Ezweni yesayensi akukho incazelo eyodwa, nokuchaza umqondo of icala lomthetho. Izinhlobo of icala lomthetho kukhona izikhungo ayisisekelo, okuyinto afakiwe umthetho yasekhaya, njengoba etintfweni eyinhloko yalezi nezinye ubudlelwane zomthetho. Ngakho-ke, umbhali ngamunye unikeza le ncazelo, ugxila lawo maphuzu ngalo azibheka njengezibalulekile.Umqondo umthwalo zomthethoI inguqulo evamile kwencazelo nomqondo ukuphoqwa yisikali sokuthi indlela efanele State asabela ngayo tort. Nakuba le ncazelo kunencazelo ebanzi futhi kungumsebenzi zomthetho. Kulokhu, umthwalo zomthetho, umqondo, izici, izinhlobo zazo zivela endaweni icala, inenani kancane ngaphezulu emincane.Nokho, abanye abalobi kufanisa ethemini nge isijeziso esisheshayo engase iphazamise noma ubugebengu. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ilungelo kuyoba bezibona of icala lomthetho njengohlobo oluthile esingokomthetho, ukuqaliswa unswinyo, njll inkolelo Abaningana impela ethandwa, kwakhiwa esanda kutholakala, ungabiza isikhundla elandelayo abameli: umqondo nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo of icala lomthetho - jikelele uhlobo abaningi abanawo ..Ukuqhathanisa ukuzimisela umthwalo phezu nemiqondo ephatheleneSikhishwe izincazelo eziningana lo mqondo, kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa kubo bese ngokwengxenye kuqashelwe ukuthi imizuzwana embalwa esivela umbuthano eziyisisekelo kwethemu. Okokuqala, kungenxa isicelo ubudlelwano kumuntu osonile unswinyo ezifanele, ngokuvamile inikeza kuyinsakavukela zomthetho. Okwesibili, esilinganisweni ephumelela kunazo yokuphoqelela abantu esenzweni esithile nguMkhandlu State. Okwesithathu, umqondo umthwalo esemthethweni (izinhlobo of icala lomthetho kanye) sivezwe kula uhlobo siqu, nokuswela yenhlangano noma impahla.Kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi isijeziso umthwalo - nakanjani ilingane umqondo ngoba, ngaphezu isijeziso esikhulu, kukhona nethonya ngomoni, Injongo ogama main nokuvuselelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo umthwalo zomthetho, ubheka kulo kubonisa akhuza izenzo zobugebengu esimweni nomphakathi ezingeni.Futhi uzinake ukuthi isibopho ngokwalo alikwazi akhiwa okubhekene zomthetho. Ukuba ingxenye ezimele ilungelo subjective, igama elithi "Umsebenzi" kuhlanganisa e nencazelo yalo yokuzibusa ngaphandle kunoma ikuphi ukubophezeleka. Nakuba ndaba zalutho futhi ngokungacabangi kukhona izinhlangothi eziphikisanayo ngempela of icala lomthetho.Izimpawu of icala lomthethoNgaleli cala elenzeka kanye kuzona ukuze isibopho sezomthetho lakhe lomthetho (umqondo, izici, izinhlobo ke idinga ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngezansi) ngeke ibonakale umthwalo jikelele zomphakathi nezomthetho. A umuzwa wesibopho, yecala maqondana nomthetho futhi abakwazi ukuchaza kwethemu. Nokho, kufanele kwenzeke ukuba bathi isiko lomthetho futhi umqondo womuntu wobulungisa basonta okuthiwa umthwalo bakuthathe. Lokho kusho ukuthi umthwalo zomthetho iba yi yokuntula umuzwa wesibopho, imithwalo yakhe zengqondo nomphakathi kanye zomthetho kanye nezikhundla ampofu civil.Ukuze beze umthwalo zomthetho, umqondo, izimiso kanye nemibono okuyinto encike ngqo kwi endaweni nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana futhi zomthetho, kufanele enze isenzo ezimbi. I Izishoshovu zamalungelo amagama athile abizwa ngokuthi Torts umqondo jikelele - icala. isibopho sezomthetho zezomthetho okuhlaselayo kungenzeka kuphela uma izenzo isephulamthetho isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi icala noma amacala. Kunoma ikuphi, ukoniwa siqukethe izinhlangothi inhloso kanye subjective into izenzo ezingekho emthethweni.Izizathu ngokulethaUmqondo uyothweswa icala futhi izinhlobo yemfanelo engokomthetho encike ngqo kusuka komunye nomunye, ngoba ubugebengu noma tort zincane uhlelo ebese izimpawu inhloso kanye subjective. Eceleni ku ingxenye icala ngalinye, ungakwazi ukusho amazwi ambalwa.Ukuze ukuchaza ngokugcwele ukoniwa, kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukuthola ukuthi yini eye yaba into ukuhlaselwa ethize, kodwa futhi ukuze abone lowo muntu ohilelekile ukoniwa noma uye wenza tort kule wedwa.Ibizwa ngokuthi isihloko icala. Imiqondo, izimpawu, izinhlobo of icala lomthetho (basekela okuhlaselayo yayo futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile) ingahluka umuntu okuphathe kabi, kuye ngesidingo ukulethe nezibopho zomthetho lakamuva.Ukwakheka ukoniwa: inhloko yemusho, mentiwaIzizathu okuhlaselayo isibopho sezomthetho zomthetho kwezincwadi kuncike ezintweni ukubunjwa ukoniwa, esakhiwa lezi zinto:1. Into ka tort zomthetho.2. Isihloko ukoniwa.3. Inhloso ecaleni lomthetho icala.4. Uhlangothi subjective icala.Iphuzu elibalulekile lapha ukuthi ngokungabi bikho okungenani eyodwa iphuzu eliganukejako isibopho sezomthetho zomthetho akunakwenzeka. Kuphela ukuqedela ubugebengu uyakwazi ukukhiqiza lolu hlobo umthwalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, icala lomthetho noma tort - akuyona nje isisekelo icala, kodwa futhi uhlobo lokuma, ekhombisa isikhathi nesenzakalo we Eqinisweni zomthetho ethile.khona njalo of icala lomthethoUmqondo, izinjongo kanye nezinhlobo of icala lomthetho kukhona ngqo wakhona kwenkululeko ukoniwa. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, uqaphele ukuthi udala umthwalo zomthetho njengoba enjalo ayinakwenzeka. Lokhu ngeke wenze igunya edinga ikomiti yokwahlulela noma zokuphatha. Ukwenza isinqumo ethize noma ukufunda lesi sinqumo, kahulumeni abathintekayo kulolu daba, asisho ukukhiqiza noma yini entsha. Ngu ngezenzo zayo, kuphela uveza iqiniso kokuba isibopho sezomthetho zomthetho, eqhuba concretizing ukufana phakathi kwalo kanye unswinyo lomthetho, futhi lokhu kubonakala kuyisixazululo esingaphelele ukuqaliswa ngqo of icala lomthetho.ukuphoqwa Ukuxhumana kanye nomthwalo wemfanelokokucindezelwa State futhi hhayi elisuselwa isikhundla eyisisekelo, umqondo of icala lomthetho. Izinhlobo of icala lomthetho noma kunjalo ukubandakanya ukuswela ezithile, okuyinto ubophekile ukuba ibhekane icala. Naphezu ukufakwa angangabazeki lisho ukuthini igama elithi zombuso impoqo, inani layo akusho isicelo sokuthatha lezi zinyathelo. Ukuyibeka kalula, ungakwazi kancane ehlukile: ikuphi ukubophezeleka kusengathiwa sibhekwe komsebenzi test uma kwenzeka unswinyo umthetho oqondile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucingo oxhumene ngokuphelele, le miqondo emibili futhi kungenzeka, kusukela umkhuba uyakhumbula izimo eziningi lapho kuye kwaba khona umthwalo engokomthetho kulelo ukuphoqwa izinyathelo isimo azisuswanga.Isibonelo esiyinhloko kuyisimiso aphelelwe yisikhathi ukulinganiselwa, kuleso simo zingase lowo okonile emthwalweni isijeziso esimweni imisiwe ukuthola yayo futhi aqaphele okubhekene ke.Ziyisijeziso kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo kwesokudlaubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi imigomo emibili eyisisekelo wesayensi zomthetho ngalutho, ubhekwa into eyodwa ngaphezulu. Ukuphoqelela yizinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo zomthetho, umqondo, izinhlobo, lapho base awusekelwe izimiso isijeziso ukuthi kuyinto amayunithi ehlukile futhi Okusizayo engahlobene. Ngokuhlukaniswa, ukuhlolwa impilo isimo lokudakwa oludakayo, ukucela, nokuningi ziyadingeka ukwenza ngaleso isibopho sezomthetho wangafika.Njengoba ukuqedwa umthwalo zomthetho futhi kuholela kwaqedwa efanele yezomthetho, singaphetha ngokuthi ikhona kuzo zonke izigaba khona kwabo. Vuka nokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo uma ieala okuyinto isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu.Ekuphileni okungokoqobo, akukho izici esiyimbangela ayikwazi bahlanganyele kunoma yiluphi izenzo zokuqinisa umthetho. Ngalo mqondo, belinganisa isikhundla yokuba umqondo of icala lomthetho. Izinhlobo of icala lomthetho ancike izici zako, futhi imininingwane yalolu ekusetshenzisweni kwazo futhi kungekho mithetho elandelwayo.Izinhlobo of icala lomthethoIzigaba ngezigaba ukuze isayensi yesimanje ngokwanele. Hlangana nokhunye