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PMID:30340	Increasing halothane concentrations reduce nitroprusside dose requirement.	There has been no description of the hemodynamic dose-response relationship between halothane and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), although these drugs are used together frequently for induction of deliberate hypotension. Utilizing aortic root cannulation and thermister-tipped pulmonary artery catheterization, this relationship was studied in 6 beagles receiving a standard 100 microgram/kg infusion of SNP solution administered at 3 different infusion rates (5, 10, and 20 microgram/kg/min) while anesthetized with 3 different concentrations of halothane (0.5, 1, and 2%). Sodium nitroprusside infusion resulted in dose-related reductions in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and left ventricular stroke work. Increasing concentrations of halothane significantly potentiated the hypotensive effects of SNP. Cardiac output increase as the SNP infusion rate increased, whereas increasing the halothane concentration resulted in a reduction of cardiac output at each SNP infusion rate studied. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure was significantly reduced by SNP infusion at all 3 halothane concentrations, whereas mean pulmonary artery pressure was unchanged. Arterial pH fell in response to each SNP infusion, from 7.46 at the beginning of the study to 7.32 at the end (p less than 0.001). Sodium nitroprusside predictably induced hypotension during halothane anesthesia at the cost of a dose-related metabolic acidosis. Increasing the depth of halothane anesthesia afforded a greater percentage reduction in arterial pressure at each SNP infusion rate studied. Metabolic acidosis, however, developed no more rapidly at 2% halothane than it did at 0.5 or 1%.	Increasing halothane concentrations reduce nitroprusside dose requirement. There has been no description of the hemodynamic dose-response relationship between halothane and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), although these drugs are used together frequently for induction of deliberate hypotension. Utilizing aortic root cannulation and thermister-tipped pulmonary artery catheterization, this relationship was studied in 6 beagles receiving a standard 100 microgram/kg infusion of SNP solution administered at 3 different infusion rates (5, 10, and 20 microgram/kg/min) while anesthetized with 3 different concentrations of halothane (0.5, 1, and 2%). Sodium nitroprusside infusion resulted in dose-related reductions in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and left ventricular stroke work. Increasing concentrations of halothane significantly potentiated the hypotensive effects of SNP. Cardiac output increase as the SNP infusion rate increased, whereas increasing the halothane concentration resulted in a reduction of cardiac output at each SNP infusion rate studied. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure was significantly reduced by SNP infusion at all 3 halothane concentrations, whereas mean pulmonary artery pressure was unchanged. Arterial pH fell in response to each SNP infusion, from 7.46 at the beginning of the study to 7.32 at the end (p less than 0.001). Sodium nitroprusside predictably induced hypotension during halothane anesthesia at the cost of a dose-related metabolic acidosis. Increasing the depth of halothane anesthesia afforded a greater percentage reduction in arterial pressure at each SNP infusion rate studied. Metabolic acidosis, however, developed no more rapidly at 2% halothane than it did at 0.5 or 1%.
PMID:30341	Low-frequency positive pressure ventilation with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (LFPPV-ECCO2R): an experimental study.	We describe a new form of mechanical pulmonary ventilation, low-frequency positive pressure ventilation with extracorporeal CO2 removal (LEPPV-ECCO2R). In a series of animal studies the rate of mechanical ventilation was 0.66, 1, 2, and 4 min-1 at a tidal volume of 3, 10, and 15 ml kg-1. We were able to maintain normal blood gases and normal lung volumes and lung mechanics even at the lowest ventilator rate with tidal volumes of 10 or 15 ml kg-1. Each experiment lasted 7 hours. Our data suggest a possible new dimension in the management of a difficult patient on mechanical pulmonary ventilation.	Low-frequency positive pressure ventilation with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (LFPPV-ECCO2R): an experimental study. We describe a new form of mechanical pulmonary ventilation, low-frequency positive pressure ventilation with extracorporeal CO2 removal (LEPPV-ECCO2R). In a series of animal studies the rate of mechanical ventilation was 0.66, 1, 2, and 4 min-1 at a tidal volume of 3, 10, and 15 ml kg-1. We were able to maintain normal blood gases and normal lung volumes and lung mechanics even at the lowest ventilator rate with tidal volumes of 10 or 15 ml kg-1. Each experiment lasted 7 hours. Our data suggest a possible new dimension in the management of a difficult patient on mechanical pulmonary ventilation.
PMID:30347	[Perforations of the dura mater during epidural anesthesia. The value of epidurography].	The authors propose a pathogenic classification of perforations of the dura mater occurring during continuous epidural anaesthesia: according to the flow through the communication with the subarochnoid space. Two clinical forms of anaesthesia affecting the cord itself may be distinguished on this basis, one frequent and of immediate onset, diagnosed by the "test dose" and the other rare, of delayed onset, where this safety measure does not suffice. Routine prior epidurography is suggested, in order to ensure the diagnosis of dura mater perforation. In the case of the latter, it show either a more or less typical appearance of radicolography only or, more rarely, a picture which combines opacification of the epidural space with the subarachnoid passage of the contrast medium. This "mixed" appearance, although rare, should be known since it makes it possible to prevent delayed total spinal anaesthesia.	[Perforations of the dura mater during epidural anesthesia. The value of epidurography]. The authors propose a pathogenic classification of perforations of the dura mater occurring during continuous epidural anaesthesia: according to the flow through the communication with the subarochnoid space. Two clinical forms of anaesthesia affecting the cord itself may be distinguished on this basis, one frequent and of immediate onset, diagnosed by the "test dose" and the other rare, of delayed onset, where this safety measure does not suffice. Routine prior epidurography is suggested, in order to ensure the diagnosis of dura mater perforation. In the case of the latter, it show either a more or less typical appearance of radicolography only or, more rarely, a picture which combines opacification of the epidural space with the subarachnoid passage of the contrast medium. This "mixed" appearance, although rare, should be known since it makes it possible to prevent delayed total spinal anaesthesia.
PMID:30342	Effects of pH on protein binding of lidocaine.	Protein binding of lidocaine (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 microgram/ml in fresh plasma was studied from pH 5.6 to pH 9.8. Percent binding of lidocaine was inversely related to hydrogen-ion and lidocaine concentrations.	Effects of pH on protein binding of lidocaine. Protein binding of lidocaine (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 microgram/ml in fresh plasma was studied from pH 5.6 to pH 9.8. Percent binding of lidocaine was inversely related to hydrogen-ion and lidocaine concentrations.
