id
stringclasses 8
values | image
unknown | bboxes
sequence | tokens
sequence | ner_tags
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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] | [
"BMC",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"(2001)",
"1:1",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/1/1",
"BRMesCeaIrncfhecatriotiuclseDiseases",
"(2001)",
"1:1",
"Endemic",
"and",
"epidemic",
"dynamics",
"of",
"cholera:",
"the",
"role",
"of",
"the",
"aquatic",
"reservoir",
"Cláudia",
"Torres",
"Codeço*",
"Address:",
"Programa",
"de",
"Computação",
"Científica",
"Fundação",
"Oswaldo",
"Cruz,",
"Rio",
"de",
"Janeiro,",
"Brazil",
"E-mail:",
"Cláudia",
"Torres",
"Codeço*",
"-",
"codeco@malaria.procc.fiocruz.br",
"*Corresponding",
"author",
"Published:",
"2",
"February",
"2001",
"BMC",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"2001,",
"1:1",
"This",
"article",
"is",
"available",
"from:",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/1/1",
"(c)",
"2001",
"Codeço,",
"licensee",
"BioMed",
"Central",
"Ltd.",
"Received:",
"13",
"July",
"2000",
"Accepted:",
"2",
"February",
"2001",
"Abstract",
"Background:",
"In",
"the",
"last",
"decades,",
"attention",
"to",
"cholera",
"epidemiology",
"increased,",
"as",
"cholera",
"epidemics",
"became",
"a",
"worldwide",
"health",
"problem.",
"Detailed",
"investigation",
"of",
"V.",
"cholerae",
"interactions",
"with",
"its",
"host",
"and",
"with",
"other",
"organisms",
"in",
"the",
"environment",
"suggests",
"that",
"cholera",
"dynamics",
"is",
"much",
"more",
"complex",
"than",
"previously",
"thought.",
"Here,",
"I",
"formulate",
"a",
"mathematical",
"model",
"of",
"cholera",
"epidemiology",
"that",
"incorporates",
"an",
"environmental",
"reservoir",
"of",
"V.",
"cholerae.",
"The",
"objective",
"is",
"to",
"explore",
"the",
"role",
"of",
"the",
"aquatic",
"reservoir",
"on",
"the",
"persistence",
"of",
"endemic",
"cholera",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"to",
"define",
"minimum",
"conditions",
"for",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"epidemic",
"and",
"endemic",
"cholera.",
"Results:",
"The",
"reproduction",
"rate",
"of",
"cholera",
"in",
"a",
"community",
"is",
"defined",
"by",
"the",
"product",
"of",
"social",
"and",
"environmental",
"factors.",
"The",
"importance",
"of",
"the",
"aquatic",
"reservoir",
"depends",
"on",
"the",
"sanitary",
"conditions",
"of",
"the",
"community.",
"Seasonal",
"variations",
"of",
"contact",
"rates",
"force",
"a",
"cyclical",
"pattern",
"of",
"cholera",
"outbreaks,",
"as",
"observed",
"in",
"some",
"cholera-endemic",
"communities.",
"Conclusions:",
"Further",
"development",
"on",
"cholera",
"modeling",
"requires",
"a",
"better",
"understanding",
"of",
"V.",
"cholerae",
"ecology",
"and",
"epidemiology.",
"We",
"need",
"estimates",
"of",
"the",
"prevalence",
"of",
"V.",
"cholerae",
"infection",
"in",
"endemic",
"populations",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"a",
"better",
"description",
"of",
"the",
"relationship",
"between",
"dose",
"and",
"virulence.",
"Background",
"Since",
"Snow's",
"seminal",
"work",
"(1855),",
"when",
"cholera",
"epi-",
"demics",
"were",
"first",
"associated",
"with",
"a",
"contaminated",
"water",
"supply,",
"this",
"disease",
"has",
"been",
"the",
"focus",
"of",
"intense",
"study.",
"Cholera",
"is",
"a",
"waterborne",
"disease",
"characterized",
"by",
"severe",
"diarrhea.",
"The",
"etiological",
"agent",
"is",
"V.",
"cholerae",
"O1",
"(more",
"recently",
"also",
"V.",
"cholerae",
"O139),",
"which",
"colonizes",
"the",
"small",
"intestine",
"and",
"produces",
"an",
"enterotoxin",
"responsible",
"for",
"a",
"watery",
"diarrhea.",
"Without",
"prompt",
"treatment,",
"a",
"per-",
"son",
"with",
"cholera",
"may",
"die",
"of",
"dehydration",
"in",
"a",
"matter",
"of",
"hours",
"after",
"infection.",
"Cholera",
"outbreaks",
"are",
"generally",
"as-",
"sociated",
"to",
"contaminated",
"food",
"and",
"water",
"supplies.",
"Ap-",
"propriate",
"sanitation",
"and",
"safe",
"water",
"are",
"the",
"main",
"weapons",
"against",
"this",
"disease.",
"Until",
"the",
"19th",
"century,",
"cholera",
"was",
"confined",
"to",
"the",
"Indian",
"sub-continent",
"[1].",
"There,",
"cholera",
"outbreaks",
"are",
"seasonal",
"with",
"one",
"or",
"two",
"peaks",
"per",
"year",
"[2].",
"From",
"this",
"region,",
"cholera",
"has",
"spread",
"throughout",
"the",
"world",
"seven",
"times",
"since",
"1817",
"[3].",
"The",
"last",
"pandemics",
"began",
"in",
"1961",
"in",
"Indo-",
"nesia,",
"spread",
"through",
"the",
"Asian",
"continent",
"during",
"the",
"60's,",
"reached",
"Africa",
"in",
"1970",
"[4]",
"and",
"Latin",
"America",
"in",
"1991.",
"The",
"occurrence",
"of",
"successive",
"cholera",
"outbreaks",
"throughout",
"Africa",
"and",
"Latin",
"America",
"during",
"the",
"90's",
"raised",
"the",
"concern",
"that",
"cholera",
"had",
"established",
"itself",
"in",
"these",
"regions",
"as",
"an",
"endemic",
"disease.",
"Once",
"cholera",
"arrives",
