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abstract : opening section of a scientific paper that summarizes the research and conclusions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
applied science : form of science that aims to solve real-world problems | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
atom : smallest and most fundamental unit of matter | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
basic science : science that seeks to expand knowledge and understanding regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
biochemistry : study of the chemistry of biological organisms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
biology : the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
biosphere : collection of all the ecosystems on Earth | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
botany : study of plants | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
cell : smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
community : set of populations inhabiting a particular area | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
conclusion : section of a scientific paper that summarizes the importance of the experimental findings | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
control : part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
deductive reasoning : form of logical thinking that uses a general inclusive statement to forecast specific results | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
descriptive science : (also, discovery science) form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
discussion : section of a scientific paper in which the author interprets experimental results, describes how variables may be related, and attempts to explain the phenomenon in question | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
ecosystem : all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
eukaryote : organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
evolution : process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species and some species become extinct | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
falsifiable : able to be disproven by experimental results | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
homeostasis : ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
hypothesis : suggested explanation for an observation, which can be tested | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
hypothesis-based science : form of science that begins with a specific question and potential testable answers | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
inductive reasoning : form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
introduction : opening section of a scientific paper, which provides background information about what was known in the field prior to the research reported in the paper | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
life science : field of science, such as biology, that studies living things | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
macromolecule : large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
materials and methods : section of a scientific paper that includes a complete description of the substances, methods, and techniques used by the researchers to gather data | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
microbiology : study of the structure and function of microorganisms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
molecular biology : study of biological processes and their regulation at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
molecule : chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
natural science : field of science that is related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
neurobiology : study of the biology of the nervous system | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
organ : collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
organ system : level of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
organelle : small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
organism : individual living entity | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
paleontology : study of lifeâs history by means of fossils | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
peer-reviewed manuscript : scientific paper that is reviewed by a scientistâs colleagues who are experts in the field of study | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
phylogenetic tree : diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both; in essence, a hypothesis concerning evolutionary connections | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
physical science : field of science, such as geology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
plagiarism : using other peopleâs work or ideas without proper citation, creating the false impression that those are the authorâs original ideas | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
population : all of the individuals of a species living within a specific area | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
prokaryote : single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
results : section of a scientific paper in which the author narrates the experimental findings and presents relevant figures, pictures, diagrams, graphs, and tables, without any further interpretation | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
review article : paper that summarizes and comments on findings that were published as primary literature | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
science : knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
scientific method : method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
serendipity : fortunate accident or a lucky surprise | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
theory : tested and confirmed explanation for observations or
phenomena | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
tissue : group of similar cells carrying out related functions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
variable : part of an experiment that the experimenter can vary or
change | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
zoology : study of animals | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms |
acid : molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
adhesion : attraction between water molecules and other molecules | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
aliphatic hydrocarbon : hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
anion : negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
aromatic hydrocarbon : hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
atom : the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
atomic mass : calculated mean of the mass number for an elementâs isotopes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
atomic number : total number of protons in an atom | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
balanced chemical equation : statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
base : molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
buffer : substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
calorie : amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
capillary action : occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the tubes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
cation : positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
chemical bond : interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
chemical reaction : process leading to the rearrangement of atoms in molecules | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
chemical reactivity : the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
cohesion : intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
compound : substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
covalent bond : type of strong bond formed between two of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
dissociation : release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+and OH- | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
electrolyte : ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
electron : negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of â1 unit | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
electron configuration : arrangement of electrons in an atomâs electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
electron orbital : how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where an electron is most likely to be found | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
electron transfer : movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of ionic bonds | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
electronegativity : ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
element : one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
enantiomers : molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
equilibrium : steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
evaporation : separation of individual molecules from the surface of a body of water, leaves of a plant, or the skin of an organism | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
functional group : group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
geometric isomer : isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
heat of vaporization of water : high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
hydrocarbon : molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
hydrogen bond : weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms to slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
hydrophilic : describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
hydrophobic : describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
inert gas : (also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
ion : atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
ionic bond : chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
irreversible chemical reaction : chemical reaction where reactants proceed uni-directionally to form products | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
isomers : molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
isotope : one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
law of mass action : chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
litmus paper : (also, pH paper) filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes so it can be used as a pH indicator | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
mass number : total number of protons and neutrons in an atom | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
matter : anything that has mass and occupies space | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms |
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