Hlola umlando Umhlaba eyathatha izigidi zeminyaka, izingxenye izinkathi zomlando ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni kwawo-, maphakathi kanye sekwephuzile Eocene, Miocene sikhathi, Pliocene, Jurassic - lezi nezinye esiteji kuthatha omningi izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuthuthukiswa kanye kumiswa ukuphila emhlabeni. Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela wakhula ezintabeni, amazwekazi enkulu ahlukaniswe, ukudala isimo semvelo entsha futhi obumba ifomu ngokuphelele sokuphila esiyingqayizivele.Uzowahlulela namuhla, umuntu wanamuhla can kuphela sibonga umsebenzi kwezazi. Ososayensi bathola amathambo kwezilwane ezifana izibankwakazi ke yashintsha ezidla kuqala omkhulu futhi inani elikhulu ezidla uhlaza, ukudalula ukulandelana yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isilwane emhlabeni.Le nkathi ukuthuthukiswa Zomhlaba wathatha isikhathi kusuka eminyakeni million 25 kuya 38 edlule. It has ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila, njengoba kwakunjalo ngalesi sikhathi isimo sezulu saba ngaphansi kancane kancane selehlile, futhi indawo yezimila imvula ayeze bakhetha a sezulu esipholile.Eminyakeni izigidi zeminyaka-South Pole endaweni yeqhwa omkhulu, ngoba ukudalwa zazo kwakudinga amanzi olwandle, okwaholela shallowing kwezilwandle kanye ukuchayeka izindawo enkulu yezwe. Kwathatha amahlathi amasha futhi ihlane elikhulu, okuyinto yethulwa utshani.Ngalesi sikhathi, India wenze uhambo kusukela eningizimu kuya enyakatho, ngomkhumbi phezu yenkabazwe, futhi uye waba umakhelwane ka-Asia nase-Australia waphula unaphakade kude Antarctica. Ngakho, kanye semvelo jikelele ngodonga sidalwe ngomhlaka- ngamunye elula ukugcina iziqephu ezintsha zezindawo imibono yabo siqu eliyingqayizivele. Ngokwesibonelo, kanye e-Australia, "ngomkhumbi" marsupial, asunguliwe ku leli zwekazi. Kukulo muzi lapho ngasekupheleni Oligocene sikhathi, kwakukhona umhlaseli enkulu isikhathi - ingonyama marsupial. Photo umfanekiso wesilo, adalwe ososayensi e skeleton bakhe kungabonakala eMnyuziyamu Paleontology. Ngokusho kwakhe kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ungawukhipha kanjani kanzima isilwane bangenwe umoya. Ukuvela kwalesi nomzingeli kwakungelona ngephutha. Ukuze-ke kwaletha izinguquko kule imvelo.nomzingeli olwenzeka endaweniNjengoba indawo ngaphezulu kakhulu futhi ngakhula ngaphezu komhlaba ukuba emaqeleni egcwele, uye wabangela ukuvela lenqwaba uhlobo olusha ezidla uhlaza, phakathi lapho uqala ukuvela ruminants. Kwakumelwe amakamela perboterii. Ngaphandle kwabo kwakukhona izinhlobo ezinjalo ezincelisayo ezifana nezingulube, ubhejane giant, izinyathi, izinyamazane kanye nabanye.Ukuvela iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-25 edlule, uhlobo olusha izitshalo - utshani, yavusa elikhulu ekusakazekeni ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke. Yena, ngokungafani kuya ezazingaphambi kwayo, amahlamvu akakhulelanga phezulu stem futhi phansi. Lokhu wamvumela ukuba alulame futhi ikhule ngokushesha kakhulu ngemva samahlumela awo bokuqala bedla herbivorous. Lokhu kunyuke ngo-ke izinkomo zabo. Ngokwemvelo, ngokomongo eziningi kangaka ukudla, kanye kwemvelo zabo baye eziyingozi.Kwakuphakathi ngasekupheleni Oligocene babe izinja lokuqala namakati, kanye ingonyama marsupial. Lesi sidalwa esiyingqayizivele possesses kwanginika amandla amakhulu nokushesha, kanye nokuntuleka inqwaba izimbangi