main enquma zezintaka ehluphayo, ukwaba ezifana:yezikhungo zomphakathi yokuthatha uzoqalisa ukusebenza eqhubeka efeza kwezobulungiswa;ubunjalo umthetho unswinyo;ukusebenza ukushushisa;umkhakha izimpawu.Lesi sakamuva kwaba ukusetshenziswa ezivamile izincwadi, izincwadi, kanye ezingeni zomthetho. Ngenxa yalesi iziqu ungathola izinhlobo eziningana eziyinhloko of icala lomthetho:Izigwegwe.Ewufanele ukusicabangela eningiliziwe ngamunye izinto ngenhla.Material futhi umthwalo kwezigwegweUhlobo elula zemithwalo yemfanelo engokomthetho kusobala impahla. Ngokwejwayelekile kwenzeka endabeni ukulinyazwa kwempahla ejensi, izinhlangano kanye namabhizinisi kwabasebenzi lalo. Umonakalo nencithakalo kukalwa yimali elenziwe inhlawulo futhi kuqoqwa mthetho. isikhungo ekuphathweni buthakathaka ubophekile ukuba enze oda ezifanele. Ngemva nokuvulwa zonke ukulahlekelwa asisasebenzi futhi ubudlelwano obusemthethweni.Ngenxa yalokho lokwephulwa nokuziphatha esikoleni, esikhathini ibhizinisi, phakathi nenkonzo yezempi, futhi kwezinye izimo kungenzeka umthwalo kwezigwegwe. Lolu hlobo of icala igcwele nemiphumela ngesimo isijeziso olusemthethweni, uhlobo okuyinto ubhekwa isixwayiso, a ukhuze. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungenzeka ukuxoshwa.Lubhekele ubudlelwane zomthetho nezokuphathaumthwalo Legal, umqondo, ukubunjwa, zinhlobo ezisiza ukuqonda okushiwo nendzima sikhungo lesisemtsetfweni, itholakala iqembu ehlukile, uma sinezici ingozi emphakathini. Kuyinto umthwalo zokuphatha, okuyinto kuphakama esimweni ikhomishana ukoniwa. Izinyathelo ezivamile yokuphoqelela abantu esenzweni esithile, ubudlelwane zokuphatha concomitant, ukhonza inhlawulo noma eminye imikhawulo zomthetho.Ezikhona izinhlangano kuphela umphakathi ungakwazi ukuqeda umthwalo wokuphatha. ubudlelwane omthetho asuke phakathi isakhamuzi kanye State noma umuntu wezomthetho, uqhubeke ifomu ngokuqinile zenqubo. Incwadi yokuqala, okuyinto kubeka kuqalwa zokuphatha, ngokusho kombiko ku icala zokuphatha. Kuye ukubunjwa ukoniwa nokugasela icala, esongela nokuvikeleka komphakathi, lowo okonile angasebenza usesho umzimba, ekuthatheni izinto kanye nezincwadi, ukuboshwa zokuphatha.kuhilele ecaleni elimayelana nezakhamuzi InstituteUma ucabangela umkhawulo nekutiphendvulela izikhungo, kubalulekile ukwazi umqondo wabo, izinhlobo. zomthetho isibopho sezomthetho umsebenzi kakhulu kubonakale kubonakala emkhakheni of ubudlelwano civil. Lolu hlobo umthwalo iza okubizwa ngokuthi amalungelo endawo, kuhlanganise nomonakalo kumuntu noma impahla ezingekho ukugcwaliseka yesivumelwano.Injongo kuhilele ecaleni elimayelana nezakhamuzi ungaphakathi izici ezimbili eziyinhloko: khambi futhi ukulungiswa, isinxephezelo.Kanye umthwalo zokuphatha, civil okukhulu esingokwemvelo imithetho yenqubo ekulo. Civil amarekhodi ukuphathwa kuyinto mkhakha womsebenzi kwamakhotho jikelele.Ugibe emthethweni lobugebenguUhlobo enzima kakhulu umthwalo zomthetho kungenziwa ngokuthi isigebengu. Ilungiselelwe esimweni ubugebengu, isb. E. Misdemeanors ethwele olukhulu emphakathini. Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo umthwalo yobugebengu okulandelayo izici zayo:uhlu ezithile zobugebengu, esimweni lapho kuza lolu hlobo umthwalo;nomthetho inqubo lobugebengu kuyinto nesimiso esiyisisekelo izidumbu esiphezulu;khona oyisibopho ubufakazi, imibhalo ukuthi ukukhonza njengoba isisekelo lesi sinqumo noma sokuvalwa icala lobugebengu;ukuze ngabanye uphenyo;ukusetshenziswa izinyathelo zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe, ezifaka hlangana ukuhlahluba ukuboshwa ku recognizance sakhe , nokunye nokunye..;ematfuba zokwelapha ngaphansi kokucindezelwa;ikhono ukuvikela ummangalelwa;Ngakho emacaleni obugebengu, balingwa kuphela yinkantolo;ukuncintisana kanye nezingxoxo kuyo yonke inqubo;ilungelo ukunxusa Ephakeme ngokumelene ukwahlulela;Umuntu Ngadonsa isigwebo isikhathi eside, has a isimo elinganiselwe.Ejele Solikamsk noma ikoloni edume "White Swan": Umlando kanye yesimanjemanjeKanjani ukuze uthole womama dolobha ukuze kwakhiwe?
