"text": [
"Syedpuri"
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{
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"offsets": [
[
1084,
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"ginger extract"
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1100,
1108
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"rhizomes"
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[
1218,
1226
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"Fulbaria"
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},
{
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"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1231,
1239
]
],
"text": [
"Syedpuri"
],
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},
{
"id": "21933433_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1323,
1339
]
],
"text": [
"rhizomes extract"
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},
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"id": "21933433_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1343,
1351
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],
"text": [
"Fulbaria"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21933433_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1356,
1364
]
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"text": [
"Syedpuri"
],
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},
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"id": "21933433_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1391,
1399
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],
"text": [
"Fulbaria"
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},
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"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1404,
1412
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],
"text": [
"Syedpuri"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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1598,
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] | [] |
23265703 | INTRODUCTION: Cancer registration coverage and cancer control programmes in South Eastern (SE) Europe, embracing about six new EU member states, remain thin, despite a relatively high incidence and mortality burden from avoidable cancers, particularly in males. We assembled the most recent cancer registry data to estimate the burden of the 17 most common cancers in the region, from Slovenia to Cyprus and Malta. METHODS: Data were made available for analysis from Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Romania (Cluj County), Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey (Antalya and Izmir provinces). We analysed incidence and mortality of the 17 most common cancers (counts and age-standardised rates, for the most recent year available and for the period 1999-2008). We used Joinpoint regression to quantify recent trends. FINDINGS: For much of SE Europe, there were no marked declines in overall cancer mortality rates during 1999-2008. In men, lung cancer incidence and mortality rates were high compared to other European countries (age-standardised rates (ASRW) of incidence being 50-60/100,000 in most of the countries), and still increasing in Bulgaria, Serbia and Turkey. Prostate cancer incidence rapidly increased throughout the region by 3-12% annually, largely without any clear declines in mortality. Colorectal cancer incidence increased throughout the region, as did mortality especially in Croatia, Serbia and Bulgaria (average annual percentage change (AAPC) 1.5-2%). In women, breast cancer mortality significantly declined in Slovenia, Croatia and Malta (Average Annual Percentage of Change [AAPC] -2%, -1% and -5%, respectively), but not elsewhere. Cervical cancer incidence rates remained very high in Romania, Serbia and Bulgaria (ASRW>20/100,000). INTERPRETATION: Our data confirmed the North West to South East Europe gradient of increasing incidence and mortality rates of tobacco-related cancers, as well as increasing mortality rates of screen-detectable cancers. The lack of decline in overall cancer mortality also indicates suboptimal levels of cancer control in the region. | [
{
"id": "23265703_T1",
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"offsets": [
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14,
53
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"text": [
"Cancer registration coverage and cancer"
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{
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220,
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291,
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357,
364
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641,
648
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1163,
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{
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1297,
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1478,
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1652,
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1897,
1904
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"text": [
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},
{
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1947,
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"text": [
"screen-detectable cancers"
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[
2005,
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2058,
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[
1881,
1888
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"tobacco"
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}
] | [] | [
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] | [] |
19858733 | The Mediterranean diet, in which olive oil is the primary source of fat, is associated with a low mortality for cardiovascular disease. Data concerning olive oil consumption and primary end points for cardiovascular disease are scarce. However, a large body of knowledge exists providing evidence of the benefits of olive oil consumption on secondary end points for the disease. Besides the classical benefits on the lipid profile provided by olive oil consumption compared with that of saturated fat, a broad spectrum of benefits on cardiovascular risk factors is now emerging associated with olive oil consumption. We review the state of the art concerning the knowledge of the most important biological and clinical effects related to olive oil and its minor components. The recent advances in human nutrigenomics associated with olive oil consumption will also be assessed. The wide range of benefits associated with olive oil consumption could contribute to explaining the low rate of cardiovascular mortality found in southern European-Mediterranean countries, in comparison with other westernized countries, despite a high prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors. | [
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201,
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152,
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316,
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443,
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594,
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738,
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833,
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[
921,
926
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"text": [
"olive"
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}
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76,
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] | [] |
12589366 | BACKGROUND: Serologic cross-reactivity among legumes has been described; however, it is rarely clinically significant. In this study 3 patients with a history of anaphylaxis to pea are described who subsequently had symptoms after ingestion of peanut. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether the peanut-related symptoms were due to cross-reactivity between pea and peanut proteins. METHODS: Peanut-related symptoms were documented according to case history or double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge results. Skin prick tests were performed, and specific IgE levels were determined for pea and peanut with the CAP system FEIA. IgE-binding proteins in pea and peanut were identified by using immunoblot analysis. Cross-reactivity was studied by means of immunoblot and ELISA inhibition studies with whole extracts and purified allergens. RESULTS: Peanut-related symptoms consisted of oral symptoms in all patients, with additional urticaria and dyspnea or angioedema in 2 patients. All patients had a positive skin prick test response and an increased IgE level to pea and peanut. Immunoblotting revealed strong IgE binding to mainly vicilin in pea extract and exclusively to Ara h 1 in crude peanut extract. Immunoblot and ELISA inhibition studies with crude extracts, as well as purified proteins, showed that IgE binding to peanut could be inhibited by pea but not or only partially the other way around. CONCLUSION: Clinically relevant cross-reactivity between pea and peanut does occur. Vicilin homologues in pea and peanut (Ara h 1) are the molecular basis for this cross-reactivity. | [
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613,
616
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933,
942
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958,
968
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177,
180
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244,
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{
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291,
297
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352,
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360,
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386,
392
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"text": [
"Peanut"
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
589,
592
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"text": [
"pea"
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597,
603
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"text": [
"peanut"
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "12589366_T18",
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"offsets": [
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654,
657
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"text": [
"pea"
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "12589366_T20",
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[
662,
668
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"text": [
"peanut"
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "12589366_T22",
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[
849,
855
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"Peanut"
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{
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1067,
1070
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"pea"
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{
"id": "12589366_T24",
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[
1075,
1081
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"peanut"
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{
"id": "12589366_T26",
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[
1147,
1150
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"text": [
"pea"
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},
{
"id": "12589366_T27",
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[
1195,
1201
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"text": [
"peanut"
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},
{
"id": "12589366_T29",
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[
1329,
1335
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"text": [
"peanut"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12589366_T31",
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1358,
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"pea"
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1467,
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1475,
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"peanut"
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1516,
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"pea"
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1524,
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"peanut"
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"type": "Disease",
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[
162,
173
]
],
"text": [
"anaphylaxis"
],
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}
] | [] | [
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"related"
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},
{
"role": "Theme3",
"ref_id": "12589366_T4"
}
]
}
] | [] |