PMID:30349	[Psychiatric complications in patients under intensive care].	Ten adult patients with psychiatric disorders in the intensive care ward were examined. The length of stay varied from one week to four months and mechanical ventilation was necessary for all patients. Their experience of intensive care and their psychosensorial problems were as follows: temperospatial disorientation, perturbation of the sense of posture, hallucinations which could go as far as oneiric delirium, anguish and symptoms of depression. No psychotic syndrome, literraly speaking, was observed objectively. In the monthes that followed the stay under intensive care many patients presented important psychosomatic disorders. Organic factors are responsible for these complications, though the environment of the intensive care could induce a marked disafferentation. An effort by the attending staff, aimed at orientating or "reafferenting" these patients, could reduce these problems.	[Psychiatric complications in patients under intensive care]. Ten adult patients with psychiatric disorders in the intensive care ward were examined. The length of stay varied from one week to four months and mechanical ventilation was necessary for all patients. Their experience of intensive care and their psychosensorial problems were as follows: temperospatial disorientation, perturbation of the sense of posture, hallucinations which could go as far as oneiric delirium, anguish and symptoms of depression. No psychotic syndrome, literraly speaking, was observed objectively. In the monthes that followed the stay under intensive care many patients presented important psychosomatic disorders. Organic factors are responsible for these complications, though the environment of the intensive care could induce a marked disafferentation. An effort by the attending staff, aimed at orientating or "reafferenting" these patients, could reduce these problems.
PMID:30350	[Parenteral nutrition and concentrated amino acid solution].	The authors report on their experience with a solution of amino acids concentrated at 25 gomegaN/liter in eighty patients on exclusive and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The average duration of the TPN is 35.08 days. Azonutril 25 was given as nutritive melange, maintaining a calorie-nitrogen ratio of 150 to 200 calories for every added gram of nitrogen. The clinical and biological studies provide a series of arguments in favor of such an amino acid solution in total parental nutrition in patients with acute or chronic digestive insufficiency. No signs of renal or hepatic intolerance have appeared during this study. The improvement in nitrogen balance in fifteen patients is strongly significant (P less than 0.001) and can be correlated with weight gain and with the classic immunological tests.	[Parenteral nutrition and concentrated amino acid solution]. The authors report on their experience with a solution of amino acids concentrated at 25 gomegaN/liter in eighty patients on exclusive and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The average duration of the TPN is 35.08 days. Azonutril 25 was given as nutritive melange, maintaining a calorie-nitrogen ratio of 150 to 200 calories for every added gram of nitrogen. The clinical and biological studies provide a series of arguments in favor of such an amino acid solution in total parental nutrition in patients with acute or chronic digestive insufficiency. No signs of renal or hepatic intolerance have appeared during this study. The improvement in nitrogen balance in fifteen patients is strongly significant (P less than 0.001) and can be correlated with weight gain and with the classic immunological tests.
PMID:30351	[Four cases of tracheoesophageal fistula associated with prolonged ventilation].	On the basis of four cases of oesophago-tracheal fistulae developing in ventilated patients, the authors describe the pathogenesis of these lesions, related to circulatory disturbances in the tracheal mucosa in contact with the balloon of the balloon of the tracheal tube. The spontaneous course is rapidly fatal and the results of surgical treatment remain disappointing. Prevention of these lesions is essential but difficult. It is based above all on the use of "large volume and low pressure" balloons, with periodic exsufflation. The diagnosis of these lesions must be make early and is base upon the development of tracheal dilatation, even minimal and seen radiologically by the appearance of the tube balloon. Such a finding should lead to endoscopic exploration of the tranchea and oesophagus, in order that treatment may be strated rapidly.	[Four cases of tracheoesophageal fistula associated with prolonged ventilation]. On the basis of four cases of oesophago-tracheal fistulae developing in ventilated patients, the authors describe the pathogenesis of these lesions, related to circulatory disturbances in the tracheal mucosa in contact with the balloon of the balloon of the tracheal tube. The spontaneous course is rapidly fatal and the results of surgical treatment remain disappointing. Prevention of these lesions is essential but difficult. It is based above all on the use of "large volume and low pressure" balloons, with periodic exsufflation. The diagnosis of these lesions must be make early and is base upon the development of tracheal dilatation, even minimal and seen radiologically by the appearance of the tube balloon. Such a finding should lead to endoscopic exploration of the tranchea and oesophagus, in order that treatment may be strated rapidly.
PMID:30354	[Visual identification of Doppler sounds in gas embolisms].	The method of choice for the early detection of air metabolism during neurosurgical operations in a sitting position is that of continuous cardiac auscultation using Doppler effect ultrasound apparatus. In the present study, involving 15 patients, an air embolism was produced by the injection of 2 ml of CO2 into the right heart and acoustic changes were recorded on paper using a photographic process. These optical changes, although variable, were invariably present and characteristic of aire emboli and represent an additional element in early diagnosis.	[Visual identification of Doppler sounds in gas embolisms]. The method of choice for the early detection of air metabolism during neurosurgical operations in a sitting position is that of continuous cardiac auscultation using Doppler effect ultrasound apparatus. In the present study, involving 15 patients, an air embolism was produced by the injection of 2 ml of CO2 into the right heart and acoustic changes were recorded on paper using a photographic process. These optical changes, although variable, were invariably present and characteristic of aire emboli and represent an additional element in early diagnosis.
PMID:30355	[Traumatic intoxication by an anticholinesterase agent].	An unusual observation is reported concerning intoxication by an anticholinesterasic. In this case a traumatic blow was caused by an industrial liquid projected under high pressure and resulted in a true parenteral injection. This product, presumed not to be toxic, lead to the delayed appearance of a massive and eventually fatal intoxication. The problemes of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this type of intoxication are commented on.	[Traumatic intoxication by an anticholinesterase agent]. An unusual observation is reported concerning intoxication by an anticholinesterasic. In this case a traumatic blow was caused by an industrial liquid projected under high pressure and resulted in a true parenteral injection. This product, presumed not to be toxic, lead to the delayed appearance of a massive and eventually fatal intoxication. The problemes of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this type of intoxication are commented on.
PMID:30356	[Anesthetic evidence of pheochromocytoma].	The authors report the clinical case of a patients who underwent four anaesthetic inductions during a period of 3 months. Two were associated with severe acute hypertension making the intended operation impossible at that time. Thorough investigations led to a diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma. Reviewing the protocol of the four anaesthetic inductions, the authors discuss the mechanism of provocation of paroxysmal hypertension which was seen on two occasions.	[Anesthetic evidence of pheochromocytoma]. The authors report the clinical case of a patients who underwent four anaesthetic inductions during a period of 3 months. Two were associated with severe acute hypertension making the intended operation impossible at that time. Thorough investigations led to a diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma. Reviewing the protocol of the four anaesthetic inductions, the authors discuss the mechanism of provocation of paroxysmal hypertension which was seen on two occasions.