sekubangele ukwanda bemvelo bakhona.A nomzingeli esiyingqayiziveleIgama yezesayensi lalesi silwane - Thylacoleo carnifex, okusho "sumkolev butcher" (i-wesahlulelo). Akumangazi-ke ukuthi ithole igama lakhe, njengoba ekubambeni inyamazane, lokhu esidla inyama akazange ake wakhe aphume girth wakhe obulalayo. Lokhu kungenxa isakhiwo ezinyathela ngezidladla phambi. Nge ukukhula 80 cm futhi emuva 170 cm ubude, walinganisa 130 kuya 165 kg, elibonisa ku nendawo ephambili phakathi Australia ibona izilwane eziyingozi. Nakuba ayengumuntu emaqeleni nokuduma, izihlobo zakhe Kuphakathi wombat futhi koalas, opossum kanye cuscuses.Ososayensi baye asikafiki ukuze ukuvumelana, ngoba Okwamanje akukacaci kahle umsuka engavamile nomzingeli amazinyo. Dvureztsovoe isakhiwo sabo sifana imihlathi namagundane, okuyinto engajwayelekile, ngoba ingonyama marsupial (isithombe ngezansi sikhombisa i) labetibambile kuphela inyama yokudla. Ngokuvamile, ezifana nama-apharathasi zamazinyo esingokwemvelo lezo zilwane ukuthi kudle okuphakelayo zemifino. Ngakho, i-ingonyama Australian marsupial - kuba kunalokho okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho owawuthi kuyacaca ukuthi ngesisekelo canines yakhe ezidla kuyinto dentition herbivorous.Incazelo skeleton of the marsupial ingonyama ikhandaKuphela ihlala okutholakele ngokukhipha kwezazi ukwazi wahlulele kangakanani esiyingozi kwaba isilwane. Ukuhlola oyiyo, ososayensi baye bafunda ukuphila, ekuzingeleni futhi lokho zinhlobo kwakungekaNkulunkulu ingonyama marsupial. incazelo wesilwane lithi kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu dvureztsovyh lamabutho, okuhlanganisa kangaroo. Lezi zilwane ezimbili unenye sinento esifana ngayo - umsila. Ukwahlulela kusukela skeleton atholakala e-Australia, ingonyama marsupial babesebenzisa lona ukuze ukuzinza, esehlezi phansi haunches yakhe.Amathambo endoda ikhanda umhlaseli sika libonisa ukuthi wayengumuntu kuheleza eziqine, futhi lapho ezama ukubamba ukukhiqizwa futhi glares at amazinyo akhe, emihlathini yakhe enamandla clenched, kabavumelanga isisulu waze buthaka kusuka ukopha.Ukuvela ezidla uqalise nge izinhlobo usayizi amancane, njenge- pristsileo, okuyinto naye ungowasendaweni oda marsupial wahlala ezihlahleni babe omnivorous. Amathambo atholakala kwalezi zilwane usukela, kanjani ukushintsha isakhiwo emihlathini yazo, okubonisa ukuthambekela ukwandisa futhi kwelulwa we amazinyo phambi. Kuyinto kuzo, njengoba ososayensi bakholelwa, kwakukhona Pleistocene tilakoleo ingonyama marsupial, okuyinto has a pair of amazinyo abukhali phambi.incazelo ngezidladlaKwaphela isikhathi eside, kwezazi babengenalo ulwazi ngalokho zazinezinyawo indluzelekazi besikhumba saleso silwane. Zonke izinhlaka zamathambo batholakale kahle walondoloza phambi ingxenye futhi ngezidladla, eyayintula omunye isithupha inesikhala. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ingonyama marsupial ukugcina ukukhiqizwa okweqa usayizi lalo.Kufika 21 leminyaka wayaziwa njengomuntu lidlule emhlabeni nokuzingela lesi silwane. Ososayensi esekelwe ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi isakhiwo bayo ufana amathambo ezidla Elisengozini lasendulo. Found in 2005, lonke skeleton selukhombisile ukuthi akunjalo, babecabanga wabheka ingonyama marsupial. Imininingwane wathola ngemuva ukubonakala isilwane silulame wabonisa ukuthi wayenenhlonipho imilenze indluzelekazi kwadingeka isakhiwo esifana nebhere. Emikhawulweni