Steel Ukugxilisa: grade, GOST, isigaba amandla. uhlaka steelsteel Ukugxilisa ngokomthetho ngokuthi akunjalo uma ufunda GOST 5781-82, kungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi yini igama elifanele kuzwakala "eshisayo ukuqinisa Okuhlezi emqondweni Ukhonkolo". Nokho, igama beyiyinde kakhulu, ngakho endaweni professional yasheshe kuyehla kube "ukuqinisa" nje. Lokhu kuyaqondakala, futhi kulula futhi ngokushesha.Ezamukelwe ukunikeza abanye amakilasi ukuqinisa. Lesi sigaba kusekelwe indlela yokunquma elandelayo:Iphrofayela ngezikhathi;Amapharamitha lokukhanda.Ukugxilisa steel iyona amakilasi alandelayo:Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, emakethe funa mikhulu reinforcer steel grade A500S. Uma uhlola GOST 5781-82, ngeke yini kube khona ukuthola incazelo onjengaye imingcele yabo. Le mikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ne ua mazinga alandelayo:STO AISU 7-93;Ukucaciswa.Onjalo Standardization uhlelo, okuyinto zihlelwe zaba izigaba, kushisa iphuma yokugcizelela steel sephrofayela gqwa, owethulwa amabhizinisi abasebenza emkhakheni we yokusansimbi ayoni. Ayavumelana inhlangano eyodwa ukuthi usethathe kuhlanganise nokwenza imithetho ukwenziwa izimpahla.icala ekhethekileKuchazwe yokugcizelela A500S steel - akusiyo ngaphandle kuphela emhlabeni imikhiqizo hot iphuma. Futhi, ukunaka ngokukhethekile kufanele ikhokhwe AI ikilasi ukuthi ekhulwini ISO kungenziwa eyabizwa ngokuthi A240. Isici esiyinhloko - iphrofayela sleek. Izinto zokusetshenziswa esetshenziselwa inqubo ukukhiqizwa steel 3 SP (PS). Ububanzi futhi ngeziphambeko kuwo noma yimuphi umkhiqizo ngokuhlotshaniswa nephrofayili bushelelezi kulawulwa GOST 2590-88. Lo mbhalo futhi apelwe zokulawula ugingqe ukunemba amacala jikelele.Ukugxilisa steel bushelelezi ikhiqizwa takhiwo ezilandelayo:Amabha;I ohlobo kungatholakala kusukela Ubukhulu 6 kuya ku-14 mm (iphimbo - 2 mm). Kukhethwa ukuqinisa Amabha Kuthi ebanzi. Okuncane kungenzeka ubukhulu - 16 mm, futhi ngobukhulu etholakalayo - 40 mm. Kusukela 16 kuya 22 mm iphimbo kuyinto 2 mm, kusukela 25 kuya 40 mm landa lafinyelela kwezintathu.Kanjani futhi ngani?Brand A240 yokugcizelela steel iyadingeka ukwakhiwa kanye nezinye izindawo lapho ukusetshenziswa kwagcizelela izakhiwo zikakhonkolo, njengoba isetshenziswa ukuqinisa yabo. Abanye ochwepheshe ubheke kulesi sigaba sama-izinto "loop", njengoba nokufakwa esetshenziswa wenza ukwakha izakhi iluphu-like, gcizelela imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu. Lokhu kubalulekile kakhulu lapho amalungu ukhululeka isakhiwo eyinhloko indiza. Hot iphuma yokugcizelela steel A1 ngokudala izakhi, lula ukulayisha kuqeda amabhlogo, izinto zokuhamba kanye athula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esakhiweni lula kangaka ukuxhuma izakhi ezihlukahlukene ndawonye.Brand ukuqinisa AI, kanye nokubuya, kubalulekile ukuba anhlobonhlobo imiklamo. Ngekusetjentiswa yayo zenziwa:ezicijile;ifenisha;ukubiya.Circle kanye nokufakwa A1 metal, uma kwenziwa ngokuhambisana namazinga ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo izinto zokusetshenziswa: omunye kungaba donsa wire. Okungenzeka okwenza amaphrofayli:ngezikhathi;bushelelezi.Uma abantu abalwazi kahle ulimi isitshalo has imishini kufaneleka kangakanani-ke le A1 steel bangaphakela womshini imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ku lathes noma wokugaya. Material machined.Ningakuyeki amazingaIzinkulumo ngalokho kufanele kube steel gcizelela, GOST 5781,82. Ngokusho Ukucaciswa, zimunca lichaza ekwakheni kwensimbi kungase kungabi ezingaphezu kuka-0.3%, kuphela ke isicelo umkhiqizo ukhonkolo. Nokufaka esetshenziselwa izinto zokusetshenziswa ngaphambilini onezinkinga futhi ezijwayelekile.Uma ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu isetshenziswa, inkathi kanye pretreatment esidlule, ukuqinisa kuyakhethwa esingangaleso esingalotshwa ngokwanele ukubhekana kangcono nale imithwalo okunzima ukuthi kukhona isici le ndlela yokuxhumana. Ngokuvamile, voltage mikhulu, edinga ukuthi metal umphini has amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ekhiqizwa ngokuqinile ngensimbi ngamandla. Uma bentambo isetshenziswa ke amandla alo futhi izimfuno eliphezulu.Uma steel ashisayo iphuma yokugcizelela sizosetshenziswa izakhiwo engakutholanga uhlobo wabe esenikwa ithuba zisebenzisa i material abavamile. Lapho kufanelekile emabangeni alandelayo steel:Ukuze prestressing ngokuvamile steel usolwa wokuqukethwe carbon:eliphezulu.Futhi ingasetshenziswa steel ukuqinisa, le thermally iphathwa ukwandisa amandla nemingcele.Steel: Yini?Senziwe izinga yokugcizelela steel, GOST 5781,82 incoma ukuthatha steel eyizingqabavu:ingxubevange ongaphakeme.Kukhona izinhlobo eziningana ukuthi ziyasetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene impahla wathi. Njengomthetho, ikhasimende ngokuthumela i kute kusekelwe isitshalo likhombisa impahla eluhlaza kuyiphi afuna ukubona umkhiqizo osuphelile. Uma izincomo ezifana hhayi umkhiqizi lithole ke ibhizinisi I yokukhiqiza ngokuzimela yenza isinqumo esivuna okufana eliphezulu uhlobo oluthile umkhiqizo. Ikakhulukazi, ukuze A800 wenza ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo ezilandelayo:22H2G2AYU.22H2G2R.20H2G2SR.Yini enye kubalulekile?Lapho edala unstressed izakhiwo zikakhonkolo kufanele kukhethwe kusukela amakilasi ngowokuqala prestress lwesithathu nangaphezulu ewusizo, uma umklamo lidlulile.Uma kufanele usebenze ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi, kanye luhlobo izoqhubeka isebenze ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, bese nokufakwa ekahle brand yokuthi ehlukanisa carbon iphesenti esincishisiwe. embodiments Kungenjalo kungenzeka izinto zokusetshenziswa akhethiwe sekudlule ezengeziwe lokushisa eliphezulu ukucubungula.Kodwa uma kwanqunywa ukuyisebenzisa njenge yokugcizelela wire impahla, bese kangcono makudle ukuthi lapho i-carbon noma lumane, noma okuqukethwe zayo ingeqi 0.8%. Ukuze le nto, libhekene amandla anda - 180 kgf / mm 2 kukonke. Lezi zinketho zinikezwa:ukwelashwa ephezulu lokushisa;lukhuni.Carbon futhi impahla izingaIt ulawula, okuvela kulo izinto zokusetshenziswa kufanele ekhiqizwa ukwakhiwa armature, GOST 