"into",
"a",
"new",
"region,",
"either",
"carried",
"by",
"an",
"infected",
"person",
"or",
"by",
"contaminated",
"water",
"and",
"food,"
] | [
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] | [
"BMC",
"Molecular",
"Biology",
"(2001)",
"2:3",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/2/3",
"BRMesCeaMrcohleacrutilcalreBiology",
"(2001)",
"2:3",
"UAG",
"readthrough",
"in",
"mammalian",
"cells:",
"Effect",
"of",
"upstream",
"and",
"downstream",
"stop",
"codon",
"contexts",
"reveal",
"different",
"signals",
"Michel",
"Cassan1",
"and",
"Jean-Pierre",
"Rousset2",
"Address:",
"1Centre",
"de",
"Génétique",
"Moléculaire,",
"Bâtiment",
"26,",
"Avenue",
"de",
"la",
"Terrasse,",
"Gif",
"sur",
"Yvette,",
"France",
"and",
"2Institut",
"de",
"Génétique",
"et",
"Microbiologie,",
"Bâtiment",
"400,",
"Université",
"Paris-Sud,",
"France",
"E-mail:",
"Michel",
"Cassan",
"-",
"Michel.Cassan@cgm.cnrs-gif.fr;",
"Jean-Pierre",
"Rousset",
"-",
"rousset@igmors.u-psud.fr",
"Published:",
"27",
"February",
"2001",
"BMC",
"Molecular",
"Biology",
"2001,",
"2:3",
"This",
"article",
"is",
"available",
"from:",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/2/3",
"(c)",
"2001",
"Cassan",
"and",
"Rousset,",
"licensee",
"BioMed",
"Central",
"Ltd.",
"Received:",
"11",
"December",
"2000",
"Accepted:",
"27",
"February",
"2001",
"Abstract",
"Background:",
"Translation",
"termination",
"is",
"mediated",
"through",
"an",
"interaction",
"between",
"the",
"release",
"factors",
"eRF1",
"and",
"eRF3",
"and",
"the",
"stop",
"codon",
"within",
"its",
"nucleotide",
"context.",
"Although",
"it",
"is",
"well",
"known",
"that",
"the",
"nucleotide",
"contexts",
"both",
"upstream",
"and",
"downstream",
"of",
"the",
"stop",
"codon,",
"can",
"modulate",
"readthrough,",
"little",
"is",
"known",
"about",
"the",
"mechanisms",
"involved.",
"Results:",
"We",
"have",
"performed",
"an",
"in",
"vivo",
"analysis",
"of",
"translational",
"readthrough",
"in",
"mouse",
"cells",
"in",
"culture",
"using",
"a",
"reporter",
"system",
"that",
"allows",
"the",
"measurement",
"of",
"readthrough",
"levels",
"as",
"low",
"as",
"10-4.",
"We",
"first",
"quantified",
"readthrough",
"frequencies",
"obtained",
"with",
"constructs",
"carrying",
"different",
"codons",
"(two",
"Gln,",
"two",
"His",
"and",
"four",
"Gly)",
"immediately",
"upstream",
"of",
"the",
"stop",
"codon.",
"There",
"was",
"no",
"effect",
"of",
"amino",
"acid",
"identity",
"or",
"codon",
"frequency.",
"However,",
"an",
"adenine",
"in",
"the",
"-1",
"position",
"was",
"always",
"associated",
"with",
"the",
"highest",
"readthrough",
"levels",
"while",
"an",
"uracil",
"was",
"always",
"associated",
"with",
"the",
"lowest",
"readthrough",
"levels.",
"This",
"could",
"be",
"due",
"to",
"an",
"effect",
"mediated",
"either",
"by",
"the",
"nucleotide",
"itself",
"or",
"by",
"the",
"P-site",
"tRNA.",
"W",
"e",
"then",
"examined",
"the",
"importance",
"of",
"the",
"downstream",
"context",
"using",
"eight",
"other",
"constructs.",
"No",
"direct",
"correlation",
"between",
"the",
"+6",
"nucleotide",
"and",
"readthrough",
"efficiency",
"was",
"observed.",
"Conclusions:",
"W",
"e",
"conclude",
"that,",
"in",
"mouse",
"cells,",
"the",
"upstream",
"and",
"downstream",
"stop",
"codon",
"contexts",
"affect",
"readthrough",
"via",
"different",
"mechanisms,",
"suggesting",
"that",
"complex",
"interactions",
"take",
"place",
"between",
"the",
"mRNA",
"and",
"the",
"various",
"components",
"of",
"the",
"translation",
"termination",
"machinery.",
"Comparison",
"of",
"our",
"results",
"with",
"those",
"previously",
"obtained",
"in",
"plant",
"cells",
"and",
"in",
"yeast,",
"strongly",
"suggests",
"that",
"the",
"mechanisms",
"involved",
"in",
"stop",
"codon",
"recognition",
"are",
"conserved",
"among",
"eukaryotes.",
"Background",
"Translation",
"termination",
"is",
"a",
"crucial",
"step",
"in",
"the",
"process",
"of",
"information",
"decoding.",
"Its",
"accuracy",
"reaches",
"about",
"10-4",
"and",
"ensures",
"that",
"only",
"very",
"few",
"abnormal",
"products",
"are",
"synthesised",
"under",
"normal",
"conditions",
"[1].",
"Conversely,",
"translation",
"termination",
"is",
"widely",
"used",
"by",
"both",
"animal",
"and",
"plant",
"viruses",
"as",
"a",
"mean",
"of",
"controling",
"expression,",
"through",
"recoding",
"events",
"[2,",
"3].",
"Readthrough",
"is",
"the",
"proc-",
"ess",
"by",
"which",
"a",
"stop",
"codon",
"is",
"misread",
"as",
"sense",
"by",
"the",
"translational",
"apparatus,",
"allowing",
"the",
"synthesis",
"of",
"an",
"ex-",
"tended",
"polypeptide",
"which",
"carries",
"novel",
"activities",
"[2].",
"Up",
"to",
"now,",
"no",
"specific",
"gene",
"products",
"have",
"been",
"implicated",
"in",
"the",
"control",
"of",
"translational",
"readthrough,",
"strongly",
"sug-",
"gesting",
"that",
"only",
"normal",
"interactions",
"between",
"the",
"mRNA",
"and",
"components",
"of",
"the",
"translational",
"machinery",
"are",
"in-",
"volved.",
"This",
"differs",
"from",
"the",
"mechanism",
"of",