21750018 | Hyperglycemia-linked oxidative stress and/or consequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are the causative factors of pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Dietary bioactive components which mitigate oxidative stress may serve as potential chemopreventive agents to prevent or slow down the disease progression. Wolfberry is a traditional Asian fruit consumed for years to prevent aging eye diseases in Asian countries. Here we report that dietary wolfberry ameliorated mouse retinal abnormality at the early stage of type 2 diabetes in db/db mice. Male mice at six weeks of age were fed the control diet with or without 1% (kcal) wolfberry for eight weeks. Dietary wolfberry restored the thickness of the whole retina, in particular the inner nuclear layer and photoreceptor layer, and the integrity of the retinal pigment epithelia (RPE), and the ganglion cell number in db/db mice. Western blotting of whole retinal cell lysates revealed that addition of wolfberry lowered expression of ER stress biomarkers binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and caspase-12, and restored AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thioredoxin, Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) and forkhead O transcription factor 3 a (FOXO3a) activities. To determine if our observations were due to the high contents of zeaxanthin and lutein in wolfberry, additional studies using these carotenoids were conducted. Using the human adult diploid RPE cell line ARPE-19, we demonstrated that both zeaxanthin and lutein could mimic the wolfberry preventive effect on activation of AMPK, thioredoxin, Mn SOD, FOXO3a activities, normalize cellular reactive oxygen species and attenuate ER stress in ARPE-19 cells exposed to a high glucose challenge. The zeaxanthin preventive effect was abolished by small interfering RNA knockdown of AMPKa. These results suggested that AMPK activation appeared to play a key role in upregulated expression of thioredoxin and Mn SOD, and mitigation of cellular oxidative stress and/or ER stress by wolfberry and zeaxanthin and/or lutein. Taken together, dietary wolfberry on retinal protection in diabetic mice is, at least partially, due to zeaxanthin and/or lutein. | [
{
"id": "21750018_T1",
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"offsets": [
[
0,
13
]
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"text": [
"Hyperglycemia"
],
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{
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[
135,
155
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"diabetic retinopathy"
],
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},
{
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388,
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"eye diseases"
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},
{
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477,
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{
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[
519,
534
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"text": [
"type 2 diabetes"
],
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},
{
"id": "21750018_T7",
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"offsets": [
[
313,
322
]
],
"text": [
"Wolfberry"
],
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},
{
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"offsets": [
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449,
458
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632,
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[
667,
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},
{
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[
959,
968
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"wolfberry"
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},
{
"id": "21750018_T12",
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"offsets": [
[
1397,
1406
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"wolfberry"
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
1584,
1593
]
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"wolfberry"
],
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},
{
"id": "21750018_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1777,
1784
]
],
"text": [
"glucose"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21750018_T15",
"type": "Plant",
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[
2078,
2087
]
],
"text": [
"wolfberry"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21750018_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2142,
2151
]
],
"text": [
"wolfberry"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21750018_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2177,
2185
]
],
"text": [
"diabetic"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "21750018_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"ameliorated"
],
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[
459,
470
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21750018_T4"
},
{
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},
{
"role": "Theme2",
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}
]
},
{
"id": "21750018_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"prevent"
],
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[
374,
381
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21750018_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "21750018_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8087773 | Government action and the advocacy activities that influence it are as important a concern for cancer control as they are for any other public issue. Policy advocacy strategies have proven themselves effective in cancer prevention efforts involving tobacco use and nutrition. Much of what has been learned from this experience can be applied with great effect in advocacy efforts for other cancer control measures. The implementation of Proposition 99, the 1988 tobacco tax initiative in California, illustrates the effectiveness of aggressive policy advocacy strategies such as provocative paid advertising, mobilization through coalitions, and community-level public relations, to bring about government action at all levels of government and in the private sector. Today, largely as a result of these activities, more than 70 of California's 471 cities have a 100% smokefree workplace and/or a 100% smokefree restaurant ordinance, and nearly 300 cities currently have ordinances that restrict smoking pollution and/or restrict youth access to cigarette vending machines. About 150 cities have ordinances that were either adopted or greatly strengthened since 1990 when the program hit the streets. Ironically, although the primary aim of these strategies has been to reduce uptake of tobacco use by adolescents, the program's gains so far--including the reduction in adult smoking prevalence from 26% in 1988 to 20% in 1993, for an estimated savings in 1993 alone of 386 million in direct medical costs in the state--have been the result of adult smokers quitting, especially those older than 50. | [
{
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95,
101
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"text": [
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213,
219
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390,
396
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},
{
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[
249,
256
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462,
469
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],
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},
{
"id": "8087773_T6",
"type": "Plant",
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488,
498
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],
"text": [
"California"
],
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},
{
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"type": "Plant",
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[
832,
842
]
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"text": [
"California"
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},
{
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[
1287,
1294
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [] | [] |
14602137 | In this paper, we present estimates of national cancer incidence in Portugal in 1996-1998, predictions for the year 2000, and interpret the recent cancer mortality trends in light of observations from epidemiological research and risk factor patterns. In Portugal, national mortality data from vital statistics are available from 1960, while cancer registration has been mandatory since 1988, when three regional cancer registries covering the mainland of the Portuguese Republic were set up. Up until now, however, none of these registries has been able to produce data with an acceptable completeness of registration--hence this study. Mortality data from Portugal for 1996-1998 and incidence data for 1990-1995 from Vila Nova de Gaia (RVNG) (the most complete of the Portuguese cancer registries), 14 Italian registries and nine Spanish registries were assembled to produce the best possible estimates of numbers of incident cases for each age group and gender. A total of 19,880 new cancer cases are estimated to have been diagnosed among men in the year 2000, and nearly 17,000 new cancer cases in women. The most common cancer among Portuguese men in 2000 is cancer of the colorectum (3173 new cases), followed by cancers of the prostate (2973), lung (2611), stomach (2206) and urinary bladder (1360). In women, breast cancer is the most common cancer (4358) followed by cancers of the colorectum (2541), stomach (1494) and corpus uteri (1083). The overall age-standardised cancer mortality rate for men in Portugal increased steeply (1.4% annually) during the period 1988-1998, with prostate cancer (3.6% annually), colon and rectum (3.3%) and lung (2.4%) mostly contributing. Among women, the overall cancer mortality rate was stable (a non-significant decrease of approximately 0.2% per year). These remarkable results, particularly in males, demonstrate the need for a comprehensive national programme against cancer. Since the increasing epidemic of lung cancer (in men), as well as other tobacco-related cancers, is observed in Portugal, the important component of such a programme should be a nationwide tobacco control programme. Improving accessibility to highly effective diagnostic and treatment procedures for cancer in general and colorectal and prostatic cancers in particular should be a priority in the fight against cancer. | [
{
"id": "14602137_T1",
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"offsets": [
[
48,
54
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],
"text": [
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],
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},
{
"id": "14602137_T2",
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147,
153
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"text": [
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],
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},
{
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[
342,
348
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"text": [
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},
{
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413,
419
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},
{
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"offsets": [
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754,
787
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"text": [
"complete of the Portuguese cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
987,
993
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
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},
{
"id": "14602137_T7",
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"offsets": [
[
1087,
1093
]
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"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T8",
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"offsets": [
[
1126,
1132
]
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"text": [
"cancer"
],
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},
{
"id": "14602137_T9",
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[
1165,
1171
]
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"text": [
"cancer"
],
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},
{
"id": "14602137_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1220,
1227
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1318,
1331
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1351,
1357
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1377,
1384
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1480,
1486
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T15",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1590,
1605
]
],
"text": [
"prostate cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T16",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1709,
1715
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
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},
{
"id": "14602137_T17",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1920,
1926
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T18",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1949,
1972
]
],
"text": [
"epidemic of lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T19",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2016,
2023
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T20",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2228,
2234
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T21",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2238,
2282
]
],
"text": [
"general and colorectal and prostatic cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T22",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2339,
2345
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2000,
2007
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14602137_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2117,
2124
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "14602137_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
2008,
2015
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "14602137_T19"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "14602137_T23"
}
]
}
] | [] |