5781-82. Ikakhulukazi, iphesenti carbon okuqukethwe inethonya elinamandla ku nemingcele yokugcina umkhiqizo aphathekako ukuqina yayo futhi waba nokwethenjelwa. Kukhula kwe-carbon eziqukethwe metal, aba maningi ubulukhuni evamile lwemidlalo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwandisa brittleness. Ngaphezu kwalokho, high-carbon steel Welding nzima kakhulu, ngokuvamile umphumela uba yini izinga ngokwanele, ukuthembeka ehlupheka kungani uhlaka.Amaphesenti carbon okuqukethwe ivumela ukungena ngezigaba ezilandelayo:Low-carbon valve steel, lapho kwakwakhe kuqukethwe imali hhayi ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-quarter;ezingeni isilinganiso okuqukethwe - ikota eyodwa amaphesenti amabili kuya kwamahlanu 0.6;nge wokuqukethwe eliphezulu ezisukela 0.6 kuya 2%.Indlela yokuthuthukisa?Ukuze abantu abalwazi kahle ulimi steel kwadingeka izinga kangcono ingxubevange ungakwazi ukwengeza izingxenye ezengeziwe. Njengoba izakhi alloying kuthathwe ukusebenzisa:Kwezinye Alloys ungeze izingxenye ezengeziwe eyodwa noma ezimbili, kwezinye - inhlanganisela 5-6 izinsimbi. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthola eliphezulu ingxubevange steel nge ngemazinga lasetulu:ubulukhuni;Ukumelana ukugqwala.Ukuze uthole ingxubevange steel, kungenziwa kufakwe impahla eluhlaza Silicon, manganese. Kuye zingaki izithasiselo eziqukethwe impahla, ukukhuluma mayelana impahla okuqondene omunye amakilasi alandelayo:ongaphakeme ingxubevange steel ukuqinisa ehlanganisa kungekho amaphesenti angaphezulu kwayisihlanu inclusions;srednelegirovannoj, lapho inani okufakiwe kuyahlukahluka ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo 5-10%;High-kahle, omunye kwabayishumi noma ngaphezulu ehlanganisa izingxenye ezengeziwe."Yini igama?"Ukugxilisa steel - akuyona steel nje, kodwa futhi inani elikhulu nezinye yizici zamakhemikhali. On lokho ukufakwa okungukuthi, impahla, ungabona kusuka egameni. Amazinga zenzelwe ekubizweni izithasiselo elithile elisendabeni oyifundayo isihloko. izibonelo:X - i-chrome.C - zirconium.T - titanium.Ngemva sha eqoshiwe izibalo. Zibonisa kangakanani carbon iqukethwe impahla. kumakhulukhulu Designated of. Okulandelayo, bhala incwadi. Bona selisho element kwamakhemikhali, ngemva kwalokho ecacisiwe angakanani kuqukethwe ingxenye valve. Uma kungekho zinombolo kungacacisiwe, kungashiwo ngokuthi imfuyo likhona inani lemali angaphansi kwamaphesenti omunye.Isibonelo: "steel yokugcizelela 35GS" imele steel, ehlanganisa i-carbon okunikwa at lokuhlushwa 0.35%, futhi silicon futhi manganese, kodwa iphesenti yezingxenye ezimbili ongabalulekile, ngakho akukho idatha esibekiwe (samanje emqulwini angaphansi kwamaphesenti omunye Imininingwane ubuningi impahla).Edinga bese ulinda?Ngaphansi kwamazinga wamanje, steel yokugcizelela ukuba:lula ukushisela;okuqinile.Ngamandla elivame ukuqondwa ngayo nekhono ukumelana elimazayo ukuqinisa umthwalo imvelo. umthelela kwangaphandle yokwelula zensimbi goba, zisondelene cindezela, cut. Ngayinye izinhlobo imithwalo ukwaba ngabanye amagugu amandla. Ukuqinisa is ezivame ukusetshenziswa endaweni lapho