Imiphumela Ye-Sonochemical ku-Sol-Gel Izinqubo - HielscherIzinhlayiya ze-ultrafine nezinhlayiya ezibunjiwe, amafayili amancane amafilimu, amafayili, izinto ezivuthayo nezimbizi, kanye nama-aerogels anamahloni kakhulu kanye nama-xerogels yizithasiselo ezikhona kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kokusebenza okuphezulu. Izinto ezithuthukisiwe, kufaka phakathi isib. I-ceramics, ama-aerogels amakhulu kakhulu, ama-ultralight kanye nama-organic-inorganic hybrids angenziwa ngokwakhiwa kokumiswa kwama-colloidal noma ama-polymers ku-liquid ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-sol-gel. Lezi zinto zibonisa izici eziyingqayizivele, ngoba ama-particle sol ayenziwe avela usayizi we-nanometer. Ngakho-ke, inqubo ye-sol-gel iyingxenye ye-nanochemistry.Kulezi zilandelayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa nge-nano-size ngokusebenzisa imizila ye-sol-gel esekelwa ultrasonically kubuyekezwa.Inqubo ye-Sol-GelI-Sol-gel nokucubungula okuhlobene kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezilandelayo:ekwenzeni i-sol noma i-powder yokugcoba, ukugcoba u-sol enesikhunjini noma kwi-substrate (uma kunamabhayisikobho), noma ukwenza i-sol yesibili emgqonyeni okhuni kanye ne-gelation, noma ukufaka i-powder ibe ngumzimba ngemigwaqo engelona i-gel;ukuma;ukudubula nokususa. [Rabinovich 1994]Ithebula 1: Izinyathelo ze-Sol-Gel synthesis nezinqubo ezansiI-Ultrasonic ingilazi yeglasi SonochemistryIzinqubo ze-Sol-gel yindlela yokusebenza yamakhemikhali ehlanganiswayo yokwakha inethiwekhi edidiyelwe (okuthiwa i-gel) ye-oxide yensimbi noma i-polymers ye-hybrid. Njengama-precursors, ngokuvamile ama-salts ensimbi angenangqamuzana njengama-chloride ensimbi nezakhi zensimbi eziphilayo ezinjenge-metal alkoxide ezisetshenziswayo. Umhlabathi – ehlanganisa ukumiswa kwamaproseshi – iguqula ohlelweni lwe-gel-like diphasic, oluqukethe kokubili uketshezi nesigaba esiqinile. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ngesikhathi senqubo ye-sol-gel yi-hydrolysis, i-poly-condensation, ne-gelation.Ngesikhathi i-hydrolysis ne-poly-condensation, i-colloid (sol), equkethe ama-nanoparticles ehlakazeka endaweni ethile, isakhiwe. Isigaba se-sol ekhona siguqukela kwijel.I-gel-phase eyenziwe yenziwa yizinhlayiya ukuthi ubukhulu kanye nokwakheka kungashintsha kakhulu kunama-particle e-colloidal aphikisiwe kuya kuma polymeri ahamba phambili. Ifomu nesayizi kuxhomeke ezimweni zamakhemikhali. Kusukela ekubonweni ku-SiO2 ama-alcogels angaphethelwa ngokuthi isilamu esisetshenziswa ngokuyisisekelo senza izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezakhiwe yi-aggregation ye-monomer-clusters, ehlanganiswa kakhulu futhi ehlanganiswa kakhulu. Ziyakuthinteka yi-sedimentation namandla okuvunguza.Ama-acid-catalyzed solols aphuma emaketangeni aphethwe yi-polymeri ekhonjiswe kakhulu ekhombisa microstructure emihle kakhulu kanye nama-pores amancane kakhulu afana nomfaniswano omkhulu kulo lonke ulwazi. Ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi evulekile eqhubekayo yamapholisa amancane aveza amanani athile ngokuqondene nezakhiwo zomzimba ekwakheni ikhwalithi ephezulu yokusebenza kanye nengilazi / ingilazi / i-ceramic ezilinganisweni ezimbili no-3. [Sakka et al. 1982]Ekuqhutshweni okuqhubekayo, nge-spin-coating noma nge-dip-coating kungenzeka ukuba ugqoke ama-substrates ngamafilimu amancane noma ngokufaka umhlabathi ube isikhunta, ukwakha i-gel ebizwa ngokuthi i-wet gel. Ngemuva kokomiswa okwengeziwe nokushisa, kuzotholakala ukwaziswa okunamandla.Ngezinyathelo eziqhubekayo zenqubo engezansi, i-gel etholakalayo ingabuyekezwa. Nge-precipitation, spray pyrolysis, noma amasu e-emulsion, i-ultrafine ne-powders efanayo. Noma okuthiwa ama-aerogels, abonakala nge-porosity ephakeme kanye nesibalo esincane kakhulu, angadalwa ngokukhipha isigaba se-liquid gel. Ngakho-ke, izimo ezivame ukuchithwa kuyadingeka.I-Ultra-Power Power Ultrasonicator UIP1500hdTIthebula 2: I-ultrasonic sol-gel ukuhlanganiswa kwe-TiO2 emangqamuzana [Yu et al., Chem. Umphakathi. 