12055740 | OBJECTIVE: To describe the mortality trends of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking, particularly lung cancer, for the 1980-1997 period in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mortality trends were analyzed for each type of cancer associated to tobacco smoking, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Crude and adjusted mortality rates were estimated for the period between 1980 and 1997, by age, gender, basic death cause, and year of death. The gender ratio and the relative proportion were estimated for cases in the 35-64 age group and for the entire study population. Age population projections by Consejo Nacional de Poblacion (National Population Council), were used as denominators (1970-2010). RESULTS: The gender ratio for mortality rates for lung, esophageal, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer was 2.10:1.00 (male:female). The gender ratio for laryngeal cancer was striking: 4.21:1.00, probably due to the higher prevalence of male tobacco smokers. The estimated relative proportion, using the total mortality due to malignant cancers between 1980-1997, was 12.31% for lung cancer, 1.71% for larynx cancer, 1.55% for esophageal cancer, and 1.49% for oral cavity/pharyngeal cancer. Previous tobacco smoking was correlated with the mortality rate trends for lung cancer (beta: 0.910, IC 95%: 1.097-1.797, R2 0.827). For the poorest social groups by federal entity, the correlation was inverted (beta: -0.510, IC 95% -0.170, -0.039, R2: 0.260). CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, increased tobacco smoking, improved cancer diagnosis, and the demographic transition, are probably the main factors determining cancer mortality rates. However, other lifestyle associated variables, such as urbanization, physical activity, carotenoid intake, and other dietary and toxic substances like alcohol, may also influence the morbidity and mortality rates. Although tobacco-related cancer is a fast-growing public health problem having a poor prognosis, tobacco smoking, the main risk factor, could be eliminated by health education and promotion, together with publicity regulation and healthy taxation policies. | [
{
"id": "12055740_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
47,
53
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
100,
111
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
219,
225
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
316,
319
]
],
"text": [
"ICD"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
797,
803
]
],
"text": [
"cavity"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
808,
825
]
],
"text": [
"pharyngeal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
876,
892
]
],
"text": [
"laryngeal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1049,
1066
]
],
"text": [
"malignant cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1101,
1112
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1124,
1137
]
],
"text": [
"larynx cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1149,
1166
]
],
"text": [
"esophageal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1182,
1211
]
],
"text": [
"oral cavity/pharyngeal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1288,
1299
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1534,
1540
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T15",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1626,
1632
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T16",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1738,
1755
]
],
"text": [
"carotenoid intake"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T17",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1889,
1895
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
70,
77
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
240,
247
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
964,
971
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1222,
1229
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1508,
1515
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1873,
1880
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12055740_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1961,
1968
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [
{
"id": "12055740_R1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease_wo",
"arg1_id": "12055740_T20",
"arg2_id": "12055740_T7",
"normalized": []
}
] | [
{
"id": "12055740_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"attributable"
],
"offsets": [
[
54,
66
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12055740_T18"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12055740_T1"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12055740_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
226,
236
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12055740_T19"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12055740_T3"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12055740_E3",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"correlated with"
],
"offsets": [
[
1242,
1257
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12055740_T13"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12055740_T21"
}
]
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{
"id": "12055740_E4",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
1881,
1888
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12055740_T17"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12055740_T23"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12055740_E5",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"determining"
],
"offsets": [
[
1614,
1625
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12055740_T15"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12055740_T22"
}
]
}
] | [] |
20622705 | OBJECTIVES: To assess the evidence for tobacco smoking as a risk factor for the causation of chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis with random-effects models to estimate pooled relative risks (RRs) of chronic pancreatitis for current, former, and ever smokers, in comparison to never smokers. We also performed dose-response, heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: Ten case-control studies and 2 cohort studies that evaluated, overall, 1705 patients with chronic pancreatitis satisfied the inclusion criteria. When contrasted to never smokers, the pooled risk estimates for current smokers was 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-4.2) overall and 2.5 (95% CI, 1.3-4.6) when data were adjusted for alcohol consumption. A dose-response effect of tobacco use on the risk was ascertained: the RR for subjects smoking less than 1 pack per day was 2.4 (95% CI, 0.9-6.6) and increased to 3.3 (95% CI, 1.4-7.9) in those smoking 1 or more packs per day. The risk diminished significantly after smoking cessation, as the RR estimate for former smokers dropped to a value of 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.9). CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco smoking may enhance the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis. Recommendation for smoking cessation, besides alcohol abstinence, should be incorporated in the management of patients with chronic pancreatitis. | [
{
"id": "20622705_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
93,
113
]
],
"text": [
"chronic pancreatitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20622705_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
223,
243
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],
"text": [
"chronic pancreatitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20622705_T3",
"type": "Disease",
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506,
526
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],
"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20622705_T4",
"type": "Disease",
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1205,
1225
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{
"id": "20622705_T5",
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[
1351,
1371
]
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{
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[
39,
46
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20622705_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
798,
805
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20622705_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1154,
1161
]
],
"text": [
"Tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20622705_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"causation"
],
"offsets": [
[
80,
89
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20622705_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20622705_T6"
}
]
},
{
"id": "20622705_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"developing"
],
"offsets": [
[
1194,
1204
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20622705_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20622705_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
16750122 | OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of Dau c 1 in three patients with carrot induced asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patient 1 had asthma when handling raw carrots. Sensitization to pollens wasn't detected. Patient 2 had rhinoconjunctivitis due to grass and olive pollen allergy. She had asthma when handling raw carrots. Patient 3 was diagnosed of rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma due to allergic sensitization to mites, several pollens and cat. She had asthma due to raw carrot ingestion and inhalation. IgE immunobot analysis and ELISA inhibition assay were used to investigate the allergens and specific antibodies. RESULTS: IgE Immunoblot Analysis: Dau c 1 from carrot extract and the recombinant rDau c 1 were recognized by IgE from patients 1 and 2. Band of Bet v 1 in birch pollen extract wasn't recognized. Patient 3 didn't recognize any of these allergens. Specific IgE to rDau c 1 was measured by ELISA. Specific IgE ELISA-inhibition with carrot as solid phase showed an intermediate inhibition (30 %) between carrot and rDau c 1 in patient 1; and a considerable inhibition (nearly 100 %) between carrot and rDau c 1 in patient 2. No inhibition was found in patient 3. Specific IgE ELISA inhibition between rDau c 1 and rBet v 1, employing rDau c 1 as solid phase was made in patients 1 and 2. Bet v 1 showed less than 40 % of inhibition of rDau c 1 in patient 1; and an intermediate inhibition (> 40 %) between rBet v 1 and rDau c 1 in patient 2. CONCLUSIONS: Airborne carrot allergens are able to sensitize without the implication of a previous pollen allergy. Dau c 1 was the main allergen in patient 2. In patient 1, there was a band of 30 kd that looks like the predominant allergen. Patients 1 and 2 were sensitized directly from carrot allergens. In patient 3, Dau c 1 isn't related to the carrot allergy. Allergy to carrot in patient 3 seems to be related to her allergy to different pollens; however, it wasn't related to birch pollen. Mediterranean countries didn't show the same patterns of food-related pollen allergy than Nordic countries. | [
{
"id": "16750122_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
79,
85
]
],
"text": [
"asthma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
123,
129
]
],
"text": [
"asthma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
280,
286
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"text": [
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{
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"offsets": [
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365,
371
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"offsets": [
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445,
451
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
64,
70
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
148,
155
]
],
"text": [
"carrots"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
305,
312
]
],
"text": [
"carrots"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
463,
469
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
657,
663
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
940,
946
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1011,
1017
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1098,
1104
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T25",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1471,
1477
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T27",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1737,
1743
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1798,
1804
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T31",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1825,
1831
]
],
"text": [
"carrot"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
174,
181
]
],
"text": [
"pollens"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T34",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
213,
232
]
],
"text": [
"rhinoconjunctivitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T35",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
240,
245
]
],
"text": [
"grass"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
250,
262
]
],
"text": [
"olive pollen"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
263,
270
]
],
"text": [
"allergy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T36",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
341,
360
]
],
"text": [
"rhinoconjunctivitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T37",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
420,
427
]
],
"text": [
"pollens"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
766,
778
]
],
"text": [
"birch pollen"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1548,
1554
]
],
"text": [
"pollen"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T16",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1555,
1563
]
],
"text": [
"allergy."
