ULefèvre d’Étaples emLandweni wokuTjhugululwa kweBhayibheliFUNDA NGELINYE ILIMI Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Aymara Azerbaijani Azerbaijani (Cyrillic) Batak (Toba) Bicol Bislama Bulgarian Catalan Cebuano Chichewa Chinese Mandarin (Simplified) Chinese Mandarin (Traditional) Chitonga Chitonga (Malawi) Chitumbuka Chiyao Chuvash Cibemba Cinyanja Croatian Czech Danish Drehu Dutch Efik English Estonian Ewe Fijian Finnish Fon Frentji Ga Georgian Greek Greenlandic Guarani Gun Haitian Creole Hausa Hebrew Hiligaynon Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Iloko Indonesian IsiNdebele Isoko Japanese Jarimani Javanese Kabiye Kazakh Kikamba Kikaonde Kikongo Kikuyu Kimbundu Kinyarwanda Kirghiz Kiribati Kirundi Kongo Korean Kurdish Kurmanji (Caucasus) Kurdish Kurmanji (Cyrillic) Kwangali Kwanyama Lingala Lithuanian Luganda Lunda Luo Luvale Macedonian Malagasy Maltese Mam Mambwe-Lungu Mauritian Creole Maya Myanmar Nahuatl (Northern Puebla) Ndebele (Zimbabwe) Ndonga Nias Norwegian Nyaneka Nzema Oromo Ossetian Otetela Pangasinan Papiamento (Aruba) Papiamento (Curaçao) Persian Polish Portuguese Quechua (Ancash) Quechua (Ayacucho) Quechua (Bolivia) Quechua (Cuzco) Rarotongan Romanian Russian Samoan Sango Sepedi Serbian Serbian (Roman) Sesotho (Lesotho) Seychelles Creole Shona Silozi Sinhala Slovak Slovenian Solomon Islands Pidgin Spanish Sranantongo Swahili Swahili (Congo) Swati Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tariyana Tatar Tetun Dili Thai Tiv Tojolabal Tok Pisin Tshiluba Tsonga Tswana Turkish Twi Tzotzil Ukrainian Umbundu Venda Vietnamese Wallisian Waray-Waray Xhosa Yoruba Zande Zande ZuluBEKUNGOSONDO ekuseni eminyakeni yabo-1520 mhla izakhamuzi zeMeaux, idorojana leParis, zizwa into ezingakayilindeli esondweni. Zezwa kufundwa amaVangeli ngelimi lazo lesiFrench, esikhundleni sesiLatin.Umtjhugululi weBhayibheli ebekenza koke lokhu nguJacques Lefèvre d’Étaples (ngesiLatin, nguJacobus Faber Stapulensis), owatlolela umnganakhe wathi: “Angekhe wakholwa nangingakutjela bona uZimu ubasiza kangangani abantu bazi iliZwi lakhe.”Ngesikhatheso, iSondo lamaKhatholika nabarhubhululi bezesayensi ngoZimu nekolo eParis balwisana nokutjhugululwa kwamaBhayibheli ngamalimi akhulunywa endaweni leyo. Yeke, khuyini okwenza uLefèvre watjhugulula iBhayibheli ngesiFrench? Begodu wakghona njani ukusiza abantu abavamileko bazwisise iliZwi lakaZimu?BEKAFUNA IZWAKALE KUHLE IMITLOLONgaphambi kokuba mtjhugululi weBhayibheli, uLefèvre bekazimisele ukubuyisela umongo wamambala kwezefilosofi nesayensi ngoZimu nekolo. Njeke walemuka bona imitlolo yamambala yekadeni beyonakaliswe mitjhapho yefundiso edurhisa abantu. Erhubhululweni lakhe lalokho ebekukhulunywa mitlolo yekadeni, wathoma ukulifunda ngelihlo elibukhali iBhayibheli leSondo lamaKhatholika, i-Vulgate yesiLatin.Ukuzikhandla kwakhe ekuhlolisiseni imiTlolo kwamenza wafinyelela isiphetho sokuthi “nawufunda iqiniso ngoZimu . . . lokho kuzokulethela ithabo lamambala.” Ngikho-ke