okusezingeni eliphezulu eqine ukucindezeleka, ngakho-ke kuba ngale value kufanele sinake kwasekuqaleni. Kuhlola kutsi ukuqinisa uyakwazi ukumelana esisuka, udinga ukuhlola:umkhawulo flowable;Ukumelana engenangqondo.Ductility - ipharamitha sibonakalisa impahla nezimo ukuze imithwalo zangaphandle ekuzameni ukushintsha ukuma umkhiqizo, cross-section yayo. Uma valve kuyinto ezimweni ezinjalo Ukugcina izisetho yabo yokuqala, emva kokukhipha umthwalo, kungaba ukubuyela esimweni saso sokuqala, noma ukulondoloza izinguquko zakho. Plasticity lubonakaliswa ukunwebeka ngesikhathi sekhefu, engela goba, isamba of eguqa, insimbi ezisele ngemuva kokushisa nokupholisa.Weldability - lena kube inkomba yokuthi ikhono qualitative ukuxhuma kwi ezinye izinto ngesikhathi efaka isicelo of indlela Welding. Lokhu ipharamitha kunqunywa:Ukwakheka insimbi;encibilika indlela;Inani izinduku esigabeni;izici elihlangana;Mechanics kanye UkuthembekaIzilungiselelo ngenhla zikuvumela ukuba ukhulume izakhiwo kanjani okuhle mechanical steel. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi simo ukwaba Ukucaciswa, ukusebenza.Isici esibalulekile iyona Ukuqinisa amandla ayo eqine. Ukuze nenchazelo, kanye ekukhombeni inkulu kangakanani umkhawulo flowable kanjani ukunwebeka ezinkulu kungaba steel isihlobo ukubaluleka kokuqala, ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa ethize ekukhiqizweni: ukusebenzisa imishini yokuhlola eqine eyenzelwe lo msebenzi.Umsebenzi kwenziwa ngendlela elandelayo: uma uqala umshini ubekwe inyuka isampula umthwalo kancane kancane. Ukuqinisa ke e eqinile nakho ngeke kusize okunamathiselwe uhlelo ukuvimbela "yokuphunyuka 'Ngokwesibonelo. Izindlela ozama ukuba zinde induku longitudinally deforming ke. Izinkomba othathwe valve ungakwazi ukwakha ishadi isandiso (isikali isethwe ezinqumela).Izigaba ngqo kukhona imidwebo ezibonisa umthwalo lapho lowomfanekiso hhayi likhubazeke. Ngokwandisa umthwalo kungabonwa ukukhuphuka ezilinganiselwe ubude, okuvumela ukuba wenze iziphetho mayelana ukuthembeka steel futhi ikhono simelane uthuthumele zangaphandle. umkhawulo predetermined umthwalo isetshenziswa isifanekiso test. Lapho ufika kwaleli nani futhi kancane kancane ukunciphisa umthelela force lokukhanda.Ngo okungcono simo, induku, elula ngaphansi kwethonya butho elikhulu zangaphandle, uphindela esimweni saso sokuqala lapho umthwalo iyasuswa. Leli khono kungenxa kuyaqina ensimbi. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi indawo kuyaqina we metal has ukulinganiselwa ezithile. Lapho kukhombisa ukuthi idlule ukunamathela kuleyo mingcele, buyela amagugu yasekuqaleni olungeke lwenzeke. Ekukhombeni ebonisa umngcele enjalo ukukhuluma mayelana ukufinyelela umkhawulo nokunwebeka.Uma senza ukuvivinywa ekhiqizwa ngokuhambisana steel GOST ukuqinisa CT3 ke uzokwazi ukuthola nemingcele eduze okulandelayo:kuveza amandla - 2460 kgf / cm 2;ukunwebeka - 25;amandla eqine ngendlela ngesikhathi esinikeziwe - 4000 kgf / cm 2.Amapharamitha futhi isiceloArmature kokuba namandla high, ngokuvamile kuyabiza ngaphezu ongaphakeme-ebangeni