I-Actrapid NM > InsulinIsiza semikhuba emibiinto esebenzayo: i-insulin yomuntu (rDNA)I-1 ml yomjovo iqukethe i-100 IU ye-insulin yezinto eziphilayo (ezikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-rDNA ku Saccharomycescerevisiae )I-1 vial ye-fantitis 10 ml, elingana ne-1000 IU.I-1 IU (amayunithi aphesheya) ilingana no-0,035 mg we-insulin yabantu.ababukeli: i-zinc chloride, i-glycerin, i-metacresol, i-sodium hydroxide, i-dilute hydrochloric acid, amanzi omjovo.Umphumela wehlise ushukela ukuthola i-insulin ukukhuthaza ukuthathwa koshukela ngama-tishu ngemuva kokubopha i-insulin kuma-receptors amaseli emisipha namafutha, kanye nokuvinjwa kokukhishwa kweglucose esibindini.Imiphumela yocwaningo lomtholampilo esikhungweni esisodwa sokunakekelwa okwenzelwe ukwelashwa kwe-hyperglycemia (amazinga eglucose egazini ngenhla kwe-10 mmol / L) kwiziguli ezingama-204 ezinesifo sikashukela kanye neziguli ezingama-1344 ezingenaso isifo sikashukela esihlinzwa kakhulu zikhombisa ukuthi i-standardoglycemia (izinga le-glucose 4, 4- I-6.1 mmol / L), efakwe ukuphathwa kwe-Actrapid ® NM, inciphisa ukufa kwabantu ngo-42% (8% uma kuqhathaniswa no-4.6%).I-Actrapid ® NM ilungiselelo eliseduze le-insulin.Ukuqala kwesenzo kubonwa kungakapheli imizuzu engama-30, umphumela omkhulu utholakala kungakapheli amahora angama-1.5-3,5 futhi ubude besikhathi sokusebenza bucishe bube ngamahora angama-7-8.I-Pharmacokinetics Ihafu yengxenye ye-insulin esegazini imizuzu embalwa. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo lwesenzo sokulungiselela i-insulin kungenxa yezimpawu zokumunca kuphela. Le nqubo incike ezicini eziningana (ngokwesibonelo, umthamo we-insulin, indlela nendawo yomjovo, ubukhulu bezicubu ezingaphansi, uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela), okuholela ekuguquguqukeni okukhulu komphumela wokulungiswa kwe-insulin esigulini esisodwa nesinye.Ukungena Ukuqakathekisa okuphezulu kwe-plasma yegazi kufinyelelwa emahoreni angama-1.5-2,5 ngemuva kokuphathwa komuthi.Ukusatshalaliswa. Ukubopha okubalulekile kwe-insulin kumaprotheni e-plasma, ngaphandle kokujikeleza amasosha omzimba kuyo (uma ekhona), akutholakalanga.Ukukhohlisa umzimba. I-insulin yomuntu ifakwa yi-insulin proteinates noma ama-enzyme aqobisa insulin futhi, mhlawumbe, ngamaprotheni disulfide isomerase. Kutholwe iziza eziningi lapho kwenzeka khona i-hydrolysis yemolekyuli yomshuwalense womuntu. Akukho neyodwa yama-metabolites eyenziwe ngemuva kokuba i-hydrolysis inomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo.Ukuzala. Isikhathi sokuphila kwesigamu sokuphila kwe-insulin sinqunywa inani lokutholwa kwalo kusuka ezicutshini ezingaphansi. Kungakho isikhathi sokuphila kwesigamu sempilo (t½) sikhombisa isilinganiso sokumuncwa, hhayi ukususwa (okunjalo) kwe-insulin evela ku-plasma yegazi (i-t½ ye-insulin evela egazini imizuzu embalwa kuphela). Ngokuya ngocwaningo, i-t½ amahora angama-2-5.Izingane nentsha. Iphrofayili ye-pharmacokinetic ye-Actrapid ® NM yafundwa ngenombolo encane (n = 18) yezingane (iminyaka engu-6-12 ubudala) kanye nentsha (iminyaka engu-13 kuya kwengu-13 ubudala) enesifo sikashukela. Idatha enomkhawulo iphakamisa ukuthi iphrofayili ye-pharmacokinetic ye-insulin ezinganeni, intsha kanye nabantu abadala icishe ifane. Noma kunjalo izinga c max (ukugxilisa okukhulu) kwakuhlukile ezinganeni zeminyaka ehlukile, okubonisa ukubaluleka kokukhethwa kweziqatha zomuthi ngamunye.Idatha yokuphepha engaziwa.Ucwaningo lwangaphambili (ubuthi bokuphathwa okuphindaphindiwe komuthi, i-genotoxicity, i-carcinogenicity, imiphumela enobuthi kwikhono lokuzala) aluzange luveze noma iyiphi ingozi yokuphathwa kwezidakamizwa i-Actrapid ® NM.Ukwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela.Ukuxhumana nezinye izidakamizwa nezinye izinhlobo zokusebenzelanaNjengoba wazi, izidakamizwa eziningi zithinta i-glucose metabolism.Imithi enganciphisa isidingo se-insulin.Ama-oral hypoglycemic agents (PSS), ama-monoamine oxidase inhibitors (ama-mao), ama-b-blockers angakhethi, ama-ACE inhibitors (ACE), ama-salicylates, ama-anabolic steroid nama-sulfonamides.Imithi engakhulisa isidingo se-insulin.Ukuvimbela inzalo ngomlomo, ama-thiazides, ama-glucocorticoids, ama-hormone egilo, ama-audiathomimetics, ama-hormone okukhula kanye ne-danazole.ama-adrenergic blockers angakwazi ukuvala uphawu lwe-hypoglycemia futhi anciphise ukululama ngemuva kwe-hypoglycemia.I-Octreotide / lanreotide inganciphisa futhi inyuse isidingo se-insulin.I-Alcohol ingakhulisa noma inciphise umphumela we-insogulin.Izici zohlelo lokusebenzaUkungasebenzi kahle kwe-dosing noma ukuyeka ukwelashwa (ikakhulukazi ngesifo sikashukela sohlobo I) kungaholela hyperglycemia kanye ne-ketoacidosis yesifo sikashukela. Imvamisa, izimpawu zokuqala ze-hyperglycemia zikhula kancane kancane ngaphezulu kwamahora noma izinsuku ezimbalwa. Kubandakanya ukoma, ukuchama kaningi, isicanucanu, ukugabha, ukozela, ukuba bomvu nesikhumba somile, umlomo owomile, ukulahlekelwa yinhliziyo kanye nephunga le-acetone emoyeni.Ngohlobo I isifo sikashukela, i-hyperglycemia, engalashwa, iholela ku-ketoacidosis yesifo sikashukela, ebulalayo.I-Hypoglycemia kungenzeka uma umthamo we-insulin uphezulu kakhulu maqondana nesidingo se-insulin. Uma kwenzeka i-hypoglycemia noma i-hypoglycemia isolwa, ungasiphathi isidakamizwa.Ukweqa ukudla noma ukukhuphuka komzimba okungalindelekile kungaholela ku-hypoglycemia.Iziguli ezithuthukise kakhulu ukulawulwa kwamazinga kashukela egazini ngenxa yokwelashwa kwe-insulin okunamandla zingabona izinguquko ezimweni zazo ezijwayelekile, izimbangi ze-hypoglycemia, okufanele zixwayiswe kusengaphambili.Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zokuxwayisa zinganyamalala ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela eside.Ama-Comorbidities, ikakhulukazi izifo kanye ne-fevers, akhulisa isidingo se-insulin.Ukudluliselwa kwesiguli kolunye uhlobo noma uhlobo lwe-insulin kwenzeka ngaphansi kokuqashwa okuqinile kwezokwelapha. Ukushintshwa kokuhlushwa, uhlobo (umenzi), uhlobo, imvelaphi ye-insulin (yomuntu noma i-analog ye-insulin yomuntu kanye / noma indlela yokukhiqiza kungadinga ukulungiswa kwamthamo kwe-insulin). Iziguli ezidluliselwa ku-Actrapid ® NM zohlobo oluhlukile lwe-insulin zingadinga ukwanda kwenani lemijovo yansuku zonke noma ushintsho lomthamo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-insulin evame ukuyisebenzisa. Isidingo sokukhethwa komthamo ungaqhamuka zombili ngesikhathi sokuphatha umuthi omusha, futhi phakathi namasonto ambalwa noma izinyanga zokuwusebenzisa.Lapho usebenzisa noma yikuphi ukwelashwa kwe-insulin, ukuvela kungavela endaweni yomjovo, okungahlanganisa ubuhlungu, ubomvu, ukulunywa, okhalweni, ukuvuvukala, ukulimala, nokulimala. Ukushintsha indawo yomjovo njalo endaweni eyodwa kunganciphisa noma kuvikele lokhu kusabela. Ukuphendula kuvame ukuphela ngemuva kwezinsuku noma amasonto ambalwa. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukusabela endaweni yokujova kungadinga ukuyekiswa kokwelashwa nge-Actrapid ® NM.Ngaphambi kokuhamba ngokushintshwa kwezindawo zesikhathi, iziguli kufanele zibonane nodokotela, ngoba lokhu kushintsha uhlelo lokufakwa kwemijovo ye-insulin nokudla.I-Actrapid ® NM akufanele isetshenziswe emapompini e-insulin ukuphatha okwenziwa isikhathi eside kwe-insulin ngenxa yengozi yokudangala kumashubhu abo.Inhlanganisela ye-thiazolidinediones nemikhiqizo ye-insulin.Lapho ama-thiazolidinediones asetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa ne-insulin, kuye kwabikwa amacala okuhluleka kwenhliziyo okuguquguqukayo, ikakhulukazi ezigulini ezinobungozi bokuhluleka kokuqina kwenhliziyo.I-Actrapid ® NM iqukethe i-metacresol, engadala ukungezwani komzimba.Iziguli esezikhulile (> iminyaka engama-65).I-drug Actrapid® NM ingasetshenziswa ezigulini esezikhulile.Ezigulini esezikhulile, ukuqapha ushukela kufanele kuqiniswe kanye nethamo le-insulin lilungiswe ngamunye.Ukwehluleka kwangempela nokwenziwa kwesibindiUkuntuleka kwe-renal ne-hepatic kunganciphisa isidingo se-insulin. Ezigulini ezinokungalingani kwe-renal ne-hepatic, ukuqapha kwe-glucose kufanele kuqiniswe kanye nethamo le-insulin lilungiswa ngakunye.Umuthi i-Actrapid® NM ongasetshenziswa ezinganeni