Long gone izinsuku lapho umuntu zamehlo nabampofu babengathola bathembele kuphela izibuko ohlakeni plastic nge ingilazi obukhulu futhi lens esindayo. zamehlo Modern oluyohlala eziningi ezahlukeneyo ezahlukene ngesihloko esithi: "lithatha isikhwama sezibuko". Futhi usebe manje ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu futhi ngezinto ezahlukene.Nasi umlando ...Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala izibuko ingatholakala imibhalo eyaqala 13 AD leminyaka. Indaba kuyiphi uzimele wokuqala kwenziwa, waba igobolondo ufudu. Kwathi China iminyaka 2000 edlule. Babalelwa ku-1000 BC. e. izindela e yokukopisha imibhalo yesandla waqala ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa khulu.Lapho incwadi yaba kuncike litholakale emphakathini (lesi sikhathi kule ndawo kwekhulu le-15) sekuthandwa kakhulu futhi izibuko. Ozimele, lens - konke gade banesono, kanye nomklamo yabo kwaba kancane ehlukile kunaleyo manje. Khona-ke lo muntu noma izibuko ebambe esandleni noma ukukhweza kubo ekhaleni.Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 e-London kwakukhona izibuko unikezwe amathempeli. Futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaphawulwa yokuthi eliphezulu izibuko yasungulwa eJalimane. Bakhandwa ezenziwe ngengilazi, futhi lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1940, lapho Pittsburgh uye wazakhela entsha uhlobo plastic, okuyinto isibe nesincintisana njengabakufanelekele ukuhlaziswa ingilazi - usengozini futhi kanzima ngokwanele.Eminyakeni engu-75 esilandelayo yokukhanya akhiwa ukushesha. lens yanamuhla ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka kwemigomo mass futhi engasiza umuntu nanoma iyiphi izifo iso.Izinto womshini lensNjengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izibuko kungaba ingilazi (wezinto) noma plastic (organic). Glass ukwenziwa lens ezisetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwaziswa ine omuhle kakhulu izakhiwo optical, ngempumelelo ivikela amehlo emisebeni yama-UV. Lakhe (ingilazi) amaqabunga ngokwanele bhala ukumelana. Nokho, ingilazi lens kakhulu usinde mkhulu kunokhalo plastic, bese uwafaka luhlaka lwanamuhla akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi.Spectacle lens polycarbonate ohlabayo ngokukhanya njalo uma iqhathaniswa ingilazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingabantu nomthelela nemithi, okuyinto wenza sikwazi kalula ukugqoka lezi izibuko izingane kanye nabantu abathintekayo kwezemidlalo. Lokhu kwaziswa unawo amandla ukuvikela amehlo emisebeni ultraviolet.Kusukela 2000, emakethe kukhona enye impahla yokwakha izibuko - trayveks.Okuhlukile umphumela optical lensLens for izibuko emehlweni (noma kunalokho, ukulungiswa yayo) ngethonya lazo fiber eyindilinga, astigmatic futhi afocal.Abantu abaphethwe hyperopia noma myopia, amalensi eyindilinga ngeke ivumelane kakhulu. Igama astigmatic liyazikhulumela. Le ndawo main kwesicelo - yokulungiswa astigmatism. Futhi ama-lens cylindrical ayadingeka astigmatism elula, futhi ngaphansi eziyinkimbinkimbi noma okuxubile - toric.lens Afocal akudingeki ngokuvamile iyiphi izici optical. Lezi izibuko kungenziwa ukugqokwa noma amadoda ngaphandle kwezinkinga nge okuqonda sibonwa, noma kulabo abaphethwe aniseikonia (emehlweni ami kukhona umehluko okukhulu beqonda usayizi izithombe). Kulokhu, enkulu ekwakhekeni izibuko edingekayo eykonicheskie lens. Uma umuntu ohlushwa strabismus - izibuko ukwenza afocal abanamalensi prismatic.I-optical zone kanye nenaniesishintshashintshayo Optical e lens kungenzeka mancane, ngakho inombolo yabo kungenzeka izigaba ngezigaba ezifana umbono olulodwa Multifocal. Multifocal yena, zingahlukaniswa zibe bifocals, trifocals kanye lens okuqhubekayo ngoba izibuko.Monofocal unayo eyodwa ayiphoyinti futhi isetshenziswe kuphela uma ukulungiswa ledzingekako ibanga elilodwa - eduze noma kude. Ububanzi lezi lens uvinjelwe futhi yokulungiswa astigmatism ababuthakathaka amandla yokuhlala (ikhono iso ukuze uguqule ukugxila ngenxa attenuation noma yokukhulisa ciliary imisipha) ephathelene ubudala.Lapho kubalulekile ukuba ulungise umbono at amabanga eziningana, uthi lens multifocal.Isibonelo ukusetshenziswa kwabo - presbyopia, lapho umuntu akakwazi ukubona okubhaliwe noma izinto ezincane uhla close. Izingilazi abanamalensi multifocal uzokhulula umuntu isidingo uwasuse uma kususwa amehlo kufike usuku lokuvalwa ububanzi ibanga, noHezekeli.Izinhlobo lens enamathelaLithatha isikhwama sezibuko lens, babengakholwa wenza kusuka noma iziphi izinto ngeke babe nezici ekahle. Khonamanjalo, ukusebenza ezinengilazi ezihlukahlukene kwenza kube nokwenzeka kakhulu bathuthukise izinga lokuphila kwabo kanye nokwenzeka kusukela ukumelana lenyuka ukulimala nokungcola ziphethe ngcono induduzo ezibukwayo. Cabanga funa esetshenziswa ngokuvamile futhi phakathi abathengi ikhava yelensi.Photochromic - kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba bavikele amehlo ethonyeni nolaka emisebeni ultraviolet ngenxa yekhono layo ukuze ushintshe ukudluliswa ukukhanya kuye ukukhanya. lens Polarizing kuthiwa camera nge ekhethekile ifilimu (ukuhlunga) futhi ivumela kuphela thwi lihlukaniswe noma imisebe unpolarized nhlobo, ngaleyo ndlela, iso ngeke uhlushwa okubuya amanzi, iqhwa noma endleleni.Ukuze kuncishiswe ubuhlungu lapho kubonakala imisebe yokukhanya kusukela sclera, i-cornea noma lens ebusweni sisetshenziswa i AR (antirefleksnoe anti-lembhali) enamathela.Lukhuni enamathela kwandisa ukumelana ekuqaleni lens, futhi hydrophobic ibanika olubushelelezi, akusho buthelela amanzi, ukungcola nothuli futhi kwenza kube lula ukuba banakekele izibuko. Kulabo ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi elangeni, kuyoba izibuko ewusizo nge UV ekuvimbeni lens camera.esibukweni enamathela, okuyinto sisetshenziswa kuphela ebusweni elingaphandle lens futhi kungaba imibala ehlukene asetshenziswa womshini izibuko. Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, luthi alufane umbala isicelo kabanzi, isb. E. Amaphuzu lens umbala zingase zihluke kakhulu.Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi oluthandwa: ingilazi noma plastic?Okwamanje ngengilazi "iso" cishe akukho izinzuzo phezu nozakwabo polymeric. lens Plastic ngoba izibukeli, okuyiwona intengo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kuncike nemingcele optical kanye nokuqinisa ezinengilazi, phambili (futhi ube nesilinganiso esikhulu) kwi yokukhanya emakethe.Nokho, uma kuziwa ukulungiswa myopia okusezingeni eliphezulu (a lokususa enkulu 10.0 diopters, nokuningi), kusukela iphuzu yobuhle buka, la ma-lens amaminerali uyobheka kunenzuzo ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi they fanele linganayo onqenqemeni kuba ohlabayo kunalokho plastic.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingilazi lens for izibuko ngokwesiko esetshenziswa abakhiqizi, esikhiqiza amathuluzi ukuvikela amehlo akho ukusuka elangeni.Inkomba yezokubona: abanye abantu bakhetha?Inkomba yezokubona e lens Yenziwe polymers amabanga kusuka 1.5 kuya 1.74. I lens kuba ohlabayo kanye namandla, ayanda isilinganiso. Inesisindo kancane futhi kuyabiza. Lapho ekhetha iresiphi sokunene siyobathola uholwe udokotela abarimi, owavela.Monofocal noma okuqhubekayo izibuko ngaso diopter ongaphakeme (-2 ukuba +2) kungaba inkomba yezokubona ku uhla kusuka 1.5 kuya 1.6. Lapho ezomhlaba diopters (kusuka -6 kuya -2 kanye +2 ukuze +6) isilinganiso elikhulu kuzosuka 1.6 kuya 1.7. Uma izibalo diopter abasakwazi okusezingeni eliphezulu, kungcono makudle lens nge Inkomba yezokubona mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 1.7.Uma umthengi wakhetha luhlaka eyenziwe ngepulasitiki, e-lens akhe obukhulu isilinganiso esincane akusilo obonakalayo njengoba in the ifremu emgqeni noma ngezikulufo. Uma kulungiselelwa isikulufa, Kungcono mncane futhi iqine lens t. E. A Coefficient ephakeme.Okungashintsheka lens izibukoKunabantu abangenayo nezinkinga umbono wakho, kodwa nokho ukuze akwazi ukugcina isithombe bafake yabo izibuko. lens okungashintsheka anemibala ehlukene kanye shades zinikeza ithuba athobele inkosi izimo zayo zemvelo lapho itholakala, ukubona kahle zonke izimo zezulu, ekukhanyeni ebumnyameni. lens Gray ukuvikela amehlo uma libalele, blue izoba funa at cloudiness variable, okubonakalayo eyenzelwe sezulu liguqubele yellow ukukhanya kahle athuthukisiwe esuka izibani kusihlwa.Abasubathi futhi bathambekele uncamela izibuko abanamalensi nezilandiso ukuthi kungenziwa kalula ushintshe kwelinye ukunyakaza, kodwa ukunamathela uqine kokuthile. Ubujamo lens yakhelwe ukuze lilingane Ukuthokomala ebusweni, kodwa sibukeza kakhulu. Amanzi-oxosha enamathela - futhi esibalulekile lens ezinjalo, amanzi akusho buthelela phezu kwabo, futhi ngokukhululekile ageleza phansi, kusale kungekho streaks.lebanga lentengoOn izibuko intengo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. imikhiqizo Akubizi ezibhekwa, izindleko zazo zokhahlamba kusuka 1290 kuya ruble 1700, i-lens lentengo isigaba isilinganiso izobiza ruble 2700 kuya 9000, futhi uzuze ngokwengeziwe. Ukuze afeze izinto ezibizayo nge value of 12 000 kwabangu-26 000 ruble. Zonke ikakhulukazi ngamunye. Intengo incike isisindo yezici: impahla, umbala kanye nomklamo lens, umthunzi antialiasing, ububanzi kanye thinning lens, ekuhlanganiseni kwaso. Ngokuvamile, i-ebanzi umthengi amakhono zezimali, nenhle ngaphezulu, eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo lens okunethezekayo izibuko zabo, angaba namandla okuwunikela.Indlela ukukhetha izibuko?Incazelo yokubukeka kukaPushkin ezithombeni nase-self-portraitEkhandiwe yensimbi engadini ifenisha: stylish, imfashini, kuze kube phakadeSablinskie emihumeni nezimpophoma - kanjani ukufinyelela