impahla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo mkhuba ubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa izinto ezinjalo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele Ukonga okukhulu, njengoba Ukuqinisa izakhiwo zikakhonkolo kudinga ukusetshenziswa ukonga ngaphezulu metal.Nakani ductility ukuqinisa: kunemingcele ethile, nangale okuyinto engathandeki kakhulu. Uma lokhu ipharamitha lehliselwa ngezansi ezingeni elithile akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo iphuma ngesikhathi ngamandla alo. Ukwakheka ekhiqizwa nge ukusetshenziswa supply enjalo impahla eluhlaza kuba usengozini futhi kungase igoqe ongayilindele kuthonywa izici zangaphandle. Kunenye ingozi ehambisana ne ukwehla plasticity metal: okwandisa amathuba ukwa ziyaqothuka at the stage of ukuqinisa ezakhiwe of ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu.Imiphumela amasampula steelUkuze uthuthukise imingcele kufaneleka, asesebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obehlukene ngaphandle ithonya. Ikakhulu, i-umkhuba abantu abaningi base ukuqina ezishisayo. Kulokhu amandla impahla kwandisa kabili, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingaphezu. Efaneleka kakhulu iwukuba ongaphakeme-ingxubevange, carbon compounds. Kodwa impahla izindleko inyuka ngo% 10-12 kuphela. ukuqina Thermal ubonisa imiphumela engcono mayelana mechanical, kodwa ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe kuyadingeka ukuba sina imishini oluseqophelweni ithimba abaqeqeshiwe ongoti. kakhulu kakhulu izinga umkhiqizo wokugcina (futhi idumela wayo) singathonya ngisho inqubo elincane iphutha.ukuqinisa Mechanical kufezwa ngokusebenzisa:indophi;Jacks wokubacindezela;ezinamasondo profiled.kudingeka kwakamuva nendlale steel. kuyinto Lapho lukhuni ungakwazi ukuthwebula ukusonteka plastic, ngenxa okuyinto amandla luyanda 50% isihlobo ukubaluleka kokuqala.Ethandwa kakhulu - kanti uyini?Ngokwesiko, kakhulu funa ezimakethe metal nokufakwa 8 mm ububanzi. It kungokwalabo ekilasini lesithathu futhi itholakala imiqulu, ohlobo, izinduku. 8 mm - ukusetha ububanzi isilinganiso ngeziningi zezinto zokwakha. Ukukhiqizwa valve anjalo kumele athobele GOST 30136-95. Ake tangling nokufakwa Ochwepheshe ngokuthi "wire induku".Armature 8 mm ezenziwe ngensimbi nge-carbon okuqukethwe ongaphakeme. Ezisetshenzisiwe brand A0, CT3. Phakathi senqubo yokukhiqiza kukhona ezimbili (ngezinye izikhathi igama elilodwa) Ukuphola isinyathelo, okuvumela ukuba sifinyelele okusezingeni eliphezulu nokwethenjelwa izinkomba impahla. Asongwe wire tangling kuyinto wire.Armature A3 - steel kokuba umbuthano kwesigamu. Kuyadingeka ukwenziwa okwalandela wire iziphethu. izinto Esisemqoka engahleliwe inqubo ukukhiqizwa ukwakhiwa valve ezibandayo.Ukwakhiwa nokudayiswaArmature 8 mm ngokuvamile senziwe ezihlukahlukene wire-feed imishini ngokuvumelana GOST 380. Lena ubuchwepheshe standard, okusho khona steel yisikwele iphathwa uhlelo okwedlulele. Imishini indaba iphuma sendlala, ukufuthelana futhi selehlile. Kuye izici umkhiqizo othize it is selehlile nge yemvelo noma ophoqelelwe.Ukudayiswa umkhiqizo elinjalo