kokulimala ijikelezwe kwezibilini, futhi zibekwe umunwe umnsalo kusiza isilwane emagatsheni ezihlahla.Ngakho, kwaba sobala ukuthi lesi silwane ukubeka imilenze yawo yangemuva kwamanzi ngokuphelele, owamsiza ukuthi ukukhuphuka izihlahla namadwala. Ngemva lolu lwazi, lesi nomzingeli eyihlanze elaphinde lahlala ososayensi emahlathini, umngcele emaqeleni. Ngokusobala, umgijimi ingonyama marsupial wayebuthakathaka, ngakho ekuzingeleni, elinde isisulu sayo esihlahleni.incazelo umzimbaTelakolev kwadingeka ezicutshini kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi abatelekile kwehlombe lakhe ibhande, ifakwe amathambo enamandla futhi obukhulu. amathambo eqinile ifomu efanele itholwe phakathi kwehlombe layo, lapho, cishe, futhi letfutfukisa imisipha. Siyabonga kubo, sesingamamitha yakhe kwaba inhlekelele isisulu, njengoba ikhefu aphume kwakungase kungabi noma yisiphi isilwane, ngisho ifakwe esibulalayo amazinyo abukhali noma izimpiko. Nakuba ososayensi Ngibaniké kona igama ingonyama marsupial, isakhiwo umzimba wayo futhi ubheke ngendlela ukuzingela kwenza kube ngaphezulu esifana nengwe. Yena, ummeleli we-cat, wakwazi ukukhuphuka izihlahla hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi emadwaleni. Lokhu kuqinisekiswe iminonjana ezijulile claws zakhe, wathola emhumeni e-Australia. Lesi silwane is ngobuciko ijahe imilenze phambi futhi bethonya at kokuwa.Sumkolva indlela yokuphilaKususelwa isakhiwo lwamathambo sesilwane, ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi sabulala izisulu imizuzu usebenzisa amazinyo mandibular eside bese sichitha molars oyingozi. Kusolwa ukuthi izisulu esemqoka yalolu nomzingeli babe DIPROTODON. Kwakuwusuku marsupial ngobukhulu ezake zaphila emhlabeni. Bona yaqhakaza esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 1.6 million, kuze 40,000 edlule. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke kubo idlule usayizi imvubu yesimanje futhi waba m 3 m eside futhi 2 ngobude.Njengoba sazi ukuthi ibhubesi marsupial ukuphakama ifinyelela cm 70-80 kuphela, futhi ubude - kuze kufinyelele 170 cm, ke kwaba ifakwe konke okudingayo ukubamba, bamba bese ukubulala enkulu umdlalo esinjalo. Ngokusobala, umhlaseli wakhetha yimpango esikhulu kakhulu kodwa kancane ezihambayo, ngoba ungenawo ikhono ngokushesha zikufice wakhe ekuphishekeleni. Walinda ngoba isisulu abahlezi ukulinda otshanini noma kwi amagatsha esihlahla.nomzingeli imveloUma sikholwa okwatholakala kwezazi, ingonyama marsupial, eminyakeni cishe bayizigidi ezingu-2 kwaba umhlaseli ngobukhulu futhi enamandla kunazo e-Australia. zinkulumo zakhe eziningi amazinyo abukhali futhi izimpiko, imisipha enamandla futhi bone uhlelo strong kokunika amandla izisulu ezilula isikhathi eside kangaka. Ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi ekuthuthukiseni uhlaza, okuholela ekwandeni kwemfuyo, lokhu nomzingeli babengenalo nesincintisana imvelo. Imenyu lalinabashumayeli procoptodon Goliath - kangaroo giant. Athatha 3 metres ubude futhi babe inyamazane nzima ingonyama marsupial abangenakukwazi ukuthutha ngokushesha phansi.ibhubesi marsupial wayengekho umhlaseli kuphela ngaleso sikhathi asinikiwe. Kanye naye emathafeni ezingelwa uSathane Tasmanian, ngukhokho ozalweni lwakhe eponymous kusukela Tasmania lasendulo. Ngokungafani tilakoleo, uSathane uye wakwazi ukuba sisinde kuze kube namuhla, kodwa njengabantu ngabanye, esingeqile ku ubukhulu inja isilinganiso. Phakathi kwalezo zisulu