"seleno-",
"cysteine",
"incorporation,",
"which",
"requires",
"a",
"whole",
"set",
"of",
"specific",
"partners,",
"including",
"a",
"specific",
"tRNA",
"and",
"a",
"partic-"
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"Eder",
"CR",
"Quintão1,",
"Patrícia",
"M",
"Cazita1,",
"Lila",
"M",
"Harada1,",
"Eliana",
"C",
"de",
"Faria2",
"and",
"Helena",
"CF",
"Oliveira*3",
"Address:",
"1Lipid",
"Laboratory,",
"University",
"of",
"São",
"Paulo",
"Medical",
"School,",
"São",
"Paulo,",
"Brazil,",
"2Dept.",
"Clinical",
"Pathology,",
"State",
"University",
"of",
"Campinas",
"(UNICAMP),",
"Campinas,",
"São",
"Paulo,",
"Brazil",
"and",
"3Dept.",
"Physiology",
"and",
"Biophysics,",
"State",
"University",
"of",
"Campinas",
"(UNICAMP),",
"Campinas,",
"São",
"Paulo,",
"Brazil",
"E-mail:",
"Valéria",
"S",
"Nunes",
"-",
"lipideq@usp.br;",
"Eder",
"CR",
"Quintão",
"-",
"quintao@originet.com.br;",
"Patrícia",
"M",
"Cazita",
"-",
"pmcazita@hotmail.com;",
"Lila",
"M",
"Harada",
"-",
"lilamh@usp.br;",
"Eliana",
"C",
"de",
"Faria",
"-",
"cotta@fcm.unicamp.br;",
"Helena",
"CF",
"Oliveira*",
"-",
"ho98@unicamp.br",
"*Corresponding",
"author",
"Published:",
"20",
"February",
"2001",
"BMC",
"Biochemistry",
"2001,",
"2:1",
"This",
"article",
"is",
"available",
"from:",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2091/2/1",
"(c)",
"2001",
"Nunes",
"et",
"al,",
"licensee",
"BioMed",
"Central",
"Ltd.",
"Received:",
"29",
"November",
"2000",
"Accepted:",
"20",
"February",
"2001",
"Abstract",
"Background:",
"Plasma",
"lipases",
"and",
"lipid",
"transfer",
"proteins",
"are",
"involved",
"in",
"the",
"generation",
"and",
"speciation",
"of",
"high",
"density",
"lipoproteins.",
"In",
"this",
"study",
"we",
"have",
"examined",
"the",
"influence",
"of",
"plasma",
"lipases",
"and",
"lipid",
"transfer",
"protein",
"activities",
"on",
"the",
"transfer",
"of",
"free",
"cholesterol",
"(FC)",
"and",
"phospholipids",
"(PL)",
"from",
"lipid",
"emulsion",
"to",
"human,",
"rat",
"and",
"mouse",
"lipoproteins.",
"The",
"effect",
"of",
"the",
"lipases",
"was",
"verified",
"by",
"incubation",
"of",
"labeled",
"(3H-FC,14C-PL)",
"triglyceride",
"rich",
"emulsion",
"with",
"human",
"plasma",
"(control,",
"post-heparin",
"and",
"post-heparin",
"plus",
"lipase",
"inhibitor),",
"rat",
"plasma",
"(control",
"and",
"post-heparin)",
"and",
"by",
"the",
"injection",
"of",
"the",
"labeled",
"lipid",
"emulsion",
"into",
"control",
"and",
"heparinized",
"functionally",
"hepatectomized",
"rats.",
"Results:",
"In",
"vitro,",
"the",
"lipase",
"enriched",
"plasma",
"stimulated",
"significantly",
"the",
"transfer",
"of",
"14C-PL",
"from",
"emulsion",
"to",
"high",
"density",
"lipoprotein",
"(p<0.001)",
"but",
"did",
"not",
"modify",
"the",
"transfer",
"of",
"3H-FC.",
"In",
"hepatectomized",
"rats,",
"heparin",
"stimulation",
"of",
"intravascular",
"lipolysis",
"increased",
"the",
"plasma",
"removal",
"of",
"14C-PL",
"and",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"14C-PL",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"low",
"density",
"lipoprotein",
"density",
"fraction",
"but",
"not",
"in",
"the",
"high",
"density",
"lipoprotein",
"density",
"fraction.",
"The",
"in",
"vitro",
"and",
"in",
"vivo",
"experiments",
"showed",
"that",
"free",
"cholesterol",
"and",
"phospholipids",
"were",
"transferred",
"from",
"lipid",
"emulsion",
"to",
"plasma",
"lipoproteins",
"independently",
"from",
"each",
"other.",
"The",
"incubation",
"of",
"human",
"plasma,",
"control",
"and",
"control",
"plus",
"monoclonal",
"antibody",
"anti-cholesteryl",
"ester",
"transfer",
"protein",
"(CETP),",
"with",
"14C-PL",
"emulsion",
"showed",
"that",
"CETP",
"increases",
"14C-PL",
"transfer",
"to",
"human",
"HDL,",
"since",
"its",
"partial",
"inhibition",
"by",
"the",
"anti-CETP",
"antibody",
"reduced",
"significantly",
"the",
"14C-PL",
"transfer",
"(p<0.05).",
"However,",
"comparing",
"the",
"nontransgenic",
"(no",
"CETP",
"activity)",
"with",
"the",
"CETP",
"transgenic",
"mouse",
"plasma,",
"no",
"effect",
"of",
"CETP",
"on",
"the",
"14C-PL",
"distribution",
"in",
"mice",
"lipoproteins",
"was",
"observed.",
"Conclusions:",
"It",
"is",
"concluded",
"that:",
"1-intravascular",
"lipases",
"stimulate",
"phospholipid",
"transfer",
"protein",
"mediated",
"phospholipid",
"transfer,",
"but",
"not",
"free",
"cholesterol,",
"from",
"triglyceride",
"rich",
"particles",
"to",
"human",
"high",
"density",
"lipoproteins",
"and",
"rat",
"low",
"density",
"lipoproteins",
"and",
"high",
"density",
"lipoproteins;",
"2-free",
"cholesterol",
"and",
"phospholipids",
"are",
"transferred",
"from",
"triglyceride",
"rich",
"particles",
"to",
"plasma",
"lipoproteins",
"by",
"distinct",
"mechanisms,",
"and",
"3",
"-",
"CETP",
"also",
"contributes",
"to",
"phospholipid",
"transfer",
"activity",
"in",
"human",
"plasma",
"but",
"not",
"in",
"transgenic",
"mice",
"plasma,",
"a",
"species",
"which",
"has",
"high",
"levels",
"of",
"the",
"specific",
"phospholipid",
"transfer",
"protein",
"activity."