PMID:30379	Calcium ion regulation in barnacle muscle fibers and its relation to force development.	It is possible to use the photoproteins aequorin and obelin within the slowly responding striated muscle films to provide both qualitative and quantitive information as to the nature of the calcium-dependent reactions for force development. It seems that these reactions are not in equilibrium with the Ca2+ during a transient response. In addition, these experiments suggest that kinetically at least two calciums are required per functional unit for force development and that this active site is competed for by Mg2+, H+, and K+ ions.	Calcium ion regulation in barnacle muscle fibers and its relation to force development. It is possible to use the photoproteins aequorin and obelin within the slowly responding striated muscle films to provide both qualitative and quantitive information as to the nature of the calcium-dependent reactions for force development. It seems that these reactions are not in equilibrium with the Ca2+ during a transient response. In addition, these experiments suggest that kinetically at least two calciums are required per functional unit for force development and that this active site is competed for by Mg2+, H+, and K+ ions.
PMID:30380	Intracellular and extracellular calcium ions in transmitter release at the neuromuscular synapse.	The theme of this presentation has been to show that the control of transmitter release at the neuromuscular synapse is achieved by extracellular and intracellular calcium. For the fast information transfer represented by the end-plate potential, the electrochemical gradient for calcium across the presynaptic membrane and the associated calcium conductance seem to play the primary role. For slower processes such as tetanic and posttetanic potentiation, the combined effect of both sources for calcium determine the amount of transmitter liberated.	Intracellular and extracellular calcium ions in transmitter release at the neuromuscular synapse. The theme of this presentation has been to show that the control of transmitter release at the neuromuscular synapse is achieved by extracellular and intracellular calcium. For the fast information transfer represented by the end-plate potential, the electrochemical gradient for calcium across the presynaptic membrane and the associated calcium conductance seem to play the primary role. For slower processes such as tetanic and posttetanic potentiation, the combined effect of both sources for calcium determine the amount of transmitter liberated.
PMID:30384	[Cutaneous periarteritis nodosa. Critical study about 4 cases (author's transl)].	Cutaneous form of periarteritis nodosa. Four personal cases are added to 70 cases of the previous literature. The clinical and biological picture of the cutaneous form of P.A.N. are different from the systemic one by the lack of visceral involvement and a noteworthy good long-term prognosis. Venous (superficial thrombophlebitis) and distal arterial involvement in some cases, raise doubts about diagnosis and classification. The solution is in an accurate definition of the diagnostic clues and specially of the histopathological ones.	[Cutaneous periarteritis nodosa. Critical study about 4 cases (author's transl)]. Cutaneous form of periarteritis nodosa. Four personal cases are added to 70 cases of the previous literature. The clinical and biological picture of the cutaneous form of P.A.N. are different from the systemic one by the lack of visceral involvement and a noteworthy good long-term prognosis. Venous (superficial thrombophlebitis) and distal arterial involvement in some cases, raise doubts about diagnosis and classification. The solution is in an accurate definition of the diagnostic clues and specially of the histopathological ones.
PMID:30387	The graft-versus-host reaction in chickens: determination of some parameters.	Some aspects of the ""Graft-Versus-Host'' (GVH) reaction were studied in White Leghorn chickens by assessing the splenic response of recipients to an injection of lymphocytes from donors. The responses varied according to the origin of recipient embryos as well as to the source of the donor lymphocytes. Blood lymphocytes induced a higher splenomegaly in recipients than spleen lymphocytes, at least in the first seven weeks of life. The influence of the thymus on GVH reactions was also investigated. Lymphocytes from thymectomized chickens induced stronger responses than lymphocytes from non-thymectomized ones. These results support the conclusion that in the chicken T-lymphocytes may not be the only cells involved in the development of GVH reactions and cast some doubts on the reliability of GVH reactions to check the T specificity of immunological cellular responses.	The graft-versus-host reaction in chickens: determination of some parameters. Some aspects of the ""Graft-Versus-Host'' (GVH) reaction were studied in White Leghorn chickens by assessing the splenic response of recipients to an injection of lymphocytes from donors. The responses varied according to the origin of recipient embryos as well as to the source of the donor lymphocytes. Blood lymphocytes induced a higher splenomegaly in recipients than spleen lymphocytes, at least in the first seven weeks of life. The influence of the thymus on GVH reactions was also investigated. Lymphocytes from thymectomized chickens induced stronger responses than lymphocytes from non-thymectomized ones. These results support the conclusion that in the chicken T-lymphocytes may not be the only cells involved in the development of GVH reactions and cast some doubts on the reliability of GVH reactions to check the T specificity of immunological cellular responses.
PMID:30388	A comparative study of three beta 1-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs with different degree of intrinsic stimulating activity (metoprolol, practolol and H 87/07) in patients with angina pectoris.	Three beta1-selective beta-blocker (metoprolol, practolol and H 87/07) were compared in 29 patients with stable angina pectoris. The main pharmacological difference between the three beta-blockers was their intrinsic stimulating activity (I.S.A.), metoprolol being devoid of I.S.A., practolol having moderate I.S.A. and H 87/07 having high I.S.A. Each drug was given in randomized order and the length of each cross-over period was 2 weeks. Daily activity was measured by an automatic step-counter, and subjective symptoms and nitroglycerin consumption were registered on a diary-card. Objective data, such as ECG changes and exercise capacity, were obtained by bicycle ergometer tests performed at the end of each period. At rest, the heart rate was significantly lower on metoprolol than on practolol or H 87/07. During exercise, the heart rate was significantly higher on H 87/07 than on practolol or metoprolol. No other haemodynamic differences were found between the three beta-blockers. No differences were found between the three test periods with regard to daily activity, expressed as the number of steps walked, while on the beta-blocker with high I.S.A., H 87/07, the attack rate and nitroglycerin consumption were significantly higher than when the patients were on metoprolol and practolol. No difference was found between the three beta-blockers with regard to total work or exercise time until 1 mm of S-T segment depression. Except for one patient who experienced a severe exanthema on practolol, the three beta-blockers were equally well tolerated.	A comparative study of three beta 1-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs with different degree of intrinsic stimulating activity (metoprolol, practolol and H 87/07) in patients with angina pectoris. Three beta1-selective beta-blocker (metoprolol, practolol and H 87/07) were compared in 29 patients with stable angina pectoris. The main pharmacological difference between the three beta-blockers was their intrinsic stimulating activity (I.S.A.), metoprolol being devoid of I.S.A., practolol having moderate I.S.A. and H 87/07 having high I.S.A. Each drug was given in randomized order and the length of each cross-over period was 2 weeks. Daily activity was measured by an automatic step-counter, and subjective symptoms and nitroglycerin consumption were registered on a diary-card. Objective data, such as ECG changes and exercise capacity, were obtained by bicycle ergometer tests performed at the end of each period. At rest, the heart rate was significantly lower on metoprolol than on practolol or H 87/07. During exercise, the heart rate was significantly higher on H 87/07 than on practolol or metoprolol. No other haemodynamic differences were found between the three beta-blockers. No differences were found between the three test periods with regard to daily activity, expressed as the number of steps walked, while on the beta-blocker with high I.S.A., H 87/07, the attack rate and nitroglycerin consumption were significantly higher than when the patients were on metoprolol and practolol. No difference was found between the three beta-blockers with regard to total work or exercise time until 1 mm of S-T segment depression. Except for one patient who experienced a severe exanthema on practolol, the three beta-blockers were equally well tolerated.