nakwintsha.Sebenzisa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma sokukhishwa komzimba .Ngoba i-insulin ayiweli emvinjelweni we-placental, akukho mkhawulo ekwelashweni kwesifo sikashukela nge-insulin ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Kunconywa ukuqinisa ukubhekwa kwezinga le-Glucose egazini kanye nokuqapha ukwelashwa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe abanesifo sikashukela kuyo yonke le nkathi yokukhulelwa, kanye nokukhulelwa okusolisayo, ngoba ukubhekelwa okungenele kwesifo sikashukela kukhulisa ubungozi bokulimala kwengane nokufa.Isidingo se-insulin sivame ukwehla ku-trimester yokuqala yokukhulelwa futhi sikhuphuke kakhulu kuma-trimesters wesibili nawesithathu.Ngemuva kokuzalwa, isidingo se-insulin sibuyele ngokushesha kwisisekelo.Futhi akukho mingcele ekwelashweni kwesifo sikashukela nge-insulin ngesikhathi sokuncelisa ibele, ngoba ukwelashwa kukamama akubeki ebungozini enganeni.Izifundo zokuzala ubuthi bezilwane zisebenzisa i-insulin yomuntuawuzange uveze noma yimuphi umthelela omubi wenzalo.Amandla wokuthonya isilinganiso sokuphendula lapho ushayela izimoto noma ezinye izindlela.Impendulo yesiguli namandla ayo okugxila kungaphazamiseka nge-hypoglycemia. Lokhu kungaba yingozi ebhekene nezimo lapho leli khono libaluleke kakhulu (isibonelo, lapho ushayela imoto noma imishini).Iziguli kufanele zelulekwe ukuthi zithathe izinyathelo zokuvikela i-hypoglycemia ngaphambi kokushayela. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezigulini ezibe buthaka noma zingekho izimpawu zangaphambi kwe-hypoglycemia, noma iziqephu ze-hypoglycemia zenzeka kaningi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukufaneleka kokushayela kukonke kufanele kukalwe.I-Actrapid ® NM isidakamizwa esisebenza esifushane, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa njalo ngokuhlanganiswa ne-insulin esebenza isikhathi eside.Umthamo we-insulin ungumuntu ngamunye futhi unqunywa udokotela ngokuya ngezidingo zesiguli.Imfuneko yansuku zonke yomuntu ngamunye ye-insulin imvamisa isuka ku-0.3 iye ku-1.0 IU / kg / ngosuku. Isidingo nsuku zonke se-insulin singakhuphuka ezigulini ezinokumelana ne-insulin (ngokwesibonelo, lapho umuntu esakhula noma ukukhuluphala) futhi sinciphe ezigulini ezikhiqizwa insulin.Umjovo kufanele wenziwe imizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokudla okuyinhloko noma okwengeziwe okuqukethe ama-carbohydrate.Izifo ezenzeka kanye ikakhulukazi izifo kanye nomkhuhlane zivame ukwandisa isidingo sesiguli se-insulin. Izifo ezihambisanayo, isibindi, noma i-adrenal, i-pituitary, noma izifo ze-thyroid zidinga ushintsho kumthamo we-insulin.Ukulungiswa komdosi kungadingeka futhi uma iziguli ziguqula ukusebenza kwazo ngokomzimba noma ukudla kwazo okujwayelekile.I-Actrapid ® NM ihloselwe ukujova ngokungena ngaphakathi noma kwe-intravenous.I-Actrapid ® NM ivame ukuphathwa ngokungaziphathi kahle ezindaweni ezisodongeni lwasekhaya olungaphandle, kanye nasesinqeni, amabhlogo noma izicubu zomsipha wehlombe.Ngomjovo ongaphansi kwesifunda odongeni lwangaphakathi lwesisu, ukumuncwa kwe-insulin kwenzeka ngokushesha kunalapho kufakwe kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.Ukwethulwa kwesibaya esidwetshiwe kwesikhumba kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokungena emsipha.Ngemuva komjovo, inaliti kufanele ihlale ngaphansi kwesikhumba okungenani imizuzwana eyi-6. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukwethulwa komthamo ophelele.Ukunciphisa ubungozi be-lipodystrophy, indawo yomjovo kufanele iguqulwe ngaso sonke isikhathi endaweni efanayo yomzimba.Imijovo ye-Intramuscular ingenziwa ngaphansi kokuqashwa ngudokotela.I-Actrapid ® NM ingahanjiswa ngokuqondile. Le mijovo kufanele yenziwe udokotela kuphela.I-Actrapid ® NM ezilinganisweni isetshenziswa ngama-insulin akhethekile aneziqu ezifanele. I-Actrapid ® NM iza nencwajana efakwe yolwazi enemininingwane yokusetshenziswa.Isicelo sokuphathwa kwe-intravenous.Amasistimu wokufaka ne-Actrapid ® NM ekuqoqweni kwe-insulin yomuntu okungu-0,05 IU / ml kuya ku-1.0 IU / ml kwisisombululo sokufakwa sine-0.9% sodium chloride, 5% noma i-10% ushukela kanye ne-40 mmol / litre potasiamo chloride. futhi itholakala ezitsheni zokumisa ze-polypropylene, zizinzile amahora angama-24 ngokushisa kwegumbi. Ngisho nokuqina isikhathi eside, inani elithile le-insulin lingakhangiswa engaphakathi lethangi lokufaka. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, kuyadingeka ukuqapha izinga le-glucose egazini.I-Actrapid ® NM ayenzelwe ukusetjenziselwa amaphampu we-insulin ukuphatha okuhlala isikhathi eside.Imiyalo yokusebenzisa umuthi i-Actrapid ® NM yesiguli.Ungasebenzisi i-Actrapid ® NM:▶ Kumaphampu wokufaka.Uma isiguli sine-allergic (hypersensitive) ku-insulin yomuntu noma kwesinye isithako se-Actrapid ® NM,Uma isiguli sisola ukuthi sikhula nge-hypoglycemia (ushukela wegazi ophansi).Uma ukuphepha kwephepha lepulasitiki kungahambisani nokuhlanya noma okungekho.Ibhodlela ngalinye linendawo yokuvikela yepulasitiki ekhombisa ukuvula.Uma ukutholile i-vial, ithumba alifaneleki kalula noma lilahlekile, i-vial kufanele ibuyiselwe ekhemisi.Uma umkhiqizo ugcinwe ngendlela engafanele noma uqandisiwe.Uma i-insulin ingabonakali futhi ingenamabala.Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa isidakamizwa i-Actrapid ® NM:▶ Bheka ilebula ukuqiniseka ukuthi luhlobo lwe-insulin njengoba kunqunyiwe.▶ Susa ipulasitiki yokuphepha.Ungayisebenzisa kanjani le ndlela yokulungiselela i-insulin.I-Actrapid ® NM ilawulwa ngomjovo ngaphansi kwesikhumba (ngokunqenqema). Shintsha njalo indawo yokujova noma ngaphakathi kwendawo efanayo yomzimba ukuze unciphise ubungozi bokuqhamuka kwezimpawu zokubekwa uphawu noma izigaxa esikhunjeni. Izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokuzilimaza zingaphambili kwesisu, amabhuzu, ngaphambili kwamathanga noma amahlombe. I-insulin izosebenza ngokushesha uma inj injele okhalweni.Uma kunesidingo, i-Actrapid ® NM ingalawulwa ngokuhlinzwa, ngudokotela kuphela ongenza lemijovo.Faka i-Actrapid ® NM, uma ilawulwa yodwa noma ihlanganiswa ne-insulin esebenza isikhathi eside.Qinisekisa ukuthi isiguli sisebenzisa isirinji ye-insulin eneziqu ezifanele.▶ Donsela isirinji umthamo womoya olingana nethamo le-insulin elidingwa isiguli.Landela imiyalo enikezwe udokotela noma unesi wakho.▶ Yenza umjovo oshubile we-insulin. Sebenzisa inqubo yokujova etuswa udokotela wakho noma umhlengikazi.▶ Bamba inaliti ngaphansi kwesikhumba okungenani imizuzwana eyi-6 ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi idosi eliphelele liyabanjiswa.Ukulungiswa kwe-insulin yomuntu okwenziwa ngamakhemikhali kuyizidakamizwa ezisebenzayo neziphephile ekwelapheni isifo sikashukela samaqembu ahlukene ezinsuku zezingane nabasha.Isidingo sansuku zonke se-insulin ezinganeni nasentsheni sincike esigabeni sesifo, isisindo somzimba, ubudala, ukudla, ukuzivocavoca umzimba, izinga lokumelana ne-insulin kanye ne-DYNAMICS yezinga le-glycemia.Yize umqondo othile we-overdose ungenzelwanga i-insulin, i-hypoglycemia ngendlela yezigaba ezilandelanayo ingaqhamuka ngemuva kokuphathwa kwayo uma kusetshenziswa imithamo ephezulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezidingo zesiguli.I-hypoglycemia emnene ingalashwa ngokufaka i-glucose noma ukudla okunoshukela. Ngakho-ke, iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela zinconywa ukuba zithwale njalo imikhiqizo eminingana equkethe ama-carbohydrate.Esimweni se-hypoglycemia enzima, lapho isiguli sesisesimweni sokungazi, labo abaye bathola imiyalo efanelekile kufanele baphathise i-glucagon kuye ngokuqonda noma nge-intramuscularly (kusuka ku-0,5 kuye ku-0 mg).Ngemuva kokufika kwesiguli, kufanele athathe ukudla okuqukethe ama-carbohydrate ukuvimbela ukubuyela emuva.Ukuphendula okungafaniUmphumela ojwayelekile wendlela yokwelapha yi-hypoglycemia. Ngokusho kwezifundo zemitholampilo, kanye nemininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa ngemuva kokukhululwa kwayo emakethe, izehlakalo ze-hypoglycemia ziyahlukahluka emaqenjini ahlukahlukene eziguli, ngezinhlobo ezihlukile zemithamo kanye namazinga okulawulwa kwe-glycemic (bheka imininingwane ngezansi).Ekuqaleni kokwelashwa kwe-insulin, amaphutha wokuphindaphinda, i-edema nokuphendula endaweni yomjovo (ubuhlungu, ubomvu, i-urticaria, ukuvuvukala, ukulimala, ukuvuvukala nokulunywa endaweni yomjovo) kungaqapheleka. Lokhu kusabela kuvame ukushesha. Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kokulawulwa kweglucose yegazi kungaholela esimeni esiguqukayo ngokuqinisekile se-acute pain neuropathy.Ukuthuthuka okubukhali kokulawulwa kwe-glycemic ngenxa yokuqina kokulashwa kwe-insulin kungahle kuhambisane nokwanda kwesikhashana kwesifo sikashukela, ngenkathi ukulawulwa glycemic okuhlala isikhathi eside kunciphisa ubungozi bokuqhubeka kwesifo sikashukela.Ngokwezifundo zomtholampilo, lokhu okulandelayo kungukuphendula okungathandeki okuhlukaniswe imvamisa kanye namakilasi e-organ system ngokuya nge-MedDRA.Ngokuya imvamisa yokwenzeka, lokhu kusabela kwahlukaniswa kwalezo zenzeka kaningi (≥1 / 10), imvamisa (≥1 / 100 kuya 1/1000 kuya Gcina i-1/10000 ku-® NMSlide esiqandisini emazingeni okushisa we-2 ° С -I-8 ° C (ayisondelene kakhulu nefriji). Musa ukubanda. Gcina emaphaketheni okuqala ungafinyeleleki ezinganeni.Gcina kude nokushisa noma ukukhanya kwelanga.Ibhodlela ngalinye linendawo yokuvikela, enamakhodi epulasitiki enemibala. Uma uvikelekile wepulasitiki awuhambelani kahle noma ulahlekile, ibhodlela kufanele libuyiselwe ekhemisi.Amabhodlela we-Actrapid ® NM, ezisetshenziswayo akufanele igcinwe esiqandisini. Zingagcinwa amasonto ayi-6 emazingeni okushisa afinyelela kuma-30 ° C ngemuva kokuvulwa.Amalungiselelo we-insulini efriziwe akufanele asetshenziswe.Ungalokothi usebenzise i-insulin ngemuva kosuku lokuphela kwesikhathi oluboniswe kwiphakheji. Ungasebenzisa kuphela isixazululo esicacile nesingenamibala se-Actrapid ® HMNjengomthetho, i-insulin ingangezwa emithini lapho ukuhlangana kwayo kusungulwa khona. Izidakamizwa ezingezwe ku-insulin zingadala ukubhujiswa kwaso, ngokwesibonelo, amalungiselelo aqukethe ama-thiols noma ama-sulfite.I-10 ml ebhodleleni, ibhodlela eli-1 ebhokisini lekhadibhodi.Isingeniso SezindlelaUkuphathwa kokusebenzisa umuthi, ukufakwa emzimbeni, nokuthinta emzimbeni. Ngokuphathwa kwe-subcutaneous, iziguli ziyelulekwa ukuba zikhethe ithanga lendawo yokujova, kulapho umuthi uxazulula khona kancane futhi ngokulinganayo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungasebenzisa amabhlokhi, izithonga ezingaphambili nodonga lwangaphandle lwesibeletho sendawo yokulimala (lapho inj injela esiswini, umphumela womuthi uqala ngokushesha). Musa ukujova endaweni eyodwa kaningi ngenyanga, umuthi ungavusa i-lipodystrophy.Uma kudingekile ukufaka i-insulin emfishane isikhathi eside, kwenziwa i-algorithm elandelayo:Umoya wethulwa kuma-ampoules womabili (omabili amafushane namade),Okokuqala, i-insulin ebambela esifushane idonswa kwisirinji, bese ifakwa umuthi wesikhathi eside,Umoya ususwa ngokuthepha.Abantu abanesifo sikashukela abanokuhlangenwe nakho okuncane akanconyelwa ukwethula i-Actropide endaweni yamahlombe ngokwabo, ngoba kunengozi enkulu yokwakha isibaya esinamafutha anganele sesikhumba nokujova umuthi ngendlela efanelekile. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi lapho usebenzisa izinaliti ezifika ku-4-5 mm, iphothi lamafutha angaphansi alakhiwa.Kwenqatshelwe ukufaka umuthi kwizicubu eziguqulwe yi-lipodystrophy, futhi nasezindaweni zama-hematomas, uphawu, izibazi kanye nezibazi.I-Actropid ingalawulwa kusetshenziswa isirinji yensulin evamile, ipeni lesirinji noma iphampu ezenzakalelayo. Endabeni yokugcina, lesi sidakamizwa singeniswa emzimbeni ngokwaso, kulawo amabili okuqala kufaneleka kahle inqubo yokuphatha.Kufakwe inaliti elahliwayo,Umuthi uhlanganiswa kalula, ngosizo lwe-dispenser 2 amayunithi omuthi akhethiwe, alethwa emoyeni,Usebenzisa switch, umthamo oyifunayo usethe,Amafomu okugoba esikhunjeni, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenqubo eyedlule,Umuthi wethulwa ngokucindezela i-piston yonke indlela,Ngemuva kwemizuzwana eyi-10, inaliti iyasuswa esikhunjeni, kukhishwe isibaya.Inaliti ikhishwa ngaphandle.Uma kusetshenziswa isenzo se-actrapide esifushane, akudingekile ukuxuba ngaphambi kokusebenzisa.Ukuvala ukufakwa okungafanele komuthi kanye nokuvela kwe-hypoglycemia, kanye ne-hyperglycemia, i-insulin akufanele ifakwe ezindaweni ezingafanele futhi imithamo okuvunyelwene ngayo nodokotela kufanele isetshenziswe. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Actrapid ephelelwe yisikhathi akuvunyelwe, umuthi ungadala i-insulin ngokweqile.Ukuphathwa ngaphakathi kwe-intravenly noma nge-intramuscularly kwenziwa kuphela ngaphansi kokuqashwa kukadokotela oholayo. I-Actrapid ingeniswa emzimbeni isigamu sehora ngaphambi kokudla, ukudla kufanele kube nama-carbohydrate.Ithiphu: kungcono ukujova i-insulin emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, ngakho-ke izinhlungu ezivela kulomjovo azinakubonakala.Kwenzeka kanjani i-ActrapidI-Insulin Actrapid ingeyeqembu lezidakamizwa okuyisenzo salo esiyinhloko okuhloswe ngalo ukwehlisa amazinga kashukela egazini. Isidakamizwa esisebenza esifushane.Ukwehliswa ushukela kungenxa:Ubungako kanye nesivinini sokuvezwa umuthi wezitho zomzimba kuncike ezintweni ezimbalwa:Umthamo wokulungiselela i-insulin,Indlela yokuphatha (isirinji, ipeni yesirinji, iphampu ye-insulin),Indawo ekhethiwe yokulawulwa kwezidakamizwa (isisu, ingalo, ithanga noma iqhubu).Ngokuphathwa kwe-Actrapid okungatheni, umuthi uqala ukusebenza ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-30, ufinyelela ekuhlushweni okuphezulu emzimbeni ngemuva kwamahora ama-1-3, ngokuya ngezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye, isiguli se-hypoglycemic sisebenza amahora angama-8.Lapho ushintshela ku-Actrapid ezigulini izinsuku eziningana (noma amasonto, kuye ngezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye), ukuvuvukala kwamaphethelo nezinkinga ngokucaca kombono kuyabonakala.Okunye ukusabela okungekuhle kubhalwe ne:Umphumela wecala ovame kakhulu yi-hypoglycemia. Uma isiguli sinezikhumba eziphaphathekile, ukucasuka ngokweqile kanye nomuzwa wokulamba, ukudideka, ukweqisa kwamajubane nokwanda kokujuluka kuyabonakala, ushukela wegazi kungenzeka wehle ngaphansi kwezinga elivumelekile.Ekubonakalisweni kokuqala kwezimpawu, kuyadingeka ukukala ushukela futhi udle kalula ama-carbohydrate agayekayo, uma kwenzeka ulahlekelwe ukwazi, ushukela uphathwe ngendlela efanelekile esigulini.Ezimweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme, i-hypoglycemia ingaphenduka ukoma nokufa.Kwezinye izimo, i-Actrapid insulin ingadala ukuvela komzimba okuvela kuwo:Uma isiguli singayilandeli imithetho yokujova ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, i-lipodystrophy iba khona ezicutshini.Iziguli lapho i-hypoglycemia ibonwa njalo, kubalulekile ukubonana nodokotela wakho ukuze alungise imithamo ekhishwayo.Ngokulashwa okuqhubekayo kwesifo sikashukela nge-Actrapid, kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina umlando wamazinga kashukela egazini usebenzisa i-glucometer. Ukuzithiba kuzovikela ukugxuma okubukhali emazingeni kashukela.Imvamisa, i-hypoglycemia ingahle ibangelwe yi-drug overdose kuphela, kepha futhi nangezinye izizathu eziningi:Esimweni lapho isiguli sazisa inani elinganele lomuthi noma weqa isingeniso, siba ne-hyperglycemia (ketoacidosis), okuyisimo esingeyona ingozi kangako, esingaholela ekwehleni.Sebenzisa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwaUkwelashwa kwe-Actrapid kuvunyelwe uma kukhulelwa isiguli. Kuyo yonke le nkathi, kuyadingeka ukulawula izinga likashukela futhi ushintshe umthamo. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi se-trimester yokuqala, isidingo somuthi siyancipha, ngesikhathi sesibili nesesithathu - ngokuhlukile, kuyanda.Ngemuva kokubeletha, isidingo se-insulin sibuyiselwa ezingeni elalikhona ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.Ngesikhathi sokuqunjelwa, ukuncipha komthamo kungadingeka. Isiguli sidinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela izinga likashukela wegazi ukuze singaphuthelwa isikhathi lapho isidingo somuthi sizinza.Ukuthengwa nokugcinwaUngathenga i-Actrapid ekhemisi ngokuya ngemiyalelo kadokotela wakho.Kungcono ukugcina umuthi esiqandisini ekushiseni kuka-2 kuya ku-7 degrees Celsius. Ungavumeli umkhiqizo uvezwe ukushisa okuqondile noma ukukhanya kwelanga. Lapho iqhwa, i-Actrapid ilahlekelwa yizimpawu zayo zokunciphisa ushukela.Ngaphambi komjovo, isiguli kufanele sihlole usuku lokuphela kwalo muthi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-insulin ephelelwe isikhathi akuvunyelwe. Qiniseka ukuthi uhlola i-ampoule noma i-vial nge-Actrapid yedeveli kanye nokufakwa kwamanye amazweI-Actrapid isetshenziswa yiziguli ezinalolo hlobo lokuqala 1 nohlobo 2 sikashukela mellitus . Ngokusetshenziswa okufanele kanye nokuhambisana nemithamo ekhonjiswe udokotela, akubangeli ukukhula kwemiphumela emibi emzimbeni.Khumbula ukuthi isifo sikashukela kufanele siphathwe ngokuphelele: ngaphezu kokujova kwomuthi nsuku zonke, kufanele unamathele ekudleni okuthile, ubheke umsebenzi ngokomzimba futhi ungachazi umzimba ezimweni ezicindezelayo.Ukwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela kuy inqubo ende nethembekile. Lesi sifo siyingozi ngezinkinga, ngaphezu kwalokho, isiguli singafa uma singatholi ukwesekwa kwemithi okudingekayo.Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nomuthiKunconywa i-Actrapid ekulweni nesifo sikashukela. Igama lakwamanye amazwe (MHH) alinyibiliki.Lesi sidakamizwa esidumile esaziwa nge-hypoglycemic sinomphumela omfushane. Iyatholakala ngesimo sesixazululo esisetshenziselwa umjovo. Isimo sokuhlanganiswa kwesidakamizwa siwuketshezi olungenamibala. Ukufaneleka kwekhambi kunqunywa ngokusobala kwayo.Umuthi usetshenziswa ekwelapheni isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 nohlobo 2. Iyasebenza futhi kwi-hyperglycemia, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kaningi ukuhlinzeka ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo ezigulini ngenkathi kubanjwa.Iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela esincike ku-insulin zidinga ukulawula ushukela wazo wegazi kukho konke impilo yazo. Lokhu kudinga imijovo ye-insulin. Ukwenza ngcono imiphumela yokwelashwa, ochwepheshe bahlanganisa izinhlobo zomuthi ngokuya ngezimpawu zesiguli nesithombe somtholampilo walesi sifo.I-Insulin Actrapid HM umuthi obambela amafushane. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo, amazinga kashukela wegazi ayancishiswa. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokwenza kusebenze ukuthuthwa kwayo kwangaphakathi.Ngasikhathi sinye, umuthi wehlisela izinga lokukhiqizwa koshukela ngesibindi, nakho okunomthelela ekuvumeni kwamazinga kashukela.Umuthi uqala ukusebenza ngemuva kwengxenye yehora ngemuva komjovo futhi uqhubeke nokusebenza kwawo amahora angama-8. Umphumela omkhulu ubonwa ekuphumeni kwamahora ayi-1.5-3,5 emva komjovo.Khipha amafomu nokwakhekaKuthengiswa kukhona i-Actrapid ngendlela yesisombululo somjovo. Ezinye izindlela zokukhishwa azikho. Into yayo esebenzayo i-insulin encibilikisiwe ngesilinganiso esingu-3.5 mg.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka komuthi kuqukethe lezo zinto ezinezinto eziziwayo njenge:glycerin - 16 mg,I-zinc chloride - 7 mcg,i-sodium hydroxide - 2.6 mg - noma i-hydrochloric acid - 1.7 mg - (ziyadingeka emthethweni we-pH),metacresol - 3 mg,amanzi - 1 ml.Umuthi uwuketshezi olucacile, olungenamibala. Kutholakala ezitsheni zengilazi (ivolumu 10 ml). Iphakethe liqukethe 1 ibhodlela.Lesi sidakamizwa senzelwe ukulawula ushukela wegazi.Kufanele isetshenziselwe lezi zifo kanye nokuphazamiseka okulandelayo:thayipha i-2 mellitus yesifo sikashukela ngokunganakwa okuphelele noma okuyingxenye kwabenzeli be-hypoglycemic for management ngomlomo,isifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa, esivele ngesikhathi sokuzala kwengane (uma kungekho miphumela ekwelashweni kokudla),Izifo ezithinta amazinga okushisa aphezulu ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela,ukuhlinzwa okuzayo noma ukuzalwa kwengane.Ukuzelapha ngemithi nge-Actrapid kuyenqatshelwe, leli khambi kufanele linikezwe udokotela ngemuva kokufunda isithombe salesi sifo.Imiyalo yokusebenzisa umuthi iyadingeka ukuze ukwelashwa kusebenze, nomuthi ungalimazi isiguli. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-Actrapid, kufanele uyifundisise, kanye nezincomo zochwepheshe.Umuthi uphathwa ngokuhlinzwa noma ngokubandakanyeka. Udokotela kumele akhethe umthamo ngamunye wansuku zonke wesiguli ngasinye. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngu-0.3-1 IU / kg (1 IU ngu-0,035 mg we-insulin engenamsoco). Ezigabeni ezithile zeziguli, kungandiswa noma kuncishiswe.Umuthi kufanele uphathwe cishe isigamu sehora ngaphambi kokudla, okumele ube nama-carbohydrate. Kungcono ukufaka injamo odongeni lwangaphakathi lwesisu ngaphandle - ngakho ukumunca kushesha. Kepha kuvunyelwe ukuphatha umuthi emathangeni nasezinkalweni noma emsipheni we-brachial deltoid. Ukugwema i-lipodystrophy, udinga ukushintsha isayithi lomjovo (ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwendawo enconyiwe). Ukuze ulawule ngokugcwele umthamo, inaliti kufanele igcinwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba okungenani imizuzwana eyi-6.Kukhona ukusetshenziswa kwe-Actrapid okungena emzimbeni, kepha uchwepheshe kufanele aphathe umuthi ngale ndlela.Uma isiguli sinezifo ezihambisanayo, isilinganiso saso kufanele siguqulwe. Ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo ezinokubonakaliswa kokuqina kwezinsikazi, isidingo sesiguli se-insulin siyanda.Imiyalo yevidiyo yokulawulwa kwe-insulin:Udinga futhi ukukhetha umthamo ofanele wokuphambuka onjengokuthi:ukuphazamiseka kwezindlala ze-adrenal,i-pathology yesibindiisifo se-yegilo.Izinguquko ekudleni kwesiguli noma izinga lokuzivocavoca kwesiguli kungathinta isidingo somzimba se-insulin, ngenxa yalokho kuzodingeka ukulungisa umthamo obekiwe.Iziguli ezikhethekileUkwelashwa nge-Actrapid ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa akuvunyelwe. I-insulin ayidluleli kwi-placenta futhi ayilimazi umbungu.Kodwa maqondana nabomama abakhulelwe, kuyadingeka ukuba ukhethe ngokucophelela leli dosi, ngoba uma liphathwa ngendlela engafanele, kunengozi yokuthola i-hyper- noma i-hypoglycemia.Zombili lezi zinkinga zingathinta impilo yengane engakazalwa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zivusa isisu esibi. Ngakho-ke, odokotela kufanele bahlole izinga likashukela kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kuze kuzalwe.Ezinganeni, lesi sidakamizwa asiyona ingozi, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwaso ngesikhathi sokuqunjelwa nakho kuvunyelwe.Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, udinga ukunaka ekudleni kowesifazane onkulisayo futhi ukhethe umthamo ofanele.I-Actrapid ayinqunyelwe izingane kanye nentsha, yize izifundo zingatholanga ubungozi obuthile empilweni yabo. Ngokucatshangelwa, ukwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela nalesi sidakamizwa kule group yobudala kuvunyelwe, kepha umthamo kufanele ukhethwe ngamunye.I-Actrapid ine-contraindication ezimbalwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-hypersensitivity kuzakhi zomuthi kanye nokuba khona kwe-hypoglycemia.Amathuba wemiphumela emibi nokusetshenziswa kahle kwesidakamizwa aphansi. Imvamisa, i-hypoglycemia ivela, okuwumphumela wokukhetha umthamo ongafanele isiguli.Kuhambisana nezinto ezifana:Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-hypoglycemia ingadala ukukhubazeka noma ukuqunjelwa. Ezinye iziguli zingafa ngenxa yazo.Eminye imiphumela emibi ye-Actrapid ifaka:Lezi zici azivamile futhi zimpawu zesigaba sokuqala sokwelashwa. Uma zigcinwa isikhathi eside, futhi namandla azo anda, kuyadingeka ukubonisana nodokotela wakho mayelana nokufanele ukwelashwa okunjalo.I-Actrapid kumele ihlanganiswe ngokufanele nezinye izidakamizwa, inikezwe ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zezidakamizwa nezinto ezithile zingaqhakambisa noma zenze buthaka isidingo somzimba se-insulin. Kukhona nezidakamizwa ezinokusetshenziswa kwazo okubhubhisa isenzo se-Actrapid.Ithebula lokuxhumana nezinye izidakamizwa:Lapho usebenzisa i-beta-blockers, kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuthola i-hypoglycemia, ngoba le mishanguzo ifaka izimpawu zayo.Lapho isiguli sisebenzisa utshwala, isidingo somzimba wakhe we-insulin singakhuphuka futhi sinciphe. Ngakho-ke, kungakuhle ukuthi abanesifo sikashukela bayeke utshwala.Izidakamizwa