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] | [
"BMC",
"Genetics",
"(2001)",
"2:6",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/2/6",
"BRMesCeaGrcehneAtirctsic(l2e001)",
"2:6",
"CTLA4",
"gene",
"polymorphisms",
"are",
"associated",
"with,",
"and",
"linked",
"to,",
"insulin-dependent",
"diabetes",
"mellitus",
"in",
"a",
"Russian",
"population",
"Dimitry",
"A",
"Chistiakov*1,",
"Kirill",
"V",
"Savost'anov2",
"and",
"Valery",
"V",
"Nosikov2",
"Address:",
"1INSERM",
"U36",
"-",
"College",
"de",
"France,",
"75231",
"Paris",
"Cedex",
"05,",
"France",
"and",
"2",
"Department",
"of",
"Molecular",
"Diagnostics,",
"National",
"Research",
"Center",
"GosNIIgenetika,",
"Moscow",
"113545,",
"Russia",
"E-mail:",
"Dimitry",
"A",
"Chistiakov*",
"-",
"dimitry.chistiakov@eudoramail.com;",
"Kirill",
"V",
"Savost'anov",
"-",
"kir_savostianov@yahoo.com;",
"Valery",
"V",
"Nosikov",
"-",
"nosikov@genetika.ru",
"*Corresponding",
"author",
"Published:",
"27",
"March",
"2001",
"BMC",
"Genetics",
"2001,",
"2:6",
"This",
"article",
"is",
"available",
"from:",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/2/6",
"(c)",
"2001",
"Chistiakov",
"et",
"al,",
"licensee",
"BioMed",
"Central",
"Ltd.",
"Received:",
"28",
"January",
"2001",
"Accepted:",
"27",
"March",
"2001",
"Abstract",
"Background:",
"The",
"association",
"between",
"the",
"human",
"cytotoxic",
"T",
"lymphocyte-associated",
"antigen-4",
"(CTLA4)",
"gene",
"and",
"insulin-dependent",
"diabetes",
"mellitus",
"(IDDM)",
"is",
"unclear",
"in",
"populations.",
"We",
"therefore",
"investigated",
"whether",
"the",
"gene",
"conferred",
"susceptibility",
"to",
"IDDM",
"in",
"a",
"Russian",
"population.",
"We",
"studied",
"two",
"polymorphic",
"regions",
"of",
"the",
"CTLA4",
"gene,",
"the",
"codon",
"17",
"dimorphism",
"and",
"the",
"(AT)n",
"microsatellite",
"marker",
"in",
"the",
"3'",
"untranslated",
"region",
"in",
"56",
"discordant",
"sibling",
"pairs",
"and",
"in",
"33",
"identical",
"by",
"descent",
"(IBD)",
"affected",
"sibships.",
"Results:",
"The",
"Alal7",
"allele",
"of",
"the",
"CTLA4",
"gene",
"was",
"pr",
"efer",
"entially",
"tr",
"ansmitted",
"fr",
"om",
"par",
"ents",
"to",
"diabetic",
"offspring",
"(p<0.0001)",
"as",
"shown",
"by",
"the",
"combined",
"transmission/disequlibrium",
"test",
"(TDT)",
"and",
"sib",
"TDT",
"(S-TDT)",
"analysis.",
"A",
"significant",
"difference",
"between",
"diabetic",
"and",
"non-diabetic",
"offspring",
"was",
"also",
"observed",
"for",
"the",
"transmission",
"of",
"alleles",
"17,",
"20,",
"and",
"26",
"of",
"the",
"dinucleotide",
"microsatellite.",
"Allele",
"17",
"was",
"transmitted",
"significantly",
"more",
"frequently",
"to",
"affected",
"offspring",
"than",
"to",
"other",
"children",
"(p=0.0112)",
"whereas",
"alleles",
"20",
"and",
"26",
"were",
"transmitted",
"preferentially",
"to",
"non-diabetic",
"sibs",
"(p=0.045",
"and",
"0.00068",
"respectively).",
"A",
"nonrandom",
"excess",
"of",
"the",
"Ala17",
"CTLA4",
"molecular",
"variant",
"(maximum",
"logarithm",
"of",
"odds",
"score",
"(MLS)",
"of",
"3.26)",
"and",
"allele",
"17",
"of",
"the",
"dinucleotide",
"marker",
"(MLS=3.14)",
"was",
"observed",
"in",
"IBD-affected",
"sibling",
"pairs.",
"Conclusion:",
"The",
"CTLA4",
"gene",
"is",
"str",
"ongly",
"associated",
"with,",
"and",
"linked",
"to",
"IDDM",
"in",
"a",
"Russian",
"population.",
"Introduction",
"The",
"cytotoxic",
"T",
"lymphocyte-associated",
"antigen",
"4",
"gene",
"(CTLA4)",
"encodes",
"the",
"T",
"cell",
"receptor",
"involved",
"in",
"the",
"con-",
"trol",
"of",
"T",
"cell",
"proliferation",
"and",
"mediates",
"T",
"cell",
"apoptosis",
"[1].",
"The",
"receptor",
"protein",
"is",
"a",
"specific",
"T",
"lymphocyte",
"sur-",
"face",
"antigen",
"that",
"is",
"detected",
"on",
"cells",
"only",
"after",
"antigen",
"presentation.",
"Thus,",
"CTLA4",
"is",
"directly",
"involved",
"in",
"both",
"immune",
"and",
"autoimmune",
"responses",
"and",
"may",
"be",
"in-",
"volved",
"in",
"the",
"pathogenesis",
"of",
"multiple",
"T",
"cell-mediated",
"autoimmune",
"disorders.",
"The",
"human",
"CTLA4",
"gene",
"was",
"mapped",
"to",
"chromosome",
"2q33",
"[2].",
"It",
"consists",
"of",
"three",
"exons.",
"The",
"first",
"encodes",
"a",
"V-",
"like",
"domain",
"of",
"116",
"amino",
"acids.",
"An",
"A-to-G",
"substitution",
"at",
"nucleotide",
"49",
"in",
"exon",
"1",
"results",
"in",
"an",
"amino",
"acid",
"substitu-",
"tion",
"(Thr/Ala)",
"in",
"the",
"leader",
"peptide",
"of",
"the",
"protein",
"[3].",
"The",
"Ala",
"allele",
"has",
"been",
"shown",
"to",
"predispose",
"the",
"individ-",
"ual",
"carrying",
"it",
"to",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"various",
"immune",
"diseases",
"including",
"Graves'",
"disease",
"[3,",
"4],",
"Hashimoto's",
"thyroiditis",
"[5],",
"Addison's",
"disease",
"[5],",
"rheumatoid",
"arthri-",
"tis",
"[6,7],",
"celiac",
"disease",
"[8,9],",
"and",
"others",
"[10]."
