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"abstract": "Abstract—In this paper, we describe a new method for surgery simulation including a volumetric model built from medical images and an elastic modeling of the deformations. The physical model is based on elasticity theory which suitably links the shape of deformable bodies and the forces associated with the deformation. A real-time computation of the deformation is possible thanks to a preprocessing of elementary deformations derived from a finite element method. This method has been implemented in a system including a force feedback device and a collision detection algorithm. The simulator works in real-time with a high resolution liver model.",
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"abstract": "Abstract—Recently, multiresolution visualization methods have become an indispensable ingredient of real-time interactive postprocessing. The enormous databases, typically coming along with some hierarchical structure, are locally resolved on different levels of detail to achieve a significant savings of CPU and rendering time. Here, the method of adaptive projection and the corresponding operators on data functions, respectively, are introduced. They are defined and discussed as mathematically rigorous foundations for multiresolution data analysis. Keeping in mind data from efficient numerical multigrid methods, this approach applies to hierarchical nested grids consisting of elements which are any tensor product of simplices, generated recursively by an arbitrary, finite set of refinement rules from some coarse grid. The corresponding visualization algorithms, e.g., color shading on slices or isosurface rendering, are confined to an appropriate depth-first traversal of the grid hierarchy. A continuous projection of the data onto an adaptive, extracted subgrid is thereby calculated recursively. The presented concept covers different methods of local error measurement, time-dependent data which have to be interpolated from a sequence of key frames, and a tool for local data focusing. Furthermore, it allows for a continuous level of detail.",
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