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T18",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1805,
1812
]
],
"text": [
"allergy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T19",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1814,
1821
]
],
"text": [
"Allergy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1893,
1900
]
],
"text": [
"pollens"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1932,
1944
]
],
"text": [
"birch pollen"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2016,
2022
]
],
"text": [
"pollen"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16750122_T26",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2023,
2030
]
],
"text": [
"allergy"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "16750122_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"due to"
],
"offsets": [
[
372,
378
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "16750122_T5"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "16750122_T36"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "16750122_T37"
}
]
}
] | [] |
19676128 | Higher coffee consumption has been associated inversely with the incidence of chronic liver disease in population studies. We examined the relationship of coffee consumption with liver disease progression in individuals with advanced hepatitis C-related liver disease. Baseline coffee and tea intake were assessed in 766 participants of the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) trial who had hepatitis C-related bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis on liver biopsy and failed to achieve a sustained virological response to peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment. Participants were followed for 3.8 years for clinical outcomes and, for those without cirrhosis, a 2-point increase in Ishak fibrosis score on protocol biopsies. At baseline, higher coffee consumption was associated with less severe steatosis on biopsy, lower serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, alpha-fetoprotein, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA2) score, and higher albumin (P < 0.05 for all). Two hundred thirty patients had outcomes. Outcome rates declined with increasing coffee intake: 11.1/100 person-years for none, 12.1 for less than 1 cup/day, 8.2 for 1 to fewer than 3 cups/day, and 6.3 for 3 or more cups/day (P-trend = 0.0011). Relative risks (95% confidence intervals) were 1.11 (0.76-1.61) for less than 1 cup/day; 0.70 (0.48-1.02) for 1 to fewer than 3 cups/day; and 0.47 (0.27-0.85) for 3 or more cups/day (P-trend = 0.0003) versus not drinking. Risk estimates did not vary by treatment assignment or cirrhosis status at baseline. Tea intake was not associated with outcomes. CONCLUSION: In a large prospective study of participants with advanced hepatitis C-related liver disease, regular coffee consumption was associated with lower rates of disease progression. | [
{
"id": "19676128_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
78,
99
]
],
"text": [
"chronic liver disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
179,
192
]
],
"text": [
"liver disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
225,
267
]
],
"text": [
"advanced hepatitis C-related liver disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
391,
400
]
],
"text": [
"Cirrhosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
465,
474
]
],
"text": [
"cirrhosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
675,
684
]
],
"text": [
"cirrhosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1563,
1572
]
],
"text": [
"cirrhosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1700,
1742
]
],
"text": [
"advanced hepatitis C-related liver disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
7,
13
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
155,
161
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
278,
284
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
771,
777
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1122,
1128
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1752,
1758
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
289,
292
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
453,
461
]
],
"text": [
"fibrosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T21",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
714,
722
]
],
"text": [
"fibrosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19676128_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1593,
1596
]
],
"text": [
"Tea"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "19676128_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
35,
45
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19676128_T9"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19676128_T1"
}
]
},
{
"id": "19676128_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
1775,
1785
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19676128_T19"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19676128_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
20021021 | Colorectal cancer is increasingly common nowadays in Asian countries and still remains the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. In our laboratory, we studied the chemopreventive and hypolipidemic effect of ginger, a dietary spice, in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer. Rats were given a weekly subcutaneous injection of DMH (20 mg/kg body weight), a known colon carcinogen, in the groin for 15 weeks. Ginger (50 mg/kg body weight P.O.) was given at the initiation and also at the postinitiation stages of carcinogenesis. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 30 weeks. The fecal bile acids, neutral sterols, and tissue lipid profile were evaluated using various biochemical estimations. The levels of fecal bile acids, neutral sterols, cholesterol, HMG CoA reductase, free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipase A, and phospholipase C were significantly increased, whereas the levels of tissue phospholipids was decreased in DMH-treated rats as compared to control rats. On administering ginger at the initiation and also at the postinitiation stages of colon carcinogenesis, the levels of fecal bile acids, neutral sterols, tissue cholesterol, HMG CoA reductase, free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipase A, and phospholipase C were significantly decreased, whereas the levels of phospholipids were increased as compared to unsupplemented DMH treated rats. Thus, ginger supplementation was found to reduce the risk of colon cancer markedly by virtue of its hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects. | [
{
"id": "20021021_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
0,
17
]
],
"text": [
"Colorectal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20021021_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
115,
121
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20021021_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
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292,
304
]
],
"text": [
"colon cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20021021_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1495,
1507
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],
"text": [
"colon cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20021021_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
228,
234
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20021021_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
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438,
444
]
],
"text": [
"Ginger"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20021021_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1059,
1065
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],
"text": [
"ginger"
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1440,
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542,
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1125,
1145
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"text": [
"colon carcinogenesis"
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}
] | [] | [
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] | [] |
20410593 | Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER, has been used as a food product and medicinal ingredient. In this study, we assessed the anti-arthritic effects of red ginseng saponin extract (RGSE), including ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 as major components, on a murine type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA), which is a valid animal model of human arthritis. Oral administration of RGSE at 10 mg/kg reduced the clinical arthritis score and paw swelling in the CIA mice, and inhibited joint space narrowing and histological arthritis, illustrating the severity of synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, and erosion of cartilage. RGSE inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and nitrotyrosine formation, and recovered the expression of superoxide dismutase in the joints of the CIA mice. Orally administered RGSE also reduced the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in the CIA mice. CII- or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine production, in addition to CII-specific proliferation, was reduced in the spleen cells of the RGSE-treated CIA mice, as compared with those from vehicle-treated CIA mice. Furthermore, RGSE administration protected against CIA-induced oxidative tissue damage by restoring the increased malondialdehyde levels and the decreased glutathione levels and catalase activities almost to control levels. Therefore, RGSE may be a beneficial supplement which can improve human arthritis. | [
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431,
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0,
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21,
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265,
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471,
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534,
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596,
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"inflammatory cell infiltration"
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628,
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"pannus formation"
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650,
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"erosion of cartilage"
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835,
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1178,
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"CIA"
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393,
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672,