] | [
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] | [
"Available",
"online",
"http://ccforum.com/content/5/3/145",
"Primary",
"research",
"Adhesion",
"molecules",
"in",
"different",
"treatments",
"of",
"acute",
"myocardial",
"infarction",
"Thoralf",
"Kerner*,",
"Olaf",
"Ahlers*,",
"Henrik",
"Reschreiter*,",
"Christoph",
"Bührer†,",
"Martin",
"Möckel‡",
"and",
"Herwig",
"Gerlach*",
"*Department",
"of",
"Anesthesiology",
"and",
"Intensive",
"Care",
"Medicine,",
"Charité",
"Medical",
"Center,",
"Virchow",
"Hospital,",
"Humboldt-University,",
"Berlin,",
"Germany",
"†Department",
"of",
"Neonatology,",
"Charité",
"Medical",
"Center,",
"Virchow",
"Hospital,",
"Humboldt-University,",
"Berlin,",
"Germany",
"‡Department",
"of",
"Nephrology",
"and",
"Intensive",
"Care",
"Medicine,",
"Charité",
"Medical",
"Center,",
"Virchow",
"Hospital,",
"Humboldt-University,",
"Berlin,",
"Germany",
"Correspondence:",
"Dr",
"T",
"Kerner,",
"Klinik",
"für",
"Anaesthesiologie",
"und",
"Operative",
"Intensivmedizin,",
"Charité-Campus",
"Virchow-Klinikum,",
"Augustenburger",
"Platz",
"1,",
"13353",
"Berlin,",
"Germany.",
"Tel:",
"+49",
"30",
"450",
"551002;",
"fax:",
"+49",
"30",
"450",
"551900;",
"e-mail:",
"thoralf.kerner@charite.de",
"Received:",
"5",
"March",
"2001",
"Accepted:",
"8",
"March",
"2001",
"Published:",
"6",
"April",
"2001",
"Critical",
"Care",
"2001,",
"5:145–150",
"©",
"2001",
"Kerner",
"et",
"al,",
"licensee",
"BioMed",
"Central",
"Ltd",
"(Print",
"ISSN",
"1364-8535;",
"Online",
"ISSN",
"1466-609X)",
"Abstract",
"Background:",
"Tissue",
"damage",
"after",
"ischemia",
"and",
"reperfusion",
"involves",
"leukocyte",
"endothelial",
"interactions",
"mediated",
"by",
"cell",
"adhesion",
"molecules.",
"This",
"study",
"was",
"designed",
"to",
"determine",
"the",
"time",
"course",
"of",
"soluble",
"adhesion",
"molecules",
"in",
"patients",
"with",
"acute",
"myocardial",
"infarction",
"after",
"attempted",
"reperfusion",
"by",
"thrombolysis",
"with",
"tissue",
"plasminogen",
"activator",
"(tPA)",
"or",
"streptokinase",
"(SK),",
"or",
"percutaneous",
"transluminal",
"coronary",
"angioplasty",
"(PTCA).",
"Methods:",
"In",
"3",
"×",
"10",
"randomly",
"selected",
"patients",
"with",
"acute",
"myocardial",
"infarction",
"undergoing",
"thrombolysis",
"with",
"tPA",
"or",
"SK,",
"or",
"treated",
"with",
"PTCA,",
"plasma",
"concentrations",
"of",
"soluble",
"L-selectin,",
"P-selectin,",
"E-selectin,",
"intercellular",
"adhesion",
"molecule-1",
"(ICAM-1),",
"vascular",
"cell",
"adhesion",
"molecule-1",
"(VCAM-1)",
"and",
"platelet",
"endothelial",
"cell",
"adhesion",
"molecule-1",
"(PECAM-1)",
"were",
"measured",
"by",
"enzyme-",
"linked",
"immunosorbent",
"assay,",
"30",
"min",
"and",
"1,",
"2,",
"4,",
"8,",
"12",
"and",
"24",
"hours",
"after",
"intervention.",
"Results:",
"After",
"thrombolysis",
"with",
"tPA,",
"soluble",
"L-selectin",
"concentrations",
"were",
"persistently",
"depressed",
"and",
"soluble",
"PECAM-1",
"concentrations",
"were",
"elevated,",
"compared",
"with",
"controls,",
"SK",
"and",
"PTCA.",
"While",
"soluble",
"VCAM-1",
"concentrations",
"did",
"not",
"differ",
"within",
"the",
"first",
"hours",
"after",
"interventions",
"between",
"the",
"three",
"groups,",
"soluble",
"VCAM-1",
"rose",
"by",
"24",
"hours",
"after",
"tPA",
"thrombolysis",
"but",
"did",
"not",
"increase",
"after",
"SK",
"and",
"PTCA",
"treatment.",
"Soluble",
"ICAM-1",
"concentrations",
"were",
"consistently",
"elevated",
"after",
"PTCA",
"compared",
"with",
"controls",
"and",
"thrombolysed",
"patients.",
"Soluble",
"E-selectin",
"was",
"depressed",
"after",
"tPA",
"thrombolysis",
"and",
"PTCA",
"in",
"comparison",
"with",
"controls,",
"while",
"the",
"SK",
"group",
"showed",
"an",
"increase",
"throughout",
"the",
"observation",
"period.",
"Soluble",
"P-selectin",
"was",
"increased",
"after",
"PTCA",
"and",
"SK",
"lysis",
"up",
"to",
"8",
"hours",
"after",
"treatment",
"compared",
"with",
"controls,",
"but",
"no",
"significant",
"differences",
"could",
"be",
"found",
"between",
"treatment",
"groups.",
"Conclusion:",
"Adhesion",
"molecules",
"mediating",
"leukocyte",
"endothelial",
"interactions",
"are",
"altered",
"subsequent",
"to",
"postischemic",
"reperfusion",
"and",
"by",
"treatment",
"with",
"thrombolytic",
"agents",
"and",
"angioplasty.",
"The",
"clinical",
"relevance",
"of",
"these",
"biological",
"changes",
"remains",
"to",
"be",
"determined.",
"Keywords:",
"adhesion",
"molecules,",
"myocardial",
"infarction,",
"thrombolysis",
"Introduction",
"Coronary",
"artery",
"reperfusion",
"is",
"the",
"only",
"intervention",
"that",
"has",
"been",
"shown",
"to",
"reduce",
"the",
"size",
"of",
"myocardial",
"infarction.",
"Thrombolysis",
"and",
"PTCA",
"are",
"established",
"methods",
"to",
"achieve",
"reopening",
"of",
"an",
"occluded",
"vessel",
"in",
"patients",
"with",
"acute",
"myocardial",
"infarction",
"[1–3].",
"Despite",
"this",
"observation,",
"ICAM-1",
"=",
"intercellular",
"adhesion",
"molecule-1;",
"PECAM-1",
"=",
"platelet",
"endothelial",