2003, 2078]I-high-power, i-low-frequency ultrasound inikeza amandla amakhulu okusebenza kwamakhemikhali. Lapho amagagasi amakhulu e-ultrasonic efakwa phakathi kwe-liquid medium, okushintshanisa ukucindezela okuphezulu nokucindezela okuphansi kwezinga ngamanani kuye ngokuthi imvamisa yenzeke. Imijikelezo ephezulu yokucindezela isho ukuthinteka, kanti imijikelezo ephindaphindiwe ephindaphindiwe isho ukungahlali okuncane kokuphakathi. Phakathi nomjikelezo ophansi we-pressure (okungajwayelekile), amandla amakhulu e-ultrasound enza ama-bubbles amancane ahlanzekile ku-liquid. Lezi zibhulabhisi eziphumula zikhula ngaphezu kwemijikelezo eminingana.Ngokuvumelana nokuqina kwe-ultrasound, ukucindezela ketshezi nokwelula kuya degrees ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi cavitation Amabhubhu angaziphatha ngezindlela ezimbili. Ngezinhloso eziphansi ze-ultrasonic zika ~ 1-3Wcm-2, i-bubble cavitation i-oscillate ngobukhulu obuningi bokulingana kwemigqa eminingi ye-acoustic. Lo mkhuba kuthiwa u-cavitation ozinzile. Ngezinhloso eziphezulu ze-ultrasonic (≤ 10Wcm-2) i-bubbles cavitational yenziwa ngaphakathi kwemijikelezo embalwa ye-acoustic eya endaweni engenani kabili ubukhulu bayo bokuqala futhi iwa phansi endaweni yokucindezela lapho ibhola lingenakukwazi ukuthola amandla amaningi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-cavitation yesikhashana noma engenamandla. Ngesikhathi se-bubble implosion, izindawo ezibizwa ngokuthi izindawo ezishisayo zendawo, ezithi zimoya ezimbi kakhulu: Ngesikhathi implosion, amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu (cishe 5,000K) kanye nezingcindezi (cishe 2,000atm) zifinyelelwa. I-implosion ye-bubble cavitation nayo ibangele ama-jets ahlanzekile angama-280m / s velocity, asebenza njengamandla amakhulu kakhulu ekhanda. [Suslick 1998 / Santos et al. 2009]I-Sono-OrmosilI-Sonication iyithuluzi eliphumelelayo le-synthesis of polymers. Phakathi ne-ultrasonic ukuhlakazeka ne-deagglomeration, amabutho we-caviational shear, alula futhi aphule iminyango yamangqamuzana ngenqubo engahleliwe, okuholela ekunciphiseni isisindo samangqamuzana ne-poly-dispersity. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo eziningi zezigaba zisebenza kahle kakhulu zahlakazeka futhi emulsified, ngakho-ke amaxube afanele kakhulu anikezwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-ultrasound ikwandisa isilinganiso se-polymerization ngaphezu kokugqugquzela okujwayelekile futhi kubangele izilinganiso eziphakeme zamangqamuzana nama polydispersities aphansi.I-Ormosils (i-silicific silicate silicate) itholakala lapho i-silane ingezwa nge-silica etholakala i-gel ngesikhathi senqubo ye-sol-gel. Umkhiqizo uyinhlanganisela ye-molecular-scale esakhiwe ngezakhiwo ezenziwe ngcono. I-Sono-Ormosils ibonakala ngokuphakama okukhulu kunama-gel classic kanye nokuzinza okunezimo ezithuthukisiwe. Ngakho-ke incazelo ingase ibe yizinga elikhuphuka lokupholisa umzimba. [Rosa-Fox et al. 2002]I-Ultrasonic cavitation in liquidI-TiO engahlukumezi2 nge-Ultrasonic Sol-Gel SynthesisI-TiO engahlukumezi2 i-widley isetshenziswe njenge-photocatalyst kanye ne-electronics, ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa nokulungiswa kwemvelo. Ukuze uthole izindawo eziphathekayo ezihlelekile, kuhloswe ukukhiqiza i-TiO2 nge-crystallinity ephezulu kanye nomhlaba omkhulu. Umzila we-sol-gel osizwa nge-ultrasonic unenzuzo yokuthi izakhiwo zangaphakathi neziqhamuka ze-TiO2, njenge-usayizi wezinhlayiya, indawo ephezulu, i-pore-volume, i-pore-diameter, i-crystallinity kanye ne-anatase, i-rutile ne-brookite isigaba se-ratios singathonywa ngokulawula imingcele.Milani et al. (2011) zibonise ukuhlanganiswa kwe-TiO2 anatase nanoparticles. Ngakho-ke, inqubo ye-sol-gel yayisetshenziswa kwi-TiCl4 Izandulela kanye nezindlela zombili, nge-without ultrasonication, ziye zaqhathaniswa. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi i-ultrasonic irradiation inomthelela omuhle kuzo zonke izingxenye zesisombululo esenziwe yi-sol-gel indlela futhi kubangele ukuhlukana kwezixhumanisi ezixekethile ze-colloids ezinkulu ze-nanometric esixazululweni. Ngakho, ama-nanoparticles amancane adalwa. Ukucindezeleka okuphezulu endaweni kanye namazinga okushisa aphule izibopho ezimaketangeni amade amancane kanye nezixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka ezibopha izinhlayiya ezincane, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona ama-colloidal amakhulu. Ukuqhathaniswa kokubili kwe-TiO2 amasampuli, phambi nokungabikho kwe-ultrasonic irradiation, iboniswa ngezithombe ze-SEM ngezansi (bheka iPh. 2).Khetha. 2: Izithombe ze-SEM ze-TiO2 pwder, zikhonjiswe nge-deg deg 400 nge-1h kanye ne-gelatinization isikhathi se-24h: (a) ebusweni futhi (b) ngokungabikho kwe-ultrasound. [Milani et al. 2011]Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungazuzisa emiphumeleni ye-sonochemical, okufaka phakathi isib. Ukuhlukana kwezibopho zamakhemikhali, ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwe-chemical reaction or degradation.I-Sono-GelsNgaphakathi sono-catalytically ukusizwa kwe-sol-gel ukusabela, i-ultrasound isetshenziselwa kubangaphambili. Izinto zokwenza izinto ezinezici ezintsha ziyaziwa njenge-sonogels. Ngenxa yokungabi khona kwe-solvent eyengeziwe ngokuhambisana ne-ultrasonic cavitation, indawo eyingqayizivele yokuphendula kwe-sol-gel iyadalwa, evumela ukwakheka kwezici ezithile emajelini aphumela: ukuphakama okuphezulu, ukuthungwa okuhle, isakhiwo esihambisanayo njll. Lezi zakhiwo zikhomba ukuguquka kwe-sonogels ekuqhutshweni okuqhubekayo nesakhiwo sokugcina . [Blanco et al. 1999]USuslick no-Price (1999) abonisa ukuthi irradiation ultrasonic of Si (OC2H5)4 emanzini nge-acid catalyst iveza i-silica "sonogel". Ukulungiselela ngokujwayelekile ama-silica gels aseSi (OC2H5)4, i-ethanol iyinhlanganisela ejwayelekile esetshenziswa ngenxa yezinto ezingezona ukuxazululwa kwe-Si (OC2H5)4 emanzini. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezo zinhlayiya kuvame ukukhathazeka ngoba kungabangela ukuphazamiseka ngesikhathi sokusula. I-Ultrasonication inikeza ukuxuba okusebenza kahle kakhulu ukuze ama-co-solvents ashabeneyo afana ne-ethanol angagwenywa. Lokhu kubangela i-silica sono-gel ekhonjwe ubukhulu obuphakeme kunama-gels akhiqizwa ngokujwayelekile. [Suslick et al. 1999, 319f.]Ama-aerogels avamile ahlanganisa umthamo we-low-thickness ne-pores enkulu engenalutho. I-sonogels, ngokuphambene nalokho, ibe ne-porosity ehle futhi ama-pores ayifana nendawo, ene-surface ebushelelezi. Izitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-4 esifundeni se-angle eliphezulu ziveza ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi emiphakathini ye-pore-matrix [Rosa-Fox et al. 1990].Izithombe ezingaphezulu kwamasampuli e-powder zibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukusebenzisa amagagasi e-ultrasonic kwaholela ekuhloliseni okukhulu ubukhulu bezinhlayiya futhi kwaphumela ezinhlayiyeni ezincane. Ngenxa ye-sonication, usayizi wezinhlayiya ezivamile uyancipha ngo-approx. 