ezinomphumela ofanayoUmkhiqizo unama-analogues angasetshenziswa ngokungabi bikho kwekhono lokusebenzisa i-Actrapid.Okusemqoka yile:I-Gensulin P,Masizulazule P,IMonoinsulin CR,I-Biosulin R.Imigomo nemibandela yesitoreji, intengoIthuluzi kufanele ligcinwe kude nezingane. Ukugcina izakhiwo zomuthi, kubalulekile ukuwuvikela ekuchayweni yilanga. Amazinga okugcina okulungile angama-2-8 degrees. Ngakho-ke, i-Actrapid ingagcinwa esiqandisini, kepha akufanele ibekwe efrijini. Ngemuva kweqhwa, isixazululo siba ngengabonakali. Impilo yeshelf iyiminyaka engama-2,5.Ngemuva kokuvula ibhodlela esiqandisini akufanele ibekwe, ngoba ukugcinwa kwayo kudinga izinga lokushisa elingama-25 degrees. Kusukela kwimisebe yelanga kumele ivikelwe. Impilo yeshelufu lokupakishwa elivulekile lomuthi lingamaviki ayi-6.Izindleko ezilinganiselwayo zesidakamizwa i-Actrapid ngama-ruble angama-450. I-Insulin Actrapid HM Penefill ibiza kakhulu (cishe ama-ruble angama-950). Amanani angahluka ngesifunda nohlobo lukhemisi.I-Actrapid ayilungele umuthi wokuzelapha, ngakho-ke, ungathenga umuthi kuphela ngokuyalelwa.I-NOVO NordISK NOVO NORDISK + FEREIN Novo Nordisk A / CIzimo ezikhethekilei-soluble insulin (ubunjiniyela bofuzo bomuntu) I-100 IU * Abaphathele: i-zinc chloride, i-glycerol, i-metacresol, i-hydrochloric acid kanye / noma i-sodium hydroxide (ukugcina i-pH), amanzi d / ne. * I-1 IU ifana ne-35 μg ye-anulin eyi-insulin encibilikisi yabantu (ubunjiniyela bofuzo bomuntu) I-100 IU * Abahloli: i-zinc chloride, glycerol, metacresol, hydrochloric acid kanye / noma i-sodium hydroxide (ukugcina i-pH), amanzi d / ne.Izinkomba ze-Actrapid nm zokusetshenziswai-mellitus yesifo sikashukela (uhlobo I), - i-mellitus (uhlobo II) olungenayo i-insulin (isigaba II): isigaba sokumelana nabamele i-hypoglycemic agents, ukumelana ngokwengxenye kwale mishanguzo (ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okuhlangene), ngezifo ezithinta umzimba, ukusebenza nokukhulelwa.Imiphumela ye-Actrapid nmImiphumela emibi ebonwe ezigulini ngesikhathi sokwelashwa nge-Actrapid NM yayixhomeke kakhulu kumthamo futhi ibangelwa isenzo se-insulin se-pharmacological. Njengamanye amalungiselelo e-insulin, umphumela ovame kakhulu we-hypoglycemia. Ikhula ezimweni lapho umthamo we-insulin ubedlula khona isidingo sakho. Ngesikhathi sokuvivinywa kwemitholampilo, kanye nangesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa ngemuva kokukhishwa kwayo emakethe yabathengi, kwatholakala ukuthi imvamisa ye-hypoglycemia yehlukile ezigabeni ezihlukene zeziguli futhi lapho usebenzisa ama-regimens ehlukene wesilinganiso, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukukhombisa amanani ngqo emvamisa. Kwi-hypoglycemia enkulu, ukulahleka kwengqondo kanye / noma ukuqunjelwa kungenzeka, ukonakala okwesikhashana noma unomphela komsebenzi wobuchopho futhi nokufa kungenzeka. Izifundo zemitholampilo zikhombisile ukuthi izehlakalo ze-hypoglycemia ngokuvamile zazingafani phakathi kweziguli ezithola i-insulin yabantu kanye neziguli ezithola i-insulin aspart. Lokhu okulandelayo amanani wokuvama kokungaphenduki ngokubi okhonjwe lapho kuvivinywa umtholampilo, obekubhekwa njengokuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa i-Actrapid NM. Imvamisa inqunywe kanjena: kaningi (> 1/1000,Izimo zokugcinagcina endaweni eyomileGcina emakhazeni (t 2 - 5)hlukana nezinganegcina endaweni emnyamaImininingwane enikelwe yiRegista Yombuso Yezemithi.Brinsulrapi MK, Brinsulrapi Ch, Insulin Actrapid, LevulinIgama lesi Latin: i-actrapidIkhodi ye-ATX: A10AB01Into esebenzayo: insulin encibilikayoUmkhiqizi: INovo Nordisk, eDenmarkAmaholide asuka ekhemisi: Ngokusebenzisa umuthiIzimo Zokugcina: 2-8 degrees ukushisaIsikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi: Iminyaka engu-2,5 - ibhodlela elivaliwekwavulwa - inyanga eyodwa nohhafu.I-Actrapid yi-insulin esebenza ngokufushane esetshenziswa kwizifo sikashukela phambi kokuntuleka kwe-hormonal.I-Insulin Actrapid nm ilungele ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela i-mellitus. Ingasetjentiswa kokubili lapho kukhona ifomu le-insulin elwa nemithi engatheni ne-insulin. Kubonakaliswa ngumphumela osheshayo wokwelapha, lapho isiguli sidinga ukubeka ngokushesha inkomba yakhe ye-glycemic.Amafomu wokubumba nawokukhishwaIsithako esisebenzayo ekwakhiweni yi-insulin yabantu ngesimo esincibilikisiwe. Abafaka ukwakheka: i-zinc chloride, i-glycerol, amanzi wokujova, i-metacresol, i-sodium hydroxide.Umuthi uthengiswa ngohlobo lokujova, kukhona nefomu le-actrapid nm penfill, elithengiswa ngendlela yesisombululo semijovo engaphansi kwe-subcutaneous.Ukuphulukisa izakhiwoUmuthi lo unemiphumela yokwelapha esheshayo, ngoba ingeyoqembu le-pharmacological le-insulin esebenza ngokushesha. Umkhiqizo wenziwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-bioengineering ye-DNA ephindaphindekayo ngokwethulwa kwesiko lemvubelo yombhaki. Ngemuva kokuphathwa okuqondile komuthi ngokunqenqemeni, into esebenzayo iqala ukusebenzisana nama-cytoplasmic receptors kulwelwesi lweseli. Umuthi usebenza izinqubo ngaphakathi kweseli ngokuvuselela i-biosynthesis ye-CAMP, evumela ukuthi ingene ijule phakathi esikhaleni seseli.Njengoba ireferensi ye-radar ibonisa, ukwehla kweshukela egazini kubangelwa ukunyuka okungaphakathi kwe-intracellular nokutholwa yizicubu zomzimba, okusheshisa ukugcinwa kwamafutha emzimbeni, ukwakheka kwezakhi zamaprotheni, i-glycogenogeneis kwenzeka, kanye nokwehla kokukhiqizwa kwe-glucose ngesibindi. Umuthi uqala ukusebenza ngokuzikhandla emzimbeni isigamu sehora ngemuva kokuwusebenzisa. Umphumela wethonya utholakala ngemuva kwamahora ayi-2,5, futhi ubude besikhathi sokuvezwa cishe buba ngamahora angama-7-8.Ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwaIzinto ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokunciphisa ushukela: izidakamizwa ze-hypoglycemic zomlomo, ama-anabolic steroid, androgens, ketoconazole, tetracycline, uvithamini B6, bromocriptine, mebendazole, theophylline, iziphuzo ezingakhethi i-beta-blockers, ezingezeleli nje kuphela umphumela, kepha futhi zandisa isikhathi sokusebenza.Amanani kashukela wegazi akhuphuka: Ukuvimbela inzalo yowesifazane okwenziwa ngomlomo (ama-analogia okwenziwa kwe-progesterone ne-estradiol), ama-hormone we-thyroid, ama-anticoagulants, ama-clonidine, i-diazoxide, i-danazole, ama-antidepressants ama-triceclic, ama-blockers wesiteshi se-calcium, i-opioid analgesics, i-nicotinic acid kanye nama-nicoteroids, I-Reserpine, i-salicylates, i-octreotide, i-lanreotide ithinta ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwe-insulin. Lezi zinto zinganciphisa futhi zikhulise isidingo semithamo yomuthi.Amasela nama-sulfite anikela ekubhujisweni noma ekucekelweni phansi kwekhambi lezidakamizwa, futhi ama-beta-blockers abangela izinkomba zamanga ze-hypoglycemia.Imiphumela emibi kanye ne-overdoseKwesinye isikhathi kuba khona kokungezwani komzimba ngendlela yokuqhuma kwesikhumba noma ukuvuvukala, akuvamisile ukuthi kube nokuqothuka kwezicubu ze-adipose ezindaweni zokujova. Kuyaqabukela, ukuvela kokumelana (okungamukeli) kwe-insulin engaphandle.Uma kwenzeka kweqa ngokweqile, imizwa enjalo engemnandi iyenzeka: ukulahleka kokulala okujwayelekile, ukucwaswa kwesikhumba, i-paresthesia, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukukhuthala kokudla, ukuzamazama kwezandla, i-hyperhidrosis, ikhanda, i-migraines, i-paresthesia emlonyeni, i-tachycardia. Nge-overdose eqinile, i-hypoglycemia enzima yesigaba esibulalayo iyenzeka futhi isiguli siwela ekhefini.Uma kukhona ukubonakaliswa okuncane kwe-hypoglycemia, khona-ke kwanele ukusebenzisa ama-carbohydrate asheshayo (ushukela, imigoqo yamashokoleti, amaphilisi kashukela). Ngobunzima obulinganiselayo, ushukela uphethwe ngaphakathi nge-dropper. Esimweni esibi, kubizwa iqembu le-ambulensi bese kuthi glucagon ifakwe, futhi ukubhekelwa esibhedlela kuyadingeka kuze kube yilapho isimo sivamile.ILilly France, eFranceIzindleko ezimaphakathi eRussia - ama-ruble ayi-1720 ngephakheji ngalinye.Into esebenzayo ye-humalogue yi-insulin lispro. Lesi ngesinye sezimpawu eziningi ze-actrapide ngentengo ebizayo. I-Humalog inomphumela we-Ultra-okusheshayo, umphumela wayo wokwelapha uqala ukubonakala kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-15 ngemuva komjovo, kepha isikhathi sokusebenza sisifushane, sisuka emahoreni amabili kuya kwayi-5 ngokulandelana.Sanofi Avensis Deutschland, GermanyIzindleko ezimaphakathi eRussia - ama-ruble angama-2060 ngephakeji ngalinye.I-Apidra iqukethe i-insulin ngesimo se-gluzilin, okuthi, njenge-analogue yangaphandle yakwamanye amazwe, ikuvumela ukuthi kwenzeke izikhathi eziningi ngokushesha, kepha isikhathi sokusebenza asisinde kangako - amahora ambalwa.Umphumela osheshayoKuyasiza kakhulu.Ukwelashwa kweziguli ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 kwenziwa ngendlela yokwelashwa kwe-insulin. Kanye nemikhawulo yokudla, ukuphathwa kwe-insulin kungavikela iziguli ezinjalo ekutholeni izinkinga ezinzima zesifo sikashukela.Lapho unquma i-insulin, kuyadingeka ukuzama ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka isigqi semvelo sokungena kwayo egazini. Kulokhu, izinhlobo ezimbili ze-insulin zivame ukubekelwa iziguli - isenzo eside nesifushane.Ukuvikelwa okukhona isikhathi eside ukulingisa okufihliwe okuyisisekelo (okuncane okungajwayelekile). Kufakwa insulin emifushane yokufakwa kwe-carbohydrate ekudleni. Zikhishwa ngaphambi kokudla kudosi elihambelana nenani lamayunithi esinkwa emikhiqizweni. I-Actrapid NM ngeka-insulin enjalo.Indlela yokusebenza ye-Actrapid NMUmkhiqizo uqukethe i-insulin yabantu etholakala ngobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. Ekhiqizweni kwawo, kusetshenziswa i-DNA evela kwibhilikidi le-saccharomycetes.I-insulin ibopha ama-receptors emangqamuzaneni futhi le nkimbinkimbi ihlinzeka ukugeleza kweglucose kusuka egazini kuya esitokisini.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-insulin ye-Actrapid ibukisa ngezenzo ezinjalo ngezinqubo ze-metabolic:Ngcono ukwakheka kwe-glycogen esibindini nasemisipha yemisiphaKushukumisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-glucose ngamaseli emisipha kanye nezicubu ze-adipose zamandlaUkuwohloka kwe-glycogen kuncishisiwe, njengoba kwenzeka nokwakheka kwama-molecule eglue esibindi.Ngcono ukwakhiwa kwamafutha acid futhi kunciphisa ukuwohloka kwamafuthaEgazini, ukuvela kwama-lipoproteins kuyakhuphukaI-insulin isheshisa ukukhula kwamaseli nokuhlukaniswaIsheshisa ukwakheka kwamaprotheni futhi kunciphise ukuwohloka kwayo.Isikhathi sokusebenza kwe-Actrapid NM sincike kumthamo, indawo yomjovo kanye nohlobo lwesifo sikashukela. Umuthi ukhombisa izakhiwo zawo uhhafu wehora ngemuva kokuphathwa, ubukhulu bawo buphawulwa ngemuva kwamahora 1.5 - 3.5. Ngemuva kwamahora angama-7 - 8, isidakamizwa siyayeka isenzo saso futhi sibhujiswe ngama-enzyme.Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokusetshenziswa kwe-Actrapid insulin ukwehlisa amazinga e-glucose ku-mellitus yesifo sikashukela ukuze isetshenziswe njalo futhi kuthuthukiswe izimo eziphuthumayo.I-Actrapid ngesikhathi sokukhulelwaI-Insulin Actrapid NM ingabekwa ukuthi inciphise i-hyperglycemia kwabesifazane abakhulelwe, ngoba ayinqamuleli isithiyo se-placental. Ukuntuleka kwesinxephezelo sikashukela kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kungaba yingozi enganeni.Ukukhethwa komthamo kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba womabili amazinga aphakeme kashukela aphazamisa ukwakheka kwezitho futhi aholele ekungalungisweni, kanye nokwandisa ingozi yokufa kwengane.Kusukela esigabeni sokuhlela ukukhulelwa, iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela kufanele zigadwe yi-endocrinologist, futhi zikhonjiswa ukuqapha okuthuthukile kwamazinga kashukela egazini. Isidingo se-insulin singase sehlise ku-trimester yokuqala yokukhulelwa futhi sikhuphuke kwesesibili nesesithathu.Ngemuva kokubeletha, izinga le-glycemia livame ukubuyela kwizibalo ezedlule ezazingaphambi kokukhulelwa.Kwabomama asebekhulile, ukuphathwa kwe-Actrapid NM nakho akusengozini.Kepha uma kunikezwe isidingo esengeziwe sezakhamzimba, ukudla kufanele kuguquke, yingakho umthamo we-insulin.Isixazululo somjovo - 1 ml:izinto ezisebenzayo: ubunjiniyela be-insulin encibilikayo i-genetic engineering - I-100 IU (3.5 mg), i-1 IU ifana ne-0,035 mg ye-insulin yomuntu engenamsoco.ababukeli: i-zinc chloride, glycerin (glycerol), metacresol, sodium hydroxide kanye / noma hydrochloric acid (ukulungisa i-pH), amanzi wokujova.I-10 ml emabhodleleni engilazi, evalwe ngesithinteli senjoloba kanye nengcwecwe yepulasitiki, kwibhokisi lamakhadibhodi e-1.Isixazululo somjovo sinokusobala, asinombala.I-insulin emfishane esebenza ngabantu.I-insulin yokuphindaphinda komuntu kwe-DNA. Kuyi-insulin yesikhathi esiphakathi sokwenza. Ilawula umsoco we-glucose, inemiphumela ye-anabolic. Emisipha nakwezinye izicubu (ngaphandle kwengqondo), i-insulin isheshisa ukuthutha okungaphakathi kwe-glucose nama-amino acid, futhi ithuthukise i-protein anabolism. I-insulin ikhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwe-glucose ku-glycogen esibindini, ivimbela i-gluconeogeneis futhi ikhuthaze ukuguqulwa kweglucose ngokweqile ibe ngamafutha.I-Actrapid nm Sebenzisa ekukhulelweni nasezinganeniNgesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina ukulawulwa okuhle kwe-glycemic kwiziguli ezinesifo sikashukela. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, isidingo se-insulin ngokuvamile sincipha ku-trimester yokuqala futhi sanda kuma-trimesters wesibili nelesithathu.Iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela ziyalulekwa ukwazisa udokotela wazo ngokuqala noma ukuhlela ukukhulelwa.Ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela i-mellitus ngesikhathi se-lactation (ukuncelisa ibele), ukulungiswa kwamthamo we-insulin, ukudla noma okubili kungadingeka.Ekutadisheni ubuthi bezakhi zofuzo ku-in vitro nakuchungechunge lwe-vivo, i-insulin yomuntu ayizange ibe nomphumela we-mutagenic.i-soluble insulin (ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo) I-100 IU *Abahambeli: i-zinc chloride, i-glycerol, i-metacresol, i-hydrochloric acid kanye / noma i-sodium hydroxide (ukugcina izinga le-pH), amanzi d / kanye.* I-1 IU ifana nama-35 μg we-insulin yomuntu engenamsoco.I-10 ml - amabhodlela engilazi (1) - amaphakethe ekhadibhodi.Umthamo we-Actrapid nmP / c, in / in. Umthamo wesidakamizwa ukhethiwe ngokulandisa izidingo zesiguli. Ngokuvamile, isidingo sesiguli se-insulin sisuka ku-0,3 siye ku-1 IU / kg / ngosuku. Isidingo sansuku zonke se-insulin singaba ngaphezulu ezigulini ezinokumelana ne-insulin (ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuthomba, kanye nasezigulini ezinokukhuluphala ngokweqile) futhi ziphansi ezigulini ezikhiqizwa yi-insulin. Uma iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela zithola ukulawula okuhle kwe-glycemic, khona-ke izinkinga zesifo sikashukela zivame ukwenzeka kamuva. Kulokhu, umuntu kufanele alwele ukukhulisa ukulawulwa kwe-metabolic, ikakhulukazi, ngokubheka ngokucophelela izinga le-glucose egazini.I-Actrapid ® NM iyi-insulin ebamba okwesikhashana futhi ingasetshenziswa ihlanganiswe nama-insulin asebenza isikhathi eside.Umuthi uphathwa imizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokudla noma isidlo esiqukethe i-carbohydrate. I-Actrapid ® NM imvamisa iphathwa esifundeni sodonga lwesibeletho lwangaphakathi. Uma lokhu kulula, khona-ke imijovo nayo ingenziwa ethangeni, esifundeni esikhazimulayo noma esifundeni somsipha wehlombe. Ngokufakwa kwesidakamizwa esifundeni sodonga lwesibeletho lwangaphandle, ukufinyelwa ngokushesha kutholakala kunokuba kwethulwa kwezinye izindawo. Ukwenza umjovo esibayeni sesikhumba kunciphisa ingozi yokungena emsipha.Kuyadingeka ukuguqula indawo yomjovo ngaphakathi kwesifunda se-anatomical ukuze uvikele ukuthuthukiswa kwe-lipodystrophy.Imijovo ye-Intramuscular nayo iyenzeka, kepha njengoba kuyalelwe udokotela kuphela.I-Actrapid ® NM iyakwazi futhi ukungena ngaphakathi, futhi izinqubo ezinjalo zingenziwa kuphela uchwepheshe wezokwelapha.Ngomonakalo wezinso noma isibindi, isidingo se-insulin sinciphile.Ukudluliselwa kwesiguli kolunye uhlobo lwe-insulin noma kokulungiswa kwe-insulin enegama elihlukile lokuhweba kufanele kwenzeke ngaphansi kokuqashwa okuqinile kwezokwelapha.Izinguquko emsebenzini we-insulin, uhlobo lwayo, izinhlobo (ingulube, i-insulin yomuntu, i-anulinue yabantu) noma indlela yokukhiqiza (i-DNA recombinant insulin noma i-insulin yemvelaphi yesilwane) ingadinga ukulungiswa kwamthamo.Isidingo sokushintshwa komthamo singadingeka kakade ekuphathweni kokuqala kokulungiswa kwe-insulin yomuntu ngemuva kokulungiswa kwe-insulin yezilwane noma kancane kancane phakathi namasonto noma izinyanga ezimbalwa kudlulile.Isidingo se-insulin singehla ngokusebenza okunganele kwe-adrenal, i-pituitary noma i-thyroid gland, ngokuqina kwe-renal noma hepatic.Ngokugula okuthile noma ukucindezelwa okungokomzwelo, isidingo se-insulin singakhuphuka.Ukulungiswa komdosi kungadingeka futhi uma kukhulisa umsebenzi ngokomzimba noma lapho uguqula indlela yokudla ejwayelekile.Izimpawu zezimbangela ze-hypoglycemia ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kwe-insulin yabantu kwezinye iziguli zingabizwa kakhulu noma zihluke kulezo ezabonakala ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kwe-insulin yemvelaphi yesilwane. Ngokujwayezwa okujwayelekile kwamazinga kashukela egazini, ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yokwelashwa kwe-insulin okunamandla, zonke noma ezinye izimpawu zezimpawu ze-hypoglycemia zinganyamalala, mayelana nokuthi yiziphi iziguli okufanele zaziswe ngazo.Izimpawu zezimbangi ze-hypoglycemia zingashintsha noma zikhuliswe kancane ngenkambo ende yesifo sikashukela, i-neuropathy yesifo sikashukela, noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-beta-blockers.Kwezinye izimo, ukusabela komzimba kwendawo kungabangelwa izizathu ezihlobene nesenzo somuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukufutheka kwesikhumba nge-ejenti yokuhlanza noma umjovo ongafanele.Ezimweni ezingavamile zokusabela kwe-systemic allergic, ukwelashwa ngokushesha kuyadingeka. Kwesinye isikhathi, izinguquko ze-insulin noma desensitization zingadingeka.Ithonya kwikhono lokushayela izimoto nezindlela zokulawulaNgesikhathi se-hypoglycemia, amandla wesiguli ukugxilisa ukunaka angancipha futhi izinga lokuphendula kwe-psychomotor lingase lehle. Lokhu kungaba yingozi ezimweni lapho la makhono ebaluleke kakhulu (ukushayela imoto noma imishini yokusebenza). Iziguli kufanele zelulekwe ukuthi zithathe izinyathelo zokuvikela ukugwema i-hypoglycemia ngenkathi ushayela. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezigulini ezinezimpawu ezithambile noma ezingekho-ezandulelayo ze-hypoglycemia noma ukukhula njalo kwe-hypoglycemia. Ezimweni ezinjalo, udokotela kufanele ahlole ukuthi kungenzeka isiguli esishayela imoto.Ukuphelela kokumunca kanye nokuqala komphumela we-insulin kuncike emzileni wokuphatha (ngokunqenqemeni, nge-intramuscularly), indawo yokuphatha (isisu, ithanga, amabhuzu), umthamo (umthamo we-insulin elimele), ukugcwala kwe-insulin kwezidakamizwa, njll. kungakapheli amahora angama-1.5-2,5 ngemuva kokuphathwa kobuhlakani. UkusatshalaliswaAkukho okubunjiwe ukuthi kubopha amaprotheni e-plasma, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala kuphela amasosha omzimba alwa ne-insulin.I-insulin yomuntu ikhanyiswa isenzo se-insulin proteinase noma ama-enzyme okususa i-insulin, futhi, mhlawumbe, ngesenzo se-protein disulfide isomerase. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ku-molecule ye-insulin yabantu kuneziza eziningana ze-cleavage (hydrolysis), noma kunjalo, akukho neyodwa yama-metabolites eyenziwe ngenxa ye-cleavage iyasebenza.Isigamu sempilo (T 1/2) sinqunywa inani lokucwiywa kusuka ezicutshini ezingaphansi. Ngakho-ke, i-T 1/2 kungenzeka ukuthi ibe yisilinganiso sokumunca, kunokuba kube yisilinganiso sangempela sokususa i-insulin kuyi-plasma (i-T 1/2 ye-insulin ephuma egazini imizuzu embalwa kuphela). Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-T 1/2 cishe amahora angama-2-5.I-Pharmacokinetics ezimweni ezikhethekile zomtholampiloIphrofayili ye-pharmacokinetic ye-Actrapid NM yafundwa eqenjini elincane lezingane ezinesifo sikashukela i-mellitus (abantu abangu-18) abaneminyaka engu-6 kuya kwengu-6, kanye nentsha (eneminyaka eyi-13 kuya kwengu-13). Yize imininingwane etholakele ibhekwa njengelinganiselwe, kodwa nokho bakhombisile ukuthi iphrofayli le-pharmacokinetic le-Actrapid NM ezinganeni nasebusheni liyafana nelabantu abadala. Ngasikhathi sinye, umehluko wembuliwe phakathi kweminyaka yobudala ehlukile yinkomba efana ne-C max, ephinde igcizelele isidingo sokukhethwa komthamo ngamunye.Uhlobo lwedosiUmuthi wenzelwe i-SC kanye / esethulweni.Umthamo womuthi ukhethwa ngawodwana, kucatshangelwa izidingo zesiguli. Ngokuvamile, izidingo ze-insulin zisukela ku-0.3 ziye ku-1 IU / kg / ngosuku. Isidingo sansuku zonke se-insulin singase sibe ngaphezulu kwiziguli ezinokumelana ne-insulin (ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuthomba, kanye nasezigulini ezinokukhuluphala ngokweqile), futhi ziphansi ezigulini ezikhiqizwa yi-insulin.Uma iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela zithola ukulawula okuhle kwe-glycemic, khona-ke izinkinga zesifo sikashukela zivame ukwenzeka kamuva. Kulokhu, umuntu kufanele alwele ukukhulisa ukulawulwa kwe-metabolic, ikakhulukazi, ngokubheka ngokucophelela izinga le-glucose egazini.I-Actrapid NM iyi-insulin esebenza njengemfushane futhi engasetshenziswa ihlanganiswe nama-insulin asebenza isikhathi eside.Umuthi uphathwa imizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokudla noma isidlo esiqukethe i-carbohydrate.I-Actrapid NM ivame ukuphathwa ngokungaziphathi esifundeni sodonga lwesibeletho lwangaphakathi. Uma lokhu kufanelekile, khona-ke imijovo nayo ingenziwa ethangeni, esifundeni esikhazimulayo noma esifundeni semisipha yehlombe ehlombe. Ngokufakwa kwesidakamizwa esifundeni sodonga lwesibeletho lwangaphandle, ukufinyelwa ngokushesha kutholakala kunokuba kwethulwa kwezinye izindawo. Ukwenza umjovo esibayeni sesikhumba kunciphisa ingozi yokungena emsipha.I-Actrapid NM iyakwazi futhi ukungena ngaphakathi futhi izinqubo ezinjalo zingenziwa kuphela ngudokotela wezokwelapha.Imiyalo yokusebenzisa nokuphathaUkulawulwa kwe-intravenous, izinhlelo zokumisa eziqukethe i-Actrapid NM 100 IU / ml zisetshenziselwa ukugxila kusuka ku-0,05 IU / ml kuya ku-1 IU / ml we-insulin yomuntu kwizisombululo zokufakwa, njengesisombululo se-0.9% sodium chloride, izixazululo ezingama-5% nezingu-10% I-dextrose, kufaka phakathi i-potassium chloride ekuqoqweni okungama-40 mmol / l, uhlelo lwe-on / in management lusebenzisa izikhwama zokufakwa ezenziwe nge-polypropylene, lezi zixazululo zihlala zizinzile amahora angama-24 ngokushisa kwegumbi.Yize lezi zixazululo zihlala zizinzile isikhathi esithile, esigabeni sokuqala, ukufakwa kwenani elithile le-insulin kuyaphawulwa ngento okwenziwe kuyo isikhwama sokufakwa. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, kuyadingeka ukuqapha izinga le-glucose egazini.Imiyalo yokusebenzisa i-Actrapid NM, okumele inikezwe isiguli.Izilwane ezivimbela isidakamizwa i-Actrapid NM zingasetshenziswa kuphela kanye nama-insulin, lapho kufakwa khona isikali, okukuvumela ukukala umthamo ngokwamayunithi esenzo. Izilwane ezihamba nge-Actrapid NM zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye.Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-Actrapid ® NM, kuyadingeka: Hlola ilebula ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi uhlobo olufanele lwe-insulin lukhethiwe, khipha isibulala-zinshi emisa irabha ngensimbi yekotoni.I-drug Actrapid ® NM ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kumacala alandelayo:- ngamaphampu we-insulin,- Kuyadingeka ukuthi iziguli zichaze ukuthi uma kungekho cap yokuvikela ebhodleleni elisha, elivele lamukelwa ekhemisi, noma lingahambi ngokuqinile, i-insulin enjalo kufanele ibuyiselwe ekhemisi- uma i-insulin igcinwe ngokungalungile, noma uma iqandisiwe.- uma i-insulin iyekile ukuba sobala futhi ingabi namabala.Uma isiguli sisebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwe-insulin1. Donsela umoya kwisirinji ngenani elihambisana nomthamo ofunekayo we-insulin.Ngenisa umoya kwi-vial ye-insulin. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bhoboza isitobha senjoloba ngenaliti bese ucindezela iphiston.3. Guqula ibhodlela lesirinji libheke phansi.4. Faka umthamo odingekayo we-insulin kwisirinji.5. Susa inaliti kusuka ku-vial.6. Khipha umoya kwisirinji.7. Qinisekisa ukuthi umthamo we-insulin ulungile.8. Faka ngokushesha.Uma isiguli sidinga ukuxuba i-Actrapid® NM ne-insulin esebenza isikhathi eside1. Qingqa i-vial ye-insulin esebenza isikhathi eside (enamafu) phakathi kwezandla zakho kuze kube yilapho i-insulin imhlophe ngokulinganayo futhi kunamafu.2. Dweba umoya ungene kwisirinji ngenani elihambisana nomthamo we-insulin enamafu. Faka umoya kumafu we-insulin onamafu bese ususa inaliti ku-vial.3. Donsela umoya kwisirinji ngenani elihambisana nomthamo we-Actrapid NM (“esobala”). Faka umoya kwi-vial nge-Actrapid NM.4. Guqula i-vial nge-syringe ("esobala") sibheke phansi bese ushayela umthamo owuthandayo we-Actrapid HM. Thatha inaliti ususe umoya kwisirinji. Hlola umthamo ofanele.5. Faka inaliti kwi-vial ye-insulin enamafu.6. Vula i-vial ngesirinji sibheke phansi.7. Shayela umthamo owuthandayo we-insulin enamafu.8. Susa inaliti kusuka ku-vial.9. Khipha umoya kwisirinji bese ubheka ukuthi ulungile yini.10. Faka ngokushesha ingxube ye-insulin efushane neosethatha isikhathi eside.Njalo thatha ama-insulin amafushane futhi amade ngokulandelana okufanayo njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla.Fundisa isiguli ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-insulin1. Ngeminwe emibili, bamba isibaya sesikhumba, faka inaliti engxenyeni yesibaya engela elingaba ngu-45 degrees, bese ufaka i-insulin ngaphansi kwesikhumba.2. Ngemuva komjovo, inaliti kufanele ihlale ngaphansi kwesikhumba okungenani imizuzwana eyi-6, ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi i-insulin ifakiwe ngokuphelele.Umphumela wecalaImiphumela emibi ebonwe ezigulini ngesikhathi sokwelashwa nge-Actrapid NM yayixhomeke kakhulu kumthamo futhi ibangelwa isenzo se-insulin se-pharmacological. Njengamanye amalungiselelo e-insulin, umphumela ovame kakhulu we-hypoglycemia. Ikhula ezimweni lapho umthamo we-insulin ubedlula khona isidingo sakho. Ngesikhathi sokuvivinywa kwemitholampilo, kanye nangesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa ngemuva kokukhishwa kwayo emakethe yabathengi, kwatholakala ukuthi imvamisa ye-hypoglycemia yehlukile ezigabeni ezihlukene zeziguli futhi lapho usebenzisa ama-regimens ehlukene wesilinganiso, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukukhombisa amanani ngqo emvamisa.Kwi-hypoglycemia enkulu, ukulahleka kwengqondo kanye / noma ukuqunjelwa kungenzeka, ukonakala okwesikhashana noma unomphela komsebenzi wobuchopho futhi nokufa kungenzeka. Izifundo zemitholampilo zikhombisile ukuthi izehlakalo ze-hypoglycemia ngokuvamile zazingafani phakathi kweziguli ezithola i-insulin yabantu kanye neziguli ezithola i-insulin aspart.Lokhu okulandelayo amanani wokuvama kokungaphenduki ngokubi okhonjwe lapho kuvivinywa umtholampilo, obekubhekwa njengokuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa i-Actrapid NM. Imvamisa inqunywe ngale ndlela elandelayo: kaningi (> 1/1000, ukuphazamiseka kohlelo lokugula): kaningi - i-urticaria, ukuqubuka, ukuvela okungajwayelekile kwe-anaphylactic. Izimpawu ze-hypersensitivity ejwayelekile zingafaka ukuqubuka kwesikhumba okujwayelekile, ukuhayiza, ukujuluka, ukuphazamiseka kwesisu se-gastrointestinal ukuvuvukala, ukuphefumula, ukuphefumula, ukwehla kwengcindezi yegazi, ukwehluleka / ukungazi, Ukuphendula okwenziwe ngokweqile kwe-hypersensitivity kungaba yingozi empilweni.Ukuphazamiseka kusuka ohlelweni lwezinzwa: kuyaqabukela - i-peropheral neuropathy. Uma ukuthuthuka kokulawula ushukela wegazi kutholakale ngokushesha okukhulu, isimo esibizwa nge- "acute painopopathy" singakhula esivame ukuphindeka.Ukwephulwa kwesitho sombono: okwejwayelekile - ukwephulwa kokuphikiswa. Ukuphazamiseka kokuphazamiseka kuvame ukuqashelwa esigabeni sokuqala sokwelashwa kwe-insulin. Njengomthetho, lezi zimpawu ziyaphenduka. Akuvamile - i-retinopathy yesifo sikashukela. Uma ukulawulwa okwanele kwe-glycemic kunikezwa isikhathi eside, ubungozi bokuthuthuka kwe-retinopathy yesifo sikashukela buncishisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ukuqiniswa kokuqina kwe-insulin ngokuthuthukiswa okubukhali kokulawulwa kwe-glycemic kungaholela ekwenyukeni okwesikhashana kobunzima be-retinopathy yesifo sikashukela.Ukuphazamiseka esikhumbeni nezicubu ezi-subcutaneous: njalo - lipodystrophy. I-Lipodystrophy ingakhula endaweni yomjovo ecaleni lapho ingashintshi njalo indawo yokujova ngaphakathi kwendawo efanayo yomzimba.Ukuphazamiseka emzimbeni wonke, kanye nokuphendula endaweni yomjovo: kaningi, ukusabela endaweni yokujova. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sokwelashwa kwe-insulin, ukuvela kungenzeka endaweni yokulimala (ubomvu kwesikhumba, ukuvuvukala, ukulunywa, ukuqina, ukwakheka kwe-hematoma endaweni yomjovo). Kodwa-ke, ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kusabela kuhamba kancane ngokwendalo futhi kunyamalale lapho kuqhubeka inqubo yokwelashwa. Kaningi - ukuqhosha. Ukuvuvukala kuvame ukuqashelwa esigabeni sokuqala sokwelashwa kwe-insulin. Njengomthetho, lolu phawu luhamba kancane emvelweni.Ukusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuqunjelwaAyikho imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-insulin ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ngoba i-insulin ayinqamuki isithiyo se-placental. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma isifo sikashukela singelashwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ingane isengozini. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela kufanele kuqhubeke ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.Kokubili i-hypoglycemia ne-hyperglycemia, engaqhamuka ezimweni zokwelashwa ezikhethwe ngendlela efanele, yandisa ingozi yokungalungi kwe-fetus nokufa kwe-fetus.Abesifazane abakhulelwe abanesifo sikashukela kufanele bagadwe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwabo, badinga ukulawulwa okuthuthukisiwe kwamazinga kashukela egazini, izincomo ezifanayo zisebenza kwabesifazane abahlela ukukhulelwa.Isidingo se-insulin sivame ukwehla ku-trimester yokuqala yokukhulelwa futhi kancane kancane sikhule kuma-trimesters wesibili nelesithathu.Ngemuva kokubeletha, isidingo se-insulin sibuyela ngokushesha ezingeni elaphawulwa ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.Futhi akukho mingcele ekusebenziseni isidakamizwa i-Actrapid NM ngesikhathi sokuncelisa ibele. Ukwenza ukwelashwa kwe-insulin komama asebekhulile akuyona ingozi enganeni. Kodwa-ke, umama angadinga ukuguqula uhlobo lwemithamo ye-Actrapid NM kanye / noma yokudla.Kunezidakamizwa ezimbalwa ezithinta isidingo se-insulin.umphumela hypoglycemic insulin ukuthuthukisa ejenti temlomo hypoglycemic, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, ACE inhibitor, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, abakhethayo beta-blocker, bromocriptine, sulfonamides, Ama-anabolic steroid, tetracyclines, klofiorat, ketoconazole, mebendazole, pyridoxine, theophylline, cyclophosphamide, fenfluramine, lithium, izidakamizwa, equkethe i-ethanol.Izindlela zokuvimbela inzalo ngomlomo, i-GCS, ama-hormone e-thyroid, ama-thiazide diuretics, i-heparin, ama-anticepressants ama-tridalclic, ama-sympathomimetics, i-danazole, i-clonidine, i-calcium blockers block, i-diazoxide, i-morphine, i-phenytoin, i-nicotine yenza buthaka umphumela we-insogulin.Ngaphansi kwethonya le-reserpine ne-salicylates, kungaba buthaka kanye nokwanda kwesenzo somuthi.AmaBeta-blockers angakwazi ukuvala uphawu lwe-hypoglycemia futhi akwenze kube nzima ukuqeda i-hypoglycemia.I-Alcohol ingakhulisa futhi yandise umphumela we-insogulin.I-Actrapid NM ingangezwa kuphela kulezo zakhi ezaziwa ngazo ukuthi ziyahambisana. Ezinye izidakamizwa (ngokwesibonelo, izidakamizwa eziqukethe ama-thiols noma ama-sulfite) lapho zengezwa kwikhambi le-insulin zingadala ukonakala.Gcina esiqandisini endaweni yokushisa engu-2 ° C kuya ku-8 ° C (hhayi eduze kakhulu nefriji) ebhokisini lekhadibhodi. Musa ukubanda. Umuthi kufanele uvikeleke ekuvezweni ukushisa nokukhanya kwelanga. Gwema kude nezingane. Impilo yeshelf iyizinyanga ezingama-30. Ungasebenzisi ngemuva kokuphela kosuku.Ibhodlela elivuliwe: gcina endaweni yokushisa engeqi i-25 ° C amasonto ayi-6. Akunconyiwe ukugcina esiqandisini. Gcina ibhodlela ebhokisini lekhadibhodi ukuze uvikeleke ekukhanyeni.