"cell",
"adhesion",
"molecule-1;",
"PTCA",
"=",
"percutaneous",
"transluminal",
"coro-",
"nary",
"angioplasty;",
"SK",
"=",
"streptokinase;",
"tPA",
"=",
"tissue",
"plasminogen",
"activator;",
"VCAM-1",
"=",
"vascular",
"cell",
"adhesion",
"molecule-1.",
"c",
"o",
"m",
"m",
"e",
"n",
"t",
"a",
"r",
"y",
"r",
"e",
"v",
"i",
"e",
"w",
"r",
"e",
"p",
"o",
"r",
"t",
"s",
"p",
"r",
"i",
"m",
"a",
"r",
"y",
"r",
"e",
"s",
"e",
"a",
"r",
"c",
"h"
] | [
1,
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] | [
"BMC",
"Ecology",
"(2001)",
"1:1",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/1/1",
"BRMesCeaErccholoagrtyic(l2e001)",
"1:1",
"Effects",
"of",
"Cu2+,",
"Ni2+,",
"Pb2+,",
"Zn2+",
"and",
"pentachlorophenol",
"on",
"photosynthesis",
"and",
"motility",
"in",
"Chlamydomonas",
"reinhardtii",
"in",
"short-",
"term",
"exposure",
"experiments",
"Roman",
"A",
"Danilov*",
"and",
"Nils",
"GA",
"Ekelund",
"Address:",
"Department",
"of",
"Natural",
"and",
"Environmental",
"Sciences,",
"Mid",
"Sweden",
"University,",
"871",
"88",
"Härnösand,",
"Sweden",
"E-mail:",
"Roman",
"A",
"Danilov*",
"-",
"roman.danilov@tnv.mh.se;",
"Nils",
"GA",
"Ekelund",
"-",
"nils.ekelund@tnv.mh.se",
"*Corresponding",
"author",
"Published:",
"24",
"May",
"2001",
"BMC",
"Ecology",
"2001,",
"1:1",
"This",
"article",
"is",
"available",
"from:",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/1/1",
"(c)",
"2001",
"Danilov",
"and",
"Ekelund,",
"licensee",
"BioMed",
"Central",
"Ltd.",
"Received:",
"12",
"March",
"2001",
"Accepted:",
"24",
"May",
"2001",
"Abstract",
"Background:",
"Heavy",
"metals,",
"especially",
"copper,",
"nickel,",
"lead",
"and",
"zinc,",
"have",
"adverse",
"effects",
"on",
"terrestrial",
"and",
"in",
"aquatic",
"environments.",
"However,",
"their",
"impact",
"can",
"vary",
"depending",
"on",
"the",
"nature",
"of",
"organisms.",
"Taking",
"into",
"account",
"the",
"ability",
"of",
"heavy",
"metals",
"to",
"accumulate",
"in",
"sediments,",
"extended",
"knowledge",
"of",
"their",
"effects",
"on",
"aquatic",
"biota",
"is",
"needed.",
"In",
"this",
"context",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"model",
"organisms",
"(often",
"unicellular),",
"which",
"allows",
"for",
"rapid",
"assessment",
"of",
"pollutants",
"in",
"freshwater,",
"can",
"be",
"of",
"advantage.",
"Pentachlorophenol",
"has",
"been",
"extensively",
"used",
"for",
"decades",
"as",
"a",
"bleaching",
"agent",
"by",
"pulp-",
"and",
"paper",
"industry.",
"Pentachlorophenol",
"tends",
"to",
"accumulate",
"in",
"the",
"nature.",
"We",
"aim",
"to",
"determine",
"if",
"photosynthesis",
"and",
"motility",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"as",
"sensitive",
"physiological",
"parameters",
"in",
"toxicological",
"studies",
"of",
"Chlamydomonas",
"reinhardtii,",
"a",
"motile",
"green",
"unicellular",
"alga.",
"It",
"is",
"discussed",
"if",
"photosynthesis",
"and",
"motility",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"as",
"sensitive",
"physiological",
"parameters",
"in",
"toxicological",
"studies.",
"Results:",
"The",
"concentrations",
"studied",
"ranged",
"from",
"0.1",
"to",
"2.0",
"mg",
"l-1",
"for",
"copper,",
"nickel,",
"lead",
"and",
"zinc,",
"and",
"from",
"0.1",
"to",
"10.0",
"mg",
"l-1",
"for",
"pentachlorophenol.",
"Exposure",
"time",
"was",
"set",
"to",
"24",
"h.",
"Copper",
"and",
"pentachlorophenol",
"turned",
"out",
"to",
"be",
"especially",
"toxic",
"for",
"photosynthetic",
"efficiency",
"(PE)",
"in",
"C.",
"reinhardtii.",
"Conclusion:",
"Copper",
"and",
"pentachlorophenol",
"turned",
"out",
"to",
"be",
"especially",
"toxic",
"for",
"PE",
"in",
"C.",
"reinhardtii.",
"Zinc",
"has",
"been",
"concluded",
"to",
"be",
"moderately",
"toxic",
"while",
"nickel",
"and",
"lead",
"had",
"stimulatory",
"effects",
"on",
"the",
"PE.",
"Because",
"of",
"high",
"variance,",
"motility",
"was",
"not",
"considered",
"a",
"reliable",
"physiological",
"parameter",
"when",
"assessing",
"toxicity",
"of",
"the",
"substances",
"using",
"C.",
"reinhardtii.",
"Background",
"Heavy",
"metals,",
"especially",
"copper,",
"nickel,",
"lead",
"and",
"zinc,",
"have",
"adverse",
"effects",
"on",
"terrestrial",
"and",
"in",
"aquatic",
"envi-",
"ronments.",
"However,",
"their",
"impact",
"can",
"vary",
"depending",
"of",
"the",
"nature",
"of",
"organisms",
"[1,",
"2].",
"Taking",
"into",
"account",
"the",
"ability",
"of",
"heavy",
"metals",
"to",
"accumulate",
"in",
"sediments,",
"ex-",
"tended",
"knowledge",
"of",
"their",
"effects",
"on",
"aquatic",
"biota",
"is",
"needed",
"[3].",
"In",
"this",
"context",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"model",
"organisms,",
"which",
"allow",
"for",
"rapid",
"assessment",
"of",
"pollutants",
"in",
"fresh-",
"water,",
"can",
"be",
"of",
"advantage.",
"Chlamydomonas",
"reinhardtii",
"has",
"been",
"shown",
"to",
"be",
"one",
"of",
"those",
"especially",
"suited",
"or-",
"ganisms",
"for",
"different",
"kinds",
"of",
"studies",
"[4,",
"5].",
"Previous",
"in-",
"vestigations",
"showed",
"C.",