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960,
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1111,
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1201,
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"RGSE"
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1239,
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]
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"CIA-induced oxidative tissue damage"
],
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},
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[
1423,
1427
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"RGSE"
],
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},
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[
167,
182
]
],
"text": [
"ginseng saponin"
],
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},
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"id": "20410593_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
192,
196
]
],
"text": [
"RGSE"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
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"id": "20410593_E1",
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"reduced"
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410,
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"protected"
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1221,
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"improve"
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"ref_id": "20410593_T6"
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{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20410593_T21"
}
]
}
] | [] |
23139132 | The prophylactic effects of oleanolic acid (OA) isolated from chloroform extract (CE) of Flaveria trinervia against ethanol induced liver toxicity was investigated using rats. CE and OA at three different doses were tested by administering orally to the ethanol treated animals during the last week of the 7 weeks study. Silymarin was used as the standard reference. The substantially elevated serum enzymatic levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin in ethanol treated animals were restored towards normalcy by treatment of CE and OA. In vivo antioxidant and in vitro free radical scavenging activities were also positive for all the three concentrations of CE and OA. However, OA at 150 mg/kg showed significant activity when compared to the other two doses. Biochemical observations in support with histopathological examinations revealed that CE and OA possess hepatoprotective action against ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. | [
{
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132,
146
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"liver toxicity"
],
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89,
107
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993,
1007
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"text": [
"hepatotoxicity"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
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108,
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}
] | [] |
12197220 | The present study examines the effect of tobacco smoking on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene, COX enzymatic activity and prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in urothelial mucosal tissues from patients with bladder cancer and from normal individuals. The detection frequency of COX-2 mRNA was 2-fold higher in bladder cancer patients compared to controls and it was accompanied by a significantly increased COX enzymatic activity and PGE2 synthesis (p < 0.05). Smokers, in both control and patients groups, had higher COX-2 expression, COX activity, and PGE2 synthesis compared to the nonsmokers (p < 0.05). The number of cigarettes smoked in the cases, but not controls, correlated well with COX enzymatic activity (r = 0.42, p = 0.016). The observed over-expression of COX-2 gene in human urinary bladder and the concomitant increases in PG synthesis may explain, at least in part, the mechanism by which cigarette smoking influences the development of urothelial neoplasia. | [
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212,
226
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315,
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960,
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41,
48
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"text": [
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}
] | [] | [] | [] |
21095205 | Our previous study demonstrated that Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil (TTO) had an interesting antiviral activity against Influenza A in MDCK cells. In fact, when we tested TTO and some of its components, we found that TTO had an inhibitory effect on influenza virus replication at doses below the cytotoxic dose; terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, and alfa-terpineol were the main active components. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of TTO and its active components against Influenza A/PR/8 virus subtype H1N1 in MDCK cells. None of the test compounds showed virucidal activity nor any protective action for the MDCK cells. Thus, the effect of TTO and its active components on different steps of the replicative cycle of influenza virus was studied by adding the test compounds at various times after infection. These experiments revealed that viral replication was significantly inhibited if TTO was added within 2h of infection, indicating an interference with an early step of the viral replicative cycle of influenza virus. The influence of the compound on the virus adsorption step, studied by the infective center assay, indicated that TTO did not interfere with cellular attachment of the virus. TTO did not inhibit influenza virus neuraminidase activity, as shown by the experiment measuring the amount of 4-methylumbelliferone, cleaved by the influenza virus neuraminidase from the fluorogenic substrate 2'-O-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-N-acetylneuraminic acid. The effect of TTO on acidification of cellular lysosomes was studied by vital staining with acridine orange using bafilomycin A1 as positive control. The treatment of cells with 0.01% (v/v) of TTO at 37 C for 4h before staining inhibited the acridine orange accumulation in acid cytoplasmic vesicles, indicating that TTO could inhibit viral uncoating by an interference with acidification of intralysosomal compartment. | [
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127,
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505,
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37,
59
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61,
69
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],
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}
] | [] | [
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22676449 | BACKGROUND: Areca nut, the seed of fruit of an oriental palm, known as Areca catechu, is commonly chewed in many countries. Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, oropharyngeal and oesophageal cancers have been associated with areca nut chewing and the mechanism by which areca nut chewing increases the risk of systemic diseases remains elusive. We hypothesize that systemic inflammation may be elevated among areca nut users, which is linked with many systemic diseases. Therefore, this present study was conducted to examine the systemic inflammation among areca nut chewers and healthy controls. METHODS: This was an observational cross sectional study carried out on areca nut chewers and healthy individuals in Karachi, Pakistan. Participants were selected from a region of the city by invitation request sent from door to door. Information was collected regarding the socio-demographic profile and the pattern of use, and a blood sample was obtained to measure the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). We carried out multiple logistic regressions to investigate the association between socio-demographic profile, areca nut chewing and CRP levels. RESULTS: We carried out final analysis on 1112 individuals of which 556 were areca nut chewers and 556 were the age, gender and area matched controls. Areca nut chewers had a significantly higher proportion of men (15.1%, n = 84) who had an elevated CRP (>10 mg/dl) as compared to controls (5.2%, n = 29). Multivariate analyses showed that areca nut chewers had significantly higher odds of an elevated CRP (OR = 3.23, 95% CI 2.08-5.02, p value <0.001) as compared to controls. Increase in amount of areca nut consumption had a significant dose-response relationship with systemic inflammation (p for trend <0.001). Further analysis revealed that areca nut chewers with tobacco additives were two times more likely to have an elevated CRP as compared to raw areca nut users. These associations remained unchanged after adjustments for age, BMI and years of full time education. CONCLUSIONS: Areca nut chewing has a significant association with systemic inflammation. Further work is required to confirm that systemic inflammation is the main pathway by which areca nut use increases the risk of systemic diseases. | [
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124,
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12,
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71,
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237,
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282,
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2235,
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"areca"
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}
] | [] | [
{
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"ref_id": "22676449_T3"
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{
"role": "Theme3",
"ref_id": "22676449_T2"
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] | [] |
15337553 | PURPOSE: In a single-institution, double-blind, prospective, randomized trial, we determined whether oral aloe vera gel can reduce radiation-induced mucositis in head-and-neck cancer patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We randomized 58 head-and-neck cancer patients between oral aloe vera and placebo. To be included in this Phase II protocol, patients had to be treated with radiotherapy with curative intent at Stanford University between February 1999 and March 2002. We examined patients biweekly for mucositis at 15 head-and-neck subsites and administered quality-of-life questionnaires. RESULTS: Patients in the aloe and placebo groups were statistically identical in baseline characteristics. By the end of treatment, the two groups were also statistically identical in maximal grade of toxicity, duration of Grade 2 or worse mucositis, quality-of-life scores, percentage of weight loss, use of pain medications, hydration requirement, oral infections, and prolonged radiation breaks. CONCLUSION: In our randomized study, oral aloe vera was not a beneficial adjunct to head-and-neck radiotherapy. The mean quality-of-life scores were greater in the aloe vera group, but the differences were not statistically significant. Oral aloe vera did not improve tolerance to head-and-neck radiotherapy, decrease mucositis, reduce soreness, or otherwise improve patient well-being. | [