PMID:30390	[Nisin formation by immobilized cells of the lactic acid bacterium, Streptococcus lactis].	The problem of microbial cell immobilization at present attracts the ever increasing attention of the scientists, since such organisms may be the source of various enzymes. Production of nizin by the immobilized cells of Str. lactis was studied. It was found that the cells of Str. lactis incorporated into polyacrylamide gel produced nizit on definite media. Still, the amount of the antibiotic was 2-3 times lower than in case of using free cells. The effect of a number of factors on the process of immobilization was studied and the influence of some factors, such as temperature, pH, aeration on nizin synthesis by the immobilized cells of the streptococcus was elucidated. Optimal conditions for nizin biosynthesis by the immobilized cells of Str. lactis were developed.	[Nisin formation by immobilized cells of the lactic acid bacterium, Streptococcus lactis]. The problem of microbial cell immobilization at present attracts the ever increasing attention of the scientists, since such organisms may be the source of various enzymes. Production of nizin by the immobilized cells of Str. lactis was studied. It was found that the cells of Str. lactis incorporated into polyacrylamide gel produced nizit on definite media. Still, the amount of the antibiotic was 2-3 times lower than in case of using free cells. The effect of a number of factors on the process of immobilization was studied and the influence of some factors, such as temperature, pH, aeration on nizin synthesis by the immobilized cells of the streptococcus was elucidated. Optimal conditions for nizin biosynthesis by the immobilized cells of Str. lactis were developed.
PMID:30391	Efficiency of beef extract for the recovery of poliovirus from wastewater effluents.	The efficiency of poliovirus elution from fiber glass cartridge filters (K27), epoxy-fiber glass-asbestos filters (M780), and pleated cartridge filters was assessed by using 3% beef extract (pH 9.0) or 0.1 M glycine (pH 11.5). Poliovirus type I, strain LSc, was seeded into 20- to 25-gallon (ca. 75.6- to 95.6-liter) samples of treated sewage effluent and concentrated by using a filter adsorption-elution technique. Virus elution was accomplished by using either two 600-ml portions of 3% beef extract (pH 9.0), or two 1-liter portions of 0.1 M glycine (pH 11.5). In all experiments, beef extract elution followed by organic flocculation was found to be superior, yielding a mean recovery efficiency of 85%, with recoveries ranging from 68 to 100%. Elution with 0.1 M glycine (pH 11.5) followed by inorganic flocculation resulted in a mean recovery efficiency of 36%. The variable range of recoveries with beef extract could not be significantly improved by varying the type of beef extract or by extending the elution time to 30 min. Second-step reconcentration of 1-liter seeded sewage effluent and renovated wastewater samples indicated that organic flocculation was a more efficient method for virus recovery than inorganic flocculation. Beef extract concentrations of less than 3% were found to be efficient in the recovery of poliovirus from renovated wastewater.	Efficiency of beef extract for the recovery of poliovirus from wastewater effluents. The efficiency of poliovirus elution from fiber glass cartridge filters (K27), epoxy-fiber glass-asbestos filters (M780), and pleated cartridge filters was assessed by using 3% beef extract (pH 9.0) or 0.1 M glycine (pH 11.5). Poliovirus type I, strain LSc, was seeded into 20- to 25-gallon (ca. 75.6- to 95.6-liter) samples of treated sewage effluent and concentrated by using a filter adsorption-elution technique. Virus elution was accomplished by using either two 600-ml portions of 3% beef extract (pH 9.0), or two 1-liter portions of 0.1 M glycine (pH 11.5). In all experiments, beef extract elution followed by organic flocculation was found to be superior, yielding a mean recovery efficiency of 85%, with recoveries ranging from 68 to 100%. Elution with 0.1 M glycine (pH 11.5) followed by inorganic flocculation resulted in a mean recovery efficiency of 36%. The variable range of recoveries with beef extract could not be significantly improved by varying the type of beef extract or by extending the elution time to 30 min. Second-step reconcentration of 1-liter seeded sewage effluent and renovated wastewater samples indicated that organic flocculation was a more efficient method for virus recovery than inorganic flocculation. Beef extract concentrations of less than 3% were found to be efficient in the recovery of poliovirus from renovated wastewater.
PMID:30420	Protection of rats from compound 48/80-induced lethality. A simple test for inhibitors of mast cell-mediated shock.	The dose of 0.5 mg/kg i.v. of compound 48/80 was lethal in 97.2% of the injected rats. Observations before death and at autopsy were in accordance with the basic effect of compound 48/80 in rats i.e. the sustained release of mast cell mediators, whose action on the cardiovascular system leads to circulatory collapse. The administration of drugs with various pharmacological effects before the intravenous challenge with compound 48/80 allowed us to conclude that the following effects are not sufficient to prevent the lethal shock: inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis; H2-histamine antagonism; cholinergic, alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade; beta-adrenergic stimulation; CNS-effects of antidepressants, hypnotics, sedatives, neuroleptics or narcotic analgesics; ganglion blockade; glucocorticoid or cromoglycate-like activity. Dose-dependent protection from the lethal reaction was obtained with compounds known to exert a single or several actions of the following types: oxatomide-like inhibition of mast cell mediator release; h1-histamine antagonism; serotonin antagonism. Quantitatively, however, when measured in in vitro systems these effects are poorly related to the protection from lethal compound 48/80 challenge. The new test offers the advantage of a simple, comprehensive measure of the potency of a compound to prevent mast cell-mediated shock.	Protection of rats from compound 48/80-induced lethality. A simple test for inhibitors of mast cell-mediated shock. The dose of 0.5 mg/kg i.v. of compound 48/80 was lethal in 97.2% of the injected rats. Observations before death and at autopsy were in accordance with the basic effect of compound 48/80 in rats i.e. the sustained release of mast cell mediators, whose action on the cardiovascular system leads to circulatory collapse. The administration of drugs with various pharmacological effects before the intravenous challenge with compound 48/80 allowed us to conclude that the following effects are not sufficient to prevent the lethal shock: inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis; H2-histamine antagonism; cholinergic, alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade; beta-adrenergic stimulation; CNS-effects of antidepressants, hypnotics, sedatives, neuroleptics or narcotic analgesics; ganglion blockade; glucocorticoid or cromoglycate-like activity. Dose-dependent protection from the lethal reaction was obtained with compounds known to exert a single or several actions of the following types: oxatomide-like inhibition of mast cell mediator release; h1-histamine antagonism; serotonin antagonism. Quantitatively, however, when measured in in vitro systems these effects are poorly related to the protection from lethal compound 48/80 challenge. The new test offers the advantage of a simple, comprehensive measure of the potency of a compound to prevent mast cell-mediated shock.