3 nm. [Milani et al. 2011]Imiphumela emihle ye-ultrasound ikhonjiswe ezifundweni ezihlukahlukene zocwaningo. Isibonelo, umbiko weNeppolian et al. emisebenzini yabo ukubaluleka kanye nezinzuzo ze-ultrasonication ekuguqulweni nasekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo ze-photocatalytic zamanqamuzana we-nano-usayizi we-TiO2 we-mesoporous. [Neppolian et al. 2008]Nanocoating nge ultrasonic sol-gel ukusabelaIzindlela zokugcoba ukuhlanganisa izinto ezihlanganisa izinto ezigciniwe nge-nano-scaled layer noma ukuhlanganiswa kwenkampani yenani eliphezulu. Ngalokhu kutholakala izakhi ezifakwe ngaphakathi noma ze-shell-shell. Izinhlanganisela ezinjalo ze-nano zinezici eziphezulu zokusebenza ngokomzimba nangokhemikhali ngenxa yezici ezithile ezihlanganisiwe kanye / noma ukuhlela imiphumela yezingxenye.Ngokumangalisayo, inqubo yokugqoka ye-indium tin oxide (i-ITO) izinhlayiya izoboniswa. Izinhlayiyana ze-ITO ziboshwe nge-silika ngezinyathelo ezimbili, njengoba kuboniswe ekucwaningweni kuka Chen (2009). Esikhathini sesinyathelo sokuqala samakhemikhali, i-indium tin oxide powder ilawulwa ukwelashwa kwe-aminosilane suface. Isinyathelo sesibili yisembatho se-silika ngaphansi kwe-ultrasonication. Ukuze unikeze isibonelo esithile sokunikezwa kwezingane kanye nemiphumela yaso, isinyathelo senqubo esethuliwe esifundweni sikaCen, sishintshwe ngezansi:Inqubo evamile yalesi sinyathelo yile ndlela elandelayo: I-10g GPTS ixutshwe kancane kancane ngamanzi angu-20g acidified by hydrochloric acid (HCl) (pH = 1.5). U-4g we-aminosilane ophethwe ngopheji ophethwe ngawo wabe wenezelwa engxenyeni, equkethe ibhodlela le-glass elingu-100ml. Ibhodlela labe selibekwe ngaphansi kwesiphakamiso se-sonicator for irradiation eqhubekayo ultrasound nge amandla okukhipha 60W noma ngenhla.Ukusabela kwe-Sol-gel kwaqaliswa ngemuva kwe-2-3min ultrasound irradiation, lapho i-foam emhlophe eyakhiwe khona, ngenxa yokukhululwa kotshwala ku-hydrolysis enkulu ye-GLYMO (3- (2,3-Epoxypropoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane). I-Sonication isetshenziselwe i-20min, ngemva kwalokho ikhambi lavuselelwa amahora amaningi. Uma inqubo isiphelile, izinhlayiya zahlanganiswa ngamagesi futhi zahlanzwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngamanzi, noma zomiswa ukuze zihlukaniswe noma zihlale zihlakazekile emanzini noma izixazululo eziphilayo. [Chen 2009, p.217]Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultrasound kuya kwezinqubo ze-sol-gel kuholela ekuxubeni okungcono nakwezinhlayiya zezinhlayiya. Lokhu kubangela ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana ezincane zezinhlayiya, i-spherical, i-dim-dimensional shape shape kanye ne-morphology ethuthukisiwe. Okubizwa okuthiwa ama-sono-gels kubonakala ngobuningi bawo futhi buhle, isakhiwo esisodwa. Lezi zici zidalwe ngenxa yokugwema ukusetshenziswa kwe-solvent ngenkathi kuhlanganiswa umhlabathi, kodwa futhi, ikakhulukazi, ngenxa yesimo sokuqala sokuxhunyaniswa esibangelwa yi-ultrasound. Emva kwenqubo yokumisa, i-sonogels ephumela kuba nesakhiwo sezinhlayiyana, ngokungafani nabalingani babo abatholiwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-ultrasound, okuyi-filamentous. [Esquivias et al. 2004]Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultrasound enamandla kuvumela ukusetshenziselwa izinto eziyingqayizivele ezinqubo ze-sol-gel. Lokhu kwenza i-high-power ultrasound ithuluzi elinamandla lokucwaninga kwamakhemikhali kanye nezinto zokwakha.I-1kW i-ultrasonic recirculation isethaphu ngepompo futhi ibambe itanki ivumela ukucubungula okunamandlaI-Blanco, E .; Esquivias, L .; I-Litrán, R .; I-Pinero, i-M .; Ramírez-del-Solar, M .; Rosa_Fox, N. de la (1999): I-Sonogels kanye Nezinto Ezibonakalayo. I-Appl. I-Organometal. I-Chem. 13, 1999. iphe. 399-418.Chen, Q .; I-Boothroyd, i-C .; UMcintosh Soutar, A .; I-Zeng, i-XT (2010): I-sol-gel ihlanganisa ukuthengiswa kwe-nanopowder ye-TiO2 ye-commercial usebenzisa i-ultrasound. J. Sol-Gel Sci. I-Technol. 53, 2010. iphe. 115-120.Chen, Q. (2009): Ukugqoka i-silica yama-nanoparticles ngenqubo ye-sonogel. I-SIMTech 10/4, 2009. iphe. 216-220.Esquivias, L .; Rosa-Fox, N. de la; I-Bejarano, M .; Mosquera, MJ (2004): Ukwakhiwa kwe-Hybrid Colloid-Polymer Xerogels. Langmuir 20/2004. k. 3416-3423.I-Karami, A. (2010): Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-TiO2 Nano Powder yi-Sol-Gel Method kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo njenge-Photocatalyst. J. Iran. I-Chem. I-Soc. 7, 2010. iphe. 154-160.I-Li, i-X .; Chen, L .; Li, B ;; Li. UL. (2005): Ukulungiswa kweZirconia Nanopowders kwi-Ultrasonic Field ngeSol-Gel Method. Isiteshi se-Trans Tech. 2005.Neppolian, B .; Wang, Q .; Jung, H .; I-Choi, H. (2008): I-sol-gel esebenzisa i-ultrasonic isilungiselelo se-TiO2 nano-particles: Ukufanisa, izindawo kanye nesicelo sokususwa kwe-4-chlorophenol. I-Ultrason. Sonochem. 15, 2008. iphe. 649-658.Pierre, AC; URigacci, A. (2011): SiO2 I-Aerogels. Ku: MA Aegerter et al. (ama-eds.): I-Aerogels Handbook, Intuthuko e-Sol-Gel ezakhiwe Izinto Nezobuchwepheshe. Springer Isayensi + Ibhizinisi: eNew York, 2011. iphe. 21-45.Rabinovich, EM (1994): I-Sol-Gel Processing - Imigomo Ejwayelekile. Ku: LC Klein (Umq.) Sol-Gel Optics: Ukucubungula kanye nezicelo. Abamemezeli Abafunda Kluwer: Boston, 1994. iphe. 1-37.Rosa-Fox, N. de la; I-Pinero, i-M .; U-Esquivias, L. (2002): Izinto eziphilayo eziMvelo eziMvelo ezivela ku-Sonogels. 2002.Rosa-Fox, N. de la; Esquivias, L. (1990): Izifundo zesakhiwo se-silica sonogels. J. Non-Cryst. Ama-Solids 121, 1990. iphe. 211-215.I-Sakka, i-S.; Kamya, K. (1982): Ukuguqulwa kwe-Sol-Gel: Ukubunjwa kwe-Glass Fibers & Amafilimu ahleliwe. J. Non-Crystalline Solids 38, 1982. iphe. 31.I-Santos, i-HM; Lodeiro, C .; UMartínez, J.-L. (2009): Amandla we-Ultrasound. Ku: J.-L. Martínez (ed.): Ultrasound kuKhemistry: Izicelo ze-Analytical. I-Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2009. iphe. 1-16.Shahruz, N .; Hossain, MM (2011): Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Synthesis and Size ye-TiO2 I-Photocatalyst Nanoparticles Ukulungiselela Ukusebenzisa I-Sol-Gel Method. I-World Appl. Sci. J. 12, 2011. iphe. 1981-1986.Suslick, KS; Intengo, i-GJ (1999): Izicelo ze-Ultrasound kuya kwi-Chemistry Materials. Annu. IsAm. Mater. Sci. 29, 1999. iphe. 295-326.Suslick, KS (1998): i-Sonochemistry. Ku: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Umq. 26, 4th. u-Ed., J. Wiley & Amadodana: New York, 1998. iphe. 517-541.I-Verma, LY; Singh, MP; Singh, RK (2012): Imiphumela ye-Ultrasonic Irradiation ekulungiseleleni nasezindlini ze-Ionogels. J. Nanomat. 2012.I-Zhang, L.-Z .; I-Yu, J .; Yu, JC (2002): Ukulungiswa okuqondile kwe-Sonochemical ye-titanium dioxide enesifo esingafaki kakhulu se-photoactive nge-bicrystalline framework. Okushiwo uMhlangano we-201 we-Electrochemical Society, ngo-2002.