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276,
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1325,
1333
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"text": [
"soreness"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
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] | [] |
9121937 | Gastric cancer is the major cancer in the developing world and one of the top two worldwide. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium implicated in the etiology of stomach cancer. The incidence of stomach cancer is lower in individuals and populations with high Allium vegetable intakes. Allium vegetables, particularly garlic, have antibiotic activity. Standard antibiotic regimens against H. pylori are frequently ineffective in high-risk populations. As part of our study of the role of Allium vegetable intake on cancer prevention, we wished to investigate its antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. An aqueous extract of garlic cloves was standardized for its thiosulfinate concentration and tested for its antimicrobial activity on H. pylori grown on chocolate agar plates. Minimum inhibitory concentration was 40 micrograms thiosulfinate per milliliter. Staphylococcus aureus tested under the same conditions was not susceptible to garlic extract up to the maximum thiosulfinate concentration tested (160 micrograms/ml). To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. pylori's susceptibility to garlic extract of known thiosulfinate concentration. It is plausible that the sensitivity of H. pylori to garlic extract at such low concentration may be related to the reported lower risk of stomach cancer in those with a high Allium vegetable intake. Furthermore, it may identify a strategy for a low-cost intervention, with few side effects, in populations at high risk for stomach cancer, particularly where antibiotic resistance and the risk of reinfection are high. | [
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511,
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] | [] | [
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] | [] |
20134006 | Contaminated drinking water is responsible for causing diarrheal diseases that kill millions of people a year. Additionally, toxin-producing blue-green algae associated with diarrhea and neurologic effects continues to be an issue for many drinking water supplies. Disinfection has been used to reduce these risks. A novel gravity-fed household drinking water system with canisters containing N-halamine bromine or chlorine media was challenged with MS2 bacteriophage and microcystin. Chlorine and bromine systems were effective against this virus, with an mean +/- SE reduction of 2.98 +/- 0.26 log(10) and 5.02 +/- 0.19 log(10), respectively. Microcystin toxin was reduced by 27.5% and 88.5% to overall mean +/- SE concentrations of 1,600 +/- 98 ng/L and 259 +/- 50 ng/L for the chlorine and bromine canisters, respectively. Only the bromine units consistently produced microcystin effluent < 1,000 ng/L (the World Health Organization recommended level) when challenged with 2,500 ng/L and consistently surpassed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency virus reduction goal of 99.99%. | [
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55,
73
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174,
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187,
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{
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141,
157
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],
"text": [
"blue-green algae"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
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"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "20134006_T3"
}
]
}
] | [] |
20353012 | OBJECTIVE: To study the antiinflammatory effects of naphtha from different chemotypes of Cinnamomum camphora and natural borneol on the rat arthritis model induced by Freund's adjuvant. METHOD: The arthritis model was induced by injecting Freund's adjuvant in rat voix pedis dermis and the rats were randomly divided into seven groups: normal control group, model control group, triptergium wilfordii control group, borneol chemotype naphtha group, camphor chemotype naphtha group, isocamphane chemotype naphtha group and natural borneol group. Rats of the triptergium wilfordii control group were given orally 8.1 mg x kg(-1) triptergium wilfordii for 35 days, rats of the normal control group and model control group were given same volume water, and rats of other groups were given 80 mg x kg(-1) corresponding drug. We observed the rat common condition, weighed the rat body weight weekly, measured the degree of swelling of voix pedis every 4 days, weighed the thymus and spleen on the end of life, and measured the contents of cell factor TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-6 in rat blood serum. RESULT: As far as the arthrosis degree of swelling and the contents of cell factor TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-6 were concerned, rats of model control group were higher than normal control group, and rats of other drug groups were lower than the model control group. The order of inhibition ratios of the arthrosis degree of swelling from high to low principle was isocamphane chemotype naphtha group, camphor chemotype naphtha group, borneol chemotype naphtha group and natural borneol group. All medication administration teams evidently reduced the contents of the IL-2 and IL-6, and the inhibition ratios were higher than 38%. In the case of the contents of TNF-alpha and IL-2, all groups were not evidently different. In the case of inhibition of IL-6, camphor chemotype naphtha group was better than borneol chemotype naphtha group and natural borneol group, the latter was better than isocamphane chemotype naphtha group. As far as the weight, thymus index and spleen index were concerned, all medication administration groups were not different. CONCLUSION: The different chemotypes of C. camphora have anti-inflammatory effect on the rat arthritis model induced by Freund's adjuvant, but pharmacological activity and mechanism of action are different. The study points out the clinical curative effects of the chemotypes of the kindred medicinal plant are different, and please consider the difference of chemotype in clinical application. | [
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140,
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2230,
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121,
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416,
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966,
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1518,
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1562,
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1889,
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1933,
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2034,
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2180,
2188
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],
"text": [
"camphora"
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}
] | [] | [
{
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"effect"
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2212,
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}
] | [] |
19017194 | BACKGROUND: Chronic diarrhea can be challenging to manage in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) leading to ongoing diagnostics, medications, monitoring, and potential euthanasia. Coconut has been used as a dietary supplement for people with inflammatory bowel disease, with anecdotal reports of decreased diarrhea following the dietary addition. A dietary trial in rhesus macaques was initiated to evaluate the hypothesis that dietary coconut decreases symptoms of chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques. METHODS: Ten rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea were selected for the trial. Five of the subjects were fed coconut macaroons and five of the subjects were fed a sham cookie. Stool consistency was monitored daily for both groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Data of chi-squared analysis obtained from eight rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea showed that the use of coconut macaroons as a dietary supplement did not have a statistically significant effect on their diarrhea. | [
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12,
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247,
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835,
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185,
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441,
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618,
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875,
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311,
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[
974,
982
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"text": [
"diarrhea"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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"used"
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202,
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{
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"ref_id": "19017194_T9"
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{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19017194_T5"
}
]
}
] | [] |