PMID:30421	Anticholinesterase activity of some butyrophenones.	The anticholinesterase (antiChE) activity of haloperidol, droperidol and trifluperidol was studied by employing dog plasma as a cholinesterase source and changes in arterial blood pressure, elecited by a mixture of acetylcholine (Ach) and dog plasma with or without those drugs, as an indicator of their antiChE activity. When butyrophenones were present in concentrations of 0.5 up to 5 X 10(-4)M in plasma containing Ach the hypotensive effect of the latter was preserved. Such findings provide experimental evidence that butyrophenones may exert antiChE activity.	Anticholinesterase activity of some butyrophenones. The anticholinesterase (antiChE) activity of haloperidol, droperidol and trifluperidol was studied by employing dog plasma as a cholinesterase source and changes in arterial blood pressure, elecited by a mixture of acetylcholine (Ach) and dog plasma with or without those drugs, as an indicator of their antiChE activity. When butyrophenones were present in concentrations of 0.5 up to 5 X 10(-4)M in plasma containing Ach the hypotensive effect of the latter was preserved. Such findings provide experimental evidence that butyrophenones may exert antiChE activity.
PMID:30422	Effects of indenolol (YB-2), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, and its dextro isomer on the central nervous system of mice and rabbits.	Central depressant actions of a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, indenolol (YB-2), and its dextro isomer were studied in mice and rabbits. d-Indenolol was less active than dl-indenolol in lowering of methamphetamine group toxicity and calming of fighting behavior, though muscle relaxant, hypolocomotive and anticonvulsant effects of d-indenolol were virtually equal to those of the racemate. dl-Propranolol showed a similar profile of central depressant actions to dl-indenolol, whereas dl-practolol revealed no significant central effects in mice. The dose-response relationship between beta-blocking and central effects in the same animal species suggested that both taming and anti-methamphetamine group toxicity effects of dl-indenolol s.c. do not directly relate to either the peripheral beta-blocking or the membrane stabilizing activity. Intravenous as well as intracerebroventricular administration of dl-indenolol resulted in suppression of pressor responses to the electrical stimulation of the brain stem of unanesthetized rabbits. Neither d-indenolol nor dl-practolol was effective against the pressor responses, suggesting that these two compounds acted on the CNS in a manner different from dl-indenolol even when intracerebroventricularly administered. A possible central beta-adrenergic blocking effect of dl-indenolol was discussed in the light of mechanisms of an antihypertensive action of this compound.	Effects of indenolol (YB-2), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, and its dextro isomer on the central nervous system of mice and rabbits. Central depressant actions of a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, indenolol (YB-2), and its dextro isomer were studied in mice and rabbits. d-Indenolol was less active than dl-indenolol in lowering of methamphetamine group toxicity and calming of fighting behavior, though muscle relaxant, hypolocomotive and anticonvulsant effects of d-indenolol were virtually equal to those of the racemate. dl-Propranolol showed a similar profile of central depressant actions to dl-indenolol, whereas dl-practolol revealed no significant central effects in mice. The dose-response relationship between beta-blocking and central effects in the same animal species suggested that both taming and anti-methamphetamine group toxicity effects of dl-indenolol s.c. do not directly relate to either the peripheral beta-blocking or the membrane stabilizing activity. Intravenous as well as intracerebroventricular administration of dl-indenolol resulted in suppression of pressor responses to the electrical stimulation of the brain stem of unanesthetized rabbits. Neither d-indenolol nor dl-practolol was effective against the pressor responses, suggesting that these two compounds acted on the CNS in a manner different from dl-indenolol even when intracerebroventricularly administered. A possible central beta-adrenergic blocking effect of dl-indenolol was discussed in the light of mechanisms of an antihypertensive action of this compound.
PMID:30418	[Experimental analysis of interference between alpha-adrenergic stimulants with anti-hypertensive activity and the narcotic activity of pentobarbital].	The interactions of 3 classical alpha-adrenergic antihypertensives of prevalently central type (St 155 or clonidine St 600; BR 750 or guanabenz) with the narcotic effects of pentobarbital have been investigated in the Mus musculus. Interferences between convulsant drugs and spontaneous and coordinatory motor activity were also analysed in comparative studies.	[Experimental analysis of interference between alpha-adrenergic stimulants with anti-hypertensive activity and the narcotic activity of pentobarbital]. The interactions of 3 classical alpha-adrenergic antihypertensives of prevalently central type (St 155 or clonidine St 600; BR 750 or guanabenz) with the narcotic effects of pentobarbital have been investigated in the Mus musculus. Interferences between convulsant drugs and spontaneous and coordinatory motor activity were also analysed in comparative studies.
PMID:30423	Influence of aminophylline or beta-adrenoceptor blockade on glucagon release by a vasoactive adenosine analogue.	The glucagon-releasing activity of adenosine-5'-ethyl-carboxamide (744-96) was studied in conscious dogs pretreated either with aminophylline or with bupranolol, a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug. The adenosine antagonist, aminophylline, inhibited both the glucagon-releasing and the blood pressure lowering effects of 744-96 (10 microgram/kg i.v.). The actions of the adenosine analogue on glucagon release and haemodynamics were not affected by bupranolol pretreatment. These results indicate that the adenosine analogue mediates glucagon release by interaction with so-called adenosine receptors. A beta-adrenoceptor mediated release secondary to 744-96-induced hypotension and baroreceptor-activation can be excluded.	Influence of aminophylline or beta-adrenoceptor blockade on glucagon release by a vasoactive adenosine analogue. The glucagon-releasing activity of adenosine-5'-ethyl-carboxamide (744-96) was studied in conscious dogs pretreated either with aminophylline or with bupranolol, a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug. The adenosine antagonist, aminophylline, inhibited both the glucagon-releasing and the blood pressure lowering effects of 744-96 (10 microgram/kg i.v.). The actions of the adenosine analogue on glucagon release and haemodynamics were not affected by bupranolol pretreatment. These results indicate that the adenosine analogue mediates glucagon release by interaction with so-called adenosine receptors. A beta-adrenoceptor mediated release secondary to 744-96-induced hypotension and baroreceptor-activation can be excluded.
PMID:30425	[Importance of measuring blood volume by an isotope method in essential hypertension].	Measurement of the blood volume in cases of essential hypertension has shown a negative correlation with increase in blood pressure. We have been able to distinguish a group of moderate hypertensives who are hypervolemic, and whose systemic effect is more marked than in the moderate hypovolemic type. Such cases respond poorly to single drug therapy with beta blockers, but well to diuretics. The authors propose a general treatment scheme for essential hypertension: single therapy (beta blockers or diuretics) in mild cases of hypertension; single therapy by diuretics in the moderate types with the increased volume; single therapy by beta blockers in the moderate types with low volume, multiple treatment with the drugs together in cases of severe hypertension.	[Importance of measuring blood volume by an isotope method in essential hypertension]. Measurement of the blood volume in cases of essential hypertension has shown a negative correlation with increase in blood pressure. We have been able to distinguish a group of moderate hypertensives who are hypervolemic, and whose systemic effect is more marked than in the moderate hypovolemic type. Such cases respond poorly to single drug therapy with beta blockers, but well to diuretics. The authors propose a general treatment scheme for essential hypertension: single therapy (beta blockers or diuretics) in mild cases of hypertension; single therapy by diuretics in the moderate types with the increased volume; single therapy by beta blockers in the moderate types with low volume, multiple treatment with the drugs together in cases of severe hypertension.