wengonyama marsupial etholakala zygomaturus - owayehlala nenani lesikhathi esifanayo ngo ezincelisayo, efana yesimanje elibhekwa njengabaThwa izimvubu kanye palorchestes, kwezazi Uthole igama "giant tapir marsupial". Ubukhulu balo kukhona Kwakufana ihhashi yesimanje. Iningi izilwane wayeshone kwesikhathi, kodwa abanye ziye zashintsha ukucabanga kwakhe futhi wasinda kuze kube yilolu suku.Imbangela yokuqothulwaUkunyamalala marsupial ingonyama ososayensi namanje iphambene nje izitha yayo yemvelo, kwakungadingeki enhlekeleleni yembulunga yonke futhi ngaphansi ubungozi nolokubhujiswa Australia. Le nguqulo ethandwa kakhulu iwukuthi lezi zilwane sezishabalele ngenxa yokuthi iminyaka 30,000 edlule endaweni basungula abantu bakudala.Iqiniso lokuthi umhlaseli wayesaphila ngaleso sikhathi, ethi kule migede imidwebo, lapho likhona. Abantu beqala ukumfunisisa izilwane, kunciphise inani lazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahamba bayocekela phansi ibhubesi, kuhlanganise imbangi yayo esemqoka kule Savannah. Njengoba sekunama-abantu kwanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba, cishe zonke megafauna marsupial Australia.Imivubukulo yamuvaNgenxa okutholwe yisayensi, alenza ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 nasemihumeni esisogwini Nullarbor Plain, isayensi wakwazi ukuhlola kabanzi lokhu umhlaseli. Kukulo muzi lapho kwatholakala skeleton wengonyama marsupial, lapho sakwazi ukubuyisela umfanekiso waso. Isilwane uqulekile omunye emihumeni + wafela khona, hhayi ukukwazi ukuphuma endle. Ngaphandle kwakhe, iye efunde eziningi izilwane ayephila esikhathini esifanayo, okuyinto kunganikeza umbono kwalabo ababemzungezile kwaba yesilwane esiphila ngenyama inyamazane.black incwadiKusukela 1600, ngesikhathi okutholakele womhlaba, kwaba incwadi eyenziwa izilwane noma yokuqothulwa ngesikhathi noma on the esengozini yokuqothulwa. Kuhlanganisa mastodons, mammoth, mammoth ubhejane, emhumeni bear, uDodo MOA kanye marsupial ibhubesi. Black ncwadi ahlonishwe ngenombolo kwezilwane kuye kwanyamalala iplanethi, okuyinto efana ne isibalo izibankwakazi yokuqothulwa.Ngeshwa, ezingaphezu kuka-1000 zinhlobo zezilwane ezenzeka esikhathini sokugcina 500 eminyakeni lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu, okuyinto noma ubhubhisa kubo noma libhubhisa zingcolisa yabo.Ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni 27 nje liye phansi ngokuphelele yilo uhlobo izilwane zasemanzini njengoba inkomo ulwandle, wathola ekhulwini le-18. Ukuze imbuyiselo nezilwane ezifana kwabhujiswa, nakuba lokhu kungase kudonse izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka. Ekuqaleni elidumile Red Incwadi echaza izilwane kanye nezitshalo yokuqothulwa.Uma umhlaseli lasendulo esaphilaAbanye ososayensi hypothesize, abangathanda uwine ayolwa, uma kukhona ibhubesi marsupial uyaphila futhi wahlangana inkosi yesimanje ezilwane. Ukuze uthole impendulo, kuyodingeka ukubala bite amandla i umhlaseli lasendulo bese uliqhathanisa nabazalwane idatha engonyama. Nakuba lezi izibalo enziwa ukuze amakati saber-toothed.Kezenoi Am Lake, Chechen Republic: incazelo, umlando kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqinisoKungani inyosi uyafa ngemva kokuba singenile, futhi yiziphi umthelela walesi womuntuIsiRashiya:-syntax njengengxenye lolimiWillis Tower - uphawu of AmericaIsakhiwo majora labia. I physiology insikazi izitho zangaseseHensel nodade: isithombe, empilweni yakho