"reinhardtii",
"to",
"be",
"sensitive",
"to",
"copper,",
"nickel",
"and",
"zinc",
"[6,7,8,9].",
"Although,",
"most",
"studies",
"concentrated",
"on",
"the",
"impacts",
"on",
"growth",
"rates",
"and",
"ul-",
"trastructure.",
"The",
"photosynthetic",
"apparatus",
"in",
"C.",
"rein-"
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] | [
"BMC",
"Musculoskeletal",
"Disorders",
"(2001)",
"2:2",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/2/2",
"BRMesCeaMrcuhscaurtliocslekeletal",
"Disorders",
"(2001)",
"2:2",
"Delayed",
"union",
"of",
"femoral",
"fractures",
"in",
"older",
"rats:decreased",
"gene",
"expression",
"Ralph",
"A",
"Meyer*,",
"Martha",
"H",
"Meyer,",
"Laura",
"S",
"Phieffer",
"and",
"David",
"M",
"Banks",
"Address:",
"Orthopaedic",
"Research",
"Laboratory,",
"Department",
"of",
"Orthopaedic",
"Surgery,",
"Carolinas",
"Medical",
"Center,",
"P.O.",
"Box",
"32861,",
"Charlotte,",
"NC",
"28232-2861,",
"USA",
"E-mail:",
"Ralph",
"A",
"Meyer*",
"-",
"rmeyer@carolinas.org;",
"Martha",
"H",
"Meyer",
"-",
"mmeyer@carolinas.org;",
"Laura",
"S",
"Phieffer",
"-",
"lphieffer@carolinas.org;",
"David",
"M",
"Banks",
"-",
"dbanks@carolinas.org",
"*Corresponding",
"author",
"Published:",
"29",
"June",
"2001",
"BMC",
"Musculoskeletal",
"Disorders",
"2001,",
"2:2",
"This",
"article",
"is",
"available",
"from:",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/2/2",
"©",
"2001",
"Meyer",
"et",
"al,",
"licensee",
"BioMed",
"Central",
"Ltd.",
"Received:",
"13",
"March",
"2001",
"Accepted:",
"29",
"June",
"2001",
"Abstract",
"Background:",
"Fracture",
"healing",
"slows",
"with",
"age.",
"While",
"6-week-old",
"rats",
"regain",
"normal",
"bone",
"biomechanics",
"at",
"4",
"weeks",
"after",
"fracture,",
"one-year-old",
"rats",
"require",
"more",
"than",
"26",
"weeks.",
"The",
"possible",
"role",
"of",
"altered",
"mRNA",
"gene",
"expression",
"in",
"this",
"delayed",
"union",
"was",
"studied.",
"Closed",
"mid-shaft",
"femoral",
"fractures",
"were",
"induced",
"followed",
"by",
"euthanasia",
"at",
"0",
"time",
"(unfractured)",
"or",
"at",
"1,",
"2,",
"4",
"or",
"6",
"weeks",
"after",
"fracture",
"in",
"6-week-old",
"and",
"12-15-month-old",
"Sprague-Dawley",
"female",
"rats.",
"mRNA",
"levels",
"were",
"measured",
"for",
"osteocalcin,",
"type",
"I",
"collagen",
"α1,",
"type",
"II",
"collagen,",
"bone",
"morphogenetic",
"protein",
"(BMP)-2,",
"BMP-4",
"and",
"the",
"type",
"IA",
"BMP",
"receptor.",
"Results:",
"For",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"genes",
"studied,",
"the",
"mRNA",
"levels",
"increased",
"in",
"both",
"age",
"groups",
"to",
"a",
"peak",
"at",
"one",
"to",
"two",
"weeks",
"after",
"fracture.",
"All",
"gene",
"expression",
"levels",
"decreased",
"to",
"very",
"low",
"or",
"undetectable",
"levels",
"at",
"four",
"and",
"six",
"weeks",
"after",
"fracture",
"for",
"both",
"age",
"groups.",
"At",
"four",
"weeks",
"after",
"fracture,",
"the",
"younger",
"rats",
"were",
"healed",
"radiographically,",
"but",
"not",
"the",
"older",
"rats.",
"Conclusions:",
"(1)",
"All",
"genes",
"studied",
"were",
"up-regulated",
"by",
"fracture",
"in",
"both",
"age",
"groups.",
"Thus,",
"the",
"failure",
"of",
"the",
"older",
"rats",
"to",
"heal",
"promptly",
"was",
"not",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"expression",
"of",
"any",
"of",
"the",
"studied",
"genes.",
"(2)",
"The",
"return",
"of",
"the",
"mRNA",
"gene",
"expression",
"to",
"baseline",
"values",
"in",
"the",
"older",
"rats",
"prior",
"to",
"healing",
"may",
"contribute",
"to",
"their",
"delayed",
"union.",
"(3)",
"No",
"genes",
"were",
"overly",
"up-regulated",
"in",
"the",
"older",
"rats.",
"The",
"slower",
"healing",
"response",
"of",
"the",
"older",
"rats",
"did",
"not",
"stimulate",
"a",
"negative-feedback",
"increase",
"in",
"the",
"mRNA",
"expression",
"of",
"stimulatory",
"cytokines.",
"Background",
"While",
"the",
"radiographic",
"and",
"histologic",
"progression",
"of",
"fracture",
"healing",
"is",
"well",
"understood,",
"there",
"are",
"less",
"data",
"on",
"the",
"cytokines",
"that",
"regulate",
"and",
"control",
"the",
"healing",
"proc-",
"ess",
"at",
"the",
"cellular",
"level.",
"The",
"bone",
"morphogenetic",
"pro-",
"teins",
"(BMP)",
"have",
"been",
"found",
"to",
"be",
"expressed",
"in",
"the",
"fracture",
"callus",
"by",
"immunostaining",
"of",
"the",
"protein",
"[1,2,3]",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"by",
"measurement",
"of",
"mRNA",
"[4,5]",
"and",
"in",
"situ",
"hy-",
"bridization",
"[6,7].",
"The",
"receptors",
"for",
"BMP",
"are",
"also",
"up-reg-",
"ulated",
"during",
"fracture",
"repair",
"[1,2,8].",
"Morone",
"et",
"al.",
"[9]",
"observed",
"increased",
"mRNA",
"expression",
"of",
"both",
"matrix",
"genes",
"and",
"BMP",
"genes",
"during",
"the",
"healing",
"of",
"spinal",
"fu-",
"sions",
"in",
"rabbits.",
"There",
"was",
"a",
"sequential",
"expression",
"of",
"these",
"genes",
"in",
"that",
"BMP-6",
"peaked",
"first,",
"followed",
"by",
"BMP-4,",
"then",
"BMP-2,",
"and",
"last",