1859018 | Atrial tachyarrhythmias are a common manifestation of digitalis toxicity. Such arrhythmias could be due to enhanced automaticity of subsidiary atrial pacemakers (SAP) compared to the sinoatrial (SA) node. Halothane is known to oppose digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Its effect on digitalis-caused atrial arrhythmias is unknown. Therefore, we tested two hypotheses, as follows. First, increasing ouabain concentrations would enhance automaticity of SAP compared to the SA node and that such enhanced automaticity could explain digitalis-caused atrial tachyarrhythmias. Second, halothane would oppose such enhanced automaticity of SAP, thereby opposing digitalis-caused atrial tachyarrhythmias. A canine right atrial preparation was perfused via the SA node artery with Krebs' solution (36.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C) equilibrated with 97% oxygen-3% carbon dioxide. Four bipolar extracellular electrodes recorded the site of earliest activation (SEA), which in this preparation could be the SA node or increasingly remote sites of SAP approximately 1, 2, and 3 cm distal to the SA node along the sulcus terminalis. Pacemaker shifts to SAP during exposure to drugs were scored for magnitude of shift as 1, 2, or 3 depending on which SAP site was the SEA. Magnitude scores were summed for each test condition and normalized by dividing the total number of preparations tested. Preparations (n = 48) were exposed to 1 or 2% halothane (perfusate concentrations of 0.51 +/- 0.01 or 0.79 +/- 0.03 mM, respectively) and/or to low- or mid-therapeutic (2.5 or 5 x 10(-8) M) or borderline toxic ouabain (1 x 10(-7) M). Normalized magnitude scores were not significantly different from zero (control value) with any halothane or ouabain concentration alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | [
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22966340 | The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of aloe-emodin, an anthraquinone compound present in the leaves of Aloe vera, on two human colon carcinoma cell lines, DLD-1 and WiDr. Colon carcinoma cells were treated with various concentrations of aloe-emodin for different durations. Cell viability was measured by sodium 3'-[1-(phenylamino-carbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene-sulfonic acid hydrate assay. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Nuclear shrinkage was visualized by Hoechst 33258 staining. Western blotting was used to indicate the release of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome c from mitochondria and the phosphorylation of Bid. Caspase-3 and casein kinase II activities were measured by the respective assays. Cell viability analyses showed that aloe-emodin induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Notably, the WiDr cells were more sensitive to aloe-emodin than the DLD-1 cells. Aloe-emodin caused the release of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome c from mitochondria, followed by activation of caspase-3 leading to DNA fragmentation, nuclear shrinkage and apoptosis. In addition, exposure of colon carcinoma cells to aloe-emodin suppressed the casein kinase II activity in a time-dependent manner and was accompanied by a reduced phosphorylation of Bid, a downstream substrate of casein kinase II and a pro-apoptotic molecule. These findings showed that the inhibition of casein kinase II activity, the release of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome c, and the caspase-3 activation are involved in aloe-emodin-mediated apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells. | [
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23325103 | Inonotus obliquus is a medicinal mushroom used in Russian and Eastern European folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the mycelium powders of I. obliquus possess significant antihyperglycemic effects in a mouse model of diabetic disease induced by alloxan. However, the active ingredients of mycelium powders responsible for the diabetes activity have not been identified. This study aims to identify the active ingredients of I. obliquus mycelium powders by a bioassay-guided fractionation approach and explore the mechanism of action of these active ingredients by using a well-established DPP-4 (an important enzyme as a new therapeutic target for diabetes) inhibitory assay model. The results showed the chloroform extract of mycelium was potential inhibitory against DPP-4. Bioactivity guided fractionation led to the identification of 19 compounds using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Molecular docking between the compounds and DPP-4 revealed that compounds 5, 8, 9, 14, 15 may be the active components responsible for the DPP-4 inhibitory activity. | [
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22272893 | The aim of this review is to summarize present knowledge of genetic variation in cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) and 2C9 (CYP2C9) genes and risk of tobacco-related cancer, female cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic vascular disease. The CYP1B1 and CYP2C9 enzymes metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in tobacco smoke and thereby generate disease-causing metabolites suggested to be important in tobacco-related diseases. Furthermore, CYP1B1 also metabolizes estrogen while CYP2C9 metabolizes arachidonic acid, both creating metabolites potentially important in risk of female cancer or ischemic vascular disease. Genetic variation in genes coding for CYP1B1 and CYP2C9 enzymes have shown altered enzyme activity affecting levels of metabolites and thus potentially risk of disease. So far, however, findings have been inconsistent. Recently, large studies on the association between genetic variation in CYP1B1 and CYP2C9 and risk of disease with considerable statistical power rebutted the hypotheses that these genetic variants affect risk of tobacco-related cancer, female cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic vascular disease. | [
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22895979 | BACKGROUND: High blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease attributing to about 50% of cardiovascular events worldwide and 37% of cardiovascular related deaths in Western populations. Epidemiological studies suggest that cocoa rich products reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Flavanols found in cocoa have been shown to increase the formation of endothelial nitric oxide which promotes vasodilation and therefore blood pressure reduction. Previous meta-analyses have shown that cocoa-rich foods may reduce blood pressure. Recently additional trials had conflicting results. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of flavanol-rich chocolate or cocoa products on blood pressure in people with or without hypertension. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following electronic databases from inception to November 2011: Cochrane Hypertension Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE. In addition we searched international trial registries, and the reference lists of review articles and included trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCT) investigating the effects of chocolate or cocoa products on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults for a minimum of two weeks duration. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in each trial in consultation with a third author. Random effects meta-analyses on all studies fitting the inclusion criteria were conducted using Review Manager version 5.1 and Stata version 12. Heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analyses and univariate meta-regression analysis of several variables including dosage of flavanol content (total or monomers) in chocolate or cocoa products, blinding, baseline blood pressure, theobromine content, sugar content, body-mass-index (BMI), duration and age. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses of the 20 studies involving 856 mainly healthy participants revealed a statistically significant blood pressure reducing effect of flavanol-rich cocoa products compared with control in short-term trials of 2-18 weeks duration: Mean difference SBP (95%CI): -2.77 (-4.72, -0.82) mm Hg, p=0.005, n=20; mean difference DBP (95%CI): - 2.20 (-3.46, -0.93) mm Hg, p=0.006, n=19 available for DBP.Trials provided participants with 30-1080 mg of flavanols (mean=545.5 mg) in 3.6-105 g of cocoa products per day in the active intervention group. In half of the trials (n=10) the active group consumed 500-750 mg of flavanols per day. The control group received either a flavanol-free product (n=12) or a low-flavanol containing cocoa powder (6.4 and 41 mg flavanols, n=8). Subgroup meta-analysis of trials with a flavanol-free control group revealed a significant blood pressure reducing effect, in contrast to trials using a low-flavanol product in the control group. This analysis may have been confounded by trial duration and the level of blinding of participants.Trial duration was short (mean 4.4 weeks, range 2-8 weeks, n=19, and one trial of 18 weeks). A significant blood pressure reducing effect was evident in trials of 2 weeks duration (n=9), but not in trials of >2 weeks duration (n=11). It is important to note that seven out of the nine trials (78%) of 2 weeks duration also had a flavanol-free control group. Therefore, subgroup analysis by duration might be confounded by flavanol dosage used in the control groups, and the level of blinding of participants.Adverse effects including gastrointestinal complaints and distaste of the trial product were reported by 5% of patients in the active cocoa intervention group and 1% of patients in the control groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Flavanol-rich chocolate and cocoa products may have a small but statistically significant effect in lowering blood pressure by 2-3 mm Hg in the short term.Our findings are limited by the heterogeneity between trials, which was explored by univariate meta-regression and subgroup analyses. Subgroup meta-analysis of trials using a flavanol-free control group revealed a significant blood pressure reducing effect of cocoa, whereas analysis of trials using a low-flavanol control product did not. While it appears that shorter trials of 2 weeks duration were more effective, analysis may be confounded by type of control and unblinding of participants, as the majority of 2-week trials also used a flavanol-free control and unblinding of participants. Results of these and other subgroup analyses based on, for example, age of participants, should be interpreted with caution and need to be confirmed or refuted in trials using direct randomized comparison.Long-term trials investigating the effect of cocoa products are needed to determine whether or not blood pressure is reduced on a chronic basis by daily ingestion of cocoa. Furthermore, long-term trials investigating the effect of cocoa on clinical outcomes are also needed to assess whether cocoa has an effect on cardiovascular events and to assess potential adverse effects associated with chronic ingestion of cocoa products. | [