uLefèvre alisa ukufunda zefilosofi, wazinikela emsebenzini wokutjhugulula iBhayibheli.Ngo-1509, uLefèvre wenza igadangiso lokumadanisa lamaRhubo ngesiLatin esingamalimi amahlanu, * kuhlanganise ne-Vulgate yakhe eneenlungiso azenzileko. Ngokungafani nabarhubhululi besayensi ngoZimu nekolo bangesikhatheso, yena wazimisela ukuthola “umqondo wamambala” walokho iBhayibheli elikhuluma ngakho. Indlela ebekayikhulumela ngayo imiTlolo yaba namandla nakwezinye izazi nabathuthukisi beBhayibheli.—Qala ibhoksi elithi “ Indlela ULefèvre Akhuthaza Ngayo UMartin Luther.”Irhelo leziqu ezisetjenziselwa uZimu kumaRhubo, njengombana zivezwe ku-Fivefold Psalter, Igadangiso lango-1513Njengombana bekamKhatholika ngokubelethwa, uLefèvre bekaqiniseka bona isondo lingahlelwa kabutjha kwaphela nange abantu bafundiswa imiTlolo ngendlela efaneleko. Kodwana abantu abavamileko bebazokuzuza njani emiTlolweni ekubeni itholakala ngelimi lesiLatin kwaphela?IBHAYIBHELI ELATHOLWA NGIBO BOKE ABANTUIIsethulo samaVangeli saqinisekisa bona uLefèvre bekazimisele ukwenza iBhayibheli litholwe ngibo boke abantu ngelimi laboULefèvre ngendlela ebekalithanda ngayo iliZwi lakaZimu, bekazimisele ukulenza litholakale bulula ebantwini abanengi. Nakazakufinyelela umnqopho loyo, ngoJuni 1523, wagadangisa imiqulu emincani ekabili yamaVangeli atjhugululwe ngesiFrench. IBhayibheli elincani lelo ebelitjhiphile kunelijayelekileko, lakwenza kwaba lula nakilabo abanemadlana encani ukuthi bathole iBhayibheli.Indlela abantu abayisekela ngayo kwabonakala ukuthi bayithandile. Kwabonakala ngokuthi woke umuntu bekalulukela ukufunda amezwi kaJesu ngelimi lakhe—kokubili bembaji nebengubo, kangangobana amakhophi wokuthoma ayi-1 200 aphela ngeenyanga ezimbalwa.ISIBINDI SOKUVIKELA IBHAYIBHELIEsethulweni samaVangeli lawo, uLefèvre wahlathulula bona uwatjhugulule ngesiFrench, khona “namalunga avamileko” wesondo “azokwazi ukuthola umongo wamavangeli lawo njengombana kunjalo nangesiLatin.” Kodwana kubayini uLefèvre bekazimisele kangaka ukusiza abantu abavamileko ukuthi nabo bawuzwe umlayezo weBhayibheli?ULefèvre bekazi kuhle ukuthi iimfundiso zabantu nefilosofi zilonakalisile iSondo lamaKhatholika. (Markosi 7:7; Kolose 2:8) Njeke bekaqiniseka bona sesifikile isikhathi sokuthi amaVangeli “atjhunyayelwe njengombana anjalo ephasini loke, khona abantu bangasazokudurhiswa ziimfundiso zabanye abantu.”ULefèvre godu bekazimisele nokuyiveza imitjhapho yalabo ebebalwisana nokutjhugululwa kweBhayibheli ngesiFrench. Wakuveza ukuzenzisa kwabo nakathi: “Bangabafundisa njani [abantu] ukwenza koke uJesu Krestu athi kwenziwe, kukulapho bakhandela abanye bona bafunde iVangeli likaZimu ngelimi labo?”