"by",
"a",
"second",
"peak",
"of",
"BMP-",
"6",
"expression",
"[9].",
"The",
"data",
"for",
"BMP",
"expression",
"during",
"fracture",
"repair,",
"combined",
"with",
"the",
"efficacy",
"of",
"the",
"BMPs",
"in",
"stimulating",
"bone",
"induction",
"and",
"fracture",
"healing,",
"have"
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] | [
"BMC",
"Health",
"Services",
"Research",
"(2001)",
"1:5",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/1/5",
"BRMesCeaHrcehalathrtiScelervices",
"Research",
"(2001)",
"1:5",
"Appendicectomies",
"in",
"Albanians",
"in",
"Greece:",
"outcomes",
"in",
"a",
"highly",
"mobile",
"immigrant",
"patient",
"population",
"Athina",
"Tatsioni1,",
"Antonia",
"Charchanti2,",
"Evangelia",
"Kitsiou3",
"and",
"John",
"PA",
"Ioannidis*4",
"Address:",
"1research",
"fellow,",
"Department",
"of",
"Hygiene",
"and",
"Epidemiology,",
"Medical",
"School,",
"University",
"of",
"loannina,",
"451",
"10",
"Ioannina,",
"Greece,",
"2postgraduate",
"research",
"fellow,",
"Department",
"of",
"Pathology,",
"University",
"Hospital",
"of",
"Ioannina,",
"Panepistimiou",
"Ave,",
"455",
"00",
"Ioannina,",
"Greece,",
"3registrar,",
"Department",
"of",
"Pathology,",
"General",
"Hospital",
"of",
"Ioannina,",
"Makriyianni",
"Ave,",
"455",
"00",
"Ioannina,",
"Greece",
"and",
"4associate",
"professor",
"and",
"chairman,",
"Department",
"of",
"Hygiene",
"and",
"Epidemiology,",
"Medical",
"School,",
"University",
"of",
"Ioannina,",
"Ioannina,",
"Greece",
"and",
"associate",
"professor",
"of",
"medicine.",
"Tufts",
"University",
"School",
"of",
"Medicine,",
"Boston",
"E-mail:",
"Athina",
"Tatsioni",
"-",
"athina73@otenet.gr;",
"Antonia",
"Charchanti",
"-",
"me00527@cc.uoi.gr;",
"Evangelia",
"Kitsiou",
"-",
"jioannid@cc.uoi.gr;",
"John",
"PA",
"Ioannidis*",
"-",
"jioannid@cc.uoi.gr",
"*Corresponding",
"author",
"Published:",
"28",
"June",
"2001",
"BMC",
"Health",
"Services",
"Research",
"2001,",
"1:5",
"This",
"article",
"is",
"available",
"from:",
"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/1/5",
"©",
"2001",
"Tatsioni",
"et",
"al,",
"licensee",
"BioMed",
"Central",
"Ltd.",
"Received:",
"10",
"February",
"2001",
"Accepted:",
"28",
"June",
"2001",
"Abstract",
"Background:",
"Albanian",
"immigrants",
"in",
"Greece",
"comprise",
"a",
"highly",
"mobile",
"population",
"with",
"unknown",
"health",
"care",
"profile.",
"We",
"aimed",
"to",
"assess",
"whether",
"these",
"immigrants",
"were",
"more",
"or",
"less",
"likely",
"to",
"undergo",
"laparotomy",
"for",
"suspected",
"appendicitis",
"with",
"negative",
"findings",
"(negative",
"appendicectomy),",
"by",
"performing",
"a",
"controlled",
"study",
"with",
"individual",
"(1:4)",
"matching.",
"We",
"used",
"data",
"from",
"6",
"hospitals",
"in",
"the",
"Greek",
"prefecture",
"of",
"Epirus",
"that",
"is",
"bordering",
"Albania.",
"Results:",
"Among",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"2027",
"non-incidental",
"appendicectomies",
"for",
"suspected",
"appendicitis",
"performed",
"in",
"1994-1999,",
"30",
"patients",
"with",
"Albanian",
"names",
"were",
"matched",
"(for",
"age,",
"sex,",
"time",
"of",
"operation",
"and",
"hospital)",
"to",
"120",
"patients",
"with",
"Greek",
"names.",
"The",
"odds",
"for",
"a",
"negative",
"appendicectomy",
"were",
"3.4-fold",
"higher",
"(95%",
"confidence",
"interval",
"[CI],",
"1.24-9.31,",
"p",
"=",
"0.02)",
"in",
"Albanian",
"immigrants",
"than",
"in",
"matched",
"Greek-name",
"subjects.",
"The",
"difference",
"was",
"most",
"prominent",
"in",
"men",
"(odds",
"ratio",
"20.0,",
"95%",
"CI,",
"1.41-285,",
"p",
"=",
"0.02)",
"while",
"it",
"was",
"not",
"formally",
"significant",
"in",
"women",
"(odds",
"ratio",
"1.56,",
"95%",
"CI,",
"0.44-",
"5.48).",
"The",
"odds",
"for",
"perforation",
"were",
"1.25-fold",
"higher",
"in",
"Albanian-name",
"immigrants",
"than",
"in",
"Greek-",
"name",
"patients",
"(95%",
"CI",
"0.44-",
"3.57).",
"Conclusions:",
"Albanian",
"immigrants",
"in",
"Greece",
"are",
"at",
"high",
"risk",
"for",
"negative",
"appendicectomies.",
"Socioeconomic,",
"cultural",
"and",
"language",
"parameters",
"underlying",
"health",
"care",
"inequalities",
"in",
"highly",
"mobile",
"immigrant",
"populations",
"need",
"better",
"study.",
"Background",
"Immigrant",
"populations",
"may",
"present",
"with",
"peculiarities",
"and/or",
"inequalities",
"in",
"access",
"to",
"and",
"delivery",
"of",
"health",
"care",
"worldwide",
"[1,2,3].",
"Most",
"studies",
"of",
"health",
"care",
"among",
"immigrants",
"have",
"been",
"performed",
"in",
"minorities",
"already",
"residing",
"in",
"their",
"new",
"country.",
"Other",
"immigrant",
"populations",
"may",
"be",
"more",
"mobile,",
"crossing",
"the",
"borders",
"repeatedly",
"without",
"necessarily",
"establishing",
"a",
"new",
"per-",
"manent",
"residence.",
"Such",
"populations",
"are",
"very",
"difficult",
"to",
"study",
"epidemiologically",
"and",
"their",
"health",
"care",
"profile",
"re-",
"mains",
"elusive."
] | [
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