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18537182 | Only three Japanese prospective studies have suggested an inverse association between coffee drinking and liver cancer risk. No prospective studies on the association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and liver cancer risk have been reported. We aimed to determine the single and joint associations of coffee consumption and serum GGT with the risk of primary liver cancer. Study cohorts included 60,323 Finnish participants who were 25-74 years of age and free of any cancer at baseline. During a median follow-up period of 19.3 years (interquartile range: 9.3-29.2 years), 128 participants were diagnosed with an incident liver cancer. The multivariable-adjusted (age, sex, alcohol consumption, education, smoking, diabetes and chronic liver disease at baseline and during follow-up, and body mass index) hazards ratios of liver cancer in participants who drank 0-1, 2-3, 4-5, 6-7, and > or =8 cups of coffee daily were 1.00, 0.66, 0.44, 0.38, and 0.32 (P for trend = 0.003), respectively. Further adjustment for serum GGT in subgroup analysis affected the results only slightly. The multivariable-adjusted and coffee-adjusted hazard ratio of liver cancer for the highest versus the lowest quartile of serum GGT was 3.13 (95% confidence interval = 1.22-8.07). The multivariable-adjusted inverse association between coffee consumption and liver cancer risk persisted when stratified by baseline factors: age more/less than 50 years, current smoker/never smoked/ever smoked, alcohol drinker/never drinker, obese/nonobese, and the highest/lowest three quartiles of serum GGT. A combination of very low coffee consumption and high level of serum GGT was associated with nearly nine-fold increased risk. CONCLUSION: Coffee drinking has an inverse and graded association with the risk of liver cancer. High serum GGT is associated with an increased risk of liver cancer. | [
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"liver cancer"
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] | [] |
22114531 | Coriander has been recommended for the relief of pain, anxiety, flatulence, and loss of appetite. In traditional medicine, it is believed that coriander can induce some degree of amnesia in a child when his/her mother uses coriander during the pregnancy. We evaluated the effect of Coriandrum sativum seed extract on learning in second-generation mice. Ethanolic extract (2%) of coriander (100 mg/kg intraperitoneal) was dissolved in sunflower oil (oil) as a vehicle and injected into the control group mother mice during breastfeeding for 25 days at 5-day intervals. After feeding the newborn mice, their learning was evaluated using a step-through passive avoidance task with 0.4 mA electric shock for 2 or 4 seconds. While coriander extract showed a negative effect in the short term (1 hour) after the training session, it potentiated the mice's learning in later assessments (24 hours post-training [P = 0.022] and 1 week post-training [P = 0.002] by a 4-second shock). Low-dose caffeine (25 mg/kg ip after training) improved the learning after 1 hour (P = 0.024); while diazepam (1 mg/kg ip) suppressed learning at all time points after the 4-second shock training (1 hour, P = 0.022; 24 hours, P = 0.002; and 1 week, P = 0.008). No modification in the pain threshold was elicited by electric stimuli both in coriander and control groups. In conclusion, coriander does not improve learning within a short period of time after training; however, learning after coriander administration can be improved in the long term. | [
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] | [] | [
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] | [] |
24618914 | Many epidemiological studies have indicated that coffee consumption may reduce the risks of developing obesity and diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood. Our previous study revealed the changes on gene expression profiles in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet containing three types of coffee (caffeinated, decaffeinated and green unroasted coffee), using DNA microarrays. The results revealed remarkable alterations in lipid metabolism-related molecules which may be involved in the anti-obesity effects of coffee. We conducted the present study to further elucidate the metabolic alterations underlying the effects of coffee consumption through comprehensive proteomic and metabolomic analyses. Proteomics revealed an up-regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (a key enzyme in the TCA cycle) and its related proteins, suggesting increased energy generation. The metabolomics showed an up-regulation of metabolites involved in the urea cycle, with which the transcriptome data were highly consistent, indicating accelerated energy expenditure. The TCA cycle and the urea cycle are likely be accelerated in a concerted manner, since they are directly connected by mutually providing each other's intermediates. The up-regulation of these pathways might result in a metabolic shift causing increased ATP turnover, which is related to the alterations of lipid metabolism. This mechanism may play an important part in the suppressive effects of coffee consumption on obesity, inflammation, and hepatosteatosis. This study newly revealed global metabolic alterations induced by coffee intake, providing significant insights into the association between coffee intake and the prevention of type 2 diabetes, utilizing the benefits of multi-omics analyses. | [
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] | [] | [
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]
}
] | [] |
8111215 | After injection of garlic oil in tumor focus a large amount of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes appeared. Some neutrophils and macrophages located adjacent to the tumor cells, some processes of neutrophils and macrophages penetrated into intracellular body of tumor cells. This result showed that garlic oil could induce neutrophils and macrophages against tumor. | [
{
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33,
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]
],
"text": [
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365,
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},
{
"id": "8111215_T6",
"type": "Plant",
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19,
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],
"text": [
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],
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},
{
"id": "8111215_T7",
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[
305,
311
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
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}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8111215_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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"text": [
"against"
],
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]
},
"arguments": [
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"role": "Theme",
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},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8111215_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8664812 | Tobacco is the single most important cause of avoidable morbidity and early mortality in many countries. Tobacco-related cancer (TRC) cases constitute 48.2% in men and 20.1% in women of the total cancers seen in India per year. The age-adjusted rate (AAR) of TRC ranges from 44 to 67 among males and from 23 to 27 among females in different registries in India. Of these cases, only 15% were in the lung. The religion-specific risk ratio of the TRC sites in Madras suggests that when Muslims were compared with Hindus pharynx and lung were the two sites that showed higher risk in males, while the pharynx, lung and oesophagus had higher risk in females. When Christians were compared with Hindus, lung cancer was found to have higher risk and cancer of the oesophagus lower risk in males, while cancer of the mouth had lower risk in females. The overall percentage increase in AAR of TRCs in males was 39.7 and in females was 20.1 for the period 1987-91, compared with 1982-86, with variation in the percentage increase in all the TRC sites in Madras. The change in the incident rate of TRCs seen in Madras is consistent with the change in the per capita consumption of tobacco over the years. | [
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"text": [
"cancer"
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},
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690,
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"text": [
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},
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0,
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105,
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1171,
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]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
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}
] | [] | [
{
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"related"
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}
]
}
] | [] |
8357273 | Alcohol and tobacco habits have been identified as strong risk factors for esophageal cancer. Increased risks of esophageal cancer have also been reported to be associated with occupational exposure to asbestos and various metals, among vulcanization workers, asphalt workers, and workers in the petrochemical industry. Mortality and cancer incidence were investigated in a series of studies of workers exposed to combustion by-products, i.e., chimney sweeps, waste incinerator workers, gas workers, and bus garage workers exposed to diesel exhausts. The SMRs for esophageal cancer ranged from 150-386 in these cohorts, and a combined SMR of 289 (95% C.I. 174-452) was obtained. Available data on smoking habits and indirect indicators of alcohol consumption show that the excess cannot be attributed solely to these factors. It seems likely that occupational exposure to combustion products is associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer. | [
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[
75,
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113,
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},
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"text": [
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564,
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932,
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"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
12,
19
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8357273_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"risk"
],
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]
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"arguments": [
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"ref_id": "8357273_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8357273_T6"
}
]
}
] | [] |
Subsets and Splits