PMID:30426	Neuroleptic-induced prolactin level elevation and breast cancer: an emerging clinical issue.	This article reviews the evidence that neuroleptics may increase the risk of breast cancer via their effects on prolactin secretion. All available neuroleptics, including reserpine, raise serum prolactin levels. Elevated serum prolactin level increases the incidence of spontaneously occurring mammary tumors in mice, and increases the growth of established carcinogen-induced mammary tumors in rats. Caution is necessary in extrapolating this relationship to human mammary tumors because human and rodent tumors differ in some important characteristics, including hormone responsiveness. Serum prolactin levels in women with, or at risk for, breast cancer have generally been normal, and only a minority of human mammary tumors respond to changes in serum prolactin levels. Epidemiologic studies have failed to demonstrate an increased risk of breast cancer associated with the use of neuroleptics or reserpine. Thus, although some human mammary tumors are prolactin dependent, the available evidence does not demonstrate an increased risk of breast cancer in women receiving neuroleptics. We conclude that (1) additional epidemiologic studies of the incidence of mammary tumors in women treated with neuroleptics are desirable; (2) it is premature to mandate warning patients of an unknown and undemonstrated increase in the risk of developing breast cancer associated with neuroleptic treatment; (3) detection of existing mammary tumors by breast examination prior to administration of neuroleptics is desirable; and (4) development of antipsychotic drugs that do not increase serum prolactin level may be indicated.	Neuroleptic-induced prolactin level elevation and breast cancer: an emerging clinical issue. This article reviews the evidence that neuroleptics may increase the risk of breast cancer via their effects on prolactin secretion. All available neuroleptics, including reserpine, raise serum prolactin levels. Elevated serum prolactin level increases the incidence of spontaneously occurring mammary tumors in mice, and increases the growth of established carcinogen-induced mammary tumors in rats. Caution is necessary in extrapolating this relationship to human mammary tumors because human and rodent tumors differ in some important characteristics, including hormone responsiveness. Serum prolactin levels in women with, or at risk for, breast cancer have generally been normal, and only a minority of human mammary tumors respond to changes in serum prolactin levels. Epidemiologic studies have failed to demonstrate an increased risk of breast cancer associated with the use of neuroleptics or reserpine. Thus, although some human mammary tumors are prolactin dependent, the available evidence does not demonstrate an increased risk of breast cancer in women receiving neuroleptics. We conclude that (1) additional epidemiologic studies of the incidence of mammary tumors in women treated with neuroleptics are desirable; (2) it is premature to mandate warning patients of an unknown and undemonstrated increase in the risk of developing breast cancer associated with neuroleptic treatment; (3) detection of existing mammary tumors by breast examination prior to administration of neuroleptics is desirable; and (4) development of antipsychotic drugs that do not increase serum prolactin level may be indicated.
PMID:30427	Delusional unipolar depression: description and drug response.	This retrospective study describes the response of 13 delusional unipolar depressives to combination antipsychotic-tricyclic antidepressant drug therapy. The Research Diagnostic Criteria were used by two independent raters to verify the presence of a delusional, primary, unipolar, major depressive disorder. Thirteen patients met the criteria and received combined antipsychotic-antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Twelve of the 13 responded. This contrasts sharply with the low response rate described for delusional depressives when treated with tricyclic antidepressants alone. Descriptive characteristics of the delusional depressives were compared with those of a group of nondelusional unipolar depressives. Delusional depressives had histories of a greater number of prior depressive episodes and more of the delusional depressives demonstrated a psychomotor disturbance.	Delusional unipolar depression: description and drug response. This retrospective study describes the response of 13 delusional unipolar depressives to combination antipsychotic-tricyclic antidepressant drug therapy. The Research Diagnostic Criteria were used by two independent raters to verify the presence of a delusional, primary, unipolar, major depressive disorder. Thirteen patients met the criteria and received combined antipsychotic-antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Twelve of the 13 responded. This contrasts sharply with the low response rate described for delusional depressives when treated with tricyclic antidepressants alone. Descriptive characteristics of the delusional depressives were compared with those of a group of nondelusional unipolar depressives. Delusional depressives had histories of a greater number of prior depressive episodes and more of the delusional depressives demonstrated a psychomotor disturbance.
PMID:30428	Benzodiazepines in depressive disorders.	Some investigators have found benzodiazepines effective in the treatment of anxious depression and thus have argued that benzodiazepines were "antidepressants." We reviewed the literature on benzodiazepines in depressive disorders. Comparative studies indicate they are less effective than standard antidepressants in the treatment of several types of depressive illnesses. Although they display definite anxiolytic properties and may elevate mood, they exert limited effect on the core symptoms of endogenous depression. An argument is made that benzodiazepines are primarily anxiolytic rather than antidepressant.	Benzodiazepines in depressive disorders. Some investigators have found benzodiazepines effective in the treatment of anxious depression and thus have argued that benzodiazepines were "antidepressants." We reviewed the literature on benzodiazepines in depressive disorders. Comparative studies indicate they are less effective than standard antidepressants in the treatment of several types of depressive illnesses. Although they display definite anxiolytic properties and may elevate mood, they exert limited effect on the core symptoms of endogenous depression. An argument is made that benzodiazepines are primarily anxiolytic rather than antidepressant.
PMID:30429	Use of antidepressant drugs in schizophrenia.	This review surveys the therapeutic efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in schizophrenic patients. In general, the use of these drugs alone was found not to be warranted in schizophrenia, except perhaps in the so-called pseudoneurotic subgroup. In most cases, combinations of antidepressants and phenothiazines were not more beneficial than phenothiazines alone. In particular, the conditions of agitated patients and patients with histories of social deviance dating back to childhood were often made worse by the addition of an antidepressant. However, when the patients who demonstrated symptoms of clinical depression other than anergia were isolated from several of these studies, it was found that they constituted a subgroup that was often benefited by use of these combinations. Favorable and unfavorable clinical response patterns are discussed, and recommendations for future research are outlined.	Use of antidepressant drugs in schizophrenia. This review surveys the therapeutic efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in schizophrenic patients. In general, the use of these drugs alone was found not to be warranted in schizophrenia, except perhaps in the so-called pseudoneurotic subgroup. In most cases, combinations of antidepressants and phenothiazines were not more beneficial than phenothiazines alone. In particular, the conditions of agitated patients and patients with histories of social deviance dating back to childhood were often made worse by the addition of an antidepressant. However, when the patients who demonstrated symptoms of clinical depression other than anergia were isolated from several of these studies, it was found that they constituted a subgroup that was often benefited by use of these combinations. Favorable and unfavorable clinical response patterns are discussed, and recommendations for future research are outlined.
PMID:30430	The effect of methylphenidate on serum growth hormone: influence of antipsychotic drugs and diagnosis.	Intravenously administered methylphenidate, 0.5 mg/kg, causes a consistent rise in human serum growth hormone level, with peak values usually occurring 30 minutes after infusion. This rise is attenuated in patients receiving various antipsychotic medications administered on a long-term basis and is decreased in schizophrenic and drug-dependent patients. Methylphenidate causes increases in talkativeness, blood pressure, and pulse that generally parallel increases in serum growth hormone level. However, in contrast to the methylphenidate-induced rise in serum growth hormone level, methylphenidate-induced changes in cardiovascular variables and talkativeness are not altered by antipsychotic medications or diagnostic classification.	The effect of methylphenidate on serum growth hormone: influence of antipsychotic drugs and diagnosis. Intravenously administered methylphenidate, 0.5 mg/kg, causes a consistent rise in human serum growth hormone level, with peak values usually occurring 30 minutes after infusion. This rise is attenuated in patients receiving various antipsychotic medications administered on a long-term basis and is decreased in schizophrenic and drug-dependent patients. Methylphenidate causes increases in talkativeness, blood pressure, and pulse that generally parallel increases in serum growth hormone level. However, in contrast to the methylphenidate-induced rise in serum growth hormone level, methylphenidate-induced changes in cardiovascular variables and talkativeness are not altered by antipsychotic medications or diagnostic classification.
PMID:30431	Clinical significance of an increased or decreased serum alkaline phosphatase level.	An increase in the level of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) may be caused by a wide variety of pathologic lesions that involve multiple organs, since the enzyme is an ubiquitous one. Before one attempts to identify a significant pathologic abnormality, the clinician should consider the possibility of a physiologic or spurious cause for an increased level of ALP. A decreased ALP level also has diagnostic value.	Clinical significance of an increased or decreased serum alkaline phosphatase level. An increase in the level of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) may be caused by a wide variety of pathologic lesions that involve multiple organs, since the enzyme is an ubiquitous one. Before one attempts to identify a significant pathologic abnormality, the clinician should consider the possibility of a physiologic or spurious cause for an increased level of ALP. A decreased ALP level also has diagnostic value.
PMID:30433	Metal chelate affinity chromatography of hamster interferon.	Syrian hamster interferon, produced by benzo(a)pyrene-transformed embryo cells does not display an affinity for Zn++ chelate-agarose. However, the interferon binds to Cu++ chelate-agarose and can be displaced from the column by a falling pH-gradient. The chromatography of crude hamster interferon preparation on a tandem of columsn: Zn++ chelate-agarose in equilibrium Cu++ chelate-agarose results in a 25-fold purification of interferon.	Metal chelate affinity chromatography of hamster interferon. Syrian hamster interferon, produced by benzo(a)pyrene-transformed embryo cells does not display an affinity for Zn++ chelate-agarose. However, the interferon binds to Cu++ chelate-agarose and can be displaced from the column by a falling pH-gradient. The chromatography of crude hamster interferon preparation on a tandem of columsn: Zn++ chelate-agarose in equilibrium Cu++ chelate-agarose results in a 25-fold purification of interferon.
PMID:30438	Orthodontic seminar: a realistic approach construction, adjustment and repair of appliances.	Details of the design and construction of removable and simple fixed appliances are presented. Equipment, instruments, and supplies are listed. Welding, soldering, banding and bonding are illustrated. Finally, step-by-step descriptions are given of first aid measures for the repair of fixed appliances applicable to the general practice situation.	Orthodontic seminar: a realistic approach construction, adjustment and repair of appliances. Details of the design and construction of removable and simple fixed appliances are presented. Equipment, instruments, and supplies are listed. Welding, soldering, banding and bonding are illustrated. Finally, step-by-step descriptions are given of first aid measures for the repair of fixed appliances applicable to the general practice situation.
PMID:30439	Myocardial infarction--the problems and prognosis: Paper 1.	Deaths from coronary heart disease and myocardial infarct may occur in previously undiagnosed subjects (the so called pre-hospital phase), in hospital following admission to a coronary care unit, or following discharge. Mortality in the pre-hospital phase has been estimated at 35--40 per cent. Within Australia the mortality in the coronary care unit is 11--17 per cent. Following discharge, the mortality is about 20 per cent in the first 12 months and then occurs at about four to five per cent per year for the first five years.	Myocardial infarction--the problems and prognosis: Paper 1. Deaths from coronary heart disease and myocardial infarct may occur in previously undiagnosed subjects (the so called pre-hospital phase), in hospital following admission to a coronary care unit, or following discharge. Mortality in the pre-hospital phase has been estimated at 35--40 per cent. Within Australia the mortality in the coronary care unit is 11--17 per cent. Following discharge, the mortality is about 20 per cent in the first 12 months and then occurs at about four to five per cent per year for the first five years.
PMID:30440	Factors influencing the infarct: the place of beta-blockade in limiting infarct size.	The mechanisms whereby myocardial infarction in man is precipitated are not understood--largely because the event is usually well established by the time medical help is called, but also because the techniques available have not yet permitted analysis of the earliest changes. On the other hand, the consequences of myocardial infarction for the heart and circulation are now well understood, and the need for therapy better appreciated.	Factors influencing the infarct: the place of beta-blockade in limiting infarct size. The mechanisms whereby myocardial infarction in man is precipitated are not understood--largely because the event is usually well established by the time medical help is called, but also because the techniques available have not yet permitted analysis of the earliest changes. On the other hand, the consequences of myocardial infarction for the heart and circulation are now well understood, and the need for therapy better appreciated.
PMID:30441	The role of long term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction: Paper 1.	The opinion is emerging that beta-blocking drugs have an important role in management of patients following acute myocardial infarction. Already beta-blocking drugs are accepted as the treatment of choice in hypertension and in angina pectoris--in the major risk factor and consequence respectively of coronary atherosclerosis, and both commonly recognized in patients who survive acute myocardial infarction. But beta-blocking drugs also may be of benefit in reducing the incidence and risk of subsequent infarction, and so may be of value for long term treatment of patients who have no symptoms whatever following acute infarction.	The role of long term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction: Paper 1. The opinion is emerging that beta-blocking drugs have an important role in management of patients following acute myocardial infarction. Already beta-blocking drugs are accepted as the treatment of choice in hypertension and in angina pectoris--in the major risk factor and consequence respectively of coronary atherosclerosis, and both commonly recognized in patients who survive acute myocardial infarction. But beta-blocking drugs also may be of benefit in reducing the incidence and risk of subsequent infarction, and so may be of value for long term treatment of patients who have no symptoms whatever following acute infarction.