—Roma 10:14.Ngikho abarhubululi bezesayensi ngoZimu nekolo beYunivesithi yeParis, iSorbonne, balinga ukumthulisa uLefèvre. Kwathi ngo-Arhostesi 1523, bawajamisa amaBhayibheli welimi lendawo nazo zoke iincwadi ebeziwakhulumela, baziqala “njengeziyingozi eSondweni.” Ngathana azange zingenwe yiKosi yeFrance, uFrancis I, uLefèvre bekazokuqalwa njengomuntu odurhisa abantu.UMTJHUGULULI “OTHULISIWEKO” UQEDELELA UMSEBENZAKHEULefèvre azange avumele iimpikiswanezo ziliye umsebenzakhe wokutjhugulula iBhayibheli. Ngo-1524, nasekaqedile ukutjhugulula imiTlolo yesiGirigi (eyaziwa nangokuthi yiTestamende Elitjha), wethula negadangiso lamaRhubo ngesiFrench, ukwenzela bona amakholwa “azinikele ngokudephileko” emthandazweni.ESorbonne, abarhubhululi bezesayensi ngoZimu nekolo bawuqalisisa ngelihlo elibukhali umsebenzi kaLefèvre. Ngokurhabako ngemva kwalokho, balayela bona itjhugululo yeTestamende Elitjha leyo ivinjwe, batjho nokuthi eminye imitlolo yakhona “ivumelana nekolelo kaLuther.” Abarhubhululi labo nabazamkatelela bona akhulume, uLefèvre wakhetha “ukuzithulela,” wabalekela eStrasbourg. Nakafika lapho, waragela phambili nomsebenzakhe wokutjhugulula iBhayibheli, begodu nanyana abanye lokho bebakuqala njengokuba litjhatjha, yena bekakholelwa ekutheni leyo kuphela kwendlela ephumelelako yokuphendula labo abanganandaba ‘namatje aligugu’ aliqiniso leBhayibheli.—Matewu 7:6.Esikhathini esingalingana nomnyaka, aye endaweni leyo, iKosi uFrancis I yabawa uLefèvre bona afundise indodanayo ebeyineminyaka emine, uCharles. Isabelweso sanikela uLefèvre ithuba elaneleko lokuqedelela umsebenzakhe wokutjhugulula. Kwathi ngo-1530, wagadangisa iBhayibheli elipheleleko ngaphandle kweFrance, e-Antwerp, ngemvumo ayinikelwe yiKosi uCharles V. *ITHEMBA ELIKHULU, UKUZISOLA KAMUVAEpilwenakhe yoke, uLefèvre bekanethemba lokuthi isondo lizoyitjhiya ikambiso yabantu, libuyele elwazini lamambala lemiTlolo. Bekakholelwa kwamambala ekutheni “kulilungelo nomsebenzi womKrestu ngamunye ukuzifundela iBhayibheli.” Ngikho-ke azikhandla kangaka ekwenzeni iBhayibheli litholakale kibo boke abantu. Nanyana singazange siphumelele isifiso sakhe sokubona isondo libuyela esigeni esifaneleko, umsebenzi kaLefèvre wokusiza abantu abavamileko bazi iliZwi lakaZimu uzokuhlala ukarisa.^ isig. 8 I-Fivefold Psalter beyinamahlandla amahlanu wamaRhubo emareyini ahlukene, begodu beyinerhelo leziqu ezisetjenziselwa uZimu, kuhlanganise ne-Tetragrammaton, okumaledere amane wesiHebheru atjho ibizo lakaZimu.^ isig. 21 Eminyakeni emihlanu eyalandela, ngo-1535, u-Olivétan naye otjhugulula ngesiFrench, wethula iBhayibheli esekelwe elimini lamambala lokuthoma. Wanamathela khulu emsebenzini kaLefèvre nakatjhugulula iTestamende Elitjha.Indlela ULefèvre Akhuthaza Ngayo UMartin LutherUMartin Luther bekamfundisi ohlahlathako nakazakufunda iBhayibheli kaLefèvre. ULuther osemutjha lo, walemuka bona uLefèvre uwabeke kuhle khulu amavesi weBhayibheli nokuthi ezwakala lula, ngaphandle kokubuyisela ifundiso emamala yezazi zangesikhatheso. Ikambiso kaLefèvre yokukhulumela imitlolo yaba namandla kuLuther nakomunye umtjhugululi weBhayibheli uWilliam Tyndale noMthuthukisi uJohn Calvin. Nanyana uLefèvre aba liKhatholika bewahlongakala, umsebenzakhe waletha itjhuguluko eliqakathekileko ekutjhugululweni kweBhayibheli, wavula nendlela eya eTuthukweni.