likhona njengoba ukugijima amamitha, futhi imiqulu elikhulu (Isitolo esidayisa yonke impahla).Kungani na?Nokufaka 8mm esisemqoka ekwakheni kwagcizelela ukhonkolo nensimbi izakhiwo. Wire nenduku ingeyomhlane mncane ngokwanele, ngakho asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni amanetha, ozimele, izindophi. Ukuqinisa siyasebenza njengesisekelo ukudla. Kwakuvamise ukuqinisa isakhiwo izakhiwo. A samuntu ethize ikhethwa ngokuhlaziya izimo zokusebenza isakhiwo, ngesisekelo okuyinto uyothatha isinqumo esivuna elilodwa noma kwenye brand.Ukuqinisa uya lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi impahla eluhlaza ukwenziwa neminye imikhiqizo ukwakhiwa, kunokuba njengendlela material ehlukile. Uma induku yilapho lidingeka ukuze kuvezwe izinzipho, ikhebula, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukulawula evenness imikhiqizo: evele anolaka azivumelekile, kuyoba kakhulu ukunciphisa amandla umkhiqizo osuphelile. Ngo womshini valve esikhulu, ukudla izimfuneko ebusweni olubushelelezi kwakungafanele abalulekile. Amaphayiphu esetshenziselwa ilungiselelo lokubizwa izindonga zingase zingabi imifantu noma izimbotshana nomoya. Uma valve 8-mm-ubukhulu izinduku lutholwa, ukulawula mfanelo ihilela ethungatha ungubani izihloko.Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi valve kokuba gqwa iphrofayela isiyingi, ngokuvamile ifakwe izimbambo longitudinal. izinduku transverse kukhona ziboya Helical babeka Ngokuvumelana ompompi ezintathu. Uma ubukhulu nenduku ingeyomhlane 6 mm, kanti emisebenzi zandise ngakujantshi Helical nomunye kwelanga. 8 mm kungase kudingeke izingcingo ezimbili.Armature, ubizwa ekilasini lesithathu, yilesi:evamile;ekhethekile.Designated ke njengoba A300 futhi AS300 ngokulandelana. Ukuze izinto ezifana izimpawu projection lapho entry nhlangothi zombili we iyunifomu iphrofayli. Lapha, emgqeni futhi ihambisane nesikulufu. Kodwa ngenxa imfuneko A400-A1000: Sunset ngakolunye uhlangothi ilungelo, futhi ngakolunye - ngakwesobunxele.displacements Okungenzeka Helical zeziboya. Lokhu kukhetha yezivakashi zamanje kungukuthi benganhlanhlathi.Enye esiwuphawu isikhathi isici yokukhiqiza steel A800. Ukuze ingasetshenziswa brand ezilandelayo:Kulesi ekupheleni ethile kwemijondolo nezimfuneko ngokuvamile ngokomthetho.Ngokwe-izincomo zeKomidi Ukwakhiwa State, Russian Federation Kunconywa ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo ezilandelayo:A400S.Bobabili Site lukhuni takhiwo ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu futhi esikhundleni ngaphambili kabanzi esebenzayo A-III. Lezi zenziwa ikhumbula izimfuneko ezishiwo GOST 5781-82.Cannon udizili: ukubuyekezwa kanye nenqubo yokukhetha. Udizili isibhamu Ukushisa engaqondile: UkucaciswaGun Khweza "Into 261"Indlela ukuvula ikhasi VKontakte?Tablets engezwani kwesikhumba nezinye izindlela ephumelelayo nokwelashwaBlocks - ke ... 1Q. ikota yesibiliEqoshiwe ku imithetho itshe insika: imithetho King uHammurabiOkwakhiwa ngalo la mabhodi, kanjani ukukhetha. I ukushuba we plasterboardUqweqwe umbala usana: yini noma cha sokukhathazeka nendlela ukukususa?