PMID:30442	The role of long term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction: Paper 2.	Acute myocardial infarction is associated with pain, tissue damage and circulatory impairment. As a result of these changes, there is increased sympathetic drive to the heart in the form of increased sympathetic nerve activity and increased circulating catecholamines.	The role of long term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction: Paper 2. Acute myocardial infarction is associated with pain, tissue damage and circulatory impairment. As a result of these changes, there is increased sympathetic drive to the heart in the form of increased sympathetic nerve activity and increased circulating catecholamines.
PMID:30443	The role of long term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction: Paper 3.	For many years the search has gone on for suitable drug therapy to improve survival following myocardial infarction. Most recently, beta-adrenergic blockade has entered the lists. Naturally beta-blockade is used in the conventional way to combat angina pectoris following an infarct, and one can expect that 70 per cent of patients will obtain significant relief.	The role of long term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction: Paper 3. For many years the search has gone on for suitable drug therapy to improve survival following myocardial infarction. Most recently, beta-adrenergic blockade has entered the lists. Naturally beta-blockade is used in the conventional way to combat angina pectoris following an infarct, and one can expect that 70 per cent of patients will obtain significant relief.
PMID:30444	The role of long term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction: Paper 4.	The place of beta-blockade following myocardial infarction should be considered in two phases; the acute infarction, and the long term management after infarction.	The role of long term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction: Paper 4. The place of beta-blockade following myocardial infarction should be considered in two phases; the acute infarction, and the long term management after infarction.
PMID:30445	Susceptibility of orbiviruses to low pH and to organic solvents.	Six orbiviruses, Corriparta, Wallal, Eubenangee, D'Aguilar, Warrego and Mitchell River, were inactivated within 30 min in solutions of pH less than 6. All but Wallal virus resisted treatment with ether at 1 degrees for 22 h but only Corriparta virus resisted treatment with chloroform at 1 degrees for 22 h. The genomes of the orbiviruses, including Corriparta virus, after electrophoresis in acrylamide gels separated into basically similar patterns which were distinct from the pattern of reovirus RNA.	Susceptibility of orbiviruses to low pH and to organic solvents. Six orbiviruses, Corriparta, Wallal, Eubenangee, D'Aguilar, Warrego and Mitchell River, were inactivated within 30 min in solutions of pH less than 6. All but Wallal virus resisted treatment with ether at 1 degrees for 22 h but only Corriparta virus resisted treatment with chloroform at 1 degrees for 22 h. The genomes of the orbiviruses, including Corriparta virus, after electrophoresis in acrylamide gels separated into basically similar patterns which were distinct from the pattern of reovirus RNA.
PMID:30447	Kinetics and reaction mechanism of potassium-activated aldehyde dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	Data from steady-state kinetic analysis of yeast K+-activated aldehyde dehydrogenase are consistent with a ternary complex mechanism. Evidence from alternative substrate analysis and product-inhibition studies supports an ordered sequence of substrate binding in which NAD+ is the leading substrate. A preincubation requirement for NAD+ for maximum activity is also consistent with the importance of a binary enzyme-NAD+ complex. Dissociation constant for enzyme-NAD+ complex determined kinetically is in reasonable agreement with that determined by direct binding. The order of substrate addition proposed here differs from that proposed for a yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase previously reported. Different methods of purification produced an enzyme that showed similar kinetic characteristics to those reported here.	Kinetics and reaction mechanism of potassium-activated aldehyde dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Data from steady-state kinetic analysis of yeast K+-activated aldehyde dehydrogenase are consistent with a ternary complex mechanism. Evidence from alternative substrate analysis and product-inhibition studies supports an ordered sequence of substrate binding in which NAD+ is the leading substrate. A preincubation requirement for NAD+ for maximum activity is also consistent with the importance of a binary enzyme-NAD+ complex. Dissociation constant for enzyme-NAD+ complex determined kinetically is in reasonable agreement with that determined by direct binding. The order of substrate addition proposed here differs from that proposed for a yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase previously reported. Different methods of purification produced an enzyme that showed similar kinetic characteristics to those reported here.
PMID:30448	Electron-paramagnetic-resonance studies on the redox properties of the molybdenum-iron protein of nitrogenase between +50 and -450 mV.	The midpoint potentials, Em, for the oxidation of the characteristic e.p.r. signal with g values near 4.3, 3.7 and 2.01, of the nitrogenase Mo-Fe proteins from a number of bacteria were measured. They were 0mV for Clostridium pasteurianum, -42mV for Azotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter vinelandii, -95mV for Bacillus polymyxa and -180mV for Klebsiella pneumoniae Mo-Fe proteins at pH 7.9. The oxidations were thermodynamically reversible for the proteins from A. chroococcum, A. vinelandii and K. pneumoniae and the Em was independent of protein activity for this last protein. The protein from C. pasteurianum required a lower potential for reduction than for oxidation, and the oxidation of the protein from B. polymyxa was only 70% reversible. The apparent Em of the latter protein was decreased by 40mV in the presence of 60mM-MgCl2. The pH-dependence of the Em of the protein from K. pneumoniae was interpreted in terms of a single ionization, not directly associated with the e.p.r.-active centre, with a pKa of 7.0 in the oxidized form of the protein and a pH-independent region at low pH (Em = 118 +/- 6.3 mV). Approx. 20% increase in activity after oxidation was observed for the proteins from B. polymyxa, A. chroococcum and K. pneumoniae. The significance of the above results and their relationship to other published data are discussed.	Electron-paramagnetic-resonance studies on the redox properties of the molybdenum-iron protein of nitrogenase between +50 and -450 mV. The midpoint potentials, Em, for the oxidation of the characteristic e.p.r. signal with g values near 4.3, 3.7 and 2.01, of the nitrogenase Mo-Fe proteins from a number of bacteria were measured. They were 0mV for Clostridium pasteurianum, -42mV for Azotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter vinelandii, -95mV for Bacillus polymyxa and -180mV for Klebsiella pneumoniae Mo-Fe proteins at pH 7.9. The oxidations were thermodynamically reversible for the proteins from A. chroococcum, A. vinelandii and K. pneumoniae and the Em was independent of protein activity for this last protein. The protein from C. pasteurianum required a lower potential for reduction than for oxidation, and the oxidation of the protein from B. polymyxa was only 70% reversible. The apparent Em of the latter protein was decreased by 40mV in the presence of 60mM-MgCl2. The pH-dependence of the Em of the protein from K. pneumoniae was interpreted in terms of a single ionization, not directly associated with the e.p.r.-active centre, with a pKa of 7.0 in the oxidized form of the protein and a pH-independent region at low pH (Em = 118 +/- 6.3 mV). Approx. 20% increase in activity after oxidation was observed for the proteins from B. polymyxa, A. chroococcum and K. pneumoniae. The significance of the above results and their relationship to other published data are discussed.