Datasets:

baber

/

dolma-cccc-filtered

like 0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T05:33:58.000Z

vseqedhoq6qz3ntc5n7cmfpjwzdlkp5n

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Tell me more × Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required. In what year do payments to subcontactors count, for tax purposes? For example if I don't make the payment until after Jan 1 but the money was earned the previous year, which tax year does that count for? I'm pretty sure the answer is obvious but just in case. share|improve this question 1 Answer up vote 2 down vote accepted First you need to understand that each country has its own tax laws which vary. In the United States companies have a choice of using either the cash or accrual basis of accounting. Under the cash basis the revenue counts in the tax year that the payment was actually received (or paid in the case of the company making the payment). Under the accrual system, the revenue (or cost) is recognized in the year the work was done. Payment could have occurred either before (pre-payment) or after the work. share|improve this answer Your Answer   discard By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T05:49:05.000Z

4cbynrhh2jb4brvoadpxrbfy2c2cuv6y

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Apache w/ PHP and MySQL Support (MIPSel) From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki Revision as of 08:23, 13 July 2006 by 86.135.152.138 (Talk) Jump to: navigation, search Originally by Nick and edited by ... BurnHard, frontalot, Cathedrow & Ralf from linkstationwiki.org Installing Apache w/ PHP and MySQL Support. Contents Opening Comments Apache, along with PHP and MySQL, is very straight forward to install on a stock LinkStation 2 with the OpenLink firmware installed. If you have experience with building these packages, or compiling in general, it is a snap. If you have little or no experience in such matter, just follow the guide -- everything is reversible. If you have not already done so, visit the Openlink section and follow the instructions for installing the telnet enabled firmware. You will also need to download and install the [MIPSel Tools] before continuing. A Remark on "--prefix" The prefix argument, which you will see in every section below, allows you to install Unix packages to alternate locations. This is very important is the case of the LinkStation since all three packages take over 75 megs to install. You will not be able to install these packages to your root partition and doing so would be very bad. I chose to create an "opt" directory under "/mnt/hda" to install each of these packages too, using a separate directory for each. This was done to keep the packages separated and easy to manage in the future. You may, of course, alter your install locations in any way but, if you are new to this, I suggest following my example. It's also a good idea to create a directory to download stuff when using wget, lets use /mnt/hda/misc MySQL Begin with MySQL. If you do not wish to compile MySQL support into your system, please skip to the next section. cd /mnt/hda/misc • Download the latest recommended release of MySQL from http://www.mysql.com (4.1.13, at the time of this writing). wget http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.mysql.com/Downloads/MySQL-4.1/mysql-4.1.20.tar.gz tar -zxvf mysql-xxx' (replacing xxx with your MySQL version number) cd mysql-xxx' (replacing xxx with your MySQL version number) groupadd mysql (Not sure if this is necessary, just following instructions from dev.mysql.com) • [Ralf] without this MySQL will try to run as root, but you need several special settings for this - better stick to the extra mysql user useradd -g mysql mysql ./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/mysql --with-readline make make install cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf • [Ralf] there are more sample configuration files which you can try, e.g. my-small.cfg. Read the beginning of the files for a description cd /mnt/hda/opt/mysql bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql creates databases chown -R root . chown -R mysql var chgrp -R mysql . [Ralf] MySQL 5 seems to require the following extra actions: • Create a MySQL password file: libexec/mysqlmanager --passwd --user mysql >> /etc/mysqlmanager.passwd • At the following prompt enter mysql You should now have a fully functioning version of MySQL on your LinkStation. Now we can set up the server to start like any other service. Go back to where you have build MySQL (also see above): /mnt/hda/misc/mysql-xxx cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d chmod 755 /etc/init.d/mysql.server You can now start your MySQL daemon as follows: /etc/init.d/mysql.server start PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MySQL root USER ! To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands: /mnt/hda/opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'new-password' /mnt/hda/opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h 'servername' password 'new-password' Start up and shutdown at boot ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/S99mysql.server ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K92mysql.server ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/K92mysql.server Important Memory Usage Note: MySQL takes just under 25% of the LinkStation's total available memory when running. This should be taken into serious consideration if you choose to install MySQL support with your web server. • TODO: Need to get the server running automatically at boot. [Ralf] Here is how to start MySQL 5 automatically at boot. I guess it works quite similar with MySQL 4.X. cd /etc/rc.d ln -s ../init.d/mysql.server rc2.d/S99mysql ln -s ../init.d/mysql.server rc2.d/K99mysql Apache 1.3.xx Apache itself is the next install. If you are not planning on installing PHP, you may ignore the "--enable-module=so" attribute below. I decided to install Apache 1.3 because that is what my web host uses. Installing Apache 2 would be very similar and the following instructions can be easily adapted by reading the INSTALL document in the Apache 2 tarball. Download the latest version of Apache 1.3 from http://www.apache.org (1.3.33, at the time of this writing). wget http://apache.rmplc.co.uk/httpd/apache_1.3.36.tar.gz tar -zxvf apache-xxx' (replacing xxx with your Apache version number) cd apache-xxx' (replacing xxx with your Apache version number) ./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/apache --enable-module=so make make install You will, at the very least, need to change your port to 81 (or some other port). vi /mnt/hda/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf Search for '80' -- change it to '81' (or some other port). I also suggest changing the root directory to the files to "/mnt/hda/share/www" so you can have easy access to them over the Samba share. Search for 'DocumentRoot' and change the first reference (roughly line 288) to the above path. Search again and you will find another reference to change (around line 313). Finally, start the server. /mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apachectl start Copy that start up script to /etc/init.d and include in startup shutdown cp /mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apachectl /etc/init.d ln -s /etc/init.d/apachectl /etc/rc.d/rc2.d/S99apachectl ln -s /etc/init.d/apachectl /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K92apachectl ln -s /etc/init.d/apachectl /etc/rc.d/rc0.d/K92apachectl • TODO: Flush out the config file editing instructions. PHP Last we will set up PHP. I decided to install the latest version of PHP4 because, again, this is what my web host uses. You may decide to install PHP5, which would requires only 1 slightly different step below. Pay special attention to the 'configure' (step 6) command below. If you installed the above packages to an alternate location you will need to update the paths in the proper attribute. 1. Download the latest version of PHP4 from http://www.php.net (4.4.0, at the time of this writing). 2. Copy the archive to your LinkStation as you would any other file, into your share folder. 3. Log into your LinkStation and 'cd /mnt/hda/share' 4. Execute 'tar -zxvf php-xxx' (replacing xxx with your PHP version number) 5. Execute 'cd php-xxx' (replacing xxx with your PHP version number) 6. ./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/php4 --with-mysql=/mnt/hda/opt/mysql --with-apxs=/mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apxs --with-config-file-path=/mnt/hda/opt/php4/lib 7. make 8. make install Copy over the default config file. If you altered the "--with-config-file-path" attribute, in step 6, you will need to change the below command to copy to the appropriate path. • cp php.ini-dist /mnt/hda/opt/php4/lib Open up '/mnt/hda/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf' and verify that the following line is included: • LoadModule php4_module libexec/libphp4.so (for PHP4) • LoadModule php4_module libexec/libphp5.so (for PHP5) If it is not, add it. Also add the following two lines just below the LoadModule command: 1. AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml 2. AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps Restart Apache and PHP should now be working. • TODO: More information on configuration of PHP • TODO: Information on adding additional modules to PHP Personal tools

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T08:02:33.000Z

xccdkcsdexxld7yspaet45argukuhutd

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

How to modify an initrd From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki Revision as of 16:33, 17 December 2008 by Themel (Talk | contribs) Jump to: navigation, search This pages describes how to modify the initrds aka ramdisks of the linkstations/terastations/kuroboxes. ppc-based boxes BEWARE: this info is for the original firmimg.bins which were burned to flash. If you flash uboot as a replacement for the stock bootloader you can place the initrd + kernel also to /boot/ instead. the kernel and the initrd both are inside the firmimg.bin-files which are inside the firmware-update-packages. so we need to extract both from the firmimg.bin first. some smart japanese guys wrote a tool called firmimgtool. sourcecode: http://downloads.nas-central.org/ALL_LS_KB_PPC/DevelopmentTools/Flash/Utilities/firmimgtool.c here you have all the tools you need compiled for ppc: http://downloads.nas-central.org/ALL_LS_KB_PPC/DevelopmentTools/Flash/Utilities/flash_dev_tools_ppc.tar.gz Usage: ./firmimgtool [-icmkr] <firmimg_filename> -i : show firmimg_file information -c : cut out from firmimg_file -m : merge into firmimg_file -k <filename> : kernel image filename -r <filename> : ramdisk image filename -f <filename> : copy headers from file -h : show this help message Now we extract kernel.gz and the initrd.gz: ./firmimgtool -c -k kernel.gz -r initrd.gz firmimg.bin afterwards you should have a kernel.gz and a initrd.gz in the same folder. unpack initrd.gz gunzip initrd.gz and loop mount it mkdir INITRD mount -o loop initrd INITRD now you can change everything you want by changing it in the folder INITRD....if you unmount it all changes are saved. After applying the changes you need to reassemble the firmimg.bin... this works that way: umount INITRD gzip initrd ./firmimgtool -m -k kernel.gz -r initrd.gz firmimg.bin -f firmimg.bin.103 and voila, the new firmimg.bin is ready for flashing. mipsel-based the firmimg.bin is encrypted unfortunately. LNI knows how to do this, but he hasn`t published this. arm9-based boxes All these boxes feature UBoot as the stock bootloader. The uboot bootloader loads initrd.buffalo from /dev/sda1. The initrd.buffalo is named initrd.img in the firmware-update-packages. initrd.img is (like the hddrootfs) a password protected zip-file. just unzip it and supply the right password. unzip initrd.img Archive: initrd.img [initrd.img] initrd.buffalo password: try one of these (source of passwords) 1NIf_2yUOlRDpYZUVNqboRpMBoZwT4PzoUvOPUp6l aAhvlM1Yp7_2VSm6BhgkmTOrCN1JyE0C5Q6cB3oBB YvSInIQopeipx66t_DCdfEvfP47qeVPhNhAuSYmA4 IeY8omJwGlGkIbJm2FH_MV4fLsXE8ieu0gNYwE6Ty for the LS Pro it is YvSInIQopeipx66t_DCdfEvfP47qeVPhNhAuSYmA4 for example. the initrd.buffalo still is not the real initrd....as it is booted from uboot is has a 64 byte long header. We use dd to get rid of the header, unzip the resulting image.gz and loop-mount the file dd if=initrd.buffalo of=initrd.gz ibs=64 skip=1 gunzip initrd.gz mkdir INITRD mount -t ext2 -o loop initrd INITRD there we are...in the folder INITRD you now have loop-mounted the initrd...make your changes as you want. after making your changes do do this to get the initrd in a bootable condition again: umount INITRD rmdir INITRD mv initrd.buffalo initrd.stock [backup just in case] gzip initrd mkimage -A arm -O linux -T ramdisk -C gzip -a 0x0 -e 0x0 -n initrd -d initrd.gz initrd.buffalo Personal tools

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T06:01:28.000Z

62oehztfonq7y3svmewyutgfaxdj5n3f

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Connexions Sections You are here: Home » Content » Giáo trình môn Viết 1 About: Giáo trình môn Viết 1 Collection type: Course Course by: GV.Nguyễn Thị Kiều Trang. E-mail the author View the content: Giáo trình môn Viết 1 Metadata Name: Giáo trình môn Viết 1 ID: col10772 Language: English (en) Collection Subtype: Course Subject: Arts Keywords: english, viết License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0 Authors: GV.Nguyễn Thị Kiều Trang (webmaster@vocw.edu.vn) Copyright Holders: GV.Nguyễn Thị Kiều Trang (webmaster@vocw.edu.vn) Maintainers: vocw (Webmaster@vocw.edu.vn), GV.Nguyễn Thị Kiều Trang (webmaster@vocw.edu.vn) Latest version: 1.1 (history) First publication date: Jul 27, 2009 11:14 am GMT-5 Last revision to collection: Jul 29, 2009 11:32 am GMT-5 Downloads PDF: col10772_1.1.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more. EPUB: col10772_1.1.epub Electronic book format file, for viewing on mobile devices. Learn more. Collection Structure XML: col10772_1.1_collection.xml XML that defines the structure of the collection. Cannot be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more. Source Export ZIP: col10772_1.1_complete.zip The Collection Structure XML, plus the CNXML and included media files for each module in the collection. Cannot be reimported. Learn more. Offline ZIP: col10772_1.1_offline.zip An offline HTML copy of the content. Also includes XML, included media files, and other support files. Learn more. Version History Version: 1.1 Jul 29, 2009 11:32 am GMT-5 by vocw Changes: moved from VOCW How to Reuse and Attribute This Content If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you. If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 3.0), you must include • the authors' names: GV.Nguyễn Thị Kiều Trang • the title of the work: Giáo trình môn Viết 1 • the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/col10772/1.1/ See the citation section below for examples you can copy. How to Cite and Attribute This Content The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 3.0) of this work: American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide: Thị Kiều Trang, G. Giáo trình môn Viết 1, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col10772/1.1/, Jul 29, 2009. American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style: Thị Kiều Trang G. Giáo trình môn Viết 1 [Connexions Web site]. July 29, 2009. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/col10772/1.1/. American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual: Thị Kiều Trang, G. (2009, July 29). Giáo trình môn Viết 1. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/col10772/1.1/ Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography): Thị Kiều Trang, GV.Nguyễn. "Giáo trình môn Viết 1." Connexions. July 29, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/col10772/1.1/. Chicago Manual of Style (Note): GV.Nguyễn Thị Kiều Trang, "Giáo trình môn Viết 1," Connexions, July 29, 2009, http://cnx.org/content/col10772/1.1/. Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style): Thị Kiều Trang, G. 2009. Giáo trình môn Viết 1. Connexions, July 29, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/col10772/1.1/. Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual: Thị Kiều Trang, GV.Nguyễn. Giáo trình môn Viết 1. Connexions. 29 July 2009 <http://cnx.org/content/col10772/1.1/>.

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T07:25:58.000Z

s6ax5kdunuckukhktrgwinapll4porpt

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Australian Collection Info Search:     Photo by Ivan Kozik The Australian Collection primarily features trees and shrubs native to Australia. Tall eucalyptus trees, with their distinctive aromatic leaves, dominate the north bank of the creek. With more than 50 species of this native Australian genus, the trees vary from tall and erect specimens to broadly-spreading small trees. Throughout the collection, their characteristic camphor-like fragrance fills the air. A fine collection of bottlebrush, Callistemon, and honey-myrtles, Melaleuca, lines the path near the old bridge. Across the creek, new plantings of showy Australian flowering plants complement older plantings that feature plants from various regions in the world with a Mediterranean climate. Photo by Mia Ingolia Photo by Mia Ingolia Photo by Mia Ingolia A gift by Arley Firch Photo by Mia Ingolia Photo by Mia Ingolia Some of the trees from the Australian Collection This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T06:45:58.000Z

xuv4qo2gkyp3enuzqdxyj3h66ms75ucw

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Information for "Category:Categories templates" Jump to: navigation, search Basic information Display titleCategory:Categories templates Default sort keyCategories templates Page length (in bytes)102 Page ID4360 Page content languageEnglish (en) Search engine statusIndexable Number of views1,475 Redirects to this page0 Category information Number of pages10 Number of subcategories7 Number of files0 Page protection EditAllow all users MoveAllow all users Edit history Page creatorWmat (Talk | contribs) Date of page creation03:00, 28 January 2010 Latest editorWmat (Talk | contribs) Date of latest edit03:00, 28 January 2010 Total number of edits1 Total number of distinct authors1 Recent number of edits (within past 91 days)0 Recent number of distinct authors0

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T07:13:12.000Z

hzzaoyajtvalyhxfmgihfyuyngxv3wo2

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

RPi Games From eLinux.org Revision as of 14:52, 16 March 2012 by Meltwater (Talk | contribs) Jump to: navigation, search Contents Back to the Hub. Community Pages: Tutorials - a list of tutorials. Learn by doing. Guides - a list of informative guides. Make something useful. Projects - a list of community projects. Help others out. Tasks - for advanced users to collaborate on software tasks. Datasheets - a frambozenier.org documentation project. Education - a place to share your group's project and find useful learning sites. Community - links to the community elsewhere on the web. Games - all kinds of computer games. Types of Game HTML5 - Games to play in a web browser. Game Projects Coming soon....PyRacer

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T07:24:40.000Z

vljeb57wmofhrwj3ajl7a7syquul4zhr

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

GlobalVoices in Learn more » Brazilian Family Loses Home to the World Cup This post also available in: Español · Río de Janeiro: Elisângela llegó a tiempo para ver caer su casa Français · Rio de Janeiro: Elisângela est arrivée à temps pour voir sa maison détruite. Malagasy · Fianakaviana Breziliana Very Trano Noho Ny Fiadiana Ny Ho Tompondakan'ny Baolina Kitra 繁體中文 · 因世界盃而流離失所的巴西家庭 简体中文 · 因世界杯而流离失所的巴西家庭 Português · Rio de Janeiro: Elisângela chegou a tempo de ver sua casa cair This article, by Andrea Dip, is a part of Agência Pública's special #CopaPública [pt] coverage, and was originally published on June 26, 2012, with the title Elisângela Got Home Just in Time to See it Being Torn Down: Watch the Minidoc [pt] Elisângela wasn't home when authorities arrived without warning to tear down her house on Pavão-Pavãozinho hill in Rio de Janeiro. Her 17-year-old daughter answered the door and was told that the property was going to be destroyed at that very moment. Panicking, the girl called her mother: Tem vários homens da Prefeitura aqui na porta; eles estão dizendo que vão derrubar a nossa casa. There are many men here from the city at the door; they're saying they are going to tear down our house. Elisângela ran back home, tried to reason with the men, ask for some time to find another home, but it was no use. In a few hours, all that was left was debris. This happened in early 2011. To this day, Elisângela has not been compensated nor relocated. Her daughter had to go live with her grandmother, while Elisângela still searches for a new home. Elisângela gazes at the site of her destroyed home. Photo: Agência Pública / Credits: Henrique Zizo The minidocumentary “We Are the Legacy: the Story of Elisângela” (“O Legado Somos Nós: A História de Elisângela”) is the first in a series of video portraits being produced by the human rights organization Witness, which partnered with the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee (Comitê Popular Rio Copa e Olimpíadas), in an attempt to tell the stories of those affected by forced evictions in Rio de Janeiro, directly or indirectly connected to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. Priscila Neri, from Witness, explains that the idea is to give an alternative to the official narrative, which claims that everything is being done in compliance with the law and through constant dialogue with the communities. Elisângela at Pavão Pavãozinho. Photo: Agência Pública / Credits: Henrique Zizo In Elisângela's particular case, the justification provided at the time of the eviction was that her home was in a risk area in Pavão-Pavãozinho, but only some houses were destroyed and, according to the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, the city hasn't even removed the debris yet. The hill is located between two of Rio's most sought-after neighborhoods: Ipanema and Copacabana. According to the dossier [pt] published by the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, the city intends to use the argument of geotechnical or structural risk to evict more than 300 families from the Pavão-Pavãozinho community: Até o momento a Prefeitura não apresentou o laudo que comprove o risco e nem discutiu com a comunidade a possibilidade de realização de obras para garantir a segurança dos moradores. Up until now the city hasn't presented any technical report that backs up the risk claim nor has it discussed with the community the possibility of carrying out infrastructural work to ensure the residents’ safety. Still according to the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, engineers that have written technical reports about areas like the Pavão-Pavãozinho have pointed out that doing construction work to restrain or strengthen the slope, in order to eliminate the risk of slippage, would cost even less than relocating the families that live in the area. Watch the minidoc: The blog #CopaPública [pt] is a citizen journalism initiative that reports how the Brazilian population is being affected by – and mobilizing against – preparations for the 2014 World Cup. World regions Countries Languages

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T08:09:06.000Z

pooxwgknbzzpougaa77hcbag77bmvo2z

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts. Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee. Friday, 17 August 2012 Taking it personally: patents, medicines and genetic markers Purr-sonalised medicine The IPKat is all in favour of medicine which, he thinks, can come in really handy -- even when you're unwell.  He was therefore fascinated to learn of a recent discussion in Europe of a topic which has already exercised some of the finest minds of his American colleagues: the patenting of inventions relating to personalised medicine.  Having heard about this from katfriend Suleman Ali (Holly IP), he is pleased to say that the latter was willingly persuaded to write a short note on the topic for the benefit of readers of this weblog. Here it is: "Is the EPO changing Its stance on personalised medicine inventions? Case law is an important means by which we know what is patentable at the European Patent Office (EPO). However, sometimes the EPO’s view of what is patentable in an area changes before the case law does. This can sometimes be detected when Examiners start raising objections they would not have previously done. Clearly, applicants need to know about such changes as soon as possible so that they can revise their filing strategies and re-evaluate their expectations of the claims they are likely obtain. Meetings between the EPO and the epi (the professional institute for EPO attorneys) are very useful forums for obtaining ‘inside information’ about the EPO’s thinking which is not yet apparent from the case law. The June 2012 issue of epi Information provides a report of such a meeting held on 10 November 2011 between the EPO and the biotech committee of the epi. Discussion item 8 is reported as follows: ‘8. Inventions in the area of pharmacogenomics  This concerns cases which are based on a genetic marker to treat a disease, for example methylation profiles. It can involve a new patient group defined by an SNP. The EPO said that often the claims can lack novelty, as one patient will have inevitably been treated with the SNP, even if the art does not explicitly say so.’ The EPO’s comments seem to indicate that it is about to change the way it assesses novelty when looking at medical use claims that refer to treatment of a specific patient group. To give a little technical background to the EPO’s comments, an SNP is a form of genetic marker which varies between individuals. The idea behind the relatively new field of pharmacogenomics is that, if you know which SNP variants a patient possesses, you can personalise the drugs given to a patient in accordance with his genetic makeup. It is now recognised that the genetic makeup of an individual can be very influential as to whether he responds to a drug, and so one application of pharmacogenomics is to only give those drugs to patients who will respond to them. Personalised medicines can also be based on non-genetic biomarkers, such as the level of virus the individual has. Personalised medicines offer the potential to use drugs much more effectively. That is clearly of benefit to patients, but should also help to reduce costs in times when many governments feel increasingly dismayed at the yearly increases needed to health budgets. The sector most likely to benefit in the short time is cancer therapy where most of the work in identifying biomarkers is focussed. However, biomarkers are increasingly being sought for many other diseases. Presently, suitable biomarkers for personalised medicine are proving difficult to find. So it seems that the sector is going to require a lot of investment -- but in investors in biotech do like to see that strong patent protection is available in the relevant sector. Personalised medicines, and in fact diagnostics in general, has been thrown into uncertainty in the US after the Supreme Court’s decision in Mayo v Prometheus [on which see earlier Katposts here and here] which found that a claim referring to steps that determined the level of a drug in a patient was directed to a law of nature and was thus not patentable. It would be unfortunate for personalised medicines to be dealt a further blow by the EPO, making the test for novelty stricter in this area. Claims for personalised medicine inventions can have many different forms, but typically they are along the following lines: Substance X for use in a method of treating condition Y in an individual with biomarker Z’. There is an argument here that perhaps applicants only deserve claims to the method of selecting the individual (by detection of the biomarker), and not to treatment of the individual. However there is a lot more money in therapy, with figures being quoted of 6% versus 94% for the money to be made in selection versus therapy. Since personalised medicine results in therapy being more effective, there is an argument that the applicant deserves claims to the therapy step. The crux of the present issue is whether limiting a medical use claim by specifying that the individual has biomarker Z will confer novelty where the prior art is silent about patients having biomarker Z, but where patients with biomarker Z will inevitably have been treated, i.e. does limiting a medical use claim to a patient group that overlaps with, or is within, the prior art patient group, make the claim novel? The earliest case to tackle the issue seems to have been T233/96 which gave a strict two-part test for novelty requiring the patient groups to be non-overlapping and for there to be a functional relationship between the biomarker and the therapy, i.e. the patient group could not be an arbitrary group. However, subsequent case law has not followed the test. In T1399/04 the Board cited T233/96, but took a different view, generously allowing claims which covered more than 50% of a prior art patient group. Decisions T836/01 and T1642/06 also allowed claims where patient groups overlapped with the prior art. Based on the comments at the EPO/epi meeting and from the experiences of attorneys I know who are handling European patent applications in this area, it seems that EPO is taking a stricter view of the issue, and is probably looking for a test case to change the case law. If the EPO decides on a test which is based on the concept of a patient with the relevant biomarker ‘inevitably’ having been treated, presumably this is a prior use test, in which case it would be burdensome for applicants to locate evidence on what actually happened. However if the test is similar to that used in T233/96, i.e. requiring that patient groups do not overlap, then it will have the effect of severely curtailing patent protection for personalised medicines because most drugs are initially given to everyone with the condition. I hope that the EPO will be wise enough to recognise that making the test for novelty stricter for medical use claims limited by patient group will have a substantial impact on the patent protection that can be obtained in the area of personalised medicines, at a time when this very promising sector needs all the support it can get". Thanks, Suleman, for this most instructive piece, says the IPKat.  Merpel is fascinated by this for quite another reason, though.  It reflects a growing trend towards what might be termed "mass personalisation".  We have it in branding and marketing, where the use of sophisticated software in reading your emails and online purchases enables a personalised dose of advertising to be specifically targeted at the individual. It also exists in the design and fashion sector, where a combination of interactive software and manufacturing improvements produces the result that a purchaser of, say, sports shoes, can determine the style, size, colour and bolt-on features that characterise it, rather than going into some random shop and putting a tentative foot into a sample shoe that might previously have been tried by someone with sweaty socks and fungal growths between the toes ... Your own personalised medicine here and here [not for the squeamish] Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':  

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T07:12:22.000Z

u2cz7b463cro7ry2zpcqcinwsngxf6h3

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts. Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee. Monday, 27 April 2009 Malicious falsehood case The IPKat has read with interest Ajinomoto Sweeteners Europe v Asda, a malicious falsehood case. Ajinomoto is the manufacturer of the artificial sweetener, aspartame. The supermarket, Asda, commenced a campaign which was designed to ensure that, by the end of 2007, none of its 9,000 own-label food and soft-drinks products would contain any artificial colours or flavours or any hydrogenated fat or flavour enhancers. The catch-phrase used was 'NO HIDDEN NASTIES'. One of the statements used in conjunction with the catch-phrase was "No artificial colours or flavours and no aspartame" and "We promise that all good for you products are always low or lower in fat and won't ever contain any hydrogenated fat, artificial flavours, artificial colours or aspartame." Ajinomoto alleged that the natural and ordinary meaning of the words on the packaging is that aspartame is an especially harmful or unhealthy, or potentially harmful or unhealthy, sweetener and is one which consumers concerned for their own health and that of their families would do well to avoid, either altogether or in the quantities likely to be found in soft drinks and other food products. In the recent decision, Sir Charles Gray had to decide whether to grant Ajimoto's request for a trial of the preliminary issue "as to the statement(s) of fact contained in or conveyed by the words complained of in paragraphs 4 and 8 of the Particulars of Claim". The alternative would be to hold a single trial incorporating (i) the meaning of the statement; (ii) whether the statement was false and (iii) whether the statement was malicious. The judge held that in the interests of saving costs, it was right for the preliminary issue to be tried first. If Ajimoto's contention that the meaning of Asda's statements were that aspartame was harmful was rejected then there would be no issue as to falsity, and malice would not be relevant. The judge accepted that the issue of meaning was essentially a "slam dunk" point. Separating the issue of meaning out into a preliminary trial was commonly used in defamation actions and would work here. However, the judge did suggest that the approach might be considered an abuse if it was used as a tactic to 'slice up' the action into three separate trials of meaning, falsity and malice. The IPKat is all in favour of efficiency and saving costs (except when it comes to kitty treats) and thinks that this looks like a sensible decison. Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':  

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T06:19:55.000Z

nbkufxqcuchnxpwij7u7bb2jmphzqou3

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

[maemo-community] The role of the docmaster From: Murray Cumming murrayc at murrayc.com Date: Mon May 25 17:30:03 EEST 2009 On Mon, 2009-05-25 at 16:24 +0200, Murray Cumming wrote: > > 1. Cleanup existing Chinook documentation for Diablo > > - end result for that was Diablo Reference Manual and example apps in Garge > > http://maemo.org/maemo_release_documentation/maemo4.1.x/ > > This is a combination of all the existing documentation, right, as one > big PDF? > > Or does this contain information or modifications that are not in the > regular API reference. For instance, > http://maemo.org/api_refs/5.0/beta/hildon/index.html Sorry. I actually looked now. It's a combination of the non-api-reference documentation. "Reference Manual" is a bad name for it. -- murrayc at murrayc.com www.murrayc.com www.openismus.com More information about the maemo-community mailing list

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T07:20:41.000Z

s5aeus2wedpr26pdvcfhfddszpqo6u4c

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Twelve Months of VWXYNot? As seen everywhere, here are the first sentences of my first post of each month in 2010. Bragging Rights Central, hockey pools, grants, visitors, quizzes, and bears – sounds about right! (But no Winter Olympics posts? That’s hardly representative of the year as a whole!) January Congratulations to Massimo for winning the First Annual VWXYNot? Readers’ Choice Comment of the Year Award! February Did anyone else see the Canucks-Leafs game on Saturday?! March I’m currently (intermittently, half-heartedly) tidying my inbox and desk after the latest round of grant applications.  April One of my best friends from the UK should be landing in Vancouver in a couple of minutes, with her lovely hubby and adorable two year old son!  May My parents are here! June As you may remember from an old post, since I moved to Canada in 2002 I’ve spent much, much more time worrying about bears than actually encountering them. July My boss is a very busy man whose trainees sometimes have a hard time getting his attention. August I’m back from my trip with more photos than I can reasonably fit into a blog post, so please bear with me while I attempt to cull the collection!  September Yes folks, it’s time for another fun quiz from my puzzle-a-day desk calendar! October New archive post!  November First of all, many thanks to Chall and ScientistMother for hosting the last two updates! December Spotted on a whiteboard in a PI’s office, written in massive letters (colours as in original): Book chapters and reviews are for people with no data - NEVER SAY YES (actually, this was the entire post).  Right, now let’s see your versions! About Cath@VWXYNot? "one of the sillier science bloggers [...] I thought I should give a warning to the more staid members of the community." - Bob O'Hara, December 2010 This entry was posted in meta. Bookmark the permalink.

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T06:47:57.000Z

hzf4jsddku4dczqy6vl6k3sbqy5pqcfi

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Talk:20.109(F12) Pre-Proposal: Engineering Viral Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermic Cancer Therapy From OpenWetWare Revision as of 16:04, 29 November 2012 by Coyin Oh (Talk | contribs) Jump to: navigation, search This is a brainstorming page. You are very welcome to write any crazy / non-crazy / inventive / conventional / knowledgeable ideas or information you may have about our project. Some key words: Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP), Viruses, Magnetic Hyperthermia, Bioengineering Contents What is Magnetic Hyperthermia? Definition How it works? Under an alternating magnetic field, MNP releases heat due to relaxation of magnetic moments (hysteresis). This can cause an increase in temperature to the range of 41C to 47C. Since tumor cells are more heat sensitive than normal cells, they will be killed by this thermal dissipation. Here is an interesting tidbit from a paper I was reading: "In addition to the expected tumor cell death, hyperthermia treatment has also induced unexpected biological responses, such as tumor-specific immune responses as a result of heat-shock protein expression. These results suggest that hyperthermia is able to kill not only local tumors exposed to heat treatment, but also tumors at distant sites, including metastatic cancer cells." (Kobayashi) Current Research • Clinical trials in prostate cancer • Shows promising results when coupled with irradiation on breast cancer (mouse) Current Limitations (This information will help us shape and define the problem.) (1) To achieve the necessary rise in temperature with minimal dose of MNP. In other words, this means: • High specific loss power / specific absorption rate (SLP) of the MNP. • why is higher applied dosage bad? > leads to unnecessary heat dissipation (2) Lack of knowledge about the metabolism, clearance, and toxicity of MNP. Biomedical potentials of MNP • Could be used as early detection for the following using MRI: • Inflammation • Cancer • Diabetes • Atherosclerosis • Drug Delivery • Cellular labeling and tissue targeting • Purifying and separating cells and DNAs • Hyperthermia • Transfection by magnetic nanoparticles • Tissue repair • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Types of Relevant Viruses 1. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) • 18nmx300nm, helical • Can withstand high temperatures up to 50C for 30mins (conventional hyperthermia involves heating up to 50C from an external source • Safe for human consumption • Mann group has active research on it • 2130 molecules of coat protein 2. M13 Bacteriophage • 6.6nmx880nm, helical (Length is too long - pose an issue in targeting cells) • Lots of research done by the Belcher group, including attaching MNPs to M13 for imaging purposes • We are familiar with the system 3. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) • 26nm, icosahedral 4. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) • 27nm, icosahedral 5. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) • 28nm, icosahedral 6. Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) • 30nm, icosahedral Current Work in Viral MNP Attachment Attachment of MNPs to M13 phage for in vivo imaging of prostate cancer What we propose to do See flowchart sketch. Specific Aims 1. Identifying / Screening for appropriate virus vehicles and tumor-specific anchoring sequencse 2. Developing / Engineering viral MNPs 3. in vivo testing for efficacy of engineered vMNPs in mouse tumor cells. We will start with using ferritin (Fe3O4) as the MNP. Steps Stage 1: Virus Hunt We need to investigate how the selected virus (likely one of the following: TMV, M13, CCMV, CPMV, BMV or TPMV) interacts with mammalian cells in vivo. Stage 2: Screening for MNP binding site on virus We will start by using Fe3O4 as our MNP of interest. With this, a protein coat screen of the selected virus for a protein coat that can bind with our MNP is necessary. Stage 3: Screening for tumor-specific sequence binding site on virus We need to do a protein coat or RNA screen of the virus for a region that can bind with a tumor-specific peptide sequence. If necessary, we might need to screen tumors for unique short sequences on their cell surfaces. Stage 4: Virus engineering We can now engineer wild-type viruses using specific protein coats or RNA regions isolated in Stage 2 and 3 to produce the viral MNP of interest. Stage 5: in vivo testing Perform an in vivo experiment by injecting the engineered viral MNPs into the circulatory system of mice that have developed tumors. By subjecting these mice to an alternating magnetic field under standard hyperthermia conditions and measuring the change in tumor size, we will be able to quantify the efficacy of using viral MNPs in magnetic hyperthermia. Future directions: • Experimenting with double layer MNP to increase response • Target other cancerous cells • Experiment with other types of viruses Quantitative Goals (We can quantify with IC50 value) • Currently, with the aid of 10Gy radiation, the hyperthermia treatment successfully accumulated less than 0.3mg Fe/g tissue. Dosage: 0.2mg Fe per gram of mouse. Say mouse is 25g, so 5mg total dosage injected. so 1% efficiency with the aid of radiation. (MNP sizes used: 70nm and 120nm; murine flank breast tumors were 150mm3) Calculations: From http://manalis-lab.mit.edu/publications/grover%20PNAS%202011.pdf, we estimated that a typical cell has an average density of 1.1g/mL. Since the murine flank breast tumors were 150mm3, and 0.25mg Fe/g of tumor was detected in the tumors, we can calculate that only a total of 0.0495mg of Fe is accumulated in the tumors. This gives a % efficacy of 1%. • South Korean experiment: 75ug of MNPs were injected. • From Belcher lab's paper, what is the % efficacy of using M13? Potential Issues • "The actual rotations of the nanoparticles are disordered because the microviscosity of the local environment in cancer cells is not constant, and effective elasticity depends on the binding conditions between nanoparticles and membranes." but this is actually present because when treatment is done with individual MNPs, one side of the MNP is always bound to the targeted cell, so direction is never constant! Future Directions Useful Resources 1. Gupta AK, Naregalkar RR, Vaidya VD, and Gupta M. Recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Future Medicine. 2007. 2(1), 23-39. 2. Bakoglidis KD, Simeonidis K, Sakellari D, G. Stefanou, and Angelakeris M. Size-Dependent Mechanisms in AC Magnetic Hyperthermia Response of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2012. 48:1320-1323. 3. Great layman's way of explaining magnetic hyperthermia http://trialx.com/curetalk/2012/11/cancer-treatment-multifunctional-magnetic-nanoparticles-for-molecular-imaging-and-hyperthermia/ 4. A.J. Giustini, A.A. Petryk, S.M. Cassim, J.A. Tate, I. Baker, P.J. Hoopes. Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia in cancer treatment. Nano LIFE 2010; 01: 17. 5. D. Ghosh, Y. Lee, S. Thomas, A. G. Kohli, D. S. Yun, A. M. Belcher, K. A. Kelly. M13-templated magnetic nanoparticles for targeted in vivo imaging of prostate cancer. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012; 7 (10): 677–82. 6. Add more references as deem appropriate Feedback 11/29 from Professor Angela Belcher: 1. Look at Nature Nano Belcher lab paper 2. Need to do very good characterization of materials using TEM, elemental analysis, etc. Personal tools

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T06:11:22.000Z

gski74ffc6nxy4jh2s3wjb6ehqdbtmbh

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Quotation added by lifeandart Why not add this quote to your bookmarks? There can be no forced inspiration.   Stojanovic, Dejan This quote is about inspiration · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation. A bit about Stojanovic, Dejan ... Dejan Stojanoviæ was born in Pec, Kosovo (the former Yugoslavia), in 1959. Although a lawyer by education, he has never practiced law and instead became a journalist. He is a poet, essayist, philosopher, and businessman and published six critically acclaimed books of poetry in Serbia: "Circling," "The Sun Watches the Sun," "The Sign and Its Children," "The Shape," "The Creator," and "Dance of Time." In 1986, as a young writer, he was recognized among 200 writers at the Bor (former Yugoslavia) Literary Festival. He also received the prestigious "Rastko Petrovic" Award from the Society of Serbian Writers for his book of interviews with major European and American artists and writers. In addition to poetry and prose, he has worked as a correspondent for the Serbian weekly magazine "Pogledi" ("Views"). His book of interviews from 1990 to 1992 in Europe and America, entitled Conversations, included interviews with several major American writers, including Nobel Laureate Saul Bellow, Charles Simic, and Steve Tesic. He has been living in Chicago since 1990. These people bookmarked this quote: More on the author This quote around the web Loading...   Search Quotations Book

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T06:14:03.000Z

wuhy57juf33ku5vxtkmi7rr3an5jcjef

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Quotation added by Canary Why not add this quote to your bookmarks? Life should be as colorful as the rainbow. Please remember, you are your own painter always.......   Mak Kazeronnie This quote is about life, painter, rainbow,color · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation. A bit about Mak Kazeronnie ... I am a freelancer. These people bookmarked this quote: More on the author This quote around the web Loading...   Search Quotations Book

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T07:55:41.000Z

qr5q2pi63nfdlzurfmacoi2htloqpfbg

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.   Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote To do nothing at all is the most difficult thing in the world, the most difficult and the most intellectual.   Wilde, Oscar   Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ... Choose something popular ... Make a custom wrapped canvas ... Make custom holiday cards ... Make custom t-shirts ... Make custom holiday gifts for boys ... Make custom holiday gifts for girls ... Make custom holiday gifts for men ...   A selection of more great products and gifts!   212 - The Extra Degree The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212° Click here to buy this »

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T05:43:18.000Z

y2kq33fpd537or55drrkkej5sok7tks5

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.   Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote Peace is not made at the council table or by treaties, but in the hearts of men.   Hoover, Herbert Clark   Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ... Choose something popular ... Make a custom wrapped canvas ... Make custom holiday cards ... Make custom t-shirts ... Make custom holiday gifts for boys ... Make custom holiday gifts for girls ... Make custom holiday gifts for men ...   A selection of more great products and gifts!   212 - The Extra Degree The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212° Click here to buy this »

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T06:15:01.000Z

yi3u5cg4a4psut4kqnvbppzkkg6vpluv

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

  Quotes by Eco, Umberto We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia. "A dream is a scripture, and many scriptures are nothing but dreams." Eco, Umberto on dream    "The ideology of this America wants to establish reassurance through Imitation. But profit defeats ideology, because the consumers want to be thrilled not only by the guarantee of the Good but also by the shudder of the Bad." Eco, Umberto on america    "The comic is the perception of the opposite; humor is the feeling of it." Eco, Umberto on humor    "I would define the poetic effect as the capacity that a text displays for continuing to generate different readings, without ever being completely consumed." Eco, Umberto on poetry and poets    "Fear prophets and those prepared to die for the truth, for as a rule they make many others die with them, often before them, at times instead of them." Eco, Umberto on prophecy    "The good of a book lies in its being read. A book is made up of signs that speak of other signs, which in their turn speak of things. Without an eye to read them, a book contains signs that produce no concepts; therefore it is dumb." Eco, Umberto on books - reading    "Nothing gives a fearful man more courage than another's fear." Eco, Umberto on courage 4 fans of this quote    "The pleasures of love are pains that become desirable, where sweetness and torment blend, and so love is voluntary insanity, infernal paradise, and celestial hell -- in short, harmony of opposite yearnings, sorrowful laughter, soft diamond." Eco, Umberto on    Take a look at recent activity on QB!   Search Quotations Book   Photos >>

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T07:12:38.000Z

q6xenuv6c3uedw2k576u24ziyylytyl5

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

marvin williams Photo Gallery: Celtics-Hawks G5 This first pic sums-up last night's loss. The rest of the pics & top play GIFs after the jump… [...] May 9, 2012 KWAPT Post Game Galleries, Uncategorized Comments Off Hawks shake up lineup for Game 5 Larry Drew is moving Kirk Hinrich and Jason Collins to the bench. I expected Al Horford to start. Even if he's still rusty, Horford is a better option than Collins. Marvin Williams is shooting 21% in this series. I'm guessing Drew wants him to defend Paul Pierce? This switch will put either Rajon Rondo or [...] May 8, 2012 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 1 Josh Smith is not limping Here's an update on Hawks forward Josh Smith. I'll use my deductive reasoning abilities to say no limp = will play. If Smith can't go, Marvin Williams and Tracy McGrady will see time at power forward, reports CBS Sports.  The real reason I'm posting this tweet is to poke fun at James Winfro, a delusional [...] May 3, 2012 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized Comments Off Update: Josh Smith doubtful for Game 3 with sprained ligament The Hawk announced today via Twitter that Josh Smith, who left with 4:20 left in the 4th quarter last night, has a sprained ligament in his left knee. Atlanta's Josh Smith has a strained left tendon and his status is day-to-day. If Smith is unavailable for Game 3, then we'll see a lot of more [...] May 2, 2012 John - Red's Army Uncategorized 3

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T08:02:11.000Z

5d6tyatummyafn4eulbyvboukpvz5phd

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Mokurai From Sugar Labs (Redirected from User:Mokurai) Jump to: navigation, search Founder, Earth Treasury, an NGO to link schools around the world for education and business. See Plans and Essays. NEW PROJECT: Replacing Textbooks XOs and other netbooks cost much less than printed textbooks, so as soon as we replace enough of the textbooks with Open Education Resources, we can explain that OLPC + Sugar delivers better education while saving money. Mokurai has received permission to set up a server for this purpose at Sugar Labs, and is also raising funds to support it. CrowdRise Fundraiser donations Mokurai volunteers at OLPC and Sugar Labs as a volunteer coordinator, localization administrator (Khmer and Kreyòl), and general knoker (an especially Yiddish know-all, the kind who did math homework in pen), based on • his training as a mathematician, classroom teacher, amateur musician and linguist, philosopher, and Buddhist priest • plus his lifetime of encyclopedic reading, many years in high-tech market research and technical writing, and work in Unicode and Free Software. Contents Vision End Poverty at a Profit all around by educating children to collaborate and not be helpless. Quotes • Epictetus - "Only the educated are free." • Aristotle - "All men by nature desire to know. An indication of this is the delight we take in our senses." More quotes Mission The mission is whatever planning, funding, research, development, and deployment is needed to make that happen, with a focus on Management by Exception in order to keep on top of what is needed in changing circumstances and make sure that nothing gets missed that we must have. Sugar Labs has the Sugar software as its main focus, but needs to work with others on the rest of the mission. We should raise substantial funding to support these substantive projects, up to the point at which they can become self-sustaining, in the manner of the Grameen Group of companies. These are the principal elements of the mission today. More will appear. • Extend the OLPC and Sugar Labs work with evidence-based education research, curriculum development, and the redesign of textbooks, taking maximum advantage of software on the XO, and of the best research that we can find or carry out on how children learn, and what is of greatest value for them to learn. • Engineer appropriate solutions for electricity and Internet connections in even the poorest and most remote villages in every target environment, in collaboration with university Schools of Engineering, Engineers Without Borders, and others, in order to maximize the usefulness of XOs to children everywhere. • Work with microfinance organizations to place these electricity and Internet solutions along with XOs. The intention is to jump-start local economies by selling modest amounts of surplus power and bandwidth, and thereby raise the money to pay off the original loans and make further investments. • Create an R&D consortium to further all of these goals and whatever else turns out to be necessary. We know that issues of economics, governance, social attitudes, and sustainability are important. What do we need to know, and how can we come to know it? What can we learn from the children themselves, and from teachers, parents, and others? • Tap into Barack Obama's plans to increase global development aid by $25 billion annually, including a $2 billion Global Education Fund; into the UN Millennium Development Goals program; Make Poverty History; and all of the other initiatives that share our vision, even if they don't know it yet. • Save as many languages and cultures as possible from extinction by teaching the children how to record them. • Link children, schools, and communities together around the world in a safe manner for collaborative development. • Teach children how to create sustainable international businesses together using their new knowledge and skills. Current Projects and Partners OLPC and Sugar Labs, of course, within the scope of their own missions to provide hardware, software, content, and teacher training materials. In each case, the intention is to expand to a comprehensive, integrated program including infrastructure, education, community development, and economic opportunity. Volunteers, donors, and partners welcome. By country • Ghana • Nana's House (school and orphanage), computers, Internet, and accessories for students and teachers • Winneba Linux Users Group, Linux+Sugar Installfests • Catch IT Young youth computer training • University of Education, Winneba, research, curriculum, teaching materials, localization • OneVillage Foundation Ghana, Winneba wireless broadband project • Nigeria • Fantsuam Foundation microfinance project and Cisco Network Academy • Kenya • Asante Foundation Maasai schools and cultural preservation • Uganda • Bunabumali Good Shepherd Orphanage and School, computers, accessories, electricity, Internet • Mt. Elgon coffee growers co-operative equipment and training • School programs and the rest • Tanzania • Mt. Kilimanjaro coffee growers co-operative equipment and training • School programs and the rest Components • Interactive digital textbooks, with Lots of partners. • Free computers for schools, two per pupil: one at school, one at home. Possibly Computers4Africa • Flash drives for carrying software and work, so that students can use them on any computer • Electricity generation and storage, Engineers Without Borders • Broadband Internet, OVF Ghana • Microfinance, Fantsuam Foundation • Economic opportunity, education program to be developed at EduForge, social entrepreneurial investors welcome. Analysis The following is as much a prediction as a set of goals. Much of this will happen regardless of us. We can make those parts happen sooner, and more effectively. The other parts have to do with the new ideas that we are discovering and shaping together, particularly integrated development that includes the economy, the social structure of society, and spiritual growth. The only project that I know of that currently does this is the Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement in Sri Lanka, which I commend to your study and, if possible, participation. Preliminary For several years I have been seeing a gradual coming together of many strands in development toward the possibility of an integrated strategy that can be replicated worldwide. After the initial stage, it should all become self-sustaining in the manner of the Grameen Bank, Grameen Phone, and the like, and thus independent of the usual sources of non-profit funding. Here are the leading strands. • ICT4D, including newly powerful mobile phones, computers, and Internet at prices that make sense in even the poorest and most remote villages, given the promise of economic growth to enable paying back costs. • One Laptop Per Child, for many reasons, including a rethinking of curricula, textbook content, and publishing models. Scarcity of information is no longer the limiting factor in education. Electronic publications still take effort and time to write, but the reproduction cost on the Internet is nearly nil. Governments will soon realize that they don't have to buy textbooks. They can contract for writing textbooks and other materials with the proviso that the government, or we should say the public, owns the copyright. We can take advantage of Free Software and Open Access publishing throughout this process, and of a century of discoveries in how children really learn. Currently XOs are $198 each, with $75 versions promised for 2010. GiveOneGetOne is to start up again in November. • WiMax and other broadband technologies that can provide Internet to whole countries (90-95% coverage) for $10 per person installed. • Fiber optic cables for every country in Africa. There is one installed on the West Coast, two being laid on the East Coast, and four more promised. Rwanda and the other dozen landlocked countries in Africa are making deals with their neighbors for overland links. Some regions in Central Asia may take a little longer. • New satellite launches that promise both to break the current cartel pricing in Africa, and to link Africa directly to South America, the Middle East, and Asia, not just by multihop through Europe. • African banks that are now in a position to start creating a continent-wide network and to roll out electronic banking. • Global GIS initiatives dealing with mapping critical poverty issues: environment, water, agriculture, climate, health, and much more. • More than 100,000 of the million and more NGOs of the world now connected with each other through Wiser Earth. • Barack Obama's plan to double US Foreign Aid, and redirect it to much more efficient methods (toward helping the poor, not just subsidizing US agriculture, manufacturing, and consulting). This includes a $2 billion annual Global Education Fund. • The microfinance movement's casting about for the next big challenge. I predict village electricity and Internet along with school computers, and I am working on alliances toward that end. Sugar Labs has taken over software development for the OLPC XO. Walter Bender of Sugar Labs is putting together a research consortium to tackle problems in education, and I am assisting in recruiting, and in problem definition. My program is not of the usual kind, where we know what subjects we mean to tackle. My version of the mission is: Whatever turns out to be needed. My self-appointed task is to find the holes in current programs, and fill them, first with my own efforts and second by recruiting others to do the work, research further solutions, and plan where we might go next. Among the critical tasks are village electricity and Internet, redesigning curricula and textbooks, and bringing all of this together into target communities with microfinance, with a flexible, integrated business plan for whole societies to advance societal infrastructure (education, health, clean water, and other essentials), and the private sector (sole proprietorships, sustainable international companies, producer and consumer co-operatives), and shared values. It is no longer practical to impose the illusion of shared values on a society. They must grow out of the situation. The report on OLPC's early effects in Ethiopia gives a glimpse into where we are going. Within a few months, in a highly traditional society that has valued teaching politeness and obedience over subject matter in schools, and where asking questions of a teacher was considered insulting, the XO and its software have opened up a new, collaborative relationship between teachers and students. This is in no small part attributable to the collaborative nature of the XO's Sugar and other software. Access to the information riches of the Internet is another important factor. See Academic Papers on the OLPC Wiki for this and other recent reports. There is more, but that will do to begin with. General Consequences • We are looking at the possibility of ending poverty as we know it within a generation, except in the most repressive countries (Burma and North Korea are the most likely, but a few others might possibly regress). • We are doing this by means that promise far freer markets, with • Market access for all, at least for electronic markets, including easy entry and exit • General availability of essential economic information, including the price of almost anything right up to the moment • General availability of production technologies, except where embargoes linger (Cuba, Burma, Syria, Iran, North Korea and a few others) In short, these and a few other points add up to the closest approximation to the economic ideal of Perfect Competition ever seen, worldwide. We can confidently predict the largest explosion of productivity and prosperity ever seen, and at some point the end of the continual search for ever-more-benighted denizens of ever-poorer countries to ship jobs off to. The existence of wage differentials between countries is conclusive proof that their market relations are not free. • A complete communications network, in which every person will have the means to connect with any other person who answers the phone. • Directories and social network sites that enable everybody to find the right people to do business with and make alliances with for any economic, social, spiritual, or political purpose. • We can confidently predict an explosive growth of civil society organizations worldwide, among other things. AKA • Edward Mokurai Cherlin/Czerwin • גרשון בן יסעף • Эдуард Георгеевич Черлын • 장영구/張永久 • 法雲默雷/धर्ममेघशब्दगर्ज Contact Background Mokurai has extensive experience in every aspect of computers, as a tech writer, editor, and publisher, global market analyst, and software developer. Previous work includes math software and textbooks, Computer Science papers, Free Software for voting, Unicode support on the XO, fighting spam around the world, and earlier anti-poverty projects. He can sometimes get people to stop talking past each other and answer the real questions (though not necessarily Nicholas %-[ ). See, for example,the IETF discussions on multilingual URIs. When I wrote a guide for new Internet users at Newbie.Net, there were three questions I couldn't answer: I'm contributing information on countries and languages on the OLPC Wiki, including writing systems, fonts, keyboard layouts, sources of literature, and other items of interest, and administering localization projects. I will be adding material on education and on the other impacts of the Laptop. It will have major effects in social development, health, economic opportunity, politics, and other important areas. Contributions I started to work on OLPC documentation, but then I discovered that even more pressing needs were being ignored. So now I have appointed myself Shadow Chairman & CEO of OLPC. Don't tell Nicholas. Social Networks I'm on too many of these networks. If you want to connect with me, please use LinkedIn, Wiser Earth, or Flickr for photos. Wikis There are too many of these, too. Generalist Buddhist priest, software developer, market researcher, technical writer, Peace Corps volunteer, cook, goatherd, music teacher... I edited the Geode processor manuals for National Semiconductor, before they sold the product line to AMD. (The Laptop contains an AMD Geode processor.) Languages: Hebrew, German, Latin, Russian, French, Swahili, Korean, Japanese Chinese, Sanskrit, Pali, Classical Greek, Lojban, Klingon Programming languages: APL, LISP/Scheme, FORTH, SNOBOL, FORTRAN, COBOL, Algol, Java, C, C++, Pascal, Smalltalk, Python, scripting languages. And I'm learning Squeak. Unicode Free/Open Source Software: I-APL, Open Voting Consortium, others Math Science Check out Astronomy Picture of the Day and the world's biggest telescopes, for neutrinos and gravity waves. Co-founder of global anti-spam organization, The Coalition Against UCE (Unsolicited Commercial E-mail) Music: Yale Concert Band and Marching Band, clarinet; First Prize, Classical, in first-ever Foreigner's Korean Music contest of the Korea Herald on gayageum; Slavyanka Russian Chorus; Music Around the World pre-school multilingual music program; banjo, recorders, spoons, piano, harpsichord, dumbek Simputer: Simple, inexpensive, multilingual computer for poor people Village telemedicine over wireless Science Fiction: John Brunner would have loved the OLPC project if he had lived to see it. Check out Stand on Zanzibar (includes national development projects in fictional countries), The Shockwave Rider (integrated disaster recovery and sustainable communities), The Sheep Look Up (environmental catastrophe), and The Stone that Never Come Down (What if people couldn't ignore information they have?). Geek code GAT d-- s+:+ a+++ C++ UL++ P+ L+++ E- W++ N+++@ o+ K++ M+ b+++ e+++ h---- r+++ w--- APL++++ House, MD+++ Basic level in Korean, Chinese, Swahili, Japanese, Spanish, German Intermediate level in Russian, French Personal tools Namespaces Variants Actions Sugar Projects Teams Local Labs Using the Wiki Google translations

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T06:53:54.000Z

3zrv63t7l6fsydzbw3l7bxvcayisz6gr

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how. East Norway From Wikitravel Scandinavia : Norway : East Norway Jump to: navigation, search East Norway (actually southeast) is the region surrounding the capital Oslo, where the largest number of people live. [edit] Regions [edit] Cities [edit] Other destinations [edit] Understand [edit] Talk [edit] Get in [edit] Get around Oslo totally dominates this region. Oslo and its airport at Gardermoen is the transport hub for East Norway. Roads and railway lines has Oslo as their focal points. All railway lines, including the airport express train, terminate at Oslo Central Station ("Oslo S"). Main roads E6, E18, E16 and Road 4 meet at or near Oslo S. Regional as well as long distance buses depart from the bus station next door to Oslo S. Oslo Subway (T-banen) has a main station underground next to the train station. [edit] By plane • Fagernes Airport (Leirin - operated by DOT), (10 minutes from Fagernes), [1].  edit The local airport with daily connections to Oslo (30 minutes) [edit] By bus [edit][add listing] See [edit] Itineraries [edit][add listing] Do [edit][add listing] Eat [edit][add listing] Drink [edit] Stay safe [edit] Get out This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow! Personal tools Namespaces Variants Actions Navigation feeds Destination Docents Toolbox In other languages

v0

2024-06-03T21:29:47.544Z

2013-05-18T07:22:44.000Z

ve3ex6trqvue3c3lwirwncf6ndqbtkf5

cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20

Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how. Difference between revisions of "Meran" From Wikitravel Burgraviate : Meran Jump to: navigation, search (added listing Bar Rossini) (added listing Sketch Clublounge) Line 88: Line 88:   *<drink name="Café Forum" alt="" address="Via Leonardo da Vinci 11 (Postgasse)" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long="">A fine Cocktails and Wine Bar.</drink>   *<drink name="Café Forum" alt="" address="Via Leonardo da Vinci 11 (Postgasse)" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long="">A fine Cocktails and Wine Bar.</drink>   *<drink name="Bar Rossini" alt="" address="Corso della libertà 19" directions="" phone="" url="www.rossini-bar.it" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></drink>   *<drink name="Bar Rossini" alt="" address="Corso della libertà 19" directions="" phone="" url="www.rossini-bar.it" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></drink>  + *<drink name="Sketch Clublounge" alt="" address="Passegiata lungo Passirio 40" directions="" phone="" url="www.sketch.bz" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></drink>       Revision as of 19:16, 26 February 2009 Meran (Italian: Merano) [1] is the second largest town in South Tyrol with a population of about 35,000 (63,000 including the metropolitan area). A slight majority (51.5%) of the population is German-speaking, while the others are Italian-speaking. It's an old spa town with very charming promenades and interesting highlights. Contents Get in Meran is located outside of the Brenner line and whether you want to reach the town by plane, by train, by bus or by car you have likely to reach before Bolzano and from this point Meran. Meran is located 33 km (20 miles) north-west from Bolzano. By plane The Airport Bolzano Dolomites is nearest airport, which is located in Bolzano. Getting to/from the airport Many hotels offer a transfer from Bolzano airport, especially if you book through a travel agency (in this case you probably have the possibility to have a transfer from other major airports). In the airport you will find some rent-a-car agencies. http://www.taxidriver-tirol.at/ By train In order to get in Meran by train you have to arrive in Bolzano first and from here you can take the train to Meran (every 30 minutes). When you buy the ticket at the departure station you can have the ticket from Bolzano to Meran included, saying that your destination is Meran. The Meran Central Rail Station is closed to the town centre. By bus Some German, Austrian and Swiss travel agencies offer direct bus connection to Meran. Normally international bus lines stop in Bolzano and from here you can take the bus Bolzano-Meran (bus line 201) at the Bolzano Bus Station or other stops inside Bolzano (like Dominikanerplatz). Buses are run by SASA [2], which uses the same orange buses you can find inside cities, and SAD's [3], with grey-coloured buses (they operate on the same line). There is a departure every hour. A fare from Bolzano to Merano costs EUR 4 (only 2.61 with value card). By car You have to exit at Bolzano South on motorway A22 and taking the modern freeway. In Meran there are three exits: Sinich/Meran Süd, Meran Zentrum and Algund (freeway end). If you are coming from Landeck in Austria or Engadin, Switzerland, you can follow the signs along the road. 90.152.220.34 15:49, 28 October 2008 (EDT) Get around The best way in order to discover Meran is by foot, but it's covered by an excellent public transport system, which is composed by buses and a chair lift to the village of Tirol. By Bus In Meran there are 9 bus lines (generally 6 am - 9 pm) run by SASA [4] and 1 of this have also a night service (9 pm - 1 am). Buses pass frequently (every 15-25 minutes). Buses run always on time. Stamp your ticket at the start of its first use (there are green - on new buses yellow - stamping machines). You have to buy another ticket if you stop and you catch a bus after 45 minutes after the printing (only with single trip ticket or spent value card). Payment is by the honor system and inspectors check for valid tickets. If you don't have one, it's an instant EUR 25 fine (plus the fare you were supposed to have paid). All timetables and bus maps you can find free in the tourist offices or in the bus station. All urban buses stops are request stops (exept end of the line): If you want to get off press the red (in some blue) button, while if you want to get on a bus you have to wave your hand. Chair lift Meran is connected with the village of Tirol - located on a hill above the town - by a chair lift, which is in service between April and November. By Taxi Taxis are only on call available. Meran's taxi service is powered by Radio Taxi 24h24 calling 0473 21 20 13. By bike Meran has a good bike trail system - but not so developed as in Bolzano, though - but around the town it's excellent. Maps are available in tourist offices and online [5]. Rentals are available in the following places: • Rail Station • Spa Building • Tennis Centre The service is available from April until mid of October (M-Sa 9AM-7PM) and it's free. You only have to pay a EUR 5 bail - which is returned if the bike has not been damaged. By car The public transportation or your own feet should be enough in order to travel inside Meran. Finding a parking in the town centre can be complicated. In winter (from November to March) the whole city is forbidden for the EURO 0 cars in order to prevent from air pollution. In cases of high concentration of polluted substances the streets are forbidden also for EURO 1 cars. See Museums, Galleries, and Memorials • Touriseum - South Tyrol Museum of Tourism with Botanical Garden [6] - admission €9.80 (students/handicapped people €7.50, over 65 €8.50, after 6PM €5.00, children up to 6 years free) It's a very interesting highlight. The Museum hosted at Trauttmansdorff Castle reports the long history of tourist tradition in South Tyrol. The ticket includes the visit to the well-kept and quite wide Botanical Garden. The Museum is open only from the first half of March to the first half of September, considering that the Botanical Garden is closed during the cold season. • City Museum - admission €2.00 (reduced €1.50) It's located in a former hotel, it shows interesting archaeological and historical founds. • Princely Castle Museum - admission €2.00 (reduced €1.50) de, it Building from the 15th century located in the old town with an interesting exhibition for lovers of medieval history. • Jewish Museum - free entry. The small museum located at the only South Tyrol's Synogogue reports the history and documentation about the Jewish community in South Tyrol. • Women's Museum Evelyn Ortner - [7] - free entry. Unique museum about women specialized in culture of women's everyday life. • Meran Art - City Gallery - [8] - free entry. Exhibitions of contemporary art, literature and architecture and other interesting features. • Monument of Empress Elisabeth - is a statue situated at the Summer Promenade's entrance, which was modeled with white marble after Sissi's assasination in Geneva in 1898. The Empress of Austria visited Meran four times - the last time being one year before her death. During the fascist dictatorship it was deplaced, cutting off the statue's head. After WWII the statue was replaced and the head re-modeled. It shows an interesting parallel with the Monument of Walther von der Vogelweide in Bolzano. Churches • Main Parish Church Gothic bulding with Baroque features in the old town built in different periods between 1302 and the 18th century. Its bell tower is one of the highest in South Tyrol (83 metres) and it shows 7 clocks. • Holy Spirit's Church Gothic building built between the 14th and 15th century beyond the Passer river. A building built by Fascist Italy in rationalist style hides the church, because the Gothic style was considered to be a symbol of the German-speaking countries. • Holy Mary's Church Located in the district of Untermais it's an interesting Romanic building built in the 12th century. Buy Eat • Restaurant Kallmünz, Piazza Rena 12. • Restaurant Sissi - Andrea Fenoglio, Via G. Galilei 44, [9]. Drink • Café Forum, Via Leonardo da Vinci 11 (Postgasse). A fine Cocktails and Wine Bar. • Bar Rossini, Corso della libertà 19, [10]. • Sketch Clublounge, Passegiata lungo Passirio 40, [11]. Sleep • Hotel Palace Merano - Espace Henri Chenot, Via Cavour 2, [12]. • Hotel Aurora, Passegiata lungo Passirio 38, [13]. Contact Get out This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow! Personal tools Namespaces Variants Actions Navigation feeds Destination Docents